The Ballistics Case Study of the Enrica Lexie Incident

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"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="citation_title" content="The Ballistics Case Study of the Enrica Lexie Incident "> <meta name="citation_author" content="Diego Abbo"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2021/04/01"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="15"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="5"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="237"> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="254"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://publications.waset.org/10012053/pdf"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value=""> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 33093</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mt-3 mb-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem">The Ballistics Case Study of the Enrica Lexie Incident </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Diego%20Abbo">Diego Abbo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>On February 15, 2012 off the Indian coast of Kerala, in position 091702N-0760180E by the oil tanker Enrica Lexie, flying the Italian flag, bursts of 5.56 x45 caliber shots were fired from assault rifles AR/70 Italian-made Beretta towards the Indian fisher boat St. Anthony. The shots that hit the St. Anthony fishing boat were six, of which two killed the Indian fishermen <em>Ajesh Pink</em> and <em>Valentine Jelestine</em>. From the analysis concerning the kinematic engagement of the two ships and from the autopsy and ballistic results of the Indian judicial authorities it is possible to reconstruct the trajectories of the six aforementioned shots. This essay reconstructs the trajectories of the six shots that cannot be of direct shooting but have undergone a rebound on the water. The investigation carried out scientifically demonstrates the rebound of the blows on the water, the gyrostatic deviation due to the rebound and the tumbling effect always due to the rebound as regards intermediate ballistics. In consideration of the four shots that directly impacted the fishing vessel, the current examination proves, with scientific value, that the trajectories could not be downwards but upwards. Also, the trajectory of two shots that hit to death the two fishermen could not be downwards but only upwards. In fact, this paper demonstrates, with scientific value: The loss of speed of the projectiles due to the rebound on the water; The tumbling effect in the ballistic medium within the two victims; The permanent cavities subject to the injury ballistics and the related ballistic trauma that prevented homeostasis causing bleeding in one case; The thermo-hardening deformation of the bullet found in Valentine Jelestine's skull; The upward and non-downward trajectories. The paper constitutes a tool in forensic ballistics in that it manages to reconstruct, from the final spot of the projectiles fired, all phases of ballistics like the internal one of the weapons that fired, the intermediate one, the terminal one and the penetrative structural one. In general terms the ballistics reconstruction is based on measurable parameters whose entity is contained with certainty within a lower and upper limit. Therefore, quantities that refer to angles, speed, impact energy and firing position of the shooter can be identified within the aforementioned limits. Finally, the investigation into the internal bullet track, obtained from any autopsy examination, offers a significant “lesson learned” but overall a starting point to contain or mitigate bleeding as a rescue from future gunshot wounds.</p> <iframe src="https://publications.waset.org/10012053.pdf" style="width:100%; height:400px;" frameborder="0"></iframe> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Impact%20physics" title="Impact physics">Impact physics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=intermediate%20ballistics" title=" intermediate ballistics"> intermediate ballistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=terminal%20ballistics" title=" terminal ballistics"> terminal ballistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=tumbling%20effect." title=" tumbling effect. "> tumbling effect. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012053/the-ballistics-case-study-of-the-enrica-lexie-incident" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012053/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012053/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012053/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012053/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012053/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012053/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012053/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012053/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012053/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012053/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012053.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">840</span> </span> <p class="card-text"><strong>References:</strong></p> <br>[1] ITLOS- International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea “The Enrica Lexie Incident” (Italy vs India) “Provisional Measures Hamburg – Germany- June 2015 URL: https://www.itlos.org/en/main/cases/list-of-cases/case-no-24/ <br>[2] Dizionario Treccani, su treccani.it. <br>[3] UNCLOS – United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea – Article 97, Montego Bay Jamaica, 10th December 1982 <br>[4] UNCLOS – United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea – Article 94, Montego Bay Jamaica, 10th December 1982 <br>[5] ANNEX 14 to Annex A-26 June 2015, ITLOS- International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea –Dispute concerning the Enrica Lexie Incident The Italian Republic v. the Republic of India <br>[6] BILOSLAVO Fausto on the Italian Newspaper IL GIORNALE on 21st February 2012 Published by the Judicial Expert Luigi DI STEFANO URL: httP://WWW.SEeninside.net/piracy/it-fatt-rapp-l.htm <br>[7] ABBO Diego, “Marò the exhaustive analysis of the incident” YouTube film – minute 2.47 URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QguiHoMXLSo&list=UUWZjHlCMHRJCBtTO4DyJnWA <br>[8] Integration of the act n. 051695 (filed with the Public Prosecutor of the Court of Rome on March 13, 2013 by the Judicial Expert Luigi DI STEFANO <br>[9] Annex 48 scene of crime -26 JUNE 2015 ITLOS- International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea – <br>[10] Beretta ARX-160 su www.esercito.difesa.it Archiviato il 22 luglio 2010 in Internet Archive. <br>[11] 223 REMINGTON - 55 GRAIN ~ TRAJECTORY CHART - URL:https://www.sierrabullets.com/223-remington-55-grain-trajectory-chart/ <br>[12] ANNEX 8 Scene Examination Report NO. Bl-873/FSU2012, 19 APRIL 2012 <br>[13] Bettin Cristian; “I proiettili Tecnologia e Balistica” tipografia Imprimenda Padova , Italy Edition June 2015 <br>[14] Cranz, K. J. Lehrbuch “der Ballistik, vol.” Ristampa anastatica 1910 <br>[15] Kneubuehl B.P. “Das abprallen von Geschossen aus forensischer” Sicht I.D. Universität Lausanne, Ecole des Sciences Criminelles 1999 <br>[16] Baillargeon Y., Eng M., Bergeron G. “Prediction of projectile ricochet behavior after water impact” J Forensic Sci, vol. 57, no.6, p.1556-1561 2012 <br>[17] Haag L.C. “Bullet ricochet from water” AFTE J., Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 26–34 <br>[18] Soliman A.S., Reid S.R., Johnson W. “The effect of spherical projectile speed in ricochet off water and sand” Int. J.of mech. Sciences, 18, 279-284 Site consulted on 04/10/2015, NO LOnger available today URL: hTTp://WWW.Nj.gov/oAG/Dcj/njpdRESOURces/pdfs/wallboard_test.pdf - <br>[19] Enciclopedia delle armi - TRECCANI - http://www.earmi.it/balistica/lungo.htm <br>[20] The Small Arms Review vol.10, no.2 November 2006 <br>[21] Site consulted on 04/10/2015, URL:http://www.nj.gov/oag/dcj/njpdresources/pdfs/wallboard_test.pdf - <br>[22] Bettin Cristian “Le Ferite da arma DA fuoco - Manuale di balistica lesionale”, Padua Italy Edition 2018 <br>[23] The Piroli Report -. Published by the Judicial Expert Luigi Di Stefano URL: HTTP://WWW.SEENINside.nET/Piracy/iT-PIRO1.htm <br>[24] Sellier K (1982) “Schusswaffen und Schusswirkungen I, Second Edition, Schmidt –Römhild, Lübeck. <br>[25] Beyer JC (1962), “Wound ballistics”. Off. of the Surg General , Dep. Army, Washington DC. <br>[26] Harger JH, Huelke DF (1970) “Femoral Fractures produced by Projectiles; the effects of mass and diameter on target damage”. J Biomech 3: 487-493. <br>[27] Journee C (1907) Rapport entre la force vive des balle set la gravitè des blessure,qu’elles peuvent causer. Revue d’artillerie 70: 81-120 <br>[28] Kneubuehl BP, Coupland RM, Rotschild MA, Thali MJ (2008) – “Wundballistik – Grundlagen und Anwendungen”, Springer Heidelberg <br>[29] Woodruff CE (1896), The causes of the explosive effect on modern small-caliber bullets, NY Med J 67: 593-601. <br>[30] Annex 4 Post-Mortem Report of MR Ajeesh and MR Valentine. 16 February 2012 <br>[31] QUORA What is the dimension of a 14.2 kg LPG cylinder in India? https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-dimension-of-a-14-2-kg-LPG-cylinder-in-India </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>

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The Ballistics Case Study of the Enrica Lexie Incident