CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Penal military unit - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"345911bf-44dd-45d2-a7d2-bf1a6ecb9187","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Penal_military_unit","wgTitle":"Penal military unit","wgCurRevisionId":1259505769,"wgRevisionId":1259505769,"wgArticleId":31015363,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Incomplete lists from May 2023","Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with bare URLs for citations","Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2022","Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","Law of war","Penal military units"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Penal_military_unit","wgRelevantArticleId":31015363,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1306981","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":[ "brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Detaille_-_Light_Infantry_of_Africa.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="719"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Detaille_-_Light_Infantry_of_Africa.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="479"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Detaille_-_Light_Infantry_of_Africa.jpg/640px-Detaille_-_Light_Infantry_of_Africa.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="383"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Penal military unit - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_military_unit"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_military_unit"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Penal_military_unit rootpage-Penal_military_unit skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Penal+military+unit" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Penal+military+unit" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Penal+military+unit" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Penal+military+unit" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bolivia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paraguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paraguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Paraguay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paraguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Penal military unit</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وحدة عسكرية جزائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وحدة عسكرية جزائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafeinheit" title="Strafeinheit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Strafeinheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batall%C3%B3n_de_castigo_(militar)" title="Batallón de castigo (militar) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batallón de castigo (militar)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_disciplinaire" title="Unité disciplinaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Unité disciplinaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%84%EC%88%98%EB%B6%80%EB%8C%80" title="죄수부대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="죄수부대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%BEnjeni%C4%8Dka_vojna_postrojba" title="Kažnjenička vojna postrojba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kažnjenička vojna postrojba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglione_di_disciplina" title="Battaglione di disciplina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglione di disciplina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%87%B2%E7%BD%B0%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="懲罰部隊 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="懲罰部隊" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidade_militar_penal" title="Unidade militar penal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Unidade militar penal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Штрафные воинские подразделения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Штрафные воинские подразделения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurikomppania" title="Kurikomppania – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kurikomppania" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceza_taburu" title="Ceza taburu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ceza taburu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Штрафні військові підрозділи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Штрафні військові підрозділи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%A9%E6%88%92%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F" title="惩戒部队 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="惩戒部队" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1306981#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Penal_military_unit" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Penal_military_unit" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Penal_military_unit" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&oldid=1259505769" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Penal_military_unit&id=1259505769&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPenal_military_unit"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPenal_military_unit"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Penal_military_unit&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Penal_military_units" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1306981" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military formation consisting of convicts mobilized for military service</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detaille_-_Light_Infantry_of_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Detaille_-_Light_Infantry_of_Africa.jpg/299px-Detaille_-_Light_Infantry_of_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="299" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Detaille_-_Light_Infantry_of_Africa.jpg/449px-Detaille_-_Light_Infantry_of_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Detaille_-_Light_Infantry_of_Africa.jpg/598px-Detaille_-_Light_Infantry_of_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battalions_of_Light_Infantry_of_Africa" title="Battalions of Light Infantry of Africa">Battalions of Light Infantry of Africa</a>, a <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> penal military unit, depicted in battle during the <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest of Algeria</a> in 1833</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>penal military unit</b>, also known as a <b>penal formation</b>, <b>disciplinary unit</b>, or just <b>penal unit</b> (usually named for their formation and size, such as <i>penal battalion</i> for <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a>, <i>penal regiment</i> for <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiments</a>, <i>penal company</i> for <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">companies</a>, etc.), is a <a href="/wiki/Military_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Military formation">military formation</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/Convict" title="Convict">convicts</a> mobilized for <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a>. Such formations may consist of military prisoners convicted under <a href="/wiki/Military_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Military law">military law</a>, civilian prisoners convicted in civilian <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">courts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> who have chosen to side with their captors, or a combination of these groups. </p><p>Service in penal military units is generally considered a form of punishment, discipline, or <a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">penal labour</a>, used in lieu of, or offered as an alternative to, <a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">imprisonment</a> or <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a>. Penal units have historically been used as disposable <a href="/wiki/Cannon_fodder" title="Cannon fodder">cannon fodder</a>, treated poorly or with little regard and used in compromising or dangerous situations (commonly <a href="/wiki/Suicide_mission" title="Suicide mission">suicide missions</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Demining" title="Demining">demining</a> or <a href="/wiki/Forlorn_hope" title="Forlorn hope">forlorn hope</a> advance parties), as <a href="/wiki/March_battalion" title="March battalion">march battalions</a> that maintain replacement personnel as <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve" title="Military reserve">reserves</a>, or kept in the <a href="/wiki/Rear_(military)" title="Rear (military)">rear</a> for <a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">military operations other than war</a> or menial labour relating to the <a href="/wiki/War_effort" title="War effort">war effort</a>, guarded and overseen by regular military units, <a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">military police</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Barrier_troops" title="Barrier troops">barrier troops</a> to ensure they do not attempt to <a href="/wiki/Prison_escape" title="Prison escape">escape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">retreat</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a>. However, this is not always the case: some penal units are treated the same as regular units and, depending on military organization, a dedicated penal unit may not exist at all, with convicts instead being placed in a regular unit. Rewards and incentives for convicts to serve in a penal unit vary—often <a href="/wiki/Expungement" title="Expungement">expungement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commutation_(law)" title="Commutation (law)">commutation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stay_of_execution" title="Stay of execution">stay of execution</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardon</a>—though penal units used as punishment typically lack those by nature. </p><p>The first known penal military units were recorded in <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">imperial China</a>. Since then, several nations and armed forces across history and the world have also fielded penal units of varying sizes with varying roles. Penal units are extremely rare in the modern day, with most militaries relying instead on <a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">volunteers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscripts">conscripts</a> for <a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">military personnel</a>, and convicts and criminals—typically only accepted into military service out of necessity—usually being placed into regular units. The hiring of prisoners for combat and military service, often in exchange for freedom, is a common <a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">trope</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>, with narratives centering around penal units appearing in films, television, novels, and video games. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the earliest examples of penal military units was established, were written in the Chinese annals <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i>. During the <a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Dayuan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Dayuan War">Han–Dayuan War</a>, unhappy with the failure of General <a href="/wiki/Li_Guangli" title="Li Guangli">Li Guangli</a> in an earlier expedition in 104 BC, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu of Han</a> promised amnesty and rewards to criminals, prisoners and bandits (赦囚徒捍寇盜) and dispatched a 60,000-strong army consisting of "bad boys" (惡少年) to attack the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian kingdom">Greco-Bactrian kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dayuan" title="Dayuan">Dayuan</a> in 102 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dedicated penal units were first envisioned during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic</a> era of warfare, as large armies formed of conscripts often suffered from disciplinary problems.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soldiers who refused to face the enemy were seen as detrimental to the cohesion of the army and as a disgrace to the nation. The formation of penal battalions was seen as a way of disciplining an army and keeping soldiers in line. In addition, many nations conscripted criminals into penal battalions in lieu of imprisoning or executing them during wartime to better utilize national manpower. Such military units were treated with little regard by the regular army and were often placed in compromising situations, such as being used in <a href="/wiki/Forlorn_hope" title="Forlorn hope">forlorn hope</a> assaults.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">The French Empire</a> in particular was notable for employing penal military units during the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">wars of the coalition</a>, especially during the later years of the conflicts as manpower became limited. The <i>Régiment pénal de l'Île de Ré</i>, formed in 1811 and composed almost entirely of criminals and other societal undesirables, would see action during the later years of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The disbandment of conscripted armies and end of large scale warfare following the Napoleonic era led to the decline of the penal battalion system in continental Europe. However, the system continued in overseas colonies, again with the French as the primary employers of penal battalions. The <a href="/wiki/Battalions_of_Light_Infantry_of_Africa" title="Battalions of Light Infantry of Africa">Battalions of Light Infantry of Africa</a> (<i>Bats d'Af</i>) was formed by order of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a> in 1832 for the purpose of expanding the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Battalions fought in the <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest of Algeria</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French also employed the <i>compagnies d'exclus</i> ("companies of the excluded"), military units which were stationed at Aîn-Sefra in Southern Algeria. In contrast to the <i>Bats d'Af</i>, the <i>compagnies d'exclus</i> were outright penal units consisting of convicts condemned to five years or more of hard labor and judged unworthy to carry weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The various <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> conflicts saw the <a href="/wiki/Redshirts_(Italy)" title="Redshirts (Italy)">Redshirts</a> recruiting convicts and revolutionaries from prisons into penal regiments known as <i>Battaglioni degli imprigionati</i> ("Battalions of the Imprisoned" or "Prisoners Battalion".) </p><p>Prior to the early 1900s, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> relied largely on military convicts to augment the regular and indigenous troops employed to provide garrisons for its overseas colonies. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a> were mobilized for military service. Courts offered defendants the option of enlisting to avoid imprisonment, while young offenders in <a href="/wiki/Borstal" title="Borstal">borstals</a> and adult prisoners were granted early release for their service. Though government officials publicly claimed criminals were unfit for service, and prisoners were viewed as lacking "the sense of duty that encouraged other men to enlist", the recruitment of prisoners was a military necessity, and prisoners were reportedly sought out for their violent nature and to ease the cost of the prison system in wartime.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period of military rearmament preceding <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> caused renewed interest in the concept of penal military units. In May 1935 the German <i><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i> instituted a new policy under German conscription law that stated soldiers who were deemed disruptive to military discipline but were otherwise "worthy of service" would be sent to military penal units. Criminals were also conscripted into penal units in exchange for lighter sentences or as a form of <a href="/wiki/Stay_of_execution" title="Stay of execution">stay of execution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These units, referred to as "special departments" or the generic term <i><a href="/wiki/Strafbataillon" title="Strafbataillon">Strafbataillon</a></i>, were overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Feldgendarmerie" title="Feldgendarmerie">German military police</a>. Prior to World War II, there were nine <i>Strafbataillone</i> within the <i>Wehrmacht</i>. The primary role of a <i>Strafbataillon</i> was to provide front line support. As the war progressed, the size of <i>Strafbataillon</i> companies dramatically increased in size due to changes in German military policy. Under such policies, any soldier who had a death sentence (for retreat) commuted was automatically reassigned to penal units, greatly increasing the number of soldiers available to the <i>Strafbataillon</i>. </p><p>The effectiveness of <i>Strafbataillone</i> were mixed. The combination of criminals, political prisoners, and undisciplined soldiers that made up a <i>Strafbataillon</i> often required harsh measures to be imposed for unit cohesion to be maintained. <i>Strafbataillone</i> were often ordered to undertake high risk missions on the front line, with soldiers being coached to regain their lost honor by fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain penal military units, such as the <a href="/wiki/36th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="36th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS">36th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS</a>, gained a reputation as being brutal towards civilian populations and prisoners of war, and were employed as <a href="/wiki/Anti-partisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-partisan">anti-partisan</a> troops due to the fear they inspired.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other units, most notably the <a href="/wiki/999th_Light_Afrika_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="999th Light Afrika Division (Wehrmacht)">999th Light Afrika Division</a>, suffered from poor morale and saw soldiers desert the <i>Wehrmacht</i> to join resistance groups.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> and the entry of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> into World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> began to seriously consider the implementation of penal military units. These efforts resulted in the creation of <i><a href="/wiki/Shtrafbat" title="Shtrafbat">Shtrafbat</a></i>, penal military units composed of sentenced soldiers, political prisoners, and others deemed to be expendable. A large number of Red Army soldiers who retreated without orders during the initial German invasion were reorganized into rudimentary penal units, the precursors to dedicated <i>Shtrafbat</i>. The <i>Shtrafbat</i> were greatly increased in number by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> in July 1942 via <a href="/wiki/Order_No._227" title="Order No. 227">Order No. 227</a> (Директива Ставки ВГК №227). Order No. 227 was a desperate effort to re-instill discipline after the panicked routs of the first year of combat with Germany. The order—popularized as the "Not one step back!" (Ни шагу назад!, <i>Ni shagu nazad!</i>) Order—introduced severe punishments, including <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary execution</a>, for unauthorized retreats.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, between 1945 and 1949, the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> (NRA) was known to have fielded penal battalions. Made up of deserters and those accused of cowardice, these penal battalions were given dangerous tasks such as scouting ahead of the main forces to check for ambushes, crossing rivers and torrents to see whether they were fordable, and traversing unmapped minefields.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> historically fielded penal units and permitted the enlistment of prisoners. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> permitted <a href="/wiki/Galvanized_Yankees" title="Galvanized Yankees">Galvanized Yankees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> prisoners of war who swore allegiance to the Union, into their ranks in penal units from 1862 to around 1866. During World War II, prisoners were permitted to provide to the war effort, and in 1942, it was reported that several prisoners had offered to enlist in the military to fight in the war, with some even receiving training ahead of enlistment, though no penal units are known to have been formed in the U.S. military.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Well into the 20th century, U.S. courts offered defendants the choice between enlistment and prison, a practice that continued through both world wars and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> until at least the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>; reportedly, this was how <a href="/wiki/R._Lee_Ermey" title="R. Lee Ermey">R. Lee Ermey</a>, a <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marine Corps">U.S. Marine Corps</a> <a href="/wiki/Staff_sergeant" title="Staff sergeant">staff sergeant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drill_instructor" title="Drill instructor">drill instructor</a> known for his acting role in the 1987 film <i><a href="/wiki/Full_Metal_Jacket" title="Full Metal Jacket">Full Metal Jacket</a></i>, enlisted as a 17-year-old delinquent in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-CMP_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMP-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, convicts were not placed in separate penal units, and the practice was entirely up to the judge with the military having the option to reject the defendant.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presently, all branches of the U.S. military forbid the acceptance of convicts, both after sentencing and as an alternative to imprisonment (except the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a>, which does not have specific prohibitions but still strongly discourages it as a protocol),<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and do not maintain any penal formations, though ex-convicts with <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a> priors are still permitted with a proper <a href="/wiki/Felony_waiver" title="Felony waiver">felony waiver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Legislature" title="Florida Legislature">Florida Legislature</a> proposed a bill that would formally permit first-time offenders 25-years-old or younger to enlist instead of facing imprisonment, though it did not pass.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the modern day, the practice of fielding penal military units has largely stopped, with most militaries discouraging or outright prohibiting the acceptance of convicts, though some militaries accept ex-convicts provided they fulfill certain requirements, such as having a proper <a href="/wiki/Waiver" title="Waiver">waiver</a>. For example, a U.S. military recruiter told <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a></i> in 2018 that recruitment candidates can have "one non-violent felony as an adult", and that "some of the best and most capable candidates we get require a waiver".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, though rare, the practice of accepting convicts into armed forces has continued or been made permissible in some jurisdictions and situations. During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, for instance, the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Armed Forces of Ukraine</a> permitted the recruitment of Ukrainian prisoners with prior combat experience,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Russian <a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">private military company</a> <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a> began hiring Russian inmates to fill their ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forestry_Platoon" title="Special Forestry Platoon">Special Forestry Platoon</a> – A <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Army">Belgian Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">non-combat</a> penal platoon composed of <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flemish</a> soldiers who had some relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish Movement</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Formed in 1918, the unit conducted <a href="/wiki/Woodchopping" title="Woodchopping">woodchopping</a> in <a href="/wiki/Orne" title="Orne">Orne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, France as a form of penal labour until several months after the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Herman_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herman-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Verplancke_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verplancke-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Simoens_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simoens-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Didden_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Didden-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolivia">Bolivia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bolivia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/50th_Infantry_Regiment_(Bolivia)" title="50th Infantry Regiment (Bolivia)">50th Infantry Regiment</a> – A <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Army" title="Bolivian Army">Bolivian Army</a> penal regiment composed of convicted soldiers and police officers that served in the <a href="/wiki/Chaco_War" title="Chaco War">Chaco War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Erillinen Pataljoona 21</i> ("Separate Battalion 21") – A <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Army" title="Finnish Army">Finnish Army</a> penal battalion founded in August 1941, from volunteering prisoners and leftists in <a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">administrative detention</a>, that fought in the <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a>. Commanded by Major Nikke Pärmi, the distinguishing mark of Er.P 21 was the black V sewn into the sleeve of their uniform; these gave them the nicknames of "Pärmi's Devils" and "Black Arrow".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Régiment pénal de l'Île de Ré</i> ("French Penal Regiment of Île de Ré") – One of five regional penal units forming part of the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> in the early 1810s. Formed in 1811, the unit was stationed on <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_R%C3%A9" title="Île de Ré">Île de Ré</a>, and was disbanded in 1814 during the <a href="/wiki/First_Restoration" title="First Restoration">First Restoration</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battalions_of_Light_Infantry_of_Africa" title="Battalions of Light Infantry of Africa">Battalions of Light Infantry of Africa</a> (<i>Bataillons d'Infanterie Légère d'Afrique</i>) – Penal battalions serving in <a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a>, composed of men with prison records who still had to complete their military service, and serving soldiers with serious disciplinary problems. Formed in 1832, this corps was disbanded in 1972.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bataillon_d%27Infanterie_l%C3%A9g%C3%A8re_d%27Outre-Mer" title="Bataillon d'Infanterie légère d'Outre-Mer">Bataillon d'Infanterie légère d'Outre-Mer</a></i> ("Overseas Light Infantry Battalion") – A penal battalion consisting of German prisoners of war and French <a href="/wiki/Wartime_collaboration" title="Wartime collaboration">collaborationists</a> after World War II. Formed in 1948 for service in the <a href="/wiki/French_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonies">French colonies</a>, the unit attracted few members and was subject to a campaign by the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> before it was disbanded in 1949.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplinary_Company_of_the_Foreign_Regiments_in_the_Far_East" title="Disciplinary Company of the Foreign Regiments in the Far East">Disciplinary Company of the Foreign Regiments in the Far East</a> (<i>Compagnie disciplinaire en Extrême-Orient</i>) – A penal company of the <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>, consisting of Legionnaires who had committed serious offenses. Formed in 1946 and attached to the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Foreign_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment">2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment</a>, the company depended on the battalions implanted in <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>. After French Indochina's dissolution following the <a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a>, the company was disbanded in August 1954.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Strafbataillon" title="Strafbataillon">Strafbataillon</a></i> ("Penal Battalion") – A generic term for penal units in the <i><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i>, fielded between 1942 and 1945. These units were poorly armed and often undertook what were essentially <a href="/wiki/Suicide_mission" title="Suicide mission">suicide missions</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/999th_Light_Afrika_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="999th Light Afrika Division (Wehrmacht)">999th Light Afrika Division</a> – A <i>Wehrmacht</i> penal division stationed in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, originating from the 999th Africa Brigade in 1942. The unit consisted of individuals who held, or were perceived to hold, <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> beliefs. The unit suffered heavy casualties in the <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African campaign</a>, and members were reportedly so unwilling to fight for Germany that they quickly surrendered their positions to <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> troops when confronted. After the unit transferred to <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Axis-occupied Greece</a>, several members defected or began conducting anti-Nazi activities. The unit was disbanded in 1943.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirlewanger_Brigade" title="Dirlewanger Brigade">Dirlewanger Brigade</a> – A <i><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></i> penal brigade consisting of convicted criminals who were not expected to survive their service. Formed in 1940 for <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a> operations, it became notorious even among the <i>Waffen-SS</i> for the sheer depravity of its war crimes, being responsible for several <a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">mass murders</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Cacciatori Franchi</i> ("Frankish Hunters") – The penal unit of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Sardinian_Army" title="Royal Sardinian Army">Royal Sardinian Army</a>. Established around 1741, the unit existed until 1878, when disciplinary companies were established.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Battaglione di Rigore</i> ("Penalty Battalion") – The penal unit of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> military.</li> <li><i>Battaglioni degli Imprigionati</i> ("Battalions of the Imprisoned") – Penal battalions of the <a href="/wiki/Redshirts_(Italy)" title="Redshirts (Italy)">Redshirts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Wars of Italian Unification</a>, composed of prisoners and revolutionaries.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paraguay">Paraguay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Paraguay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macheteros_de_Jara" title="Macheteros de Jara">Macheteros de Jara</a> - An auxiliary cavalry regiment that was created on 15 August 1932. Members of the regiment consisted of former <a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">outlaws</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_penal_military_units_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian penal military units during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian penal military units during the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Storm-Z" title="Storm-Z">Storm-Z</a> – a group of penal military units established in April 2023, during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm-V" title="Storm-V">Storm-V</a> – a group of penal military units established in June 2023, during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unit_684" title="Unit 684">Unit 684</a> – A <a href="/wiki/Black_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Black operation">black operations</a> unit of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Air_Force" title="Republic of Korea Air Force">Republic of Korea Air Force</a>, consisting largely of petty criminals. Formed in 1968 in response to the <a href="/wiki/Blue_House_raid" title="Blue House raid">Blue House raid</a>, wherein <a href="/wiki/Unit_124" title="Unit 124">Unit 124</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army_Special_Operation_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean People's Army Special Operation Force">Korean People's Army Special Operation Force</a> attempted to assassinate South Korean President <a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a>, Unit 684 received extremely harsh training on the island of <a href="/wiki/Silmido" title="Silmido">Silmido</a> in anticipation for a retaliatory operation to assassinate North Korean General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>. However, warming relations by 1971 led to the mission's cancellation and the unit's dissolution; the members of Unit 684 promptly launched a violent escape attempt, culminating in a <a href="/wiki/Police_standoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Police standoff">standoff</a> that led to the deaths of most of the unit and the capture and execution of the remaining survivors.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shtrafbat" title="Shtrafbat">Shtrafbat</a></i> – Penal battalions of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, composed of sentenced soldiers, political prisoners, and others deemed to be expendable, fighting on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> of World War II. Established in 1942 by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Order_No._227" title="Order No. 227">Order No. 227</a>, over 422,000 prisoners were placed into <i>shtrafbats</i> until their disestablishment following <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">victory in Europe</a> in May 1945, by which point very few had survived.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharakternyky_Battalion" title="Kharakternyky Battalion">Kharakternyky Battalion</a> – Nicknamed "The Magicians" and "Characterniks" the battalion was formed after the <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a> passed Registered draft law No. 11079 which allowed for the mobilization of convicts into the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Army">Ukrainian Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkval_Battalion" title="Shkval Battalion">Shkval Battalion</a> - Also known as the Wind Gust Battalion. It was formed after the <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a> passed Registered draft law No. 11079 which allowed for the mobilization of convicts into the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Army">Ukrainian Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galvanized_Yankees" title="Galvanized Yankees">Galvanized Yankees</a> – A term used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Confederate States Navy</a> former personnel and <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> who, after their capture, swore allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> and enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Union Navy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. The practice of enlisting Confederate prisoners to Union forces began around 1862 and lasted until 1866. A similar practice was conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, but not to the same extent.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dirty_Dozen" title="The Dirty Dozen">The Dirty Dozen</a></i> – A 1967 film about the titular fictional American penal unit, composed of military prisoners trained as commandos for a suicide mission ahead of the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> during World War II. The film was a commercial and critical success, and was followed by several <a href="/wiki/Television_film" title="Television film">television film</a> sequels in the 1980s: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dirty_Dozen:_Next_Mission" title="The Dirty Dozen: Next Mission">The Dirty Dozen: Next Mission</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dirty_Dozen:_The_Deadly_Mission" title="The Dirty Dozen: The Deadly Mission">The Dirty Dozen: The Deadly Mission</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dirty_Dozen:_The_Fatal_Mission" title="The Dirty Dozen: The Fatal Mission">The Dirty Dozen: The Fatal Mission</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silmido_(film)" title="Silmido (film)"><i>Silmido</i></a> – A 2003 film dramatizing the story of Unit 684. The film is credited with having increased public awareness of Unit 684's story, though some aspects of the film are fictionalized due to numerous details of the actual story remaining classified.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ace_Combat_7:_Skies_Unknown" title="Ace Combat 7: Skies Unknown">Ace Combat 7: Skies Unknown</a></i> – A 2019 <a href="/wiki/Combat_flight_simulation_game" title="Combat flight simulation game">combat flight simulation</a> video game, part of which follows "Spare Squadron", a penal <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)" title="Squadron (aviation)">squadron</a> of the fictional Osean Federation's <a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">air force</a> that is considered disposable and used to test enemy <a href="/wiki/Combat_drone" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat drone">combat drone</a> defenses, overseen by a <a href="/wiki/Prison_warden" title="Prison warden">prison warden</a> serving as their commander and <a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">airborne early warning and control</a> operator.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suicide_Squad" title="Suicide Squad">Suicide Squad</a></i> – A fantastical version of the concept within the <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a> universe.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Steel_Division_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel Division II">Steel Division II</a></i> – A 2019 strategy video game which includes <a href="/wiki/Shtrafbat#Organization" title="Shtrafbat">Shtrafniki</a> as a playable unit.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Conquest, Robert, <i>Kolyma: The Arctic Death Camps</i>, Methuen Press, (1978) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-41499-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-41499-4">978-0-670-41499-4</a></li> <li>Hatch, Gardner N., <i>American Ex-prisoners of War: Non Solum Armis,</i> Turner Publishing Company, (1988), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56311-624-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56311-624-7">978-1-56311-624-7</a></li> <li>Krivosheev, G.F. <i>Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century</i>, London, Greenhill Books, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-280-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-280-4">978-1-85367-280-4</a>, available online (in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100722001916/http://www.soldat.ru/doc/casualties/book/">[1]</a>.</li> <li>Lebed, Alexander (Gen.), <i>My Life and My Country</i>, Regnery Publishing, (1997) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89526-422-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89526-422-0">978-0-89526-422-0</a></li> <li>Lynch, Michael, <i>The Chinese Civil War 1945–49: Modern Warfare (Guide To... Book 61)</i> Osprey Publishing (2010), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B1%2B4728%2B1025%2B0" title="Special:BookSources/978+1+4728+1025+0">978 1 4728 1025 0</a></li> <li>Manazeev, Igor, "A 'Penal' Corps on the Kalinin Front", <i>Journal of Slavic Military Studies</i>, Vol. 15, Issue 3, September 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/201968754">201968754</a></li> <li>Mawdsley, Evan, <i>The Stalin Years: The Soviet Union 1929-1953</i>, Manchester University Press (2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6377-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6377-0">978-0-7190-6377-0</a></li> <li>Suvorov, Viktor, <i>Inside The Soviet Army</i>, Hamish Hamilton (1982), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-241-10889-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-241-10889-6">0-241-10889-6</a></li> <li>Tolstoy, Nikolai, <i>Stalin's Secret War</i>, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston (1981), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-047266-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-047266-0">0-03-047266-0</a></li> <li>Toppe, Alfred, <i>Night Combat</i>, Diane Publishing (1998), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-7080-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-7080-5">978-0-7881-7080-5</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090825182257/http://www.iremember.ru/infantry/golbraikh/golbraikh_r.htm">Yefim Golbraikh memoirs, including his serving commander of a penal company</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100304172405/http://www.vor.ru/55/Stalingrad/History_4_eng.html">Soviet penal units in World War 2</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Russia" title="Voice of Russia">Voice of Russia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/01/21/saudi-inmates-fight-syria-commute-death-sentences/1852629/">Report: Saudis sent death-row inmates to fight Syria</a>, 21 January 2013</li></ul> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《汉书卷六十一张骞李广利传　第三十一》: 赦囚徒扞寇盜，發惡少年及邊騎，歲餘而出敦煌六萬人，負私從者不與。牛十萬，馬三萬匹，驢橐駝以萬數齎糧，兵弩甚設。天下騷動，轉相奉伐宛，五十餘校尉。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertaud1988" class="citation book cs1">Bertaud, Jean-Paul (1988). <i>The Army of the French Revolution: From Citizen-soldier to Instrument of Power</i>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+of+the+French+Revolution%3A+From+Citizen-soldier+to+Instrument+of+Power&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Bertaud&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180411174215/http://www.napoleon-series.org/cgi-bin/forum/archive2003_config.pl?md=read;id=26255">"Re: French Penal Regiment Organization"</a>. <i>www.napoleon-series.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/cgi-bin/forum/archive2003_config.pl?md=read;id=26255">the original</a> on 2018-04-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.napoleon-series.org&rft.atitle=Re%3A+French+Penal+Regiment+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleon-series.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fforum%2Farchive2003_config.pl%3Fmd%3Dread%3Bid%3D26255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSicard1994" class="citation book cs1">Sicard, Jacques (1994). <i>Les Bataillons d'Infanterie Legere d'Afrique et leurs insignes, 1832-1972</i>. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Bataillons+d%27Infanterie+Legere+d%27Afrique+et+leurs+insignes%2C+1832-1972&rft.pages=49&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Sicard&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaiserscross.com/183501/183564.html">"The Soldier's Burden"</a>. <i>www.kaiserscross.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kaiserscross.com&rft.atitle=The+Soldier%27s+Burden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaiserscross.com%2F183501%2F183564.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Musée de l'infanterie - "Les Bataillons d'Afrique"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2021" class="citation web cs1">McKay, Cameron (2021-05-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/histres/article/94/265/578/6285651">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Likely to make good soldiers': mobilizing Britain's criminal population during the First World War"</a>. <i>academic.oup.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academic.oup.com&rft.atitle=%27Likely+to+make+good+soldiers%27%3A+mobilizing+Britain%27s+criminal+population+during+the+First+World+War&rft.date=2021-05-27&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fhistres%2Farticle%2F94%2F265%2F578%2F6285651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrunberger1971" class="citation book cs1">Grunberger, Richard (1971). <i>The 12-Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi Germany, 1933–1945</i>. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+12-Year+Reich%3A+A+Social+History+of+Nazi+Germany%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Grunberger&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrisWilliams2003" class="citation book cs1">Chris, Bishop; Williams, Michael (2003). <i>SS: Hell on the Western Front</i>. Zenith Imprint. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-1402-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-1402-0"><bdi>0-7603-1402-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SS%3A+Hell+on+the+Western+Front&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Zenith+Imprint&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7603-1402-0&rft.aulast=Chris&rft.aufirst=Bishop&rft.au=Williams%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorowiec" class="citation book cs1">Borowiec, Andrew. <i>Destroy Warsaw!: Hitler's Punishment, Stalin's Reveng</i>. p. 101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destroy+Warsaw%21%3A+Hitler%27s+Punishment%2C+Stalin%27s+Reveng&rft.pages=101&rft.aulast=Borowiec&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngrao2011" class="citation book cs1">Ingrao, Christian (2011). <i>The SS Dirlewanger Brigade - The History of the Black Hunters</i>. Skyhorse Publishing. pp. 98–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SS+Dirlewanger+Brigade+-+The+History+of+the+Black+Hunters&rft.pages=98-99&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Ingrao&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Matthew. <i>The Nazi War Against Soviet Partisans, 1941–1944</i>. p. 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+War+Against+Soviet+Partisans%2C+1941%E2%80%931944&rft.pages=88&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNafziger" class="citation book cs1">Nafziger, George F. <i>The Afrika Korps: An organizational history 1941–1943</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Afrika+Korps%3A+An+organizational+history+1941%E2%80%931943&rft.aulast=Nafziger&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tolstoy 1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suvorov 1982</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2010" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Michael (2010). <i>Osprey Guide to...The Chinese Civil War 1945-1949</i>. Osprey Publishing. pp. Kindle Locations 878–880. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1025-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1025-0"><bdi>978-1-4728-1025-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osprey+Guide+to...The+Chinese+Civil+War+1945-1949&rft.pages=Kindle+Locations+878-880&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-1025-0&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.shu.edu/ww2-0/1942/05/09/patriotism-behind-bars-u-s-prisons-aid-the-war-effort/">"Patriotism behind bars: U.S. prisons aid the war effort"</a>. <i>World War 2.0</i>. 1942-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+War+2.0&rft.atitle=Patriotism+behind+bars%3A+U.S.+prisons+aid+the+war+effort&rft.date=1942-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.shu.edu%2Fww2-0%2F1942%2F05%2F09%2Fpatriotism-behind-bars-u-s-prisons-aid-the-war-effort%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMP-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CMP_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2010" class="citation web cs1">Cooper, Steve (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odcmp.org/0910/default.asp?page=RLEEERMEY">"Gunny R. Lee Ermey Unplugged"</a>. <i>The First Shot</i>. Civilian Marksmanship Program<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+First+Shot&rft.atitle=Gunny+R.+Lee+Ermey+Unplugged&rft.date=2010-09&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odcmp.org%2F0910%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3DRLEEERMEY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStofan2021" class="citation web cs1">Stofan, Jake (2021-12-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wjhg.com/2021/12/28/new-legislation-would-allow-military-service-lieu-prison-time/">"New legislation would allow military service in lieu of prison time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/WJHG-TV" title="WJHG-TV">WJHG-TV</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WJHG-TV&rft.atitle=New+legislation+would+allow+military+service+in+lieu+of+prison+time&rft.date=2021-12-28&rft.aulast=Stofan&rft.aufirst=Jake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wjhg.com%2F2021%2F12%2F28%2Fnew-legislation-would-allow-military-service-lieu-prison-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liveabout.com/join-the-military-or-go-to-jail-3354033">"Can Military Service Actually Be an Alternative to Jail Time?"</a>. <i>LiveAbout</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LiveAbout&rft.atitle=Can+Military+Service+Actually+Be+an+Alternative+to+Jail+Time%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liveabout.com%2Fjoin-the-military-or-go-to-jail-3354033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohrlich2018" class="citation news cs1">Rohrlich, Justin (2018-04-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-the-army-recruits-straight-out-of-prisons">"How the Army Recruits Straight Out of Prisons"</a>. <i>The Daily Beast</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=How+the+Army+Recruits+Straight+Out+of+Prisons&rft.date=2018-04-23&rft.aulast=Rohrlich&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fhow-the-army-recruits-straight-out-of-prisons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corrections1.com/re-entry-and-recidivism/articles/when-inmates-become-us-army-soldiers-PWAygFBbohU1W4K2/">"When inmates become US Army soldiers"</a>. <i>Corrections1</i>. 22 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Corrections1&rft.atitle=When+inmates+become+US+Army+soldiers&rft.date=2010-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corrections1.com%2Fre-entry-and-recidivism%2Farticles%2Fwhen-inmates-become-us-army-soldiers-PWAygFBbohU1W4K2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2023/1356">"Senate Bill 1356 (2023) - The Florida Senate"</a>. <i>www.flsenate.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.flsenate.gov&rft.atitle=Senate+Bill+1356+%282023%29+-+The+Florida+Senate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flsenate.gov%2FSession%2FBill%2F2023%2F1356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ukraine-army-russia-prisoners-jail-b2024985.html">"Ukrainian prisoners with combat history to be released to help defend against Russia"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. 28 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220904034638/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ukraine-army-russia-prisoners-jail-b2024985.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+prisoners+with+combat+history+to+be+released+to+help+defend+against+Russia&rft.date=2022-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fukraine-army-russia-prisoners-jail-b2024985.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/wagner-group-sending-russian-inmates-145948028.html">"Wagner Group Is Sending Russian Inmates to Fight in Ukraine, Report Says"</a>. <i>news.yahoo.com</i>. 5 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.yahoo.com&rft.atitle=Wagner+Group+Is+Sending+Russian+Inmates+to+Fight+in+Ukraine%2C+Report+Says&rft.date=2022-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fwagner-group-sending-russian-inmates-145948028.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russias-wagner-mercenaries-halt-prisoner-recruitment-campaign-founder-prigozhin-2023-02-09/">"Russia's Wagner mercenaries halt prisoner recruitment campaign - Prigozhin"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 9 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Wagner+mercenaries+halt+prisoner+recruitment+campaign+-+Prigozhin&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussias-wagner-mercenaries-halt-prisoner-recruitment-campaign-founder-prigozhin-2023-02-09%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauer2022" class="citation news cs1">Sauer, Pjotr (2022-09-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/20/russia-recruits-inmates-ukraine-war-wagner-prigozhin">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'We thieves and killers are now fighting Russia's war': how Moscow recruits from its prisons"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27We+thieves+and+killers+are+now+fighting+Russia%27s+war%27%3A+how+Moscow+recruits+from+its+prisons&rft.date=2022-09-20&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Sauer&rft.aufirst=Pjotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fsep%2F20%2Frussia-recruits-inmates-ukraine-war-wagner-prigozhin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herman-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herman_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/blghe_01170402">Geert Herman, Nieuwsblad, 7 juli 2014, article in Dutch</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verplancke-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Verplancke_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2018/07/15/100-jaar-geleden-omstreden-11-juli-vieringen-in-bezet-belgie/">Peter Verplancke, VRT, 15 juli 2018, article in Dutch</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simoens-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simoens_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Simoens, CHTP-BEG - n° 23 / 2011, article in Dutch <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cegesoma.be/docs/media/chtp_beg/chtp_23/chtp23_002_Simoens.pdf">Van arrangeren tot renseigneren. Smaad en geweld Van militairen Tegen hun oversten tijdens de eerste wereldoorlog</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203183812/https://www.cegesoma.be/docs/media/chtp_beg/chtp_23/chtp23_002_Simoens.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Didden-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Didden_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDidden1997" class="citation journal cs1">Didden, Kris (1 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21825%2Fwt.v56i4.13075">"De Houthakkers van de Orne"</a>. <i>WT. Tijdschrift over de Geschiedenis van de Vlaamse Beweging</i>. <b>56</b> (4): 195–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21825%2Fwt.v56i4.13075">10.21825/wt.v56i4.13075</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WT.+Tijdschrift+over+de+Geschiedenis+van+de+Vlaamse+Beweging&rft.atitle=De+Houthakkers+van+de+Orne&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=195-219&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21825%2Fwt.v56i4.13075&rft.aulast=Didden&rft.aufirst=Kris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.21825%252Fwt.v56i4.13075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahoraelpueblo.bo/la-obra-de-los-carabineros-en-la-guerra-del-chaco-sube-a-las-tablas/">"La obra de los carabineros en la Guerra del Chaco sube a las tablas"</a>. 3 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+obra+de+los+carabineros+en+la+Guerra+del+Chaco+sube+a+las+tablas&rft.date=2021-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahoraelpueblo.bo%2Fla-obra-de-los-carabineros-en-la-guerra-del-chaco-sube-a-las-tablas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://correodelsur.com/punoyletra/20160613_los-macheteros-de-la-muerte.html">"Los macheteros de la muerte"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+macheteros+de+la+muerte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorreodelsur.com%2Fpunoyletra%2F20160613_los-macheteros-de-la-muerte.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.revistasbolivianas.ciencia.bo/pdf/fdc/v11n48/v11n48_a15.pdf">http://www.revistasbolivianas.ciencia.bo/pdf/fdc/v11n48/v11n48_a15.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.la-razon.com/escape/2018/03/07/tesoros-policiales/">"Tesoros policiales"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tesoros+policiales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.la-razon.com%2Fescape%2F2018%2F03%2F07%2Ftesoros-policiales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laoctavabo.com/2021/08/11/cefotes-rememora-en-el-teatro-una-historia-de-la-guerra-del-chaco/">"CEFOTES rememora en el teatro una historia de la Guerra del Chaco"</a>. 11 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CEFOTES+rememora+en+el+teatro+una+historia+de+la+Guerra+del+Chaco&rft.date=2021-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaoctavabo.com%2F2021%2F08%2F11%2Fcefotes-rememora-en-el-teatro-una-historia-de-la-guerra-del-chaco%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vaara, Topi: Pärmin pirut : Er.P 21:n vaiheita jatkosodassa 1941–1942. Helsinki: Otava, 1977. ISBN 951-10452-7-X.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carabinieri.it/arma/curiosita/non-tutti-sanno-che/c/cacciatori-franchi">"Cacciatori Franchi"</a>. <i>www.carabinieri.it</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.carabinieri.it&rft.atitle=Cacciatori+Franchi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carabinieri.it%2Farma%2Fcuriosita%2Fnon-tutti-sanno-che%2Fc%2Fcacciatori-franchi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2023" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Kaitlin (April 7, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/ukrainian-reserve-officer-says-russia-forming-special-storm-z-units-1793135">"Ukrainian reserve officer says Russia is forming special "Storm Z" units"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+reserve+officer+says+Russia+is+forming+special+%22Storm+Z%22+units&rft.date=2023-04-07&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Kaitlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fukrainian-reserve-officer-says-russia-forming-special-storm-z-units-1793135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelovodyev2024" class="citation news cs1">Belovodyev, Daniil (13 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-recruited-convicts-fierce-assault-units-storm-gladiator-/32806371.html">"Storm Gladiator: How Russia Uses Recruited Convicts to Fight in 'Fierce' Assault Units in Ukraine"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Storm+Gladiator%3A+How+Russia+Uses+Recruited+Convicts+to+Fight+in+%27Fierce%27+Assault+Units+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2024-02-13&rft.aulast=Belovodyev&rft.aufirst=Daniil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Frussia-recruited-convicts-fierce-assault-units-storm-gladiator-%2F32806371.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.net/war/zasudzheni-na-viyni-u-zsu-stvorili-noviy-batalyon-12691698.html">"В Украине сформировали батальон "Характерники": он состоит из осужденных (фото)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD+%22%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%22%3A+%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%28%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unian.net%2Fwar%2Fzasudzheni-na-viyni-u-zsu-stvorili-noviy-batalyon-12691698.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenal+military+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/11/europe/pokrovsk-ukraine-prisoners-enlist-soldiers-intl-cmd/index.html">From convict to combatant, Ukraine enlists prisoners to fight Russian forces</a> <a href="/wiki/Cable_News_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable News Network">CNN</a>. Sebastian Shukla, Kosta Gak, Frederik Pleitgen and Scott McWhinnie. September 11, 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.gamepressure.com/steel-division-2/26th-gvard-strelkovy/z4c7ee">https://www.gamepressure.com/steel-division-2/26th-gvard-strelkovy/z4c7ee</a></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&oldid=1259505769">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&oldid=1259505769</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_of_war" title="Category:Law of war">Law of war</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Penal_military_units" title="Category:Penal military units">Penal military units</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Incomplete_lists_from_May_2023" title="Category:Incomplete lists from May 2023">Incomplete lists from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)">Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2022">Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_PDF_format_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations">Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 15:19<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penal_military_unit&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-vf4l6","wgBackendResponseTime":204,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.515","walltime":"0.603","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4002,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":62462,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2988,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":102593,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 530.261 1 -total"," 14.95% 79.249 9 Template:Cite_book"," 14.40% 76.366 1 Template:In_lang"," 12.78% 67.777 18 Template:Cite_web"," 12.55% 66.563 1 Template:Short_description"," 12.05% 63.917 9 Template:ISBN"," 8.62% 45.731 1 Template:Incomplete_list"," 8.59% 45.561 10 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 8.02% 42.538 2 Template:Pagetype"," 5.43% 28.770 12 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.312","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16267054,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-846f74b78b-794tz","timestamp":"20241128022040","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Penal military unit","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Penal_military_unit","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1306981","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1306981","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2011-02-26T10:14:12Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T15:19:32Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c1\/Detaille_-_Light_Infantry_of_Africa.jpg","headline":"military formations consisting of convicts mobilized for military service"}</script> </body> </html>