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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menno_van_Coehoorn" title="Menno van Coehoorn – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Menno van Coehoorn" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menno_van_Coehoorn" title="Menno van Coehoorn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Menno van Coehoorn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menno_van_Coehoorn" title="Menno van Coehoorn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Menno van Coehoorn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menno_van_Coehoorn" title="Menno van Coehoorn – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Menno van Coehoorn" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menno_van_Coehoorn" title="Menno van Coehoorn – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Menno van Coehoorn" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menno_fan_Coehoorn" title="Menno fan Coehoorn – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Menno fan Coehoorn" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menno_van_Coehoorn" title="Menno van Coehoorn – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Menno van Coehoorn" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menno_van_Coehoorn" title="Menno van Coehoorn – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Menno van Coehoorn" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88_%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="مينو ڤان كويهورن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مينو ڤان كويهورن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menno_van_Coehoorn" title="Menno van Coehoorn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Menno van Coehoorn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3" title="メンノ・フォン・クーホルン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メンノ・フォン・クーホルン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menno_van_Coehoorn" title="Menno van Coehoorn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Menno van Coehoorn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menno_van_Coehoorn" title="Menno van Coehoorn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Menno van Coehoorn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD,_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кугорн, Менно ван – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кугорн, Менно ван" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menno_van_Coehoorn" title="Menno van Coehoorn – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Menno van Coehoorn" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menno_van_Coehoorn" title="Menno van Coehoorn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Menno van Coehoorn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q560731#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Menno, Baron van Coehoorn</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodoor_Netscher_-_Baron_Menno_van_Coehoorn_-_0106_-_Rijksmuseum_Twenthe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Theodoor_Netscher_-_Baron_Menno_van_Coehoorn_-_0106_-_Rijksmuseum_Twenthe.jpg/220px-Theodoor_Netscher_-_Baron_Menno_van_Coehoorn_-_0106_-_Rijksmuseum_Twenthe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Theodoor_Netscher_-_Baron_Menno_van_Coehoorn_-_0106_-_Rijksmuseum_Twenthe.jpg/330px-Theodoor_Netscher_-_Baron_Menno_van_Coehoorn_-_0106_-_Rijksmuseum_Twenthe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Theodoor_Netscher_-_Baron_Menno_van_Coehoorn_-_0106_-_Rijksmuseum_Twenthe.jpg/440px-Theodoor_Netscher_-_Baron_Menno_van_Coehoorn_-_0106_-_Rijksmuseum_Twenthe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4426" data-file-height="5889" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Menno, Baron van Coehoorn.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">March 1641<br /><a href="/wiki/Britsum" title="Britsum">Britsum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Frisia" title="Lordship of Frisia">Friesland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 March 1704 (aged 62–63)<br /><a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, Dutch Republic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Wijkel" class="mw-redirect" title="Wijkel">Wijkel</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Dutch Republic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data">Infantry, then Engineers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1657 – 1704</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a><br /> Ingenieur Generaal der Fortificatiën <br /> General of Artillery</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data">Garrison Commander <a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a> 1692 <br /> <a href="/wiki/Zeelandic_Flanders" title="Zeelandic Flanders">Zeelandic Flanders</a> 1702</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maastricht_(1673)" title="Siege of Maastricht (1673)">Siege of Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seneffe" title="Battle of Seneffe">Battle of Seneffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1674)" title="Siege of Grave (1674)">Siege of Grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassel_(1677)" title="Battle of Cassel (1677)">Battle of Cassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Denis_(1678)" title="Battle of Saint-Denis (1678)">Battle of Saint-Denis</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bonn_(1689)" title="Siege of Bonn (1689)">Siege of Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1690)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1690)">Battle of Fleurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1692)" title="Siege of Namur (1692)">Siege of Namur (1692)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Huy_(1694)" title="Siege of Huy (1694)">Siege of Huy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1695)" title="Siege of Namur (1695)">Siege of Namur (1695)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Givet" title="Bombardment of Givet">Bombardment of Givet</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Saint_Donas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Saint Donas (page does not exist)">Siege of Saint Donas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Venlo_(1702)" title="Siege of Venlo (1702)">Siege of Venlo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Stevensweert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Stevensweert (page does not exist)">Siege of Stevensweert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Roermond_(1702)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Roermond (1702) (page does not exist)">Siege of Roermond</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Li%C3%A9ge_(1702)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Liége (1702) (page does not exist)">Siege of Liége</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bonn_(1703)" title="Siege of Bonn (1703)">Siege of Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Huy_(1703)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Huy (1703) (page does not exist)">Siege of Huy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Menno, Baron van Coehoorn</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈmɛnoː<span class="wrap"> </span>vɑŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkuɦoːr(ə)n]</a></span>; March 1641 – 17 March 1704) was a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_States_Army" title="Dutch States Army">Dutch States Army</a> officer and engineer, regarded as one of the most significant figures in Dutch military history. In an era when <a href="/wiki/Siege_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege warfare">siege warfare</a> dominated military campaigns, he and his French counterpart <a href="/wiki/Vauban" class="mw-redirect" title="Vauban">Vauban</a> were the acknowledged experts in designing, taking and defending fortifications. </p><p>Both had their advocates; Vauban's maxim of 'more powder, less blood' also took longer, an important consideration when most military deaths occurred from disease. He is also viewed as more innovative in the design and extent of his <a href="/wiki/Fortifications" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortifications">fortifications</a>, which included ports, waterways, roads and even town layouts. </p><p>However, unlike Vauban, Van Coehoorn had limited financial resources. He showed great skill in maximising these, while adapting to the specific challenges posed by the flat terrain in the Netherlands. Some of his water defences and designs were still being used in the 1950s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menno_van_Coehoorn&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden.svg/250px-Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden.svg/330px-Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden.svg/500px-Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2870" data-file-height="3250" /></a><figcaption>The United Provinces; Friesland at top</figcaption></figure> <p>Van Coehoorn was born at <a href="/wiki/Britsum" title="Britsum">Britsum</a> in March 1641, one of six sons of Goosewijn van Coehoorn and Aaltje van Hinckena, owners of the <i>Lettinga State</i>, near <a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a>, in the Dutch province of <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a>. Goosewijn was an officer in a Friesland regiment of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_States_Army" title="Dutch States Army">Dutch States Army</a> and a member of the petty nobility. The family originally came from <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%BChhornshof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kühhornshof (page does not exist)">Kühhornshof</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BChhornshof" class="extiw" title="de:Kühhornshof">de</a>]</span>, near <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>; in 1572, his great-grandfather joined the army of <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEysten1911620_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEysten1911620-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Coehoorn was educated at home with his brothers, and showed an aptitude for mathematics and military drawing. He later attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Franeker" title="University of Franeker">University of Franeker</a>, where he was supervised by his uncle Bernardus Fullenius (1602–1657), professor of mathematics and trainer of surveyors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogendoorn2018339_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogendoorn2018339-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He had four surviving children from his first marriage to Magdalena van Scheltinga in 1678: Goosewijn (1678–1737), Gertruda (1679–1757), Hendrik (1683–1756) and Amalia (1683–1708). After her death in 1683, he married Truytje van Wigara (dates unknown); he died on 17 March 1704 and was buried at <a href="/wiki/Wijckel" title="Wijckel">Wijckel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEysten1911622_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEysten1911622-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menno_van_Coehoorn&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1657, he was commissioned <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">Lieutenant</a> in his father's company, part of the permanent garrison in <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy199563_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy199563-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Promoted <a href="/wiki/Captain" title="Captain">captain</a> in October 1660, Van Coehoorn first saw action in 1665 during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a>, when he helped repulse an English-funded invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_M%C3%BCnster" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Münster">Bishop of Münster</a>. During the 1672 to 1678 <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a>, he was wounded at the defence of <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a> in 1673, then fought at <a href="/wiki/Grave,_Netherlands" title="Grave, Netherlands">Grave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seneffe" title="Seneffe">Seneffe</a> in 1674. Promoted <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">major</a> just before <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassel_(1677)" title="Battle of Cassel (1677)">Cassel</a> in 1677, he was a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-Colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-Colonel">Lieutenant-Colonel</a> when the war ended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEysten1911620_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEysten1911620-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Netherlands, 1672 is still known as the <a href="/wiki/Rampjaar" title="Rampjaar">Rampjaar</a> or <i>Year of Disaster.</i> The rapid fall of major fortresses like <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> and Fort Crèvecœur near <a href="/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="'s-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a> demonstrated the Republic's vulnerability, and the obsolescence of its defences. This caused intense debate in two areas; first, <i>where</i> to locate strongpoints; second, <i>how</i> to design fortifications suitable to the flat terrain of the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy199535_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy199535-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_principles">Design principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menno_van_Coehoorn&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Design principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inundation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Inundation.jpg/220px-Inundation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Inundation.jpg/330px-Inundation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Inundation.jpg/440px-Inundation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption>Sluice gate near Utrecht; Van Coehoorn incorporated water defences in his designs</figcaption></figure> <p>Van Coehoorn set out his ideas in a public debate over the design of a new fortress at <a href="/wiki/Coevorden" title="Coevorden">Coevorden</a> with Captain Louis Paen, an officer in the same regiment, who had produced a well-received critique of the Dutch drill manual in 1679.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2010105_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2010105-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1682, Van Coehoorn published <i>Versterckinge des Vijfhoeks met al syne buytenwerken</i> or <i>Fortification of the Pentagon and all its outer works</i>; this was followed in 1685 by what remains his best-known work, <i>Nieuwe Vestingbouw op een natte of lage horisont</i> or <i>New Fortress Construction on a Wet or Low Horizon.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEysten1911620_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEysten1911620-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Few states could afford a large standing army, so permanent fortifications were intended to slow down an opponent, providing time to mobilise reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfflerbachStrachan2012159_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfflerbachStrachan2012159-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1672, the Dutch were nearly over-run due to the speed with which the French captured fortresses like <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a>, and saved only by activating the <a href="/wiki/Hollandic_Water_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic Water Line">Hollandic Water Line</a>. Van Coehoorn accepted the flat terrain of the Netherlands and huge cost of construction meant an effective defence could not rely solely on fortifications. His designs included these key principles; </p><p><b>Active defence;</b> defenders should constantly disrupt the besiegers, rather than simply sitting behind their walls. This meant providing open areas within the fortifications to assemble a counter-attacking force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENolan200884_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan200884-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Multiple defence lines;</b> the existing practice of all round defence meant a breach in one area often led to the rapid surrender of the whole position. Instead, Van Coehoorn created multiple 'Inner' and 'Outer' defence zones that funnelled attackers through successive 'killing zones' of <a href="/wiki/Enfilade_and_defilade" title="Enfilade and defilade">flanking fire</a>; Variously delivered from <a href="/wiki/Arrowslit" title="Arrowslit">loopholed</a> <a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">redoubts</a> in the re-entrant <a href="/wiki/Place-of-arms" title="Place-of-arms">places-of-arms</a>, from earthen <a href="/wiki/Faussebraye" title="Faussebraye">faussebrayes</a>, and long, <a href="/wiki/Concave_polygon" title="Concave polygon">concave</a> double-<a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastioned</a> flanks. These works were screened from view by their low profiles, and, in the case of the flanks, by narrow, tower-like <a href="/wiki/Orillon" title="Orillon">orillons</a> of solid masonry";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy199567_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy199567-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Denial of terrain</b>; "... he protected his works by digging alternate ranks of wet and dry ditches. The dry ditches and <a href="/wiki/Covertway" title="Covertway">covertways</a> were cut down to within a few inches of the <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a> ... (if the besiegers) cut into the floor in the normal way, they would soon be flooded out;"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy199568_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy199568-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Coehoorn argued the high <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a> common in the Netherlands negated the danger posed by <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">mining</a>, and thus he required only two-thirds of the materials needed for similar French fortifications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy199569_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy199569-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water was another feature of his work; although completed years after his death, he designed the <i>Zuider Waterlinie</i> between <a href="/wiki/Sluis" title="Sluis">Sluis</a> and Nijmegen. His recommendation of a defensive barrier in the east, using the <a href="/wiki/IJssel" title="IJssel">IJssel</a> and the Dutch portion of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhine" title="Lower Rhine">Lower Rhine</a>, formed the basis of a NATO defence line built in the 1950s, codenamed Plans 'C' for Coehoorn and 'D' for Deventer.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Namur;_the_Sieges_of_1692_and_1695"><span id="Namur.3B_the_Sieges_of_1692_and_1695"></span>Namur; the Sieges of 1692 and 1695</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menno_van_Coehoorn&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Namur; the Sieges of 1692 and 1695"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="/wiki/File:Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:Belgium relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The Spanish Netherlands; key locations plus major Dutch sites</div></div></div> <p>His ideas remained untested until the 1688-1697 <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine Years War">Nine Years War</a>, whose tactics placed great emphasis on manoeuvre and siege warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds19912_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds19912-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was present at the capture of <a href="/wiki/Kaiserswerth" title="Kaiserswerth">Kaiserswerth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> in 1690; his role is unclear but <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick I</a> offered him a position as Major-General in the Prussian army, which he refused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy199563_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy199563-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Coehoorn was finally able to implement his ideas when appointed commander of Namur in 1691. Namur was divided between the 'City', on the flat northern bank of the river <a href="/wiki/Sambre" title="Sambre">Sambre</a>, with the '<a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Namur" title="Citadel of Namur">Citadel</a>' on high ground to the south controlling access to the rivers Sambre and <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a>. He strengthened the 'inner' Citadel with new outworks at Fort William and La Casotte, but did not have time to do the same for the 'outer' City area. The garrison of 5,000 was too small for an active defence, while many were poorly trained and motivated Spanish troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_ColonieHorsley190416_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_ColonieHorsley190416-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1692 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1692)" title="Siege of Namur (1692)">Siege of Namur</a>, the City fell in less than five days, but the Citadel and its 500 Dutch defenders held out until 30 June. This was largely due to the terms negotiated when Van Coehoorn surrendered the City; he agreed not to fire on the City from the Citadel, in return for the French not attacking from that direction. As Vauban pointed out, this made it almost impregnable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_ColonieHorsley190416_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_ColonieHorsley190416-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regardless, the defence was a significant achievement and <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> made him <a href="/wiki/Major-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-General">Major-General</a> and commander of the vital city of <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>. He also supervised the construction of new defences at <a href="/wiki/Huy" title="Huy">Huy</a>, which the Dutch lost in July 1693, then recaptured in September 1694.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds1991261_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds1991261-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coehoorn_and_Vauban_meet_in_the_ruins_of_Namur,_1692.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coehoorn_and_Vauban_meet_in_the_ruins_of_Namur%2C_1692.jpg/330px-Coehoorn_and_Vauban_meet_in_the_ruins_of_Namur%2C_1692.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coehoorn_and_Vauban_meet_in_the_ruins_of_Namur%2C_1692.jpg/500px-Coehoorn_and_Vauban_meet_in_the_ruins_of_Namur%2C_1692.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coehoorn_and_Vauban_meet_in_the_ruins_of_Namur%2C_1692.jpg/580px-Coehoorn_and_Vauban_meet_in_the_ruins_of_Namur%2C_1692.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Coehoorn and his rival <a href="/wiki/Vauban" class="mw-redirect" title="Vauban">Vauban</a> meet in the ruins of Namur, 1692. By <a href="/wiki/August_Alleb%C3%A9" title="August Allebé">August Allebé</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The focus of the 1695 Allied campaign was the second <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1695)" title="Siege of Namur (1695)">Siege of Namur</a>. The fortifications had been strengthened by Vauban, while Marshall <a href="/wiki/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Boufflers" title="Louis-François de Boufflers">Boufflers</a> had a garrison of 13,000. Van Coehoorn was put in charge of siege operations and quickly captured the outer City; by mid-August, the Citadel remained largely intact and William was growing impatient. A battery of 200 guns was established and on 21 August began a continuous 24 hour bombardment of the Citadel's lower defences; assaults on the resulting breaches were extremely bloody, including 3,000 casualties in three hours on 30 August but the defenders surrendered on 4 September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan201125–26_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan201125–26-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two sieges of Namur were the key events of the Nine Years War in Flanders and made Van Coehoorn's reputation. <i>Nieuwe Vestingbouw</i> was translated into English, French and German among others and reprinted on a regular basis, while his ideas were widely used elsewhere, including <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temesvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Temesvar">Temesvar</a>. Ironically, Boufflers' defence of Namur was the best example of Van Coehoorn's defensive principles. He <i>...demonstrated one could effectively win a campaign by losing a fortress but exhausting the besieging force...(Boufflers) conducted a classic active defence and contested every advance as best he could.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1999248–249_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1999248–249-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An often overlooked innovation used by both Vauban and Van Coehoorn was to focus their entire artillery on specific points, rather than the previous practice of targeting multiple areas. Overwhelming defences with massive firepower became known as the 'Van Coehoorn method'; Vauban preferred a more gradual approach, summarised as 'more powder, less blood.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstwald2006285–286_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstwald2006285–286-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both had their supporters; the trade off was time, an important consideration when far more soldiers died from disease than combat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfflerbachStrachan2012160_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfflerbachStrachan2012160-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_career">Later career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menno_van_Coehoorn&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaart1747.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kaart1747.jpg/220px-Kaart1747.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kaart1747.jpg/330px-Kaart1747.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kaart1747.jpg/440px-Kaart1747.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Bergen op Zoom in 1747. Van Coehoorn's ideas to strengthen the fortress were largley completed after his death; note diversion of the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In recognition of his service, Van Coehoorn was promoted <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> and appointed Ingenieur Generaal der Fortificatiën and General of Artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViganò200775_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViganò200775-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brother Gideon replaced him as Colonel of the Nassau Friesland Regiment, while Van Coehoorn himself transferred to a Holland regiment; this increased his influence, since he now reported to William, rather than the Frisian Stadholder Hendrik Casimir. </p><p>The 1697 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ryswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ryswick">Treaty of Ryswick</a> allowed the Dutch to garrison towns in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Nieuwpoort,_Belgium" title="Nieuwpoort, Belgium">Nieuwpoort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a>. This created a buffer zone, or <a href="/wiki/Defence-in-depth_(Roman_military)" title="Defence-in-depth (Roman military)">defence-in-depth</a>, later formalised in the 1715 <a href="/wiki/Barrier_Treaty" title="Barrier Treaty">Barrier Treaty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy199563_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy199563-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Coehoorn was given responsibility for the Dutch Republic's fortifications; one of his strengths was adapting to fit individual sites and minimising costs, essential skills as the Dutch had insufficient funds for all the repairs and additions needed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy199569–70_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy199569–70-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bergen_op_Zoom" title="Bergen op Zoom">Bergen op Zoom</a> were prioritised for upgrades, although both were incomplete when the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> broke out. Van Coehoorn was appointed Governor of <a href="/wiki/Sluis" title="Sluis">Sluis</a> and military commander in <a href="/wiki/Zeelandic_Flanders" title="Zeelandic Flanders">Zeelandic Flanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy199534_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy199534-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The armies of the Nine Years War often exceeded 100,000 men, too large for the pre-industrial societies that supported them; <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Marlborough</a>, Allied commander in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, argued one battle was more beneficial than taking 12 fortresses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Hoof200483_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Hoof200483-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wijkcel_met_de_stoere_kerktoren..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Wijkcel_met_de_stoere_kerktoren..jpg/220px-Wijkcel_met_de_stoere_kerktoren..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Wijkcel_met_de_stoere_kerktoren..jpg/330px-Wijkcel_met_de_stoere_kerktoren..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Wijkcel_met_de_stoere_kerktoren..jpg/440px-Wijkcel_met_de_stoere_kerktoren..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Van Coehoorn's burial place in Wijckel</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Van Coehoorn agreed, the Dutch survived a century of almost constant warfare by keeping their army together; losing a battle might lose them the war, and they considered Marlborough's approach unnecessarily risky.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromley1970416_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromley1970416-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, they spent 1702 and 1703 taking towns such as <a href="/wiki/Venlo" title="Venlo">Venlo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roermond" title="Roermond">Roermond</a> in the modern Dutch province of <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huy" title="Huy">Huy</a>. Strategy was affected by conflicting objectives, between England and the Republic and also the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a>. The <a href="/wiki/States_of_Holland_and_West_Friesland" title="States of Holland and West Friesland">States of Holland</a> opposed the 1703 offensive against <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, since it potentially threatened <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>'s monopoly over the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> river trade. In the confusion, a Dutch army was surrounded by a French force several times their size at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ekeren" title="Battle of Ekeren">Ekeren</a> on 30 June, and only just escaped.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstwald2006114_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstwald2006114-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rightly or wrongly, Van Coehoorn was blamed for this; he was a difficult character and William's death deprived him of his most powerful sponsor. The campaigns of 1702 and 1703 exposed his limitations as a field officer and led to criticism from Marlborough and his Dutch colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstwald2006237_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstwald2006237-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was considering an offer to serve with the army of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a> when he died on 17 March 1704 in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, attending a conference with Marlborough. The <a href="/wiki/States_of_Friesland" title="States of Friesland">States of Friesland</a> paid for a monument over his grave at <a href="/wiki/Wijckel" title="Wijckel">Wijckel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy199564_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy199564-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other">Other</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menno_van_Coehoorn&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1701, Van Coehoorn demonstrated a light-weight mortar to William, later known as the <a href="/wiki/Coehorn" title="Coehorn">Coehorn</a>. Designed to provide cover for infantry assaults, it was first used at Kaiserworth in 1702 and variations remained in service during the US Civil War in 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy199565_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy199565-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also led a number of significant civil projects, including re-dyking the Lower Scheldt, and designing new <a href="/wiki/Barrage_(dam)" title="Barrage (dam)">barrages</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee" title="Zuiderzee">Zuiderzee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELund2002200_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELund2002200-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>Menno van Coehoorn</b> Foundation was established in 1932 to preserve the cultural heritage of historical fortifications in the Netherlands and their associated wildlife. </p><p>His son Gosewijn Theodor van Coehoorn (1678–1736) wrote a biography of his father, <i>The Life Of Menno Baron Van Coehoorn</i> which is still in print. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menno_van_Coehoorn&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEysten1911620-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEysten1911620_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEysten1911620_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEysten1911620_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEysten1911">Eysten 1911</a>, p. 620.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogendoorn2018339-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogendoorn2018339_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoogendoorn2018">Hoogendoorn 2018</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEysten1911622-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEysten1911622_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEysten1911">Eysten 1911</a>, p. 622.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy199563-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy199563_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy199563_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy199563_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffy1995">Duffy 1995</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy199535-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy199535_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffy1995">Duffy 1995</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2010105-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2010105_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Nimwegen2010">Van Nimwegen 2010</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfflerbachStrachan2012159-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfflerbachStrachan2012159_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAfflerbachStrachan2012">Afflerbach & Strachan 2012</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan200884-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENolan200884_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNolan2008">Nolan 2008</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy199567-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy199567_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffy1995">Duffy 1995</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy199568-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy199568_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffy1995">Duffy 1995</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy199569-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy199569_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffy1995">Duffy 1995</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFvan_Hoof2001" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">van Hoof, J.C.P.M. (November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822092158/http://coehoorn.nl/om-te-lezen/artikelen/19-menno-van-coehoorn">"Menno van Coehoorn, een historische schets"</a> [Menno van Coehoorn, a historical sketch]. <i>Stichting Menno van Coehoorn [Menno van Coehoorn Foundation]</i> (in Dutch). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coehoorn.nl/om-te-lezen/artikelen/19-menno-van-coehoorn">the original</a> on 22 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stichting+Menno+van+Coehoorn+%5BMenno+van+Coehoorn+Foundation%5D&rft.atitle=Menno+van+Coehoorn%2C+een+historische+schets&rft.date=2001-11&rft.aulast=van+Hoof&rft.aufirst=J.C.P.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coehoorn.nl%2Fom-te-lezen%2Fartikelen%2F19-menno-van-coehoorn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenno+van+Coehoorn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds19912-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds19912_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilds1991">Childs 1991</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_ColonieHorsley190416-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_ColonieHorsley190416_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_ColonieHorsley190416_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_la_ColonieHorsley1904">de la Colonie & Horsley 1904</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds1991261-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds1991261_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilds1991">Childs 1991</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan201125–26-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan201125–26_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenihan2011">Lenihan 2011</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1999248–249-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1999248–249_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLynn1999">Lynn 1999</a>, pp. 248–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstwald2006285–286-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstwald2006285–286_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstwald2006">Ostwald 2006</a>, pp. 285–286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfflerbachStrachan2012160-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfflerbachStrachan2012160_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAfflerbachStrachan2012">Afflerbach & Strachan 2012</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViganò200775-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViganò200775_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFViganò2007">Viganò 2007</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy199569–70-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy199569–70_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffy1995">Duffy 1995</a>, pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy199534-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy199534_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffy1995">Duffy 1995</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Hoof200483-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Hoof200483_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Hoof2004">Van Hoof 2004</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromley1970416-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromley1970416_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBromley1970">Bromley 1970</a>, p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstwald2006114-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstwald2006114_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstwald2006">Ostwald 2006</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstwald2006237-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstwald2006237_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstwald2006">Ostwald 2006</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy199564-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy199564_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffy1995">Duffy 1995</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy199565-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy199565_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffy1995">Duffy 1995</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELund2002200-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELund2002200_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLund2002">Lund 2002</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menno_van_Coehoorn&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAfflerbachStrachan2012" class="citation book cs1">Afflerbach, Holger; Strachan, Hew, eds. (2012). <i>How Fighting Ends: A History of Surrender</i>. OUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199693627" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199693627"><bdi>978-0199693627</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Fighting+Ends%3A+A+History+of+Surrender&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0199693627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenno+van+Coehoorn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBromley1970" class="citation book cs1">Bromley, A.S., ed. (1970). <i>The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 6, The Rise of Great Britain and Russia, 1688-1715</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521293960" title="Special:BookSources/0521293960"><bdi>0521293960</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Modern+History%3A+Volume+6%2C+The+Rise+of+Great+Britain+and+Russia%2C+1688-1715&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0521293960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenno+van+Coehoorn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChilds1991" class="citation book cs1">Childs, John (1991). <i>The Nine Years War and the British Army 1688-97: The Operations in the Low Countries</i>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719089961" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719089961"><bdi>978-0719089961</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nine+Years+War+and+the+British+Army+1688-97%3A+The+Operations+in+the+Low+Countries&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0719089961&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenno+van+Coehoorn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_Coehoorn1685" class="citation book cs1">van Coehoorn, M. (1685). <i>Nieuwe vestingbouw, op een natte of lage horisont; etc</i>. Hendrik Rintjes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nieuwe+vestingbouw%2C+op+een+natte+of+lage+horisont%3B+etc.&rft.pub=Hendrik+Rintjes&rft.date=1685&rft.aulast=van+Coehoorn&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenno+van+Coehoorn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_Coehoornvan_Sypesteyn1860" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">van Coehoorn, Gozewijn Theodoor; van Sypesteyn, Willem Jan (1860). <i>Het Leven Van Menno Baron Van Coehoorn</i> (in Dutch). Kessinger Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1104059185" title="Special:BookSources/1104059185"><bdi>1104059185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Het+Leven+Van+Menno+Baron+Van+Coehoorn&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing+Co&rft.date=1860&rft.isbn=1104059185&rft.aulast=van+Coehoorn&rft.aufirst=Gozewijn+Theodoor&rft.au=van+Sypesteyn%2C+Willem+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenno+van+Coehoorn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuffy1995" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Christopher (1995). <i>Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World 1494-1660</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415146494" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415146494"><bdi>978-0415146494</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siege+Warfare%3A+The+Fortress+in+the+Early+Modern+World+1494-1660&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0415146494&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenno+van+Coehoorn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEysten1911" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eysten (1911). "Coehoorn (Menno baron van)". In P.J. Blok; P.C. Molhuysen (eds.). <i>Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek. Deel 1</i> (in Dutch).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coehoorn+%28Menno+baron+van%29&rft.btitle=Nieuw+Nederlandsch+Biografisch+Woordenboek.+Deel+1&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Eysten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenno+van+Coehoorn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoogendoorn2018" class="citation book cs1">Hoogendoorn, K (2018). <i>Bibliography of the Exact Sciences in the Low Countries from ca. 1470 to the Golden Age (1700)</i> (Bi-lingual ed.). Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004297944" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004297944"><bdi>978-9004297944</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliography+of+the+Exact+Sciences+in+the+Low+Countries+from+ca.+1470+to+the+Golden+Age+%281700%29&rft.edition=Bi-lingual&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-9004297944&rft.aulast=Hoogendoorn&rft.aufirst=K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenno+van+Coehoorn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLenihan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lenihan, Padraig (2011). "Namur Citadel, 1695: A Case Study in Allied Siege Tactics". <i>War in History</i>. <b>18</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">282–</span>303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0968344511401296">10.1177/0968344511401296</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10379%2F6195">10379/6195</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159682220">159682220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=Namur+Citadel%2C+1695%3A+A+Case+Study+in+Allied+Siege+Tactics&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E282-%3C%2Fspan%3E303&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10379%2F6195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159682220%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0968344511401296&rft.aulast=Lenihan&rft.aufirst=Padraig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenno+van+Coehoorn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLund2002" class="citation book cs1">Lund, Erik (2002). Sandler, Stanley (ed.). <i>Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia (Warfare Series); Volume I</i>. ABC-CLIO Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576073445" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576073445"><bdi>978-1576073445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ground+Warfare%3A+An+International+Encyclopedia+%28Warfare+Series%29%3B+Volume+I&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO+Ltd&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1576073445&rft.aulast=Lund&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenno+van+Coehoorn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynn1999" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, John (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warsoflouisxiv1600lynn"><i>The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667-1714 (Modern Wars In Perspective)</i></a></span>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582056292" title="Special:BookSources/0582056292"><bdi>0582056292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+Louis+XIV%2C+1667-1714+%28Modern+Wars+In+Perspective%29&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0582056292&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarsoflouisxiv1600lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenno+van+Coehoorn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_la_ColonieHorsley1904" class="citation book cs1">de la Colonie, Martin; Horsley, Walter (1904). <i>The Chronicles of an Old Campaigner M. de la Colonie, 1692-1717</i> (2015 ed.). Scholars Choice. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1296409791" title="Special:BookSources/1296409791"><bdi>1296409791</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicles+of+an+Old+Campaigner+M.+de+la+Colonie%2C+1692-1717&rft.edition=2015&rft.pub=Scholars+Choice&rft.date=1904&rft.isbn=1296409791&rft.aulast=de+la+Colonie&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Horsley%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenno+van+Coehoorn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNolan2008" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, Cathal (2008). <i>Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650-1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare</i>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313330469" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313330469"><bdi>978-0313330469</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+of+the+Age+of+Louis+XIV%2C+1650-1715%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Global+Warfare&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0313330469&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Cathal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenno+van+Coehoorn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOstwald2006" class="citation book cs1">Ostwald, Jamel (2006). <i>Vauban Under Siege: Engineering Efficiency and Martial Vigor in the War of the Spanish Succession</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004154892" title="Special:BookSources/9004154892"><bdi>9004154892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vauban+Under+Siege%3A+Engineering+Efficiency+and+Martial+Vigor+in+the+War+of+the+Spanish+Succession&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9004154892&rft.aulast=Ostwald&rft.aufirst=Jamel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenno+van+Coehoorn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Hoof2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Van Hoof, Jaep (2004). <i>Menno van Coehoorn 1641 - 1704, Vestingbouwer ~ belegeraar ~ infanterist</i> (in Dutch). Instituut voor Militaire Geschiedenis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Menno+van+Coehoorn+1641+-+1704%2C+Vestingbouwer+~+belegeraar+~+infanterist&rft.pub=Instituut+voor+Militaire+Geschiedenis&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Van+Hoof&rft.aufirst=Jaep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenno+van+Coehoorn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Nimwegen2010" class="citation book cs1">Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2010). <i>The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions, 1588-1688</i>. Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843835752" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843835752"><bdi>978-1843835752</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Army+and+the+Military+Revolutions%2C+1588-1688&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1843835752&rft.aulast=Van+Nimwegen&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenno+van+Coehoorn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFViganò2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Viganò, Marino (2007). <i>Petrus Morettinus tribunus militum. Un ingegnere militare locarnese al servizio estero Pietro Morettini (1660–1737)</i> (in Italian). Casagrande. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8877134776" title="Special:BookSources/978-8877134776"><bdi>978-8877134776</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petrus+Morettinus+tribunus+militum.+Un+ingegnere+militare+locarnese+al+servizio+estero+Pietro+Morettini+%281660%E2%80%931737%29&rft.pub=Casagrande&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8877134776&rft.aulast=Vigan%C3%B2&rft.aufirst=Marino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenno+van+Coehoorn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung2004" class="citation book cs1">Young, William (2004). <i>International Politics and Warfare in the Age of Louis XIV</i>. iUniverse.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Politics+and+Warfare+in+the+Age+of+Louis+XIV&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenno+van+Coehoorn" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menno_van_Coehoorn&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Menno_van_Coehoorn" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Menno van Coehoorn">Menno van Coehoorn</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.coehoorn.nl/om-te-lezen/artikelen/19-menno-van-coehoorn">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180624150356/http://www.coehoorn.nl/om-te-lezen/artikelen/19-menno-van-coehoorn">Archived</a> 24 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Web page for the Menno van Coehoorn Foundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fortified-places.com/coehoorn.html">[2]</a> Article on Coehoorn at fortified-places.com</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q560731#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2084" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q560731#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/117691836">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr93016768">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb151328935">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb151328935">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=stk2007415928&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1702588">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068929072">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810668141505606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500316000">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/454883">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/82490168">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/117691836.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/117691836">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/089821718">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menno_van_Coehoorn&oldid=1281066662">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menno_van_Coehoorn&oldid=1281066662</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1641_births" title="Category:1641 births">1641 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1704_deaths" title="Category:1704 deaths">1704 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_military_engineers" title="Category:Dutch military engineers">Dutch military engineers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Leeuwarderadeel" 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the War of the Spanish Succession">Dutch army commanders in the War of the Spanish Succession</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_Dutch_military_personnel" title="Category:18th-century Dutch military personnel">18th-century Dutch military personnel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Category:People of the Second Anglo-Dutch War">People of the Second Anglo-Dutch War</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description 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