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Quantum Dots Open Way For Solar Windowpanes | Green Screen | Learn Science at Scitable

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By redesigning a light-grabbing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocrystal" mce_href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocrystal" nated_pk="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocrystal">nanocrystal</a>, these material researchers devised a technique that could change sheer Plexiglas sheets into large-area solar concentrators.<sup>1</sup></p><p><span style="font-size: 11px;">Their innovation involves a special type of nanocrystal called a <a mce_href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot" nated_pk="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot">quantum dot.</a> Varying in size from about 2 to 50 nanometers, quantum dots are made of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor" mce_href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor" nated_pk="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor">semiconducting materials</a> that can accept photons and convert them into electricity at substantial rates.<sup>2</sup> Moreover, the size of each quantum dot determines the wavelength it emits, giving these nanocrystals a tuneability that scientists can use to produce an array of colors for a range of applications.</span></p><p>In terms of solar research, the dots' quantum mechanical properties also allow a single photon to excite two or more electrons, a phenomenon known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_exciton_generation" mce_href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_exciton_generation" nated_pk="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_exciton_generation">multiple exciton generation</a> that results in higher yields. Theoretically, <a href="http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2002/solarcells/" mce_href="http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2002/solarcells/" nated_pk="http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2002/solarcells/">photovoltaic (PV) cells</a> could then store this amplified charge, and the whole device could serve as a replenishable energy source.</p><p>With this potential, quantum dots could be huge for solar technology, but scaled-up designs have suffered from reabsorption problems that have limited their effectiveness. The issue dealt with the dots' absorption bands, which enter an excited state when receiving photons that's only relieved when nearby emission bands release photons in turn. In previous quantum dot prototypes, there was an overlap between the dimensions of the emission and absorption bands, such that the photons from the emission bands &#8212; that were meant to be captured by PV cells &#8212; were being soaked up again by the absorption bands instead.</p><p>The Los Alamos and UNIMIB labs worked around this constraint by engineering the absorption and emission bands from slightly different materials. They thought this structure would stagger the respective bandgaps, ensuring that the photons released by the emission bands had less energy than the photons accepted by the absorption bands, a difference called a <a mce_href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes_shift" nated_pk="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes_shift" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes_shift">Stokes shift</a>. The goal was to create a big enough Stokes shift so that the absorption bands wouldn't reabsorb the photons released by the emissions bands, letting PV cells grab these packets of energy. </p><p>The Los Alamos scientists first created a "giant quantum dot" from a wide outer layer of cadmium sulfide (CdS) and a narrow core of cadmium selenide (CdSe). With this structure, the CdS casing would operate as the energy-absorber and the CdSe core as the energy-emitter, with giant in this context meaning ~10 nanometers across. The UNIMIB lab then integrated these CdSe/CdS quantum dots into slabs of almost transparent <a mce_href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" nated_pk="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)">polymethylmethacrylate</a> (PMMA) measured in the tens of centimeters. </p><p>The outcome was a luminescent solar concentrator that exhibited nearly zero losses from photon reabsorption. Additionally, in experiments with simulated solar radiation, the prototype was able to capture &gt;10% of the total photons possible &#8212; a rate that had one researcher likening it to a "light-harvesting antennae."<sup>3</sup></p><p>Later versions could have even larger surface areas and remain nearly transparent, making CdSe/CdS-quantum dots an ideal candidate for the development of solar windowpanes and other dynamic technologies. These advances could substantially reduce the impact of commercial and residential buildings by transitioning them off the power grid, a timely move in light of the <a mce_href="http://www.ipcc.ch/organization/organization.shtml" nated_pk="http://www.ipcc.ch/organization/organization.shtml" href="http://www.ipcc.ch/organization/organization.shtml">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's</a> (IPCC) latest analysis. </p><p>According to the IPCC's most recent report,<sup>4</sup> the building sector is a relatively small contributor of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, releasing only 6.4% of all GHG direct emissions in 2010, but it was the largest end-consumer of total energy that year, being responsible for 32% of final energy use.<sup>5</sup> Relatedly, the energy supply sector was the single biggest contributor of GHG direct emissions, releasing a quarter of all GHG direct emissions that year. </p><p>In other words, while energy production was recognized as the sector most urgently needing <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch3s3-4-1.html" mce_href="https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch3s3-4-1.html" nated_pk="https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch3s3-4-1.html">decarbonization</a>, buildings were the top end users of the electricity and heat being generated by GHG-gushing suppliers. </p><p>Quantum dot devices could allow buildings to be more self-sustaining and affect climate change through lowering their energy demands. From this perspective, quantum dot windowpanes could present a clearer view of what to expect from tomorrow's construction materials, as well.</p><p>Image credit: <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/argonne/5218967216/in/photolist-8Xbz8o-2wqCQ-inJv3B-uYcZy-9BYUBa-67YK7h-67YJZN-qSDby-aBxMY8-9C2Ayq-67YK3S-67YKdN-67YJXQ-67UxAi-67YJNA-67Uxxz-67YJV1-67YJTU-67UxZp-67UxF2-ave1nM-7jZ3Dk-cuBk8u-67Uy2p-9BYMnX-X2Fd-cuBjRC-Ed1MR-5qxTkY-9P7WTb-cuBBfA-cuBDNj-cuBFAj-cuBD2s-cuBEJu-cuBC5N-54dct3-548Yqe-54dcpU-548XVH-548YaP-548Yd2-54dcPA-54dcKs-548Yfc-54dcxh-548Ypc-54dcMw-54dcrC-548Y42" mce_href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/argonne/5218967216/in/photolist-8Xbz8o-2wqCQ-inJv3B-uYcZy-9BYUBa-67YK7h-67YJZN-qSDby-aBxMY8-9C2Ayq-67YK3S-67YKdN-67YJXQ-67UxAi-67YJNA-67Uxxz-67YJV1-67YJTU-67UxZp-67UxF2-ave1nM-7jZ3Dk-cuBk8u-67Uy2p-9BYMnX-X2Fd-cuBjRC-Ed1MR-5qxTkY-9P7WTb-cuBBfA-cuBDNj-cuBFAj-cuBD2s-cuBEJu-cuBC5N-54dct3-548Yqe-54dcpU-548XVH-548YaP-548Yd2-54dcPA-54dcKs-548Yfc-54dcxh-548Ypc-54dcMw-54dcrC-548Y42" nated_pk="https://www.flickr.com/photos/argonne/5218967216/in/photolist-8Xbz8o-2wqCQ-inJv3B-uYcZy-9BYUBa-67YK7h-67YJZN-qSDby-aBxMY8-9C2Ayq-67YK3S-67YKdN-67YJXQ-67UxAi-67YJNA-67Uxxz-67YJV1-67YJTU-67UxZp-67UxF2-ave1nM-7jZ3Dk-cuBk8u-67Uy2p-9BYMnX-X2Fd-cuBjRC-Ed1MR-5qxTkY-9P7WTb-cuBBfA-cuBDNj-cuBFAj-cuBD2s-cuBEJu-cuBC5N-54dct3-548Yqe-54dcpU-548XVH-548YaP-548Yd2-54dcPA-54dcKs-548Yfc-54dcxh-548Ypc-54dcMw-54dcrC-548Y42">Photo of pippettes</a> containing solutions of an array of quantum dots from the Flickr creative commons of <a href="Argonne National Laboratory" mce_href="Argonne National Laboratory" nated_pk="Argonne||#|$||National||#|$||Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a>.</p><p><b>1</b>. <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Photonics&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnphoton.2014.54&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fresearchblogging.org&amp;rft.atitle=Large-area+luminescent+solar+concentrators+based+on+%E2%80%98Stokes-shift-engineered%E2%80%99+nanocrystals+in+a+mass-polymerized+PMMA+matrix&amp;rft.issn=&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.volume=&amp;rft.issue=&amp;rft.spage=&amp;rft.epage=&amp;rft.artnum=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fdoifinder%2F10.1038%2Fnphoton.2014.54&amp;rft.au=Meinardi%2C+F.&amp;rft.au=Colombo%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Velizhanin%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Simonutti%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Lorenzon%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Beverina%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Viswanatha%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Klimov%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Brovelli%2C+S.&amp;rfe_dat=bpr3.included=1;bpr3.tags=Ecology+%2F+Conservation%2CEnvironment%2C+Sustainability%2C+Ecology%2C+Public+Policy">Meinardi, F., Colombo, A., Velizhanin, K., Simonutti, R., Lorenzon, M., Beverina, L., Viswanatha, R., Klimov, V., &amp; Brovelli, S. (2014). Large-area luminescent solar concentrators based on &#8216;Stokes-shift-engineered' nanocrystals in a mass-polymerized PMMA matrix. <span style="font-style: italic;">Nature Photonics</span> DOI: <a rev="review" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2014.54">10.1038/nphoton.2014.54</a></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 11px;"><b>2</b>. <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1209845&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fresearchblogging.org&amp;rft.atitle=Peak+External+Photocurrent+Quantum+Efficiency+Exceeding+100%25+via+MEG+in+a+Quantum+Dot+Solar+Cell&amp;rft.issn=&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.volume=334&amp;rft.issue=&amp;rft.spage=1530&amp;rft.epage=1533&amp;rft.artnum=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1209845&amp;rft.au=Semonin%2C+O.&amp;rft.au=Luther%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Choi%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Chen%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Gao%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Nozik%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Beard%2C+M.&amp;rfe_dat=bpr3.included=1;bpr3.tags=Chemistry%2CEcology+%2F+Conservation%2CEnvironment%2C+Sustainability%2C+Ecology%2C+Public+Policy%2C+Nanoscience%2C+Materials%2C+Climate+Change%2C+Energy">Semonin, O., Luther, J., Choi, S., Chen, H., Gao, J., Nozik, A., &amp; Beard, M. (2011). Peak External Photocurrent Quantum Efficiency Exceeding 100% via MEG in a Quantum Dot Solar Cell. <span style="font-style: italic;">Science, 334</span>, 1530-1533 DOI: <a rev="review" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1209845">10.1126/science.1209845</a></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 11px;"><b>3</b>. Press Release, Los Alamos National Laboratory. "<a mce_href="http://www.lanl.gov/newsroom/news-releases/2014/April/04.14-shiny-quantum-dots.php" nated_pk="http://www.lanl.gov/newsroom/news-releases/2014/April/04.14-shiny-quantum-dots.php" href="http://www.lanl.gov/newsroom/news-releases/2014/April/04.14-shiny-quantum-dots.php">Shiny Quantum Dots Brighten Future of Solar Cells</a>." April 14, 2014. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 11px;"><b>4</b>. IPCC, 2014: <a mce_href="http://report.mitigation2014.org/spm/ipcc_wg3_ar5_summary-for-policymakers_approved.pdf" nated_pk="http://report.mitigation2014.org/spm/ipcc_wg3_ar5_summary-for-policymakers_approved.pdf" href="http://report.mitigation2014.org/spm/ipcc_wg3_ar5_summary-for-policymakers_approved.pdf">Summary for Policymakers</a>. In: Climate Change 2014 Mitigation Of Climate Change. Contribution Of Working Group III To The Fifth Assessment Report Of The Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change. Pages 7, 24 - 29. April 12, 2014. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 11px;"><b>5</b>. The sectors of industry and transport were a close second and third, though, with the industry sector accounting for 28% of final energy use in 2010, and transport for 27%. [IPCC, 2014, <a href="http://report.mitigation2014.org/spm/ipcc_wg3_ar5_summary-for-policymakers_approved.pdf" mce_href="http://report.mitigation2014.org/spm/ipcc_wg3_ar5_summary-for-policymakers_approved.pdf" nated_pk="http://report.mitigation2014.org/spm/ipcc_wg3_ar5_summary-for-policymakers_approved.pdf">Ibid</a>].</span></p> </div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"><div class="fright inlineForPrintRightComment"><span class="bold marginright5px">2&nbsp;Comments</span> </div></div> <div class="cleartboth"></div> </div> <div class="comments marginbot25px" id="commentsId"> <div class="barcolor margintop1px marginbot17px h20 padleft10px clearfix"> <img class="padtop1px fleft" alt="Comments" title="Comments" src="/scitable/natedimages/blogcomments.gif"/> </div> <div class="padbot10px padleft10px botbordergreydotted marginbot10px fontSizeChange"> <div class="clearfix"> <div class="fleft bold inlineForPrint">April 29, 2014 | 09:22 PM</div> <div class="fright inlineForPrintRight"> <span class="bold">Posted By:&nbsp;</span> <span class="bold">Whitney Campbell</span> </div> </div> <div> Great point, Sedeer! This application perhaps could also lower energy demands through affecting room temperatures, another interesting area of development for smart windows. <br/> </div> </div> <div class="padleft10px fontSizeChange"> <div class="clearfix"> <div class="fleft bold inlineForPrint">April 29, 2014 | 09:47 AM</div> <div class="fright inlineForPrintRight"> <span class="bold">Posted By:&nbsp;</span> <span class="bold">Sedeer el-Showk</span> </div> </div> <div> Cool! I guess the ideal thing would be to make the transparency tunable, too, so you could darken the windows (and absorb more energy) when necessary, like the middle of the day. </div> </div> </div> <div> <input type="hidden" name="weblogEntryId" id="weblogEntryId" value="217886"> <input type="hidden" name="weblogHandle" id="weblogHandle" value="180713"> <input type="hidden" name="weblogEntryAnchor" id="weblogEntryAnchor" value="quantum_dots_open_way_for"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="weblogEntryId" id="weblogEntryId" value="217886"> <input type="hidden" name="weblogHandle" id="weblogHandle" value="180713"> <input type="hidden" name="weblogEntryAnchor" id="weblogEntryAnchor" value="quantum_dots_open_way_for"> <input type="hidden" name="commentPosted" id="commentPosted" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="commentAuthenticated" id="commentAuthenticated" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="isPreview" id="isPreview" value="" /> <div id="shareWIthOthers" class="shareBox"> <div class="edge padleft90px"><img src="/scitable/natedimages/pointedge.gif" alt="" /></div> <div class="bordergrey hideForPrint"> <div class="clearfix bgTan marginbot10px" style="*margin-bottom:0px!important;"> <h2 class="fleft upper">share</h2> <a href="#" class="inlineLinks fright" onclick="hideShareLB();return false;">Close</a> </div> <ul class="nolistType marginleft10px marginright10px dispblock"> <li class="clearfix marginbot5px"><span class="fleft"><img class="h16 w16" src="/scitable/natedimages/digg.gif" alt="Digg" /></span><span class="fleft marginleft10px padtop2px"><a id="diggLink" href="http://digg.com/submit?url=" onClick="shareWithDiggLink();return false;">Digg</a></span></li> <li class="clearfix marginbot5px"><span class="fleft"><img class="h16 w16" src="/scitable/natedimages/myspace_logo.gif" alt="MySpace" /></span><span class="fleft marginleft10px padtop2px"><a id="myspaceLink" href="http://www.myspace.com/Modules/PostTo/Pages/?t=" onClick="shareWithMySpaceLink();return false;">MySpace</a></span></li> <li class="clearfix marginbot5px"><span class="fleft"><img class="h16 w16" src="/scitable/natedimages/gplus-16.png" alt="Google Plus+" /></span><span class="fleft marginleft10px padtop2px"><a rel="nofollow" id="googlePlusLink" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=" onclick="shareWithGooglePlus();return false;">Google+</a></span></li> <li class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <span class="fleft"> <iframe id="facebookLink" src="//www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php?href=link&amp;send=false&amp;layout=button_count&amp;width=108&amp;show_faces=true&amp;font=lucida+grande&amp;colorscheme=light&amp;action=like&amp;height=21" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="border:none; 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id="signInSplashLBFade" class="transparent_lightbox_overlay"></div> <script type="text/plain" data-cc-script="C04"> var linkListArray = {}; var globalIndex = -1; var globalHref = -1; </script> <div id="topicAssoDissoLBPopupNew" class="lightBoxPopup lightbox_popup_learnMore nopad" style="overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden; width:720px !important; left:140px !important;"> </div> <div id="topicAssoDissoLBOverlayNew" class="transparent_lightbox_overlay"></div> <hr class='normalStrip'/> <div class="clear hide"></div> <div class='topicHead biology'> <img src="/scitable/natedimages/hdr_blog.gif" alt='Blogs' title='Blogs' /> </div> <div class="clear hide"></div> </div> <div id="siteNewHeaderOuter" class="hide"> </div> <input type="hidden" id="criteriaStringValue1" value="" /> <script type="text/plain" data-cc-script="C04"> //$(document).ready(function(){ try { /*$("#header").html($("#headerOuter").html()) ; $("#headerOuter").html('');*/ var str = document.getElementById("headerOuter").innerHTML; document.getElementById("headerOuter").innerHTML = ""; document.getElementById("header").innerHTML = str; if(document.getElementById("site-new-header-section")){ document.getElementById("site-new-header-section").innerHTML = document.getElementById("siteNewHeaderOuter").innerHTML; document.getElementById("site-new-header-section").style.display = 'block'; } // document.getElementById(). } catch(e) { } //}); placeBool = false; var signINReqMsgNonLoggedIN = "Scitable requires you to be signed in to use this feature. If you are not a member of Scitable, registration is free and easy. As a registered user you can have access to all content in Scitable, interact directly with community members, create a personal locker, start and join groups and discussions, and more"; var signINReqMsgNonLoggedINToolTip = "You have to be logged in to use this feature."; var collapseLabelPage = "View Fewer"; </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cc-script="C04"> var isTopicLandingPageFllg = ''; var topicID = '180713'; var invToJoinGrpGrpID = ""; var currentPagerItem = 1; </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cc-script="C04"> var weblogId = '180713'; var urlLoc = ''; var commentPostedAdmin = ''; var topicPageUrlPresent = ""; var entryId = null; var commentId = null; var commentPostedByUserId = null; var blogSpaceUrl = "green-screen"; var isBlogPageVdoPl = 'Y'; var fontSizeCookie = 'null'; function blogMainPage() { $(document).ready(function() { try { executeLoadedScript(document.getElementById('blogPollElement')); document.getElementById('blogPollElement').style.display = 'block'; alignLegend('hp'); } catch (err) { //alert(err); } }); try { loadContentBlockForBlog(); } catch(err) {} loadPermalink(); resizeFontScitable(fontSizeCookie); try { if(document.getElementById('autoShareEnabledForUser')){ window.setTimeout("checkFBLoginStatus('BLG', '"+weblogId+"')", 5000); } } catch(e){} } function loadContentBlockForBlog() { var cleanUrlContextPath = "/scitable"; var imgList = $("img", document.getElementById("blogParas")); var alignClass = "Left"; var marginTopClass = ""; var str = ""; var copyRightStr = ""; var paraelementcaption = ""; var captionprinty = ""; var paraelementlegends = ""; var legendprinty = ""; var paraelementfignums = ""; var paraelementcopyright = ""; var imageinsertyr = ""; var legalowner = ""; var termsofuse = ""; var copyrightflag = ""; var copyrightadditionaltextflag = ""; var copyRightAdditionalText = ""; var customlegalowner = ""; var imageCopyrightURL = ""; var licensetypepk = ""; var displaycopysymbol = ""; var displaylegalowner = ""; var displayimginsertyr = ""; var displaytermsofuse = ""; var displaycopydesc = ""; if (imgList != null) { for (var i=0; i< imgList.size();i++ ) { if (typeof imgList.eq(i).attr("media_src") == 'undefined' || imgList.eq(i).attr("media_src") == false) { if (imgList.eq(i).attr("align") == "right") { alignClass = "Right marginleft10px"; } else if (imgList.eq(i).attr("align") == "middle") { alignClass = "horzAlignCenter"; } else { alignClass = "Left marginright10px"; } if (isFirstParaLine(imgList.eq(i))) { marginTopClass = ""; } else { marginTopClass = "margintop5px"; } width = parseInt(imgList.eq(i).attr("width")) - 6; paraelementcaption = imgList.eq(i).attr("paraelementcaption"); if(paraelementcaption && paraelementcaption != '') { paraelementcaption = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(paraelementcaption); } else { paraelementcaption = ""; } captionprinty = imgList.eq(i).attr("captionprinty"); if(captionprinty && captionprinty != '') { captionprinty = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(captionprinty); } else { captionprinty = ""; } paraelementlegends = imgList.eq(i).attr("paraelementlegends"); if(paraelementlegends && paraelementlegends != '') { paraelementlegends = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(paraelementlegends); } else { paraelementlegends = ""; } legendprinty = imgList.eq(i).attr("legendprinty"); if(legendprinty && legendprinty != '') { legendprinty = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(legendprinty); } else { legendprinty = ""; } paraelementfignums = imgList.eq(i).attr("paraelementfignums"); if(paraelementfignums && paraelementfignums != '') { paraelementfignums = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(paraelementfignums); } else { paraelementfignums = ""; } paraelementcopyright = imgList.eq(i).attr("paraelementcopyright"); if(paraelementcopyright && paraelementcopyright != '') { paraelementcopyright = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(paraelementcopyright); } else { paraelementcopyright = ""; } imageinsertyr = imgList.eq(i).attr("imageinsertyr"); if(imageinsertyr && imageinsertyr != '') { imageinsertyr = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(imageinsertyr); } else { imageinsertyr = ""; } legalowner = imgList.eq(i).attr("legalowner"); if(legalowner && legalowner != '') { legalowner = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(legalowner); } else { legalowner = ""; } termsofuse = imgList.eq(i).attr("termsofuse"); if(termsofuse && termsofuse != '') { termsofuse = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(termsofuse); } else { termsofuse = ""; } customlegalowner = imgList.eq(i).attr("customlegalowner"); if(customlegalowner && customlegalowner != '') { customlegalowner = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(customlegalowner); } else { customlegalowner = ""; } licensetypepk = imgList.eq(i).attr("licensetypepk"); if(licensetypepk && licensetypepk != '') { licensetypepk = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(licensetypepk); } else { licensetypepk = ""; } copyrightflag = imgList.eq(i).attr("copyrightflag"); if(copyrightflag && copyrightflag != '') { copyrightflag = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(copyrightflag); } else { copyrightflag = ""; } copyrightadditionaltextflag = imgList.eq(i).attr("copyrightadditionaltextflag"); if(copyrightadditionaltextflag && copyrightadditionaltextflag != '') { copyrightadditionaltextflag = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(copyrightadditionaltextflag); } else { copyrightadditionaltextflag = ""; } copyRightAdditionalText = imgList.eq(i).attr("copyRightAdditionalText"); if(copyRightAdditionalText && copyRightAdditionalText != '') { copyRightAdditionalText = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(copyRightAdditionalText); } else { copyRightAdditionalText = ""; } imageCopyrightURL = imgList.eq(i).attr("imageCopyrightURL"); if(imageCopyrightURL && imageCopyrightURL != '') { imageCopyrightURL = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(imageCopyrightURL); } else { imageCopyrightURL = ""; } displaycopysymbol = imgList.eq(i).attr("displaycopysymbol"); if(displaycopysymbol && displaycopysymbol != '') { // do nothing } else { displaycopysymbol = ""; } displaylegalowner = imgList.eq(i).attr("displaylegalowner"); if(displaylegalowner && displaylegalowner != '') { // do nothing } else { displaylegalowner = ""; } displayimginsertyr = imgList.eq(i).attr("displayimginsertyr"); if(displayimginsertyr && displayimginsertyr != '') { // do nothing } else { displayimginsertyr = ""; } displaytermsofuse = imgList.eq(i).attr("displaytermsofuse"); if(displaytermsofuse && displaytermsofuse != '') { // do nothing } else { displaytermsofuse = ""; } displaycopydesc = imgList.eq(i).attr("displaycopydesc"); if(displaycopydesc && displaycopydesc != '') { // do nothing } else { displaycopydesc = ""; } if (alignClass == "horzAlignCenter") str = "<div class='imageSet " + alignClass + "' style='width: " + width + "px;'><div style='width: " + width + "px;'>"; else str = "<div class='imageSet " + alignClass + "' style=''><div style=''>"; if(trim(paraelementcaption) != '') { str += "<img title=\"" + replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(imgList.eq(i).attr("paraelementcaption")) + "\" src=\"" + imgList.eq(i).attr("src") + "\"><div class=\"clear\"></div>"; } else { str += "<img src=\"" + imgList.eq(i).attr("src") + "\"><div class=\"clear\"></div>"; } if((captionprinty == "true" || captionprinty == "Y") && paraelementcaption != "") { paraelementcaption = "<div class=\"imageCaption pipeblack bold nopad\">" + paraelementcaption + "</div>"; } else { paraelementcaption = ""; } if((legendprinty == "true" || legendprinty == "Y") && paraelementlegends != "") { paraelementlegends = "<div class=\"imageLegend pipeblack nopad\">" + paraelementlegends + "</div>"; } else { paraelementlegends = ""; } copyRightStr = ""; //if(displaycopysymbol != "") { if(copyrightflag == "Y" || copyrightflag == "true") { if(displaycopysymbol == "Y") { copyRightStr += "&#169; "; } if(displayimginsertyr == "Y" && trim(imageinsertyr) != '') { copyRightStr += imageinsertyr + " "; } if(displaylegalowner == "Y") { if(legalowner == 'Public Domain') { copyRightStr += legalowner + " "; } else { copyRightStr += " <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"" + imageCopyrightURL + "\" class=\"inlineLinks\">" + legalowner + "</a>"; } } if(trim(copyrightadditionaltextflag) != '' && copyrightadditionaltextflag == 'Y' && trim(copyRightAdditionalText) != '') { copyRightStr += copyRightAdditionalText + " "; } if(trim(licensetypepk) != '') { if(displaycopydesc == 'Y') { if(trim(paraelementcopyright) != '') { copyRightStr += " "+paraelementcopyright + " "; } } if(trim(termsofuse) != '' && displaytermsofuse == 'Y') { copyRightStr += "<a href=\"javascript:show_inform('Terms of Use', '" + replaceSpecialSequences(termsofuse) + "');\" class=\"inlineLinks\" title=\"View Terms of Use\">" + "<img class=\"nomargin infoImg nofloat\" height=\"13px\" width=\"13px\" src=\"" + cleanUrlContextPath + "/natedimages/info_icon.png\" /></a>"; } } } //} if(paraelementfignums != "" || paraelementcaption != "" || paraelementlegends != "" || copyRightStr != "") { str += "<div class=\"imageCaption pipeblack bold\" style=\"width:"+width+"px;\">"; if(paraelementcaption != "") { str += replaceSpecialSequences(paraelementcaption); } if(paraelementlegends != "") { str += replaceSpecialSequences(paraelementlegends); } if(copyRightStr != "") { str += "<div class=\"creditLine bold nopad\">" + copyRightStr + "</div>"; } str += "<div class=\"clear\"></div></div>"; } str += "</div></div>"; if (alignClass == "horzAlignCenter") str += "<div class=\"clear\"></div>"; imgList.eq(i).before(str); imgList.eq(i).remove(); } } } } function loadCaptchaImageBlogContent() { now = new Date(); var capchaUrl = baseURL+'jimager?flag=blogComment&count=' + now.getUTCDate() + now.getHours() + now.getMinutes() + now.getSeconds() + now.getUTCMilliseconds(); var msg = "<img src='" + capchaUrl + "' height='50' width='150'/>"; document.getElementById('captchaDivID').innerHTML = msg; } function processVideoFLV() { var videoList = $(".mceItemWindowsMedia", document.getElementById('articleContent')); if (videoList != null) { for (var i=0; i<videoList.size(); i++) { var align = videoList.eq(i).attr("align"); if(align == "left") { align = "Left"; } else if(align == "right") { align = "Right"; } var mediaSrc = videoList.eq(i).attr("media_src"); var videoStr = "<a name=\"anchEmbedImg_" + i + "\"><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"hidEmbedImg_" + i + "\" name=\"hidEmbedImg\" value=\"" + cleanBaseURL + mediaSrc + "\" />"; videoStr = videoStr + "<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"hidEmbedPlayerState\" id=\"hidEmbedPlayerState_" + i + "\" value=\"uninitedvideo\"/></a>"; videoStr = videoStr + "<span class=\"Photo imageSet " + align + " margintop20px marginbot20px\" align=\"" + align + "\" style=\"width: 322px !important; float: " + align + "\">"; videoStr = videoStr + "<span id=\"spanVideoPlayer_" + i + "\">"; videoStr = videoStr + "<noscript>"; videoStr = videoStr + "<object classid=\"clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=8\" "; videoStr = videoStr + "width=\"320\" height=\"220\" id=\"videoPlayer_" + i + "\" >"; videoStr = videoStr + "<param name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">"; videoStr = videoStr + "<param name=\"allowScriptAccess\" value=\"always\">"; videoStr = videoStr + "<param name=\"FlashVars\" value=\"file=" + cleanBaseURL + mediaSrc + "&autostart=false&fullscreen=true&backcolor=0xffffff&stretching=exactfit&javascriptid=videoPlayer_" + i + "\">"; videoStr = videoStr + "<embed type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" pluginspage=\"http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer\" width=\"320\" height=\"220\" name=\"videoPlayer\" src=\"" + cleanBaseURL + "/nated/media/player.swf\" flashvars=\"file=" + cleanBaseURL + mediaSrc + "&autostart=false&fullscreen=true&backcolor=0xffffff&stretching=exactfit&javascriptid=videoPlayer_" + i + "\">"; videoStr = videoStr + "</embed></object></noscript></span></span>"; videoList.eq(i).before(videoStr); videoList.eq(i).remove(); } } } function processAudio() { var audioList = $(".mceItemRealMedia", document.getElementById('articleContent')); if (audioList != null) { for (var i=0; i<audioList.size(); i++) { var align = audioList.eq(i).attr("align"); if(align == "left") { align = "Left"; } else if(align == "right") { align = "Right"; } var mediaSrc = audioList.eq(i).attr("media_src"); var audioStr = "<span class=\"Photo imageSet " + align + " \" align=\"" + align + "\" style=\"width: 322px !important; float: " + align + "\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<div class=\"nomargin padleft4px pipeblack bold textalignleft\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<object style=\"margin-top:5px;float:left\" classid=\"clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=8\" width=\"320\" height=\"20\" id=\"audioPlayer_\"" + i + "\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<param name=\"movie\" value=\"" + cleanBaseURL + "/nated/media/mediaplayer.swf\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<param name=\"bgcolor\" value=\"#ffffff\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<param name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<param name=\"allowScriptAccess\" value=\"always\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<param name=\"swLiveConnect\" value=\"true\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<param name=\"FlashVars\" value=\"file=" + cleanBaseURL + mediaSrc + "&autostart=false&fullscreen=true&backcolor=0xffffff&stretching=exactfit&width=320&height=20&javascriptid=audioPlayer_" + i + "\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<embed type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" pluginspage=\"http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer\" width=\"315\" height=\"20\" name=\"audioPlayer\" src=\"" + cleanBaseURL + "/nated/media/mediaplayer.swf\" flashvars=\"file=" + cleanBaseURL + mediaSrc + "&width=320&height=20&autostart=false&fullscreen=true&backcolor=0xffffff&stretching=exactfit&javascriptid=audioPlayer_" + i + "\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "</embed></object></div></span>"; audioList.eq(i).before(audioStr); audioList.eq(i).remove(); } } } function processVideoYouTube() { var align = $("span[name='externalMediaSpan']").attr("align"); $("span[name='externalMediaSpan'] img").remove(); $("span[name='externalMediaSpan']").css("margin", "5px").css("float", align); } </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cc-script="C04"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? 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