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aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Temperature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rainfall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rainfall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Rainfall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rainfall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Environmental issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape_and_urban_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape_and_urban_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Cityscape and urban structure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cityscape_and_urban_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cityscape and urban structure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cityscape_and_urban_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metropolitan_area_and_satellite_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metropolitan_area_and_satellite_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Metropolitan area and satellite cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metropolitan_area_and_satellite_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_public_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_public_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Government and public services </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_public_services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and public services subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_public_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civic_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civic_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Civic administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civic_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utility_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utility_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Utility services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utility_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_and_diplomatic_establishments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_and_diplomatic_establishments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Military and diplomatic establishments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_and_diplomatic_establishments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rapid_transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rapid_transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Rapid transit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rapid_transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commuter_rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commuter_rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 Commuter rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commuter_rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Tram </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads_and_expressways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads_and_expressways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Roads and expressways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads_and_expressways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_scholars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_scholars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Notable scholars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_scholars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_institutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_institutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Research institutes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_institutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 International relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Foreign missions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deputy_High_Commissioners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deputy_High_Commissioners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1.1 Deputy High Commissioners </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deputy_High_Commissioners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consulate_Generals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consulate_Generals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1.2 Consulate Generals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consulate_Generals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kolkata</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 166 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-166" aria-hidden="true" > 166 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkutta" title="Kalkutta – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kalkutta" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%AB%E1%89%B3" title="ኮልካታ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኮልካታ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="कलकत्ता – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कलकत्ता" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="كلكتا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلكتا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcuta" title="Calcuta – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Calcuta" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A1" title="Կալկաթա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կալկաթա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="কলিকতা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কলিকতা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcuta" title="Calcuta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Calcuta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkuta" title="Kalkuta – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kalkuta" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%99lk%C9%99t%C9%99" title="Kəlkətə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kəlkətə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%87" title="کلکته – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کلکته" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="কলকাতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কলকাতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Калькутта – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Калькутта" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Калькута – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калькута" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Калката – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Калката" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="कलकत्ता – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कलकत्ता" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Колката – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Колката" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F" title="ཀ་ལི་ཀུ་ཏ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀ་ལི་ཀུ་ཏ" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Калькутта – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Калькутта" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcuta" title="Calcuta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Calcuta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Калькутта – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Калькутта" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_(kapital_sa_estado)" title="Kolkata (kapital sa estado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kolkata (kapital sa estado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkata" title="Kalkata – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kalkata" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta" title="Calcutta – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Calcutta" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkuta" title="Kalkuta – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kalkuta" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="कोलकाता – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="कोलकाता" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Καλκούτα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καλκούτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcuta" title="Calcuta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calcuta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkato" title="Kolkato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kolkato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcuta" title="Calcuta – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Calcuta" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkuta" title="Kalkuta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kalkuta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%87" title="کلکته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلکته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta" title="Calcutta – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Calcutta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkutta" title="Kalkutta – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kalkutta" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calc%C3%BAta" title="Calcúta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Calcúta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcuta" title="Calcuta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Calcuta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Калькутта – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Калькутта" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E5%90%84%E7%AD%94" title="加爾各答 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="加爾各答" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE" title="કોલકાતા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કોલકાતા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="कलकत्ता – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="कलकत्ता" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%9C%EC%B9%B4%ED%83%80" title="콜카타 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콜카타" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A1" title="Կալկաթա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կալկաթա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="कोलकाता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोलकाता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkuta" title="Kalkuta – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kalkuta" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta" title="Calcutta – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Calcutta" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta" title="Calcutta – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Calcutta" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Калькуттæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Калькуттæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta" title="Calcutta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Calcutta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%94" title="קולקטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולקטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkuta" title="Kalkuta – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kalkuta" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalikuta" title="Kalikuta – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kalikuta" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4" title="ಕೊಲ್ಕತ್ತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೊಲ್ಕತ್ತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="კოლკატა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოლკატა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8E%D9%84%D9%95%DA%A9%D9%8E%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="کَلٕکَتا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کَلٕکَتا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Калькутта – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Калькутта" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Калькутта – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Калькутта" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta" title="Calcutta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Calcutta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta" title="Calcutta – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Calcutta" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcuta" title="Calcuta – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Calcuta" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="कोलकाता – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कोलकाता" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Колката – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Колката" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4" title="കൊൽക്കത്ത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊൽക്കത്ത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korokata" title="Korokata – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Korokata" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="कोलकाता – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोलकाता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="კოლკატა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კოლკატა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="كولكاتا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كولكاتا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%87" title="کلکته – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کلکته" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Калькутта – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Калькутта" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ကာလကတ္တားမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာလကတ္တားမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta" title="Calcutta – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Calcutta" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="कोलकाता – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कोलकाता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="कोलकाता – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कोलकाता" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF" title="コルカタ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コルカタ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Калькутта – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Калькутта" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkutta" title="Kalkutta – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kalkutta" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcuta" title="Calcuta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Calcuta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Колката – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Колката" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE" title="କଲିକତା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କଲିକତା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkutta" title="Kalkutta – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kalkutta" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕੋਲਕਾਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਲਕਾਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="کلکتا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کلکتا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%87" title="کلکته – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کلکته" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkutta" title="Kalkutta – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kalkutta" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcut%C3%A1" title="Calcutá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Calcutá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta" title="Calcutta – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Calcutta" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Колката – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Колката" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Калькутта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Калькутта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Колката – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Колката" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="कोलकाता – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कोलकाता" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkuta" title="Kalkuta – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kalkuta" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta" title="Calcutta – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Calcutta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F" title="කොල්කාතා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොල්කාතා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="ڪولڪتا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪولڪتا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkata" title="Kalkata – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kalkata" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkuta" title="Kalkuta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kalkuta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95" title="کەلکەتە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەلکەتە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Колката – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Колката" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkutta" title="Kalkutta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kalkutta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta" title="Calcutta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Calcutta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE" title="கொல்கத்தா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொல்கத்தா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta" title="Calcutta – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Calcutta" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4lk%C3%BCtt%C3%A4" title="Kälküttä – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Kälküttä" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE" title="కోల్‌కాతా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కోల్‌కాతా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="โกลกาตา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โกลกาตา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Калкутта – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Калкутта" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalk%C3%BCta" title="Kalküta – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kalküta" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkutta" title="Kalkutta – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kalkutta" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Колката – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колката" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="کولکاتا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کولکاتا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkutta" title="Kalkutta – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Kalkutta" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcuta" title="Calcuta – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Calcuta" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkat" title="Kolkat – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kolkat" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kolkata" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E5%90%84%E7%AD%94" title="加尔各答 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="加尔各答" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90" title="קאלקאטא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאלקאטא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E5%90%84%E7%AD%94" title="加爾各答 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="加爾各答" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkota" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kolkata&params=22_34_03_N_88_22_12_E_region:IN-WB_type:city(4,500,000)">22°34′03″N 88°22′12″E / 22.56750°N 88.37000°E / 22.56750; 88.37000</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected."><img alt="Page extended-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcutta&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital of West Bengal, India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Calcutta" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Calcutta (disambiguation)">Calcutta (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kolkata (disambiguation)">Kolkata (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Megacity in West Bengal, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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.ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Kolkata</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Calcutta</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/EM_Bypass_Kolkata.jpg/432px-EM_Bypass_Kolkata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/EM_Bypass_Kolkata.jpg/576px-EM_Bypass_Kolkata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1092" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Kolkata" title="List of tallest buildings in Kolkata">Kolkata skyline</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:88px;max-width:88px"><div style=";height:113px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg/86px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg/129px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg/172px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3934" data-file-height="5171" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a> in Kolkata</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:200px;max-width:200px"><div style=";height:113px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolkata_maidan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kolkata_maidan.jpg/198px-Kolkata_maidan.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kolkata_maidan.jpg/297px-Kolkata_maidan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kolkata_maidan.jpg/396px-Kolkata_maidan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1838" data-file-height="1050" /></a></div><div>Park Street flyover with Kolkata <a href="/wiki/Central_Business_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Business District">CBD</a> on left and <a href="/wiki/Maidan_(Kolkata)" title="Maidan (Kolkata)">Kolkata maidan</a> on right</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:93px;max-width:93px"><div style=";height:66px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolkata_Tram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kolkata_Tram.jpg/91px-Kolkata_Tram.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kolkata_Tram.jpg/137px-Kolkata_Tram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kolkata_Tram.jpg/182px-Kolkata_Tram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="558" /></a></div><div>Vintage <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Kolkata" title="Trams in Kolkata">trams</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div style=";height:66px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Science_City_Kolkata_4643.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Science_City_Kolkata_4643.JPG/100px-Science_City_Kolkata_4643.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Science_City_Kolkata_4643.JPG/150px-Science_City_Kolkata_4643.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Science_City_Kolkata_4643.JPG/200px-Science_City_Kolkata_4643.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Science_City_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Science City Kolkata">Science City Kolkata</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div style=";height:66px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Jorasanko_Thakurbari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Jorasanko_Thakurbari.jpg/89px-Jorasanko_Thakurbari.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Jorasanko_Thakurbari.jpg/134px-Jorasanko_Thakurbari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Jorasanko_Thakurbari.jpg/178px-Jorasanko_Thakurbari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Jorasanko_Thakur_Bari" title="Jorasanko Thakur Bari">Jorasanko Thakur Bari</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div style=";height:103px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Birla_Planetarium_Kolkata_(24455076008).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Birla_Planetarium_Kolkata_%2824455076008%29.jpg/155px-Birla_Planetarium_Kolkata_%2824455076008%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Birla_Planetarium_Kolkata_%2824455076008%29.jpg/233px-Birla_Planetarium_Kolkata_%2824455076008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Birla_Planetarium_Kolkata_%2824455076008%29.jpg/310px-Birla_Planetarium_Kolkata_%2824455076008%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Birla_Planetarium,_Kolkata" title="Birla Planetarium, Kolkata">Birla Planetarium</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_42" class="mw-redirect" title="The 42">The 42</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div style=";height:103px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Eden_Gardens_after_renovations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Eden_Gardens_after_renovations.jpg/129px-Eden_Gardens_after_renovations.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Eden_Gardens_after_renovations.jpg/194px-Eden_Gardens_after_renovations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Eden_Gardens_after_renovations.jpg/258px-Eden_Gardens_after_renovations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="599" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Eden_Gardens" title="Eden Gardens">Eden Gardens</a> during a match</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style=";height:114px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Howrah_bridge_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Howrah_bridge_at_night.jpg/288px-Howrah_bridge_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Howrah_bridge_at_night.jpg/432px-Howrah_bridge_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Howrah_bridge_at_night.jpg/576px-Howrah_bridge_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="556" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Howrah_Bridge" title="Howrah Bridge">Howrah Bridge</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Joy" title="City of Joy">City of Joy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">City of Castles</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">Gateway of Eastern India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">Cultural Capital of India</a><a href="#cite_note-Kolkata_Culture-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tnone center"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 300px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="300" data-overlays="["_9a3e469be69111d951a1d954082dba2a4a5ec5e5"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,300x300.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Kolkata&revid=1258534845&groups=_9a3e469be69111d951a1d954082dba2a4a5ec5e5" width="300" height="300" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,300x300@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Kolkata&revid=1258534845&groups=_9a3e469be69111d951a1d954082dba2a4a5ec5e5 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Interactive Map Outlining Kolkata</div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_India_Kolkata_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kolkata is located in Kolkata"><img alt="Kolkata is located in Kolkata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Location_map_India_Kolkata_EN.svg/300px-Location_map_India_Kolkata_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="388" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Location_map_India_Kolkata_EN.svg/450px-Location_map_India_Kolkata_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Location_map_India_Kolkata_EN.svg/600px-Location_map_India_Kolkata_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="516" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.249%;left:53.306%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Kolkata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kolkata</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Kolkata</div>Show map of Kolkata</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><a href="/wiki/File:India_West_Bengal_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kolkata is located in West Bengal"><img alt="Kolkata is located in West Bengal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/India_West_Bengal_location_map.svg/300px-India_West_Bengal_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="458" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/India_West_Bengal_location_map.svg/450px-India_West_Bengal_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/India_West_Bengal_location_map.svg/600px-India_West_Bengal_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="1486" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.221%;left:62.955%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Kolkata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kolkata</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in West Bengal</div>Show map of West Bengal</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kolkata is located in India"><img alt="Kolkata is located in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/300px-India_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/450px-India_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/600px-India_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.946%;left:66.781%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Kolkata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kolkata</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in India</div>Show map of India</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kolkata is located in Asia"><img alt="Kolkata is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Asia_laea_location_map.svg/300px-Asia_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Asia_laea_location_map.svg/450px-Asia_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Asia_laea_location_map.svg/600px-Asia_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.519%;left:44.189%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Kolkata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kolkata</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Asia</div>Show map of Asia</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><a href="/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kolkata is located in Earth"><img alt="Kolkata is located in Earth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/300px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/450px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/600px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="1260" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.463%;left:74.547%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Kolkata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Kolkata</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Earth</div>Show map of Earth</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kolkata&params=22_34_03_N_88_22_12_E_region:IN-WB_type:city(4,500,000)">22°34′03″N 88°22′12″E / 22.56750°N 88.37000°E / 22.56750; 88.37000</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_West_Bengal" title="Administrative divisions of West Bengal">Division</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" title="List of districts of West Bengal">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_district" title="Kolkata district">Kolkata</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kalighat_Kali_Temple" title="Kalighat Kali Temple">Kalighat Kali Temple</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Corporations in India">Municipal Corporation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kolkata Municipal Corporation">Kolkata Municipal Corporation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Kolkata">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Firhad_Hakim" title="Firhad Hakim">Firhad Hakim</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Kolkata">Deputy Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atin_Ghosh" title="Atin Ghosh">Atin Ghosh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_of_Kolkata" title="Sheriff of Kolkata">Sheriff</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mani_Shankar_Mukherjee" class="mw-redirect" title="Mani Shankar Mukherjee">Mani Shankar Mukherjee</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Police_Commissioner_of_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Police Commissioner of Kolkata">Police commissioner</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Manoj Kumar Verma</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-census1-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">206.08 km2 (79.151 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,886.67 km2 (728.45 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 m (30 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-census1-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-KOL-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,011 census: <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 4,496,694 2,023 estimate: <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 6,200,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">30,000/km2 (80,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-kolkatauapop2011-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-extended_UA_2011-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,011 census: <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 14,112,536 (metro) <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />14,617,882 (Extended UA) 2,023 estimate: <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />15,333,000 (metro)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • City rank<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">7th in India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro rank<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of million-plus agglomerations in India">3rd in India</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bengal#Urban_Areas" title="Bengal">2nd in Bengal Region</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Asia" title="List of metropolitan areas in Asia">13th in Asia</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">16th in the world</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kolkatan Calcuttan</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Official</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> • English<a href="#cite_note-nclmanurep2010-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:30" title="UTC+05:30">UTC+05:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_Index_Number" title="Postal Index Number">PIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">700 xxx</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_India" title="Telephone numbers in India">Telephone code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+91 33</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Regional_Transport_Office_districts_in_India#WB—West_Bengal" title="List of Regional Transport Office districts in India">WB-01</a> to <a href="/wiki/List_of_Regional_Transport_Office_districts_in_India#WB—West_Bengal" title="List of Regional Transport Office districts in India">WB-10</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/UN/LOCODE" title="UN/LOCODE">UN/LOCODE</a></th><td class="infobox-data">IN CCU</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_metropolitan_product" title="Gross metropolitan product">Metro GDP (PPP)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $220 billion (2024)<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(2004)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.780<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>High)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">International airports</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_International_Airport" title="Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport">Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association_airport_code" class="mw-redirect" title="International Air Transport Association airport code">CCU</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transit_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit system">Transit</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rapid_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid Transit">Rapid Transit</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Metro" title="Kolkata Metro">Kolkata Metro</a> <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter rail</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Suburban_Railway" title="Kolkata Suburban Railway">Kolkata Suburban Railway</a> Other(s): <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Kolkata" title="Trams in Kolkata">Kolkata Tram</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Metropolitan Planning Authority</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Metropolitan_Development_Authority" title="Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority">Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Calcutta, Kolikata, Tilottama</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KMCPortalHome1.jsp">kmcgov.in</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja_in_Kolkata" title="Durga Puja in Kolkata">Durga Puja in Kolkata</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">2021 <a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> (16th <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Committee</a> of UNESCO for safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/durga-puja-in-kolkata-00703">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">Southern Asia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notability</th><td class="infobox-data">First in Asia under "Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity" category</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Kolkata,<a href="#cite_note-16">[a]</a> also known as Calcutta<a href="#cite_note-17">[b]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_renamed_places_in_India#West_Bengal" title="List of renamed places in India">its official name until 2001</a>), is the capital and largest city of the Indian <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>. It lies on the eastern bank of the <a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a>, 80 km (50 mi) west of the border with <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. It is the primary <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_area" title="Commercial area">commercial</a> centre of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern India">eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">northeastern India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-worldbank20162-18">[16]</a> Kolkata is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">seventh most populous city in India</a> with an estimated <a href="/wiki/City_proper" title="City proper">city proper</a> population of 4.5 million (0.45 crore) while its metropolitan region <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata Metropolitan Area">Kolkata Metropolitan Area</a> is <a href="/wiki/List_of_million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of million-plus agglomerations in India">third most populous metropolitan region</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> with a metro population of over 15 million (1.5 crore).<a href="#cite_note-Cities1Lakhandabove-19">[17]</a> Kolkata is regarded by many sources as the cultural capital of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and a historically and culturally significant city in the historic <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">region of Bengal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kolkata_Culture-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> The three villages that predated Calcutta were ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bengal">Nawab of Bengal</a> under <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Mughal</a> <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>. After the Nawab granted the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> a trading <a href="/wiki/Licence" class="mw-redirect" title="Licence">licence</a> in 1690,<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> the area was developed by the Company into <a href="/wiki/Fort_William,_India" title="Fort William, India">Fort William</a>. Nawab <a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a> occupied the fort in 1756 but was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> in 1757, after his general Mir Jafar mutinied in support of the company, and was later made the Nawab for a brief time.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">company</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Crown_rule_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown rule in India">crown rule</a>, Calcutta served as the de facto <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital of India">capital of India</a> until 1911. Calcutta was the second largest city in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, after <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> and was the centre of bureaucracy, politics, law, education, science and <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a> in India. The city was associated with many of the figures and movements of the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Renaissance">Bengali Renaissance</a>. It was the hotbed of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian nationalist movement">Indian nationalist movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">partition of Bengal</a> in 1947 affected the fortunes of the city. Following independence in 1947, Kolkata, which was once the premier centre of Indian commerce, culture, and politics, suffered many decades of <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_stagnation" title="Economic stagnation">economic stagnation</a> before it rebounded.<a href="#cite_note-ianjack-26">[24]</a> In the late 20th century, the city hosted the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh">government-in-exile of Bangladesh</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-auto-27">[25]</a> It was also flooded with Hindu refugees from <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> (present-day Bangladesh) in the decades following the 1947 <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a>, transforming its landscape and shaping its politics.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> The city was overtaken by <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> (formerly Bombay) as India's largest city. A demographically diverse city, the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kolkata" title="Culture of Kolkata">culture of Kolkata</a> features idiosyncrasies that include distinctively <a href="/wiki/Para_(Bengali)" title="Para (Bengali)">close-knit neighbourhoods</a> (paras) and <a href="/wiki/Adda_(South_Asian)" title="Adda (South Asian)">freestyle conversations</a> (adda). Kolkata's architecture includes many imperial landmarks, including the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial,_Kolkata" title="Victoria Memorial, Kolkata">Victoria Memorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howrah_Bridge" title="Howrah Bridge">Howrah Bridge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oberoi_Grand" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberoi Grand">Grand Hotel</a>. The city's heritage includes India's only <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Kolkata">Chinatown</a> and remnants of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kolkata" title="History of the Jews in Kolkata">Jewish</a>, Armenian, Greek and Anglo-Indian communities. The city is closely linked with <a href="/wiki/Bhadralok" title="Bhadralok">Bhadralok</a> culture and the <a href="/wiki/Zamindars_of_Bengal" title="Zamindars of Bengal">Zamindars of Bengal</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Hindu">Bengali Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim">Bengali Muslim</a> and tribal aristocrats. The city is often regarded as <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India's</a> cultural capital. Kolkata is home to institutions of national importance, including the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Kolkata" title="Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata">Academy of Fine Arts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Asiatic_Society" title="The Asiatic Society">Asiatic Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Museum" title="Indian Museum">Indian Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_India" title="National Library of India">National Library of India</a>. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>, first modern university in south Asia and its affiliated colleges produced many leading figures of South Asia. It is the centre of the Indian Bengali film industry, which is known as <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Tollywood</a>. Among scientific institutions, Kolkata hosts the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_India" title="Geological Survey of India">Geological Survey of India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Botanical_Survey_of_India" title="Botanical Survey of India">Botanical Survey of India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Mathematical_Society" title="Calcutta Mathematical Society">Calcutta Mathematical Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Science_Congress_Association" title="Indian Science Congress Association">Indian Science Congress Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zoological_Survey_of_India" title="Zoological Survey of India">Zoological Survey of India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Agri_Horticultural_Society_of_India" title="Agri Horticultural Society of India">Horticultural Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Engineers_(India)" title="Institution of Engineers (India)">Institution of Engineers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anthropological_Survey_of_India" title="Anthropological Survey of India">Anthropological Survey of India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Public_Health_Association" title="Indian Public Health Association">Indian Public Health Association</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Kolkata" title="Port of Kolkata">Port of Kolkata</a> is India's oldest operating port. Four Nobel laureates and two Nobel Memorial Prize winners are associated with the city.<a href="#cite_note-Kolkata_Nobel-30">[28]</a> Though home to major cricketing venues and franchises, Kolkata stands out in India for being the country's centre of association football. Kolkata is known for its grand celebrations of the Hindu festival of <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a>, which is recognized by UNESCO for its importance to world heritage.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> Kolkata is also known as the 'City of Joy'.<a href="#cite_note-indiatimes-32">[30]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Kolkata" title="Etymology of Kolkata">Etymology of Kolkata</a></div> The word Kolkata (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: কলকাতা <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[kolˈkata]</a>) derives from <a href="/wiki/Kalikata" title="Kalikata">Kôlikata</a> (Bengali: কলিকাতা <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[ˈkɔliˌkata]</a>), the Bengali language name of one of three villages that predated the arrival of the British; the other two villages were <a href="/wiki/Sutanuti" title="Sutanuti">Sutanuti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gobindapur,_Kolkata" title="Gobindapur, Kolkata">Govindapur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spatialchange-33">[31]</a> There are several explanations for the etymology of this name: <ul><li>Kolikata is thought to be a variation of Kalikkhetrô (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: কালীক্ষেত্র <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[ˈkaliˌkʰetrɔ]</a>), meaning 'Field of [the goddess] <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>'. Similarly, it can be a variation of Kalikshetra (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: कालीक्षेत्र, lit. 'area of Goddess Kali').</li> <li>Another theory is that the name derives from <a href="/wiki/Kalighat" title="Kalighat">Kalighat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a></li> <li>Alternatively, the name may have been derived from the Bengali term kilkila (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: কিলকিলা), or 'flat area'.<a href="#cite_note-chatterjeename-35">[33]</a></li> <li>The name may have its origin in the words khal (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: খাল <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[ˈkʰal]</a>) meaning 'canal', followed by kaṭa (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: কাটা <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[ˈkaʈa]</a>), which may mean 'dug'.<a href="#cite_note-Nair-36">[34]</a></li> <li>According to another theory, the area specialised in the production of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">quicklime</a> or koli chun (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: কলি চুন <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[ˈkɔliˌtʃun]</a>) and coir or kata (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: কাতা <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[ˈkata]</a>); hence, it was called Kolikata).<a href="#cite_note-chatterjeename-35">[33]</a></li></ul> Although the city's name has always been pronounced Kolkata or Kôlikata in Bengali, the anglicised form Calcutta was the official name until 2001, when it <a href="/wiki/Renaming_of_cities_in_India" title="Renaming of cities in India">was changed</a> to Kolkata in order to match Bengali pronunciation.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kolkata" title="History of Kolkata">History of Kolkata</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_William,_Calcutta,_1735.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fort_William%2C_Calcutta%2C_1735.jpg/220px-Fort_William%2C_Calcutta%2C_1735.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fort_William%2C_Calcutta%2C_1735.jpg/330px-Fort_William%2C_Calcutta%2C_1735.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fort_William%2C_Calcutta%2C_1735.jpg/440px-Fort_William%2C_Calcutta%2C_1735.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3891" data-file-height="3199" /></a><figcaption>Ships of the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> near <a href="/wiki/Fort_William,_India" title="Fort William, India">Fort William</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Port of Calcutta">Port of Calcutta</a> in 1735</figcaption></figure> The discovery and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a> study of <a href="/wiki/Chandraketugarh" title="Chandraketugarh">Chandraketugarh</a>, 35 km (22 mi) north of Kolkata, provide evidence that the region in which the city stands has been inhabited for over two millennia.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Das-39">[37]</a> Kolkata or Kalikata in its earliest mentions, is described to be a village surrounded with jungle on the bank of river Ganga as a renowned port, commercial hub and a hindu pilgrimage site for <a href="/wiki/Kalighat_Kali_Temple" title="Kalighat Kali Temple">Kalighat Temple</a>. The first mention of the Kalikata village was found in <a href="/wiki/Bipradas_Pipilai" title="Bipradas Pipilai">Bipradas Pipilai's</a> Manasa Vijay (1495), where he describes how <a href="/wiki/Chand_Sadagar" title="Chand Sadagar">Chand Sadagar</a> used to stop in Kalighat to worship <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Goddess Kali</a> during his path to trade voyage.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:_Radharaman-41">[39]</a> Later Kalikata was also found to be mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Mukundaram_Chakrabarti" title="Mukundaram Chakrabarti">Mukundaram Chakrabarti</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chandimangal" title="Chandimangal">Chandimangal</a> (1594), <a href="/wiki/Todar_Mal" title="Todar Mal">Todar Mal's</a> taxation-list in 1596 and Krishnaram Das's Kalikamangal (1676–77).<a href="#cite_note-:_Radharaman-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Kalighat was then considered a safe place for businessmen. They used to carry on trade through the Bhagirathi and took shelter there at night.<a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[41]</a> Kolkata's <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">recorded history</a> began in 1690 with the arrival of the English <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, which was consolidating its trade business in Bengal. <a href="/wiki/Job_Charnock" title="Job Charnock">Job Charnock</a> is often regarded as the founder of the city;<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> however, in response to a public petition,<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_High_Court" title="Calcutta High Court">Calcutta High Court</a> ruled in 2003 that the city does not have a founder.<a href="#cite_note-notcharnock-46">[44]</a> The area occupied by the present-day city encompassed three villages: <a href="/wiki/Kalikata" title="Kalikata">Kalikata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gobindapur,_Kolkata" title="Gobindapur, Kolkata">Gobindapur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutanuti" title="Sutanuti">Sutanuti</a>. Kalikata was a fishing village, where a handful of merchants began their operations by building a factory;<a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[41]</a> Sutanuti was a riverside weavers' village; and Gobindapur was a trading post for Indian merchant princes. These villages were part of an estate belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Sabarna_Roy_Choudhury" title="Sabarna Roy Choudhury">Sabarna Roy Choudhury</a> family of <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindars</a>. The estate was sold to the East India Company in 1698.<a href="#cite_note-BanerjeePage1and3-47">[45]</a>: 1  In 1712, the British completed the construction of <a href="/wiki/Fort_William,_India" title="Fort William, India">Fort William</a>, located on the east bank of the Hooghly River to protect their trading factory.<a href="#cite_note-mitter-48">[46]</a> Facing frequent skirmishes with <a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">French forces</a>, the British began to upgrade their fortifications in 1756. The Nawab of Bengal, <a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj-ud-Daulah</a>, condemned the militarisation and tax evasion by the company. His warning went unheeded, and the Nawab attacked; his capture of Fort William led to the killings of several East India company officials in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hole_of_Calcutta" title="Black Hole of Calcutta">Black Hole of Calcutta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hunterhistory-49">[47]</a> A force of Company soldiers (<a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">sepoys</a>) and British troops led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Robert Clive</a> recaptured the city the following year.<a href="#cite_note-hunterhistory-49">[47]</a> Per the 1765 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Allahabad" title="Treaty of Allahabad">Treaty of Allahabad</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">battle of Buxar</a>, East India company was appointed imperial tax collector of the Mughal emperor in the province of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, while Mughal-appointed Nawabs continued to rule the province.<a href="#cite_note-AhmedFarooqui-50">[48]</a> Declared a <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">presidency city</a>, Calcutta became the headquarters of the East India Company by 1773.<a href="#cite_note-Arnold-Baker2015-51">[49]</a> In 1793, ruling power of the Nawabs were abolished, and East India company took complete control of the city and the province. In the early 19th century, the marshes surrounding the city were drained; the government area was laid out along the banks of the Hooghly River. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Richard Wellesley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Presidency_of_Fort_William" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William">Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William</a> between 1797 and 1805, was largely responsible for the development of the city and its public architecture.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> Throughout the late 18th and 19th century, the city was a centre of the East India Company's opium trade.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> A census in 1837 records the population of the city proper as 229,700, of which the British residents made up only 3,138.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> The same source says another 177,000 resided in the suburbs and neighbouring villages, making the entire population of greater Calcutta 406,700. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chowringhee_Square,_Calcutta_in_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chowringhee_Square%2C_Calcutta_in_1945.jpg/220px-Chowringhee_Square%2C_Calcutta_in_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chowringhee_Square%2C_Calcutta_in_1945.jpg/330px-Chowringhee_Square%2C_Calcutta_in_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chowringhee_Square%2C_Calcutta_in_1945.jpg/440px-Chowringhee_Square%2C_Calcutta_in_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan_Mosque" title="Tipu Sultan Mosque">Tipu Sultan Mosque</a> in 1945</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corner_of_Harrison_Street_(Burra_Bazar)_and_Strand_Road,_Calcutta_in_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Corner_of_Harrison_Street_%28Burra_Bazar%29_and_Strand_Road%2C_Calcutta_in_1945.jpg/220px-Corner_of_Harrison_Street_%28Burra_Bazar%29_and_Strand_Road%2C_Calcutta_in_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Corner_of_Harrison_Street_%28Burra_Bazar%29_and_Strand_Road%2C_Calcutta_in_1945.jpg/330px-Corner_of_Harrison_Street_%28Burra_Bazar%29_and_Strand_Road%2C_Calcutta_in_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Corner_of_Harrison_Street_%28Burra_Bazar%29_and_Strand_Road%2C_Calcutta_in_1945.jpg/440px-Corner_of_Harrison_Street_%28Burra_Bazar%29_and_Strand_Road%2C_Calcutta_in_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Bengali billboards in 1945</figcaption></figure> In 1864, a typhoon struck the city and killed about 60,000 in Kolkata.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> By the 1850s, Calcutta had two areas: White Town, which was primarily British and centred on <a href="/wiki/Chowringhee" title="Chowringhee">Chowringhee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalhousie Square">Dalhousie Square</a>; and Black Town, mainly Indian and centred on North Calcutta.<a href="#cite_note-hardgrave-56">[54]</a> The city underwent rapid industrial growth starting in the early 1850s, especially in the textile and jute industries; this encouraged British companies to massively invest in infrastructure projects, which included telegraph connections and <a href="/wiki/Howrah_railway_station" title="Howrah railway station">Howrah</a>. The coalescence of British and Indian culture resulted in the emergence of a new <a href="/wiki/Babu_(title)" title="Babu (title)">babu</a> class of urbane Indians, whose members were often bureaucrats, professionals, newspaper readers, and Anglophiles; they usually belonged to upper-caste Hindu communities.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> In the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a> brought about an increased sociocultural sophistication among city denizens. In 1883, Calcutta was host to the first national conference of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Association" title="Indian National Association">Indian National Association</a>, which was the first avowed nationalist organisation in India.<a href="#cite_note-stepienchap3-58">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">partition of Bengal</a> in 1905 along religious lines led to mass protests, making Calcutta a less hospitable place for the British.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> The capital was moved to New Delhi in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> Calcutta continued to be a centre for <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">revolutionary organisations</a> associated with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>. The city and its port were bombed several times by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Japanese</a> between 1942 and 1944, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Randhawa-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-PacificWar-63">[61]</a> Millions starved to death during the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a> (at the same time of the war) due to a combination of military, administrative, and natural factors.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Demands for the creation of a Muslim state</a> led in 1946 to <a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">an episode of communal violence</a> that killed over 4,000.<a href="#cite_note-Burrows-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-DasS-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Talukdar-67">[65]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> led to further clashes and a demographic shift—many Muslims left for <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> (later <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, present day <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>), while hundreds of thousands of Hindus fled into the city.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> During the 1960s and 1970s, severe power shortages, strikes and a violent <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a>–<a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a> movement by groups known as the <a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxalites</a> damaged much of the city's infrastructure, resulting in economic stagnation.<a href="#cite_note-ianjack-26">[24]</a> During East Pakistan's secessionist <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">war of independence</a> in 1971, the city was home to the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh">government-in-exile of Bangladesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-27">[25]</a> During the war, refugees poured into West Bengal and strained Kolkata's infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Command (India)">Eastern Command</a> of the Indian military, which is based in Fort William, played a pivotal role in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indo-Pakistani war of 1971</a> and securing the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrender of Pakistan">surrender of Pakistan</a>. During the mid-1980s, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> (then called Bombay) overtook Kolkata as India's most populous city. In 1985, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> dubbed Kolkata a "dying city" in light of its socio-political woes.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> In the period 1977–2011, West Bengal was governed from Kolkata by the <a href="/wiki/Left_Front_(West_Bengal)" title="Left Front (West Bengal)">Left Front</a>, which was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India</a> (CPM). It was the world's longest-serving democratically elected communist government, during which Kolkata was a key base for <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Indian communism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Biswas-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> The city's economic recovery gathered momentum after the 1990s, when <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">India began to institute pro-market reforms</a>. Since 2000, the information technology (IT) services sector has revitalised Kolkata's stagnant economy. The city is also experiencing marked growth in its manufacturing base. In the <a href="/wiki/2011_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election">2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election</a>, Left Front was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">Trinamool Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbceco-74">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kolkata" title="Geography of Kolkata">Geography of Kolkata</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_from_Space-_Kolkata,_India_ESA24701909.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Earth_from_Space-_Kolkata%2C_India_ESA24701909.jpeg/220px-Earth_from_Space-_Kolkata%2C_India_ESA24701909.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Earth_from_Space-_Kolkata%2C_India_ESA24701909.jpeg/330px-Earth_from_Space-_Kolkata%2C_India_ESA24701909.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Earth_from_Space-_Kolkata%2C_India_ESA24701909.jpeg/440px-Earth_from_Space-_Kolkata%2C_India_ESA24701909.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="7560" data-file-height="7964" /></a><figcaption>Kolkata from space captured by Copernicus <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a>.</figcaption></figure> Spread roughly meridionally along the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a>, Kolkata sits within the lower <a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a> of eastern India approximately 75 km (47 mi) west of the international border with Bangladesh; the city's elevation is 1.5–9 m (5–30 ft).<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> Much of the city was originally a wetland that was reclaimed over the decades to accommodate a burgeoning population.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> The remaining undeveloped areas, known as the <a href="/wiki/East_Kolkata_Wetlands" title="East Kolkata Wetlands">East Kolkata Wetlands</a>, were designated a "wetland of international importance" by the <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a> (1975).<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> As with most of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a>, the soil and water are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial</a> in origin. Kolkata is located over the "Bengal basin", a pericratonic tertiary basin.<a href="#cite_note-soil_characterisation-78">[76]</a> Bengal basin comprises three structural units: shelf or platform in the west; central hinge or shelf/slope break; and deep basinal part in the east and southeast. Kolkata is located atop the western part of the hinge zone which is about 25 km (16 mi) wide at a depth of about 45,000 m (148,000 ft) below the surface.<a href="#cite_note-soil_characterisation-78">[76]</a> The shelf and hinge zones have many faults, among them some are active. Total thickness of sediment below Kolkata is nearly 7,500 m (24,600 ft) above the <a href="/wiki/Basement_(geology)" title="Basement (geology)">crystalline basement</a>; of these the top 350–450 m (1,150–1,480 ft) is <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a>, followed by 4,500–5,500 m (14,760–18,040 ft) of <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> sediments, 500–700 m (1,640–2,300 ft) <a href="/wiki/Trap_rock" title="Trap rock">trap</a> wash of <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> trap and 600–800 m (1,970–2,620 ft) <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> rocks.<a href="#cite_note-soil_characterisation-78">[76]</a> The quaternary sediments consist of clay, silt and several grades of sand and gravel. These sediments are sandwiched between two clay beds: the lower one at a depth of 250–650 m (820–2,130 ft); the upper one 10–40 m (30–130 ft) in thickness.<a href="#cite_note-Bunting-79">[77]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Standards" title="Bureau of Indian Standards">Bureau of Indian Standards</a>, on a scale ranging from I to V in order of increasing susceptibility to earthquakes, the city lies inside <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_hazard_zoning_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquake hazard zoning of India">seismic zone III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hazardprofile-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kolkata" title="Climate of Kolkata">Climate of Kolkata</a></div> Kolkata is subject to a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical savanna climate</a> that is designated Aw under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>. According to a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a> report, its wind and cyclone zone is "very high damage risk".<a href="#cite_note-hazardprofile-80">[78]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Kolkata (<a href="/wiki/Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a>) 1991–2020, extremes 1901–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.4 (101.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.1 (106.0) </td> <td style="background: #E60000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.3 (109.9) </td> <td style="background: #E00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.7 (110.7) </td> <td style="background: #DD0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.9 (111.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.9 (103.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.4 (101.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9 (102.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0 (102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9 (94.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5 (90.5) </td> <td style="background: #DD0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">43.9 (111.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8 (85.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9 (93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5 (99.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.8 (101.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0 (102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8 (100.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0 (96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3 (95.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.5 (95.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3 (95.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1 (91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0 (86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.8 (103.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5 (77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4 (84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7 (92.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.4 (95.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.5 (95.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1 (93.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5 (90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3 (90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6 (90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3 (90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2 (86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.7 (89.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9 (67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8 (74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6 (87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2 (88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6 (87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5 (85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4 (84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4 (84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3 (82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1 (77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.3 (81.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3 (57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1 (64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9 (73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8 (80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1 (80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6 (79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.3 (79.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5 (59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.9 (73.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2 (64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8 (71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9 (75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3 (75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9 (75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9 (69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9 (62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 (53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 (44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 (45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9 (64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4 (68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6 (72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 (51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 (45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.7 (44.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E8FFE8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (0.61) </td> <td style="background: #D6FFD6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (0.97) </td> <td style="background: #C8FFC8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8 (1.45) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.0 (2.17) </td> <td style="background: #4EFF4E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">118.5 (4.67) </td> <td style="background: #005300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">276.7 (10.89) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">371.6 (14.63) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">372.1 (14.65) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">325.0 (12.80) </td> <td style="background: #00F200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">179.6 (7.07) </td> <td style="background: #CCFFCC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6 (1.28) </td> <td style="background: #F6FFF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 (0.22) </td> <td style="background: #19FF19; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,813.3 (71.39) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #2727FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.5 </td> <td style="background: #2F2FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.8 </td> <td style="background: #5151FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.6 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">84.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) (at 17:30 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>) </th> <td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #2C2CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #3B3BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">69 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213.9 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">211.9 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">229.4 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">240.0 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">232.5 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">135.0 </td> <td style="background: #AFAF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">105.4 </td> <td style="background: #B5B566; color:#000000;" class="notheme">117.8 </td> <td style="background: #BBBB44; color:#000000;" class="notheme">126.0 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">201.5 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">216.0 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">204.6 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,234 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #C0C024; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 </td> <td style="background: #B0B083; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 </td> <td style="background: #B6B661; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 </td> <td style="background: #BBBB3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a> (sun 1971–2000)<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMDcityrainfall-84">[82]</a> Weather Atlas<a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-85">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> <a href="#cite_note-IMDcityextremes2-87">[85]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Kolkata (<a href="/wiki/Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_International_Airport" title="Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport">Dumdum Airport</a>) 1991–2020, extremes 1939–2012 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5 (90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3 (99.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.6 (105.1) </td> <td style="background: #ED0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.8 (109.0) </td> <td style="background: #E80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.1 (109.6) </td> <td style="background: #E00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.7 (110.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.2 (102.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.7 (99.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5 (99.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8 (98.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0 (96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0 (91.4) </td> <td style="background: #E00000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">43.7 (110.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2 (84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6 (92.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9 (96.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1 (97.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8 (94.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2 (91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0 (91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 (91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5 (90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1 (86.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6 (79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">32.0 (89.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8 (65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9 (73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4 (81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1 (86.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6 (87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3 (86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5 (85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.3 (84.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.3 (84.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9 (82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3 (75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9 (55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9 (62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 (71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2 (79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8 (80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6 (79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5 (79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2 (79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1 (75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3 (57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.2 (72.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 (43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2 (66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7 (60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 (53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 (43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E7FFE7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (0.62) </td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (0.80) </td> <td style="background: #CFFFCF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9 (1.26) </td> <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.4 (2.10) </td> <td style="background: #2DFF2D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">140.5 (5.53) </td> <td style="background: #008000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">247.5 (9.74) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">366.5 (14.43) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">355.4 (13.99) </td> <td style="background: #004B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">282.1 (11.11) </td> <td style="background: #01FF01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">170.2 (6.70) </td> <td style="background: #DEFFDE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3 (0.84) </td> <td style="background: #F4FFF4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 (0.27) </td> <td style="background: #26FF26; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,711.5 (67.38) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #2525FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.6 </td> <td style="background: #2C2CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.1 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.0 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">83.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) (at 08:30 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>) </th> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">68 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a><a href="#cite_note-IMDcityextremes2-87">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist">These tables: <ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kolkata_weatherbox" title="Template:Kolkata weatherbox">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kolkata_weatherbox" title="Template talk:Kolkata weatherbox">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kolkata_weatherbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kolkata weatherbox">edit</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temperature">Temperature</h4></div> The annual mean temperature is 26.8 °C (80.2 °F); monthly mean temperatures are 19–30 °C (66–86 °F). Summers (March–June) are hot and humid, with temperatures in the low 30s Celsius; during dry spells, maximum temperatures sometime exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in May and June.<a href="#cite_note-weatherbase-89">[87]</a> Winter lasts for roughly <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2+1⁄2 months, with seasonal lows dipping to 9–11 °C (48–52 °F) in December and January. May is the hottest month, with daily temperatures ranging from 27–37 °C (81–99 °F); January, the coldest month, has temperatures varying from 12–23 °C (54–73 °F). The highest recorded temperature is 43.9 °C (111.0 °F), and the lowest is 5 °C (41 °F).<a href="#cite_note-weatherbase-89">[87]</a> The winter is mild and very comfortable weather pertains over the city throughout this season. Often, in April–June, the city is struck by heavy rains or dusty squalls that are followed by thunderstorms or hailstorms, bringing cooling relief from the prevailing humidity. These thunderstorms are <a href="/wiki/Convection_rain" class="mw-redirect" title="Convection rain">convective</a> in nature, and are known locally as kal bôishakhi (কালবৈশাখী), or "Nor'westers" in English.<a href="#cite_note-kalboisakhi-90">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rainfall">Rainfall</h4></div> Rains brought by the Bay of Bengal branch of the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest monsoon">south-west summer monsoon</a><a href="#cite_note-monsoontribune-91">[89]</a> lash Kolkata between June and September, supplying it with most of its annual rainfall of about 1,850 mm (73 in). The highest monthly rainfall total occurs in July and August. In these months often incessant rain for days brings life to a stall for the city dwellers. The city receives 2,107 hours of sunshine per year, with maximum <a href="/wiki/Insolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolation">sunlight exposure</a> occurring in April.<a href="#cite_note-ESS-92">[90]</a> Kolkata has been hit by several cyclones; these include systems occurring in <a href="/wiki/1737_Calcutta_cyclone" title="1737 Calcutta cyclone">1737</a> and <a href="/wiki/1864_Calcutta_cyclone" title="1864 Calcutta cyclone">1864</a> that killed thousands.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Aila" title="Cyclone Aila">Cyclone Aila</a> in 2009 and <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Amphan" title="Cyclone Amphan">Cyclone Amphan</a> in 2020 caused widespread damage to Kolkata by bringing catastrophic winds and torrential rainfall. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Kolkata" title="Environmental issues in Kolkata">Environmental issues in Kolkata</a></div> Pollution is a major concern in Kolkata. As of 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkata&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur dioxide">sulphur dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a> annual concentration were within the national ambient air quality standards of India, but respirable <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">suspended particulate matter</a> levels were high, and on an increasing trend for five consecutive years, causing smog and haze.<a href="#cite_note-ambientairquality-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Severe air pollution in the city has caused a rise in pollution-related respiratory ailments, such as lung cancer.<a href="#cite_note-BBC51707-97">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape_and_urban_structure">Cityscape and urban structure</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolkata_Skyline_pic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kolkata_Skyline_pic.jpg/220px-Kolkata_Skyline_pic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kolkata_Skyline_pic.jpg/330px-Kolkata_Skyline_pic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kolkata_Skyline_pic.jpg/440px-Kolkata_Skyline_pic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1258" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Kolkata with the <a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></figcaption></figure> Kolkata, which is under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kolkata Municipal Corporation">Kolkata Municipal Corporation</a> (KMC), has an area of 206.08 km2 (80 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-Metropolis-98">[96]</a> The east–west dimension of the city is comparatively narrow, stretching from the Hooghly River in the west to roughly the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Metropolitan_Bypass" title="Eastern Metropolitan Bypass">Eastern Metropolitan Bypass</a> in the east—a span of 9–10 km (5.6–6.2 mi).<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> The north–south distance is greater, and its axis is used to section the city into North, Central, South and East Kolkata. North Kolkata is the oldest part of the city. Characterised by 19th-century architecture and narrow alleyways, it includes areas such as <a href="/wiki/Jorasanko" title="Jorasanko">Jorasanko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajabazar,_Kolkata" title="Rajabazar, Kolkata">Rajabazar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maniktala" title="Maniktala">Maniktala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultadanga" title="Ultadanga">Ultadanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shyambazar" title="Shyambazar">Shyambazar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shobhabazar" title="Shobhabazar">Shobhabazar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagbazar" title="Bagbazar">Bagbazar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cossipore" title="Cossipore">Cossipore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinthee" title="Sinthee">Sinthee</a> etc. The north suburban areas like <a href="/wiki/Dum_Dum" title="Dum Dum">Dum Dum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baranagar" title="Baranagar">Baranagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgharia" title="Belgharia">Belgharia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodepur" title="Sodepur">Sodepur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khardaha" title="Khardaha">Khardaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Barrackpore" title="New Barrackpore">New Barrackpore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhyamgram" title="Madhyamgram">Madhyamgram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrackpore" title="Barrackpore">Barrackpore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barasat" title="Barasat">Barasat</a> etc. are also within the city of Kolkata (as a metropolitan structure).<a href="#cite_note-urbanprice-100">[98]</a>: 65–66  Central Kolkata hosts the central business district. It contains <a href="/wiki/B._B._D._Bagh" title="B. B. D. Bagh">B. B. D. Bagh</a>, formerly known as Dalhousie Square, and the <a href="/wiki/Esplanade,_Kolkata" title="Esplanade, Kolkata">Esplanade</a> on its east; <a href="/wiki/Strand_Road,_Kolkata" title="Strand Road, Kolkata">Rajiv Gandhi Sarani</a> is on its west.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Writers%27_Building" title="Writers' Building">West Bengal Secretariat</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Kolkata" title="General Post Office, Kolkata">General Post Office</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_High_Court" title="Calcutta High Court">Calcutta High Court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lalbazar" title="Lalbazar">Lalbazar</a> Police Headquarters and several other government and private offices are located there. Another business hub is the area south of <a href="/wiki/Park_Street,_Kolkata" title="Park Street, Kolkata">Park Street</a>, which comprises thoroughfares such as <a href="/wiki/Chowringhee_Road" title="Chowringhee Road">Jawahar Lal Nehru Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Thakur_Sarani" title="Abanindranath Thakur Sarani">Abanindranath Thakur Sarani</a>, Dr. Martin Luther King Sarani, Dr. Upendra Nath Brahmachari Sarani, <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Sarani" title="Shakespeare Sarani">Shakespeare Sarani</a> and <a href="/wiki/AJC_Bose_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="AJC Bose Road">Acharay Jagadish Chandra Basu Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Park_street_area_kolkata_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Park_street_area_kolkata_2020.jpg/220px-Park_street_area_kolkata_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Park_street_area_kolkata_2020.jpg/330px-Park_street_area_kolkata_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Park_street_area_kolkata_2020.jpg/440px-Park_street_area_kolkata_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1352" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Park_Street,_Kolkata" title="Park Street, Kolkata">Park Street</a>, one of the posh areas in Kolkata</figcaption></figure> South Kolkata developed after India gained independence in 1947; it includes upscale neighbourhoods such as <a href="/wiki/Bhowanipore" title="Bhowanipore">Bhowanipore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballygunge" title="Ballygunge">Ballygunge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasba,_Kolkata" title="Kasba, Kolkata">Kasba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhakuria" title="Dhakuria">Dhakuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santoshpur,_Kolkata" title="Santoshpur, Kolkata">Santoshpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garia" title="Garia">Garia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golf_Green" title="Golf Green">Golf Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tollygunge" title="Tollygunge">Tollygunge</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Alipore" title="New Alipore">New Alipore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Behala" title="Behala">Behala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barisha,_Kolkata" title="Barisha, Kolkata">Barisha</a> etc. The south suburban areas like <a href="/wiki/Maheshtala" title="Maheshtala">Maheshtala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budge_Budge" title="Budge Budge">Budge Budge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajpur_Sonarpur" title="Rajpur Sonarpur">Rajpur Sonarpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baruipur" title="Baruipur">Baruipur</a> etc. are also within the city of Kolkata (as a metropolitan structure).<a href="#cite_note-spatialchange-33">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maidan_(Kolkata)" title="Maidan (Kolkata)">Maidan</a> is a large open field in the heart of the city that has been called the "lungs of Kolkata"<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> and accommodates sporting events and public meetings.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial,_Kolkata" title="Victoria Memorial, Kolkata">Victoria Memorial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Race_Course" title="Kolkata Race Course">Kolkata Race Course</a> are located at the southern end of the Maidan. Among the other parks are <a href="/wiki/Central_Park_(Kolkata)" title="Central Park (Kolkata)">Central Park</a> in Bidhannagar and <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Park_(Kolkata)" title="Millennium Park (Kolkata)">Millennium Park</a> on Rajiv Gandhi Sarani, along the Hooghly River. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metropolitan_area_and_satellite_cities">Metropolitan area and satellite cities</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata metropolitan area">Kolkata metropolitan area</a> is spread over 1,886.67 km2 (728.45 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-kmdaanreport2011kma-105">[103]</a>: 7  and comprises 4 municipal corporations (including Kolkata Municipal Corporation), 37 <a href="/wiki/Neighbourhoods_in_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighbourhoods in Kolkata">local municipalities</a> and 24 <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_samiti" title="Panchayat samiti">panchayat samitis</a>, as of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkata&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kmdaanreport2011kma-105">[103]</a>: 7  The urban agglomeration encompassed 72 cities and 527 towns and villages, as of 2006<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkata&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Metropolis-98">[96]</a> Suburban areas in the Kolkata metropolitan area incorporate parts of the following districts: <a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas_district" class="mw-redirect" title="South 24 Parganas district">South 24 Parganas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howrah_district" title="Howrah district">Howrah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-urbanprice-100">[98]</a>: 15  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolkata_Gate_(officially_known_as_Biswa_Bangla_Gate).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kolkata_Gate_%28officially_known_as_Biswa_Bangla_Gate%29.jpg/220px-Kolkata_Gate_%28officially_known_as_Biswa_Bangla_Gate%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kolkata_Gate_%28officially_known_as_Biswa_Bangla_Gate%29.jpg/330px-Kolkata_Gate_%28officially_known_as_Biswa_Bangla_Gate%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kolkata_Gate_%28officially_known_as_Biswa_Bangla_Gate%29.jpg/440px-Kolkata_Gate_%28officially_known_as_Biswa_Bangla_Gate%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Biswa_Bangla_Gate" title="Biswa Bangla Gate">Biswa Bangla Gate</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Kolkata" title="New Town, Kolkata">New Town, Kolkata</a></figcaption></figure> Two planned townships in the greater Kolkata region are <a href="/wiki/Bidhannagar,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidhannagar, Kolkata">Bidhannagar</a>, also known as Salt Lake City and located north-east of the city; and <a href="/wiki/Rajarhat" title="Rajarhat">Rajarhat</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Kolkata" title="New Town, Kolkata">New Town</a> and located east of Bidhannagar.<a href="#cite_note-spatialchange-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sectorv-106">[104]</a> In the 2000s, Sector 5 in Bidhannagar developed into a business hub for information technology and telecommunication companies.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> Both Bidhannagar and New Town are situated outside the Kolkata Municipal Corporation limits, in their own municipal corporations or authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Sectorv-106">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kolkata" title="Economy of Kolkata">Economy of Kolkata</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tata_Centre_-_43_Chowringhee_Road_-_Kolkata_2013-01-05_2429.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tata_Centre_-_43_Chowringhee_Road_-_Kolkata_2013-01-05_2429.JPG/220px-Tata_Centre_-_43_Chowringhee_Road_-_Kolkata_2013-01-05_2429.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tata_Centre_-_43_Chowringhee_Road_-_Kolkata_2013-01-05_2429.JPG/330px-Tata_Centre_-_43_Chowringhee_Road_-_Kolkata_2013-01-05_2429.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tata_Centre_-_43_Chowringhee_Road_-_Kolkata_2013-01-05_2429.JPG/440px-Tata_Centre_-_43_Chowringhee_Road_-_Kolkata_2013-01-05_2429.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tata_Steel" title="Tata Steel">Tata Steel</a> building in Kolkata <a href="/wiki/Central_Business_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Business District">CBD</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolkata_skyline_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Kolkata_skyline_at_night.jpg/300px-Kolkata_skyline_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Kolkata_skyline_at_night.jpg/450px-Kolkata_skyline_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Kolkata_skyline_at_night.jpg/600px-Kolkata_skyline_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3078" /></a><figcaption> Kolkata old CBD skyline consisting <a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_India" title="State Bank of India">SBI</a> Eastern HQ and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">GoWB</a> New Secretariat Building</figcaption></figure> Kolkata is the commercial and financial hub of <a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a><a href="#cite_note-urbanprice-100">[98]</a> and home to the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Stock_Exchange" title="Calcutta Stock Exchange">Calcutta Stock Exchange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CSE-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-worldbank2016-110">[108]</a> It is a major commercial and military port, and is one of five cities in eastern India (alongside <a href="/wiki/Biju_Patnaik_Airport" title="Biju Patnaik Airport">Bhubaneswar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lokpriya_Gopinath_Bordoloi_International_Airport" title="Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport">Guwahati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imphal_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Imphal Airport">Imphal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kushinagar_International_Airport" title="Kushinagar International Airport">Kushinagar</a>) to have an international airport. Once India's leading city, Kolkata experienced a steady economic decline in the decades following India's independence due to steep population increases and a rise in militant <a href="/wiki/Trade-unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade-unionism">trade-unionism</a>, which included frequent strikes that were backed by left-wing parties.<a href="#cite_note-bbceco-74">[72]</a> From the 1960s to the late 1990s, several factories were closed and businesses relocated.<a href="#cite_note-bbceco-74">[72]</a> The lack of capital and resources added to the depressed state of the city's economy and gave rise to an unwelcome sobriquet: the "dying city".<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> The city's fortunes improved after the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Indian economy</a> was liberalised in the 1990s and changes in economic policy were enacted by the West Bengal state government.<a href="#cite_note-bbceco-74">[72]</a> Recent estimates of the economy of Kolkata's metropolitan area have ranged from $150 to $250 billion (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a> GDP), and have ranked it <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP" title="List of cities by GDP">third-most productive metro area</a> of India.<a href="#cite_note-gdp-112">[110]</a> Flexible production has been the norm in Kolkata, which has an <a href="/wiki/Informal_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal sector">informal sector</a> that employs more than 40% of the labour force.<a href="#cite_note-spatialchange-33">[31]</a> One unorganised group, <a href="/wiki/Hawkers_in_Kolkata" title="Hawkers in Kolkata">roadside hawkers</a>, generated business worth ₹87.72 billion (equivalent to ₹300 billion or US$3.6 billion in 2023) in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraphhawker-113">[111]</a> As of 2001<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkata&action=edit">[update]</a>, around 0.81% of the city's workforce was employed in the <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">primary sector</a> (agriculture, forestry, mining, etc.); 15.49% worked in the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">secondary sector</a> (industrial and manufacturing); and 83.69% worked in the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">tertiary sector</a> (service industries).<a href="#cite_note-urbanprice-100">[98]</a>: 19  As of 2003<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkata&action=edit">[update]</a>, the majority of households in slums were engaged in occupations belonging to the informal sector; 36.5% were involved in servicing the urban middle class (as maids, drivers, etc.) and 22.2% were <a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">casual labourers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kundu-114">[112]</a>: 11  About 34% of the available labour force in Kolkata slums were unemployed.<a href="#cite_note-kundu-114">[112]</a>: 11  According to one estimate, almost a quarter of the population live on less than ₹27 (32¢ US) per day.<a href="#cite_note-2014_Indian_general_election,_Calcutta-115">[113]</a> Major manufacturing companies in the city are <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larsen_%26_Toubro" title="Larsen & Toubro">Larsen & Toubro</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fosroc" title="Fosroc">Fosroc</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Videocon_Telecom" title="Videocon Telecom">Videocon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> As in many other Indian cities, information technology became a high-growth sector in Kolkata starting in the late 1990s; the city's IT sector grew at 70% per annum—a rate that was twice the national average.<a href="#cite_note-bbceco-74">[72]</a> The 2000s saw a surge of investments in the real estate, infrastructure, retail, and hospitality sectors; <a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="List of shopping malls in Kolkata">several large shopping malls</a> and hotels were launched.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Companies such as <a href="/wiki/ITC_Limited" title="ITC Limited">ITC Limited</a>, <a href="/wiki/CESC_Limited" title="CESC Limited">CESC Limited</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exide_Industries" title="Exide Industries">Exide Industries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emami" title="Emami">Emami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eveready_Industries_India" title="Eveready Industries India">Eveready Industries India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lux_Industries" title="Lux Industries">Lux Industries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rupa_Company" title="Rupa Company">Rupa Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berger_Paints" title="Berger Paints">Berger Paints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birla_Corporation" title="Birla Corporation">Birla Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Industries" title="Britannia Industries">Britannia Industries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Publishers" title="Purushottam Publishers">Purushottam Publishers</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> are headquartered in the city. <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> India, <a href="/wiki/PwC_India" class="mw-redirect" title="PwC India">PwC India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tata_Global_Beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tata Global Beverages">Tata Global Beverages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tata_Steel" title="Tata Steel">Tata Steel</a> have their registered office and zonal headquarters in Kolkata. Kolkata hosts the headquarters of two major banks: <a href="/wiki/UCO_Bank" title="UCO Bank">UCO Bank</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bandhan_Bank" title="Bandhan Bank">Bandhan Bank</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_India" title="State Bank of India">State Bank of India</a> have its eastern zonal office in Kolkata. <a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint,_Kolkata" title="India Government Mint, Kolkata">India Government Mint, Kolkata</a> is one of the four mints in India. Some of the oldest public sector companies are headquartered in the city such as the <a href="/wiki/Coal_India" title="Coal India">Coal India</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance_Company" title="National Insurance Company">National Insurance Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garden_Reach_Shipbuilders_%26_Engineers" title="Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers">Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea_Board_of_India" title="Tea Board of India">Tea Board of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_India" title="Geological Survey of India">Geological Survey of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoological_Survey_of_India" title="Zoological Survey of India">Zoological Survey of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botanical_Survey_of_India" title="Botanical Survey of India">Botanical Survey of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jute_Corporation_of_India" title="Jute Corporation of India">Jute Corporation of India</a>, National Test House, <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Copper" title="Hindustan Copper">Hindustan Copper</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Factories_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance Factories Board">Ordnance Factories Board</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(India)" title="Ministry of Defence (India)">Indian Ministry of Defence</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Ethnic communities in Kolkata</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,009,853</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,117,966</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,158,497</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,289,461</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1941 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,352,399</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+82.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1951 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,956,475</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+25.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1961 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,351,250</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,727,020</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,126,846</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1991 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">4,399,819</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+6.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,572,876</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,496,694</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.7%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Census_of_India" title="Census of India">Census of India</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> for residents of Kolkata are Calcuttan and Kolkatan.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, Kolkata district, which occupies an area of 185 km2 (71 sq mi), had a population of 4,486,679;<a href="#cite_note-census-128">[126]</a> its population density was 24,252/km2 (62,810/sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-census-128">[126]</a> This represents a decline of 1.88% during the decade 2001–11. The <a href="/wiki/Human_sex_ratio" title="Human sex ratio">sex ratio</a> is 899 females per 1000 males—lower than the national average.<a href="#cite_note-2011_pp_table3A2-129">[127]</a> The ratio is depressed by the influx of working males from surrounding rural areas, from the rest of West Bengal; these men commonly leave their families behind.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Kolkata's literacy rate of 87.14%<a href="#cite_note-2011_pp_table3A2-129">[127]</a> exceeds the national average of 74%.<a href="#cite_note-censusindliter-131">[129]</a> The final population totals of census 2011 stated the population of city as 4,496,694.<a href="#cite_note-KOL-4">[4]</a> The urban agglomeration had a population of 14,112,536 in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-kolkatauapop2011-6">[6]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; border: 16px solid #FFF;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left;"> <caption>Kolkata urban agglomeration population growth </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Census </th> <th scope="col">Total </th> <th scope="col">%± </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1981_census_of_India" title="1981 census of India">1981</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">9,194,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> — </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1991_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Census of India">1991</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">11,021,900 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19.9% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2001_census_of_India" title="2001 census of India">2001</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">13,114,700 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19.0% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2011_census_of_India" title="2011 census of India">2011</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">14,112,536 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Source: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Census of India</a><a href="#cite_note-kolkatauapop2011-6">[6]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> As of 2003<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkata&action=edit">[update]</a>, about one-third of the population, or 15 lakh (1.5 million) people, lived in 3,500 unregistered <a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatter-occupied</a> and 2,011 registered <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">slums</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kundu-114">[112]</a>: 4 <a href="#cite_note-slumdiversity-132">[130]</a>: 92  The authorised slums (with access to basic services like water, latrines, trash removal by the Kolkata Municipal Corporation) can be broadly divided into two groups—bustees, in which slum dwellers have some long term tenancy agreement with the landowners; and udbastu colonies, settlements which had been leased to refugees from present-day Bangladesh by the government.<a href="#cite_note-slumdiversity-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-kundu-114">[112]</a>: 5  The <a href="/wiki/Shanty_town" title="Shanty town">unauthorised slums</a> (devoid of basic services provided by the municipality) are occupied by squatters who started living on encroached lands—mainly along canals, railway lines and roads.<a href="#cite_note-slumdiversity-132">[130]</a>: 92 <a href="#cite_note-kundu-114">[112]</a>: 5  According to the 2005 National Family Health Survey, around 14% of the households in Kolkata were poor, while 33% lived in slums, indicating a substantial proportion of households in slum areas were better off economically than the bottom quarter of urban households in terms of wealth status.<a href="#cite_note-healthsurvey-133">[131]</a>: 23  <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> for founding and working with the <a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_Charity" title="Missionaries of Charity">Missionaries of Charity</a> in Kolkata—an organisation "whose primary task was to love and care for those persons nobody was prepared to look after".<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Brown; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1589.4544843865px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1346.2984117968px; border-left-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Grey"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1037.0219857291px; border-left-color:Pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Pink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 753.47733832244px; border-left-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 588.23810995277px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 66.048090030257px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:65.895206233372px 75.218493706411px 0 0; border-top-color:purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:purple"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Languages spoken in Kolkata city (2011 census)<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> (official) (61.45%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a> (22.84%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a> (13.03%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a> (0.58%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> (0.57%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> (0.35%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> (0.18%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Others (1.0%)</div> </div> </div></div> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, the official state language, is the dominant language in Kolkata.<a href="#cite_note-kmcbasicstat-136">[134]</a> English is also used, particularly by the white-collar workforce. <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> are spoken by a sizeable minority.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a> form the majority of Kolkata's population; <a href="/wiki/Marwaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Marwaris">Marwaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Biharis</a> and Urdu-speaking <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> compose large minorities.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> Among <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Kolkata's smaller communities</a> are <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepalis" title="Nepalis">Nepalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pathans/Afghans</a> (locally known as Kabuliwala<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a>) <a href="/wiki/Odia_people" title="Odia people">Odias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujaratis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian">Anglo-Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_India" title="Armenians in India">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Maharashtrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_people" title="Konkani people">Konkanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayalees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BanerjeePage1and3-47">[45]</a>: 3  The number of Armenians, Greeks, Jews and other foreign-origin groups declined during the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-BanerjeePage10-141">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kolkata" title="History of the Jews in Kolkata">Jewish population of Kolkata</a> was 5,000 during World War II, but declined after <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of India">Indian independence</a> and the establishment of Israel;<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> as of 2003<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkata&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were 25 Jews in the city.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> India's sole <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Kolkata">Chinatown</a> is in eastern Kolkata;<a href="#cite_note-BanerjeePage10-141">[139]</a> once home to 20,000 ethnic Chinese, its population dropped to around 2,000, as of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkata&action=edit">[update]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BanerjeePage10-141">[139]</a> as a result of multiple factors including repatriation and denial of Indian citizenship following the 1962 <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a>, and immigration to foreign countries for better economic opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-thampi-144">[142]</a> The Chinese community traditionally worked in the local tanning industry and ran Chinese restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-BanerjeePage10-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religions">Religions</h3></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> Others include <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> & Other religions (0.03%)<table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#Fcd116"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Kolkata City (2011)<a href="#cite_note-census2011-146">[144]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkorange; width:76.51%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">76.51%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:20.60%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">20.60%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Blue; width:0.88%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.88%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:brown; width:0.47%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.47%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Black; width:1.54%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.54%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> According to the 2011 census, 76.51% of the population is <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, 20.60% <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, 0.88% <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> and 0.47% <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-census2-147">[145]</a> The remainder of the population includes <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhists</a>, and other religions which accounts for 0.45% of the population; 1.09% did not state a religion in the census.<a href="#cite_note-census2-147">[145]</a> Kolkata reported 67.6% of <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">Special and Local Laws</a> crimes registered in 35 large Indian cities during 2004.<a href="#cite_note-ncrb2004-148">[146]</a> <div style="overflow-x:auto; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em"> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable"> <caption>Religious groups in Kolkata City (1872−2011)<a href="#cite_note-CalcuttaCity1881to1941-151">[c]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religious</a> group </th> <th colspan="2">1872<a href="#cite_note-Census1872-152">[149]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1881<a href="#cite_note-Census1881-153">[150]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1891<a href="#cite_note-Census1891-154">[151]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1901<a href="#cite_note-Census1901-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1901B-156">[153]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1911<a href="#cite_note-Census1911-157">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1911B-149">[147]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1921<a href="#cite_note-Census1921-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1921B-150">[148]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1931<a href="#cite_note-Census1931-159">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1931B-160">[157]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1941<a href="#cite_note-Census1941-161">[158]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<a href="#cite_note-census2011-146">[144]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td> <td>443,970 </td> <td>62.84% </td> <td>429,180 </td> <td>62.69% </td> <td>488,532 </td> <td>65.92% </td> <td>617,303 </td> <td>65.04% </td> <td>695,052 </td> <td>66.62% </td> <td>751,619 </td> <td>69.77% </td> <td>822,293 </td> <td>68.71% </td> <td>1,531,512 </td> <td>72.62% </td> <td>3,440,290 </td> <td>76.51% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a> </td> <td>234,850 </td> <td>33.24% </td> <td>221,013 </td> <td>32.28% </td> <td>218,158 </td> <td>29.44% </td> <td>286,576 </td> <td>30.19% </td> <td>298,986 </td> <td>28.66% </td> <td>269,749 </td> <td>25.04% </td> <td>311,155 </td> <td>26% </td> <td>497,535 </td> <td>23.59% </td> <td>926,414 </td> <td>20.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/15px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/23px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/30px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a> </td> <td>25,352 </td> <td>3.59% </td> <td>30,478 </td> <td>4.45% </td> <td>29,904 </td> <td>4.03% </td> <td>38,515 </td> <td>4.06% </td> <td>40,511 </td> <td>3.88% </td> <td>40,376 </td> <td>3.75% </td> <td>47,484 </td> <td>3.97% </td> <td>51,991 </td> <td>2.47% </td> <td>39,758 </td> <td>0.88% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> </td> <td>1,012 </td> <td>0.14% </td> <td>1,705 </td> <td>0.25% </td> <td>2,200 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>2,968 </td> <td>0.31% </td> <td>2,461 </td> <td>0.24% </td> <td>3,468 </td> <td>0.32% </td> <td>3,021 </td> <td>0.25% </td> <td>3,339 </td> <td>0.16% </td> <td>4,771 </td> <td>0.11% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>986 </td> <td>0.14% </td> <td>1,399 </td> <td>0.19% </td> <td>1,889 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>1,920 </td> <td>0.18% </td> <td>1,820 </td> <td>0.17% </td> <td>1,829 </td> <td>0.15% </td> <td>2,585 </td> <td>0.12% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>284 </td> <td>0.04% </td> <td>287 </td> <td>0.04% </td> <td>162 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>1,134 </td> <td>0.11% </td> <td>1,484 </td> <td>0.14% </td> <td>4,705 </td> <td>0.39% </td> <td>8,456 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>13,849 </td> <td>0.31% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/15px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/23px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/30px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>143 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>497 </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td>1,241 </td> <td>0.13% </td> <td>1,813 </td> <td>0.17% </td> <td>5,670 </td> <td>0.53% </td> <td>3,185 </td> <td>0.27% </td> <td>6,689 </td> <td>0.32% </td> <td>21,178 </td> <td>0.47% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Faravahar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/15px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/23px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/30px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>142 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>167 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>295 </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td>470 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>620 </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td>1,199 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>1,430 </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribal </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>17 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>67 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>767 </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td>426 </td> <td>0.04% </td> <td>1,688 </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confucian </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>178 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others </td> <td>1,327 </td> <td>0.19% </td> <td>727 </td> <td>0.11% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>2,607 </td> <td>0.25% </td> <td>1,597 </td> <td>0.15% </td> <td>1,437 </td> <td>0.12% </td> <td>3,766 </td> <td>0.18% </td> <td>50,434 </td> <td>1.12% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total population </th> <th>706,511 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>684,658 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>741,144 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>949,144 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>1,043,307 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>1,077,264 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>1,196,734 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>2,108,891 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>4,496,694 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_public_services">Government and public services</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civic_administration">Civic administration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Civic_administration_of_Kolkata" title="Civic administration of Kolkata">Civic administration of Kolkata</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcutta_ei05-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Calcutta_ei05-02.jpg/220px-Calcutta_ei05-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Calcutta_ei05-02.jpg/330px-Calcutta_ei05-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Calcutta_ei05-02.jpg/440px-Calcutta_ei05-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_High_Court" title="Calcutta High Court">Calcutta High Court</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Post_Office_(GPO),_a_heritage_building_in_BBD_Bag,_Kolkata_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/General_Post_Office_%28GPO%29%2C_a_heritage_building_in_BBD_Bag%2C_Kolkata_07.jpg/220px-General_Post_Office_%28GPO%29%2C_a_heritage_building_in_BBD_Bag%2C_Kolkata_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/General_Post_Office_%28GPO%29%2C_a_heritage_building_in_BBD_Bag%2C_Kolkata_07.jpg/330px-General_Post_Office_%28GPO%29%2C_a_heritage_building_in_BBD_Bag%2C_Kolkata_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/General_Post_Office_%28GPO%29%2C_a_heritage_building_in_BBD_Bag%2C_Kolkata_07.jpg/440px-General_Post_Office_%28GPO%29%2C_a_heritage_building_in_BBD_Bag%2C_Kolkata_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="4080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Kolkata" title="General Post Office, Kolkata">General Post Office, Kolkata</a></figcaption></figure> Kolkata is administered by several government agencies. The <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kolkata Municipal Corporation">Kolkata Municipal Corporation</a>, or KMC, oversees and manages the civic infrastructure of the city's 16 boroughs, which together encompass 144 wards.<a href="#cite_note-kmcbasicstat-136">[134]</a> Each ward elects a councillor to the KMC. Each borough has a committee of councillors, each of whom is elected to represent a ward. By means of the borough committees, the corporation undertakes urban planning and maintains roads, government-aided schools, hospitals, and municipal markets.<a href="#cite_note-kmcfunction-162">[159]</a> As Kolkata's apex body, the corporation discharges its functions through the mayor-in-council, which comprises a <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Kolkata">mayor</a>, a deputy mayor, and ten other elected members of the KMC.<a href="#cite_note-kmcstructure-163">[160]</a> The functions of the KMC include water supply, drainage and sewerage, sanitation, solid waste management, street lighting, and building regulation.<a href="#cite_note-kmcfunction-162">[159]</a> Kolkata's administrative agencies have areas of jurisdiction that do not coincide. Listed in ascending order by area, they are: <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_district" title="Kolkata district">Kolkata district</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Kolkata_Police" title="Divisions of Kolkata Police">Kolkata Police area</a> and the Kolkata Municipal Corporation area, or "Kolkata city";<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata metropolitan area">Kolkata metropolitan area</a>, which is the city's urban agglomeration. The agency overseeing the latter, the <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Metropolitan_Development_Authority" title="Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority">Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority</a>, is responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Statutory_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory planning">statutory planning</a> and development of greater Kolkata.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> The Kolkata Municipal Corporation was ranked first out of 21 cities for best governance and administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 4.0 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> The Kolkata Port Trust, an agency of the central government, manages the city's river port. As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkata&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Trinamool_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a> controls the KMC; the mayor is <a href="/wiki/Firhad_Hakim" title="Firhad Hakim">Firhad Hakim</a>, while the deputy mayor is Atin Ghosh.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> The city has an apolitical <a href="/wiki/Titular_ruler" title="Titular ruler">titular</a> post, that of the <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_of_Kolkata" title="Sheriff of Kolkata">Sheriff of Kolkata</a>, which presides over various city-related functions and conferences.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> As the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Government of West Bengal</a>, Kolkata is home to not only the offices of the local governing agencies, but also the <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">West Bengal Legislative Assembly</a>; the state secretariat, which is housed in the Writers' Building; and the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_High_Court" title="Calcutta High Court">Calcutta High Court</a>. Most government establishments and institutions are housed in the centre of the city in B. B. D. Bagh (formerly known as Dalhousie Square). The Calcutta High Court is the oldest <a href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of India">High Court</a> in India. It was preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_at_Fort_William" title="Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William">Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William</a> which was established in 1774. The Calcutta High Court has jurisdiction over the state of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Union_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Territory">Union Territory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>. Kolkata has lower courts: the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Small_Causes" title="Court of Small Causes">Court of Small Causes</a> and the City Civil Court decide civil matters; the <a href="/wiki/Sessions_Court" title="Sessions Court">Sessions Court</a> rules in criminal cases.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Police" title="Kolkata Police">Kolkata Police</a>, headed by a police commissioner, is overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(West_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Home Affairs (West Bengal)">West Bengal Ministry of Home Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> The Kolkata district elects two representatives to India's lower house, the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>, and 11 representatives to the state legislative assembly.<a href="#cite_note-delimitgazzette-174">[171]</a> The Kolkata police district registered 15,510 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Indian Penal Code</a> cases in 2010, the 8th-highest total in the country.<a href="#cite_note-ncrb2-175">[172]</a> In 2010, the crime rate was 117.3 per 100,000, below the national rate of 187.6; it was the lowest rate among India's largest cities.<a href="#cite_note-ncrb10megacities-176">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utility_services">Utility services</h3></div> The Kolkata Municipal Corporation supplies the city with potable water that is sourced from the Hooghly River;<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> most of it is treated and purified at the Palta pumping station located in North 24 Parganas district.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Roughly 95% of the 4,000 tonnes of refuse produced daily by the city is transported to the dumping grounds in <a href="/wiki/Dhapa,_India" title="Dhapa, India">Dhapa</a>, which is east of the town.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> To promote the recycling of garbage and sewer water, agriculture is encouraged on the dumping grounds.<a href="#cite_note-UN-181">[178]</a> Parts of the city lack proper sewerage, leading to unsanitary methods of waste disposal.<a href="#cite_note-ESS-92">[90]</a> In 1856, the Bengal Government appointed <a href="/wiki/George_Turnbull_(engineer)" title="George Turnbull (engineer)">George Turnbull</a> to be the Commissioner of Drainage and Sewerage to improve the city's sewerage. Turnbull's main job was to be the Chief Engineer of the <a href="/wiki/East_Indian_Railway_Company" title="East Indian Railway Company">East Indian Railway Company</a> responsible for building the first railway 541 miles (871 km) from <a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a> to <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> (then <a href="/wiki/Benares" class="mw-redirect" title="Benares">Benares</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Electricity is supplied by the privately operated <a href="/wiki/CESC_Limited" title="CESC Limited">Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation</a>, or CESC, to the city proper; the <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_State_Electricity_Board" title="West Bengal State Electricity Board">West Bengal State Electricity Board</a> supplies it in the suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> Fire services are handled by the <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Fire_Service" title="West Bengal Fire Service">West Bengal Fire Service</a>, a state agency.<a href="#cite_note-fireservice-184">[181]</a> As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkata&action=edit">[update]</a>, the city had 16 fire stations.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> State-owned <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Sanchar_Nigam_Limited" title="Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited">Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited</a>, or BSNL, as well as private enterprises, among them <a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Idea" title="Vodafone Idea">Vodafone Idea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharti_Airtel" title="Bharti Airtel">Bharti Airtel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jio" title="Jio">Reliance Jio</a> are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city.<a href="#cite_note-trai_ar_11_wire-186">[183]</a>: 25–26 : 179  with Kolkata being the first city in India to have cell phone and <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> connectivity, the <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Code_division_multiple_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Code division multiple access">CDMA</a> cellular coverage is extensive.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkata&action=edit">[update]</a>, Kolkata has 7 percent of the total broadband internet consumers in India; BSNL, <a href="/wiki/VSNL" class="mw-redirect" title="VSNL">VSNL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tata_Indicom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tata Indicom">Tata Indicom</a>, Sify, <a href="/wiki/Hathway" title="Hathway">Hathway</a>, Airtel, and Jio are among the main vendors.<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_and_diplomatic_establishments">Military and diplomatic establishments</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Gate_-_Fort_William_-_Kidderpore_Road_-_Kolkata_2013-12-02_1065.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/South_Gate_-_Fort_William_-_Kidderpore_Road_-_Kolkata_2013-12-02_1065.JPG/220px-South_Gate_-_Fort_William_-_Kidderpore_Road_-_Kolkata_2013-12-02_1065.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/South_Gate_-_Fort_William_-_Kidderpore_Road_-_Kolkata_2013-12-02_1065.JPG/330px-South_Gate_-_Fort_William_-_Kidderpore_Road_-_Kolkata_2013-12-02_1065.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/South_Gate_-_Fort_William_-_Kidderpore_Road_-_Kolkata_2013-12-02_1065.JPG/440px-South_Gate_-_Fort_William_-_Kidderpore_Road_-_Kolkata_2013-12-02_1065.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2789" /></a><figcaption>Fort William, Kolkata</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Command (India)">Eastern Command</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> is based in the city. Being one of India's major city and the largest city in eastern and north-eastern India, Kolkata hosts diplomatic missions of many countries such as <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_India" title="List of diplomatic missions in India">Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Canada, People's Republic of China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Thailand, United Kingdom and United States</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Kolkata" title="Consulate General of the United States, Kolkata">U.S Consulate in Kolkata</a> is the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">US Department of State</a>'s second-oldest Consulate and dates from 19 November 1792.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> The Diplomatic representation of more than 65 Countries and International Organization is present in Kolkata as Consulate office, honorary Consulate office, Cultural Centre, Deputy High Commission and Economic section and Trade Representation office.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kolkata" title="Transport in Kolkata">Transport in Kolkata</a></div> Public transport is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Suburban_Railway" title="Kolkata Suburban Railway">Kolkata Suburban Railway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Metro" title="Kolkata Metro">Kolkata Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Kolkata" title="Trams in Kolkata">trams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rickshaws" class="mw-redirect" title="Rickshaws">rickshaws</a>, taxis and buses. The suburban rail network connects the city's distant suburbs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rapid_transit">Rapid transit</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Metro" title="Kolkata Metro">Kolkata Metro</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolkata-metro-1200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kolkata-metro-1200.jpg/220px-Kolkata-metro-1200.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kolkata-metro-1200.jpg/330px-Kolkata-metro-1200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kolkata-metro-1200.jpg/440px-Kolkata-metro-1200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata metro">Kolkata Metro</a> <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Metro_Line_2" title="Kolkata Metro Line 2">Green line</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Metro" title="Kolkata Metro">Kolkata Metro</a> is the rapid transit system of Kolkat. According to a 2013 survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Public_Transport" title="International Association of Public Transport">International Association of Public Transport</a>, in terms of a public transport system, Kolkata ranks top among the six Indian cities surveyed.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> The Kolkata Metro, in operation since 1984, is the oldest underground mass transit system in India.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> The fully operational blue line spans the north–south length through the middle of the city. In 2020, part of the Second line was inaugurated to cover part of <a href="/wiki/Bidhannagar" title="Bidhannagar">Salt Lake city</a>, Kolkata metro area. This east–west green line connects two satellite cities of Kolkata namely Salt Lake and Howrah. Other operational lines are Purple line and Orange line.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commuter_rail">Commuter rail</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Suburban_Railway" title="Kolkata Suburban Railway">Kolkata Suburban Railway</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Howrah_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Howrah_Station.jpg/220px-Howrah_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Howrah_Station.jpg/330px-Howrah_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Howrah_Station.jpg/440px-Howrah_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Howrah_Junction_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Howrah Junction railway station">Howrah Junction railway station</a>, largest and busiest railway complex in India (as of 2024)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Suburban_Railway" title="Kolkata Suburban Railway">Kolkata Suburban Railway</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_suburban_and_commuter_rail_systems" title="List of suburban and commuter rail systems">largest and second busiest</a> suburban railway network in the country by number of stations and track length, and also one of the largest in the world. Kolkata has five long-distance inter-city railway stations, located at <a href="/wiki/Howrah_railway_station" title="Howrah railway station">Howrah</a> (the largest and busiest railway complex in India, as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkata&action=edit">[update]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sealdah_railway_station" title="Sealdah railway station">Sealdah</a> (2nd busiest in India, as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkata&action=edit">[update]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_railway_station" title="Kolkata railway station">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shalimar_railway_station" title="Shalimar railway station">Shalimar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santragachi_Junction_railway_station" title="Santragachi Junction railway station">Santragachi Junction</a>, which connect Kolkata by rail to most cities in West Bengal and to other major cities in India.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> The city serves as the headquarters of three railway zones out of eighteen of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a> regional divisions namely the Kolkata Metro, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Railway_zone" title="Eastern Railway zone">Eastern Railway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_zone" title="South Eastern Railway zone">South Eastern Railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-railzones-198">[195]</a> Kolkata has international rail connectivity with <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, the capital of Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tram">Tram</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Kolkata" title="Trams in Kolkata">Trams in Kolkata</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolkata_transport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kolkata_transport.jpg/220px-Kolkata_transport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kolkata_transport.jpg/330px-Kolkata_transport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kolkata_transport.jpg/440px-Kolkata_transport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Kolkata" title="Trams in Kolkata">Kolkata tramway</a> is the only operational <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tramway</a> in India. It was founded in 1902 as the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Tramways_Company" title="Calcutta Tramways Company">Calcutta Tramways Company</a>.</figcaption></figure> Kolkata is the only Indian city with a tram network, which was operated by the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Tramways_Company" title="Calcutta Tramways Company">Calcutta Tramways Company</a>. It has now amalgamated to <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Transport_Corporation" title="West Bengal Transport Corporation">West Bengal Transport Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-onlytram-202">[199]</a> There are three operational routes: <a href="/wiki/Tollygunge" title="Tollygunge">Tollygunge</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ballygunge" title="Ballygunge">Ballygunge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gariahat" class="mw-redirect" title="Gariahat">Gariahat</a> to <a href="/wiki/Esplanade,_Kolkata" title="Esplanade, Kolkata">Esplanade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shyambazar" title="Shyambazar">Shyambazar</a> to <a href="/wiki/Esplanade,_Kolkata" title="Esplanade, Kolkata">Esplanade</a>. Trams are environment friendly but due to slow-moving and traffic congestion, tram attracts less passengers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Water-logging, caused by heavy rains during the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_of_South_Asia" title="Monsoon of South Asia">summer monsoon</a>, sometimes interrupt transportation networks.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads_and_expressways">Roads and expressways</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Kolkata" title="List of roads in Kolkata">List of roads in Kolkata</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_expressways_in_West_Bengal" title="List of expressways in West Bengal">List of expressways in West Bengal</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Road_-_Kolkata_2013-04-10_7739.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Red_Road_-_Kolkata_2013-04-10_7739.JPG/300px-Red_Road_-_Kolkata_2013-04-10_7739.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Red_Road_-_Kolkata_2013-04-10_7739.JPG/450px-Red_Road_-_Kolkata_2013-04-10_7739.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Red_Road_-_Kolkata_2013-04-10_7739.JPG/600px-Red_Road_-_Kolkata_2013-04-10_7739.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Red Road, a major 6-lane highroad in Central Kolkata</figcaption></figure> Kolkata along its <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata Metropolitan Area">metropolitan area</a> is home to the second largest road network in India. As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkata&action=edit">[update]</a>, total road network in the city's <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> is 4,018 km (2,497 mi),<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a>, while the city proper has road network of 1,850 km (1,150 mi).<a href="#cite_note-auto1-206">[203]</a> The city has witnessed a steady increase in the number of registered vehicles: from 17 lakhs in 2019 to 21 lakhs in 2022, an 18.52 per cent jump.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> With 2,448 vehicles per kilometre of road, Kolkata has the highest car density in India.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-206">[203]</a> This leads major traffic congestion. The city's main bus terminals are located at <a href="/wiki/Esplanade,_Kolkata" title="Esplanade, Kolkata">Esplanade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> The Kolkata–Delhi and Kolkata–<a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> prongs of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Quadrilateral" title="Golden Quadrilateral">Golden Quadrilateral</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_12_(India)" title="National Highway 12 (India)">National Highway 12</a> start from the outskirts of the city.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkata&action=edit">[update]</a>, Kolkata has one state expressway and two national <a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_India" title="Expressways of India">expressways</a>, all in its metropolitan area. <a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Expressway" title="Kalyani Expressway">Kalyani Expressway</a> is only state expressway, which is partially operational and partially under construction. The national expressways are <a href="/wiki/Belghoria_Expressway" title="Belghoria Expressway">Belghoria</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/AH1" title="AH1">AH1</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_12_(India)" title="National Highway 12 (India)">NH12</a>), operational and <a href="/wiki/Kona_Expressway" title="Kona Expressway">Kona Expressway</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_12_(India)" title="National Highway 12 (India)">NH12</a>), at grade road operational but elevated corridor under construction. Some national expressways are planned or in various stages of construction to connect directly with many major metropolises and cities of India. Those are: <a href="/wiki/Varanasi%E2%80%93Kolkata_Expressway" title="Varanasi–Kolkata Expressway">Varanasi–Kolkata Expressway</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> and Patna Kolkata Expressway.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> Kolkata has international road connectivity to <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jessore_Road" title="Jessore Road">Jessore Road</a>;<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> by Kolkata-Thailand-Bangkok Trilateral Highway (an extension of <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Myanmar%E2%80%93Thailand_Trilateral_Highway" title="India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway">IMT Highway</a>)<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> by <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_12_(India)" title="National Highway 12 (India)">NH12</a> and proposed <a href="/wiki/Haldia%E2%80%93Raxaul_Expressway" title="Haldia–Raxaul Expressway">Haldia–Raxaul Expressway</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_taxi_at_Esplanade_in_Kolkata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Yellow_taxi_at_Esplanade_in_Kolkata.jpg/220px-Yellow_taxi_at_Esplanade_in_Kolkata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Yellow_taxi_at_Esplanade_in_Kolkata.jpg/330px-Yellow_taxi_at_Esplanade_in_Kolkata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Yellow_taxi_at_Esplanade_in_Kolkata.jpg/440px-Yellow_taxi_at_Esplanade_in_Kolkata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The yellow taxi remains a favourite mode of transportation despite the foray of <a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">rideshare companies</a> in the transport market.</figcaption></figure> Hired public conveyances include <a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">auto rickshaws</a>, which often ply specific routes, and yellow metered taxis. Almost all of Kolkata's taxis are antiquated <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Ambassador" title="Hindustan Ambassador">Hindustan Ambassadors</a> by make; newer air-conditioned <a href="/wiki/Taxicab#Dispatching" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">radio taxis</a> are in service as well.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> In parts of the city, <a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">cycle rickshaws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulled_rickshaw" title="Pulled rickshaw">hand-pulled rickshaws</a> are patronised by the public for short trips.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolkata_Airport_Terminal_(14668163978).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kolkata_Airport_Terminal_%2814668163978%29.jpg/200px-Kolkata_Airport_Terminal_%2814668163978%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kolkata_Airport_Terminal_%2814668163978%29.jpg/300px-Kolkata_Airport_Terminal_%2814668163978%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kolkata_Airport_Terminal_%2814668163978%29.jpg/400px-Kolkata_Airport_Terminal_%2814668163978%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3628" data-file-height="2515" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_International_Airport" title="Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport">Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_International_Airport" title="Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport">Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport</a>, located in Dum Dum, about 16 km (9.9 mi) north-east of the city centre, operates domestic and international flights. In 2013, the airport was upgraded to handle increased air traffic.<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Kolkata" title="Port of Kolkata">Port of Kolkata</a>, established in 1870, is India's oldest and the only major river port.<a href="#cite_note-ibmport-219">[216]</a> The Kolkata Port Trust manages docks in Kolkata and <a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dockport-220">[217]</a> The port hosts passenger services to <a href="/wiki/Port_Blair" title="Port Blair">Port Blair</a>, capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands; freighter service to ports throughout India and around the world is operated by the <a href="/wiki/Shipping_Corporation_of_India" title="Shipping Corporation of India">Shipping Corporation of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ibmport-219">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> Ferry services connect Kolkata with its twin city of <a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a>, located across the Hooghly River.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Kolkata" title="Healthcare in Kolkata">Healthcare in Kolkata</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mchbuilding.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mchbuilding.JPG/220px-Mchbuilding.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mchbuilding.JPG/330px-Mchbuilding.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mchbuilding.JPG/440px-Mchbuilding.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Medical_College_and_Hospital,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata">Calcutta Medical College</a></figcaption></figure> As of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkata&action=edit">[update]</a>, the healthcare system in Kolkata consists of 48 government hospitals, mostly under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_%26_Family_Welfare_(West_Bengal)" title="Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal)">Department of Health & Family Welfare</a>, Government of West Bengal, and 366 private medical establishments;<a href="#cite_note-hospital2011-224">[221]</a> these establishments provide the city with 27,687 hospital beds.<a href="#cite_note-hospital2011-224">[221]</a> For every 10,000 people in the city, there are 61.7 hospital beds,<a href="#cite_note-hospital-225">[222]</a> which is higher than the national average of 9 hospital beds per 10,000.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> Ten <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kolkata#Medical_Colleges" title="Education in Kolkata">medical and dental colleges</a> are located in the Kolkata metropolitan area which act as <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_referral_hospital" title="Tertiary referral hospital">tertiary referral hospitals</a> in the state.<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta Medical College">Calcutta Medical College</a>, founded in 1835, was the first institution in Asia to teach modern medicine.<a href="#cite_note-calmed-229">[226]</a> However, these facilities are inadequate to meet the healthcare needs of the city.<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> More than 78% in Kolkata prefer the private medical sector over the public medical sector,<a href="#cite_note-healthsurvey-133">[131]</a>: 109  due to the overburdening of the public health sector, the lack of a nearby facility, and excessive waiting times at government facilities.<a href="#cite_note-healthsurvey-133">[131]</a>: 61  According to the Indian 2005 National Family Health Survey, only a small proportion of Kolkata households were covered under any health scheme or <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-healthsurvey-133">[131]</a>: 41  The <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> in Kolkata was 1.4, the lowest among the eight cities surveyed.<a href="#cite_note-healthsurvey-133">[131]</a>: 45  In Kolkata, 77% of the married women used <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive">contraceptives</a>, which was the highest among the cities surveyed, but use of modern contraceptive methods was the lowest (46%).<a href="#cite_note-healthsurvey-133">[131]</a>: 47  The <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant mortality rate">infant mortality rate</a> in Kolkata was 41 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 49 per 1,000 live births.<a href="#cite_note-healthsurvey-133">[131]</a>: 48  Among the surveyed cities, Kolkata stood second (5%) for children who had not had any vaccinations under the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Immunization_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Immunization Programme">Universal Immunization Programme</a> as of 2005<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkata&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-healthsurvey-133">[131]</a>: 48  Kolkata ranked second with access to an <a href="/wiki/Anganwadi" title="Anganwadi">anganwadi</a> centre under the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Child_Development_Services" title="Integrated Child Development Services">Integrated Child Development Services</a> (ICDS) programme for 57% of the children between 0 and 71 months.<a href="#cite_note-healthsurvey-133">[131]</a>: 51  The proportion of <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnourished</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">anaemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Underweight" title="Underweight">underweight</a> children in Kolkata was less in comparison to other surveyed cities.<a href="#cite_note-healthsurvey-133">[131]</a>: 54–55  About 18% of the men and 30% of the women in Kolkata are <a href="/wiki/Obese" class="mw-redirect" title="Obese">obese</a>—the majority of them belonging to the non-poor strata of society.<a href="#cite_note-healthsurvey-133">[131]</a>: 105  In 2005, Kolkata had the highest percentage (55%) among the surveyed cities of <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anaemic</a> women, while 20% of the men in Kolkata were anaemic.<a href="#cite_note-healthsurvey-133">[131]</a>: 56–57  Diseases like <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goitre" title="Goitre">goitre</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Thyroid#Clinical_significance" title="Thyroid">thyroid disorders</a> were found in large numbers of people.<a href="#cite_note-healthsurvey-133">[131]</a>: 57–59  Tropical diseases like <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dengue" class="mw-redirect" title="Dengue">dengue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chikungunya" title="Chikungunya">chikungunya</a> are prevalent in Kolkata, though their incidence is decreasing.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> Kolkata is one of the districts in India with <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_India" title="HIV/AIDS in India">a high number of people</a> with <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a>; it has been designated a district prone to high risk.<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> As of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkata&action=edit">[update]</a>, because of <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_India" title="Air pollution in India">higher air pollution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> of a person born in the city is four years fewer than in the suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolkata_univ_jeroje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kolkata_univ_jeroje.jpg/220px-Kolkata_univ_jeroje.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kolkata_univ_jeroje.jpg/330px-Kolkata_univ_jeroje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kolkata_univ_jeroje.jpg/440px-Kolkata_univ_jeroje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a></figcaption></figure> Kolkata's schools are run by the state government or private organisations, many of which are religious. <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> and English are the primary languages of instruction; <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> are also used, particularly in central Kolkata.<a href="#cite_note-educationsystem-238">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> Schools in Kolkata follow the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">"10+2+3" plan</a>. After completing their secondary education, students typically enroll in schools that have a higher secondary facility and are affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Council_of_Higher_Secondary_Education" title="West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education">West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" title="Indian Certificate of Secondary Education">ICSE</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Central Board of Secondary Education">CBSE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-educationsystem-238">[235]</a> They usually choose a focus on liberal arts, business, or science. Vocational programs are also available.<a href="#cite_note-educationsystem-238">[235]</a> Some Kolkata schools, for example <a href="/wiki/South_Point_School" title="South Point School">South Point School</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Martini%C3%A8re_Calcutta" title="La Martinière Calcutta">La Martinière Calcutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Boys%27_School" title="Calcutta Boys' School">Calcutta Boys' School</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._James%27_School_(Kolkata)" title="St. James' School (Kolkata)">St. James' School (Kolkata)</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_Collegiate_School" title="St. Xavier's Collegiate School">St. Xavier's Collegiate School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loreto_House" title="Loreto House">Loreto House</a>, have been ranked amongst the best schools in the country.<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkata&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Kolkata urban agglomeration is home to 14 universities run by the state government.<a href="#cite_note-higheredu124127-241">[238]</a> The colleges are each affiliated with a university or institution based either in Kolkata or elsewhere in India. <a href="/wiki/Aliah_University" title="Aliah University">Aliah University</a> which was founded in 1780 as Mohammedan College of Calcutta is the oldest post-secondary educational institution of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Home_page-242">[239]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>, founded in 1857, is the first modern university in South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-higheredu129-243">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidency_College,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency College, Kolkata">Presidency College, Kolkata</a> (formerly Hindu College between 1817 and 1855), founded in 1855, was one of the oldest colleges in India. It was affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a> until 2010 when it was converted to <a href="/wiki/Presidency_University,_Kolkata" title="Presidency University, Kolkata">Presidency University, Kolkata</a> in 2010. <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Engineering_and_Science_University,_Shibpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur">Bengal Engineering and Science University</a> (BESU) is the second oldest engineering institution of the country located in Howrah.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Importance" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of National Importance">Institute of National Importance</a>, BESU was converted to India's first <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Engineering_Science_and_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Engineering Science and Technology">IIEST</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jadavpur_University" title="Jadavpur University">Jadavpur University</a> is known for its arts, science, and engineering faculties.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Calcutta" title="Indian Institute of Management Calcutta">Indian Institute of Management Calcutta</a>, which was the first of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Management" title="Indian Institutes of Management">Indian Institutes of Management</a>, was established in 1961 at <a href="/wiki/Joka,_Kolkata" title="Joka, Kolkata">Joka</a>, a locality in the south-western suburbs. Kolkata also houses the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Foreign_Trade" title="Indian Institute of Foreign Trade">Indian Institute of Foreign Trade</a>, which was started here in the year 2006.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidency_University_-_Kolkata_7367.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Presidency_University_-_Kolkata_7367.JPG/220px-Presidency_University_-_Kolkata_7367.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Presidency_University_-_Kolkata_7367.JPG/330px-Presidency_University_-_Kolkata_7367.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Presidency_University_-_Kolkata_7367.JPG/440px-Presidency_University_-_Kolkata_7367.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Presidency_University,_Kolkata" title="Presidency University, Kolkata">Presidency University, Kolkata</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_National_University_of_Juridical_Sciences" title="West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences">West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences</a> is one of India's <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_law_schools_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous law schools in India">autonomous law schools</a>,<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Statistical_Institute" title="Indian Statistical Institute">Indian Statistical Institute</a> is a public research institute and university. State owned <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Abul_Kalam_Azad_University_of_Technology" title="Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology">Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology</a>, West Bengal (MAKAUT, WB), formerly West Bengal University of Technology (WBUT) is the largest Technological University in terms of student enrollment and number of Institutions affiliated by it. Private institutions include the <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission_Vivekananda_Educational_and_Research_Institute" title="Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute">Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Engineering_%26_Management,_Kolkata" title="University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata">University of Engineering & Management</a> (UEM). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_scholars">Notable scholars</h3></div> Notable scholars who were born, worked or studied in Kolkata include physicists <a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-calunivalumni-249">[246]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a>;<a href="#cite_note-calunivteachers-250">[247]</a> chemist <a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chandra_Ray" title="Prafulla Chandra Ray">Prafulla Chandra Ray</a>;<a href="#cite_note-calunivalumni-249">[246]</a> statisticians <a href="/wiki/Prasanta_Chandra_Mahalanobis" title="Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis">Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a>;<a href="#cite_note-calunivalumni-249">[246]</a> physician <a href="/wiki/Upendranath_Brahmachari" title="Upendranath Brahmachari">Upendranath Brahmachari</a>;<a href="#cite_note-calunivalumni-249">[246]</a> educator <a href="/wiki/Ashutosh_Mukherjee" title="Ashutosh Mukherjee">Ashutosh Mukherjee</a>;<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a> and Nobel laureates <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>,<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">C. V. Raman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-calunivteachers-250">[247]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_institutes">Research institutes</h3></div> Kolkata houses many research institutes, including the following: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Hygiene_and_Public_Health" title="All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health">All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bose_Institute" title="Bose Institute">Bose Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Glass_and_Ceramic_Research_Institute" title="Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute">Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute</a> (CGCRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Studies_in_Social_Sciences,_Calcutta" title="Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta">Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._B_C_Roy_Post_Graduate_Institute_of_Paediatric_Sciences" title="Dr. B C Roy Post Graduate Institute of Paediatric Sciences">Dr. B C Roy Post Graduate Institute of Paediatric Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Association_for_the_Cultivation_of_Science" title="Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science">Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science</a> (IACS) <ul><li>Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Sir_C._V._Raman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir C. V. Raman">Sir C. V. Raman</a> did his groundbreaking work in <a href="/wiki/Raman_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Raman effect">Raman effect</a> at IACS.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Centre_for_Space_Physics" title="Indian Centre for Space Physics">Indian Centre for Space Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Chemical_Biology" title="Indian Institute of Chemical Biology">Indian Institute of Chemical Biology</a> (IICB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science_Education_and_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Science Education and Research">Indian Institute of Science Education and Research</a> (IISER)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Social_Welfare_and_Business_Management" title="Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management">Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management</a> (IISWBM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Pharmaceutical_Education_and_Research,_Kolkata" title="National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata">National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saha_Institute_of_Nuclear_Physics" title="Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics">Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics</a> (SINP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._N._Bose_National_Centre_for_Basic_Sciences" title="S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences">S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences</a> (SNBNCBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_Energy_Cyclotron_Centre" title="Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre">Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre</a> (VECC)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kolkata" title="Culture of Kolkata">Culture of Kolkata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja_in_Kolkata" title="Durga Puja in Kolkata">Durga Puja in Kolkata</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Street_food_of_Kolkata" title="Street food of Kolkata">Street food of Kolkata</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_Idol,_Kolkata-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Durga_Idol%2C_Kolkata-04.jpg/300px-Durga_Idol%2C_Kolkata-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Durga_Idol%2C_Kolkata-04.jpg/450px-Durga_Idol%2C_Kolkata-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Durga_Idol%2C_Kolkata-04.jpg/600px-Durga_Idol%2C_Kolkata-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3701" data-file-height="2776" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a> is the biggest festival for <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_Puja_Pandal_-_Park_Circus_Beniapukur_-_Kolkata_2015-10-21_6124.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Durga_Puja_Pandal_-_Park_Circus_Beniapukur_-_Kolkata_2015-10-21_6124.JPG/220px-Durga_Puja_Pandal_-_Park_Circus_Beniapukur_-_Kolkata_2015-10-21_6124.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Durga_Puja_Pandal_-_Park_Circus_Beniapukur_-_Kolkata_2015-10-21_6124.JPG/330px-Durga_Puja_Pandal_-_Park_Circus_Beniapukur_-_Kolkata_2015-10-21_6124.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Durga_Puja_Pandal_-_Park_Circus_Beniapukur_-_Kolkata_2015-10-21_6124.JPG/440px-Durga_Puja_Pandal_-_Park_Circus_Beniapukur_-_Kolkata_2015-10-21_6124.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5790" data-file-height="3849" /></a><figcaption>Durga Puja pandals in Kolkata often have grand designs</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vijaya_Dashami_day_in_Tollygunge_area_Kolkata_Durga_Puja_2022_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Vijaya_Dashami_day_in_Tollygunge_area_Kolkata_Durga_Puja_2022_05.jpg/220px-Vijaya_Dashami_day_in_Tollygunge_area_Kolkata_Durga_Puja_2022_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Vijaya_Dashami_day_in_Tollygunge_area_Kolkata_Durga_Puja_2022_05.jpg/330px-Vijaya_Dashami_day_in_Tollygunge_area_Kolkata_Durga_Puja_2022_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Vijaya_Dashami_day_in_Tollygunge_area_Kolkata_Durga_Puja_2022_05.jpg/440px-Vijaya_Dashami_day_in_Tollygunge_area_Kolkata_Durga_Puja_2022_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tollygunge" title="Tollygunge">Tollygunge</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Memorial_Illuminated_at_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Victoria_Memorial_Illuminated_at_Night.jpg/220px-Victoria_Memorial_Illuminated_at_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Victoria_Memorial_Illuminated_at_Night.jpg/330px-Victoria_Memorial_Illuminated_at_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Victoria_Memorial_Illuminated_at_Night.jpg/440px-Victoria_Memorial_Illuminated_at_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6704" data-file-height="3771" /></a><figcaption>Victoria Memorial at night</figcaption></figure> Kolkata is known for its literary, artistic and revolutionary heritage; as the former capital of India, it was the birthplace of modern Indian literary and artistic thought.<a href="#cite_note-niradchaudh-254">[251]</a> Kolkata has been called the "City of Furious, Creative Energy"<a href="#cite_note-sinha-255">[252]</a> as well as the "cultural [or literary] capital of India".<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-nobleliterary-257">[254]</a> The presence of <a href="/wiki/Para_(Bengali)" title="Para (Bengali)">paras</a>, which are neighbourhoods that possess a strong sense of community, is characteristic of the city.<a href="#cite_note-parawbgov-258">[255]</a> Typically, each para has its own community club and on occasion, a playing field.<a href="#cite_note-parawbgov-258">[255]</a> Residents engage in <a href="/wiki/Adda_(Indian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adda (Indian)">addas</a>, or leisurely chats, that often take the form of freestyle intellectual conversation.<a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a> The city has a tradition of political <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> depicting everything from outrageous slander to witty banter and limericks, caricatures and propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a> Kolkata has many buildings adorned with <a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic</a> architectural motifs. Several well-maintained major buildings from the colonial period have been declared "heritage structures";<a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> others are in various stages of decay.<a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> Established in 1814 as the nation's oldest museum, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Museum" title="Indian Museum">Indian Museum</a> houses large collections that showcase <a href="/wiki/Indian_natural_history" title="Indian natural history">Indian natural history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Indian art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marble_Palace_(Kolkata)" title="Marble Palace (Kolkata)">Marble Palace</a> is a classic example of a European mansion that was built in the city. The <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial,_Kolkata" title="Victoria Memorial, Kolkata">Victoria Memorial</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Places_of_interest_in_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Places of interest in Kolkata">place of interest in Kolkata</a>, has a museum documenting the city's history. The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_India" title="National Library of India">National Library of India</a> is the leading public library in the country while <a href="/wiki/Science_City,_Kolkata" title="Science City, Kolkata">Science City</a> is the largest science centre in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Library,_Calcutta_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large white rectangular building with tall arched windows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/National_Library%2C_Calcutta_2007.jpg/220px-National_Library%2C_Calcutta_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/National_Library%2C_Calcutta_2007.jpg/330px-National_Library%2C_Calcutta_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/National_Library%2C_Calcutta_2007.jpg/440px-National_Library%2C_Calcutta_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_India" title="National Library of India">National Library of India</a> </figcaption></figure> The popularity of commercial theatres in the city has declined since the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-bhattawomen-268">[265]</a>: 99 <a href="#cite_note-dett5312009-269">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Group_theatres_of_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Group theatres of Kolkata">Group theatres of Kolkata</a>, a cultural movement that started in the 1940s contrasting with the then-popular commercial theatres, are theatres that are not professional or commercial, and are centres of various experiments in theme, content, and production;<a href="#cite_note-heierstad39-270">[267]</a> group theatres use the <a href="/wiki/Proscenium" title="Proscenium">proscenium</a> stage to highlight socially relevant messages.<a href="#cite_note-bhattawomen-268">[265]</a>: 99 <a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chitpur" title="Chitpur">Chitpur</a> locality of the city houses multiple production companies of <a href="/wiki/Jatra_(Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatra (Bengal)">jatra</a>, a tradition of folk drama popular in rural Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a> Kolkata is the home of the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Bengali cinema</a> industry, dubbed "Tollywood" for <a href="/wiki/Tollygunj" class="mw-redirect" title="Tollygunj">Tollygunj</a>, where most of the state's film studios are located.<a href="#cite_note-Sarkar-274">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Its long tradition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">art films</a> includes globally acclaimed film directors such as <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mrinal_Sen" title="Mrinal Sen">Mrinal Sen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapan_Sinha" title="Tapan Sinha">Tapan Sinha</a> and contemporary directors such as <a href="/wiki/Aparna_Sen" title="Aparna Sen">Aparna Sen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhadeb_Dasgupta" title="Buddhadeb Dasgupta">Buddhadeb Dasgupta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goutam_Ghose" title="Goutam Ghose">Goutam Ghose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rituparno_Ghosh" title="Rituparno Ghosh">Rituparno Ghosh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a> During the 19th and 20th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> was modernised through the works of authors such as <a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> Coupled with social reforms led by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> and others, this constituted a major part of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a> The middle and latter parts of the 20th century witnessed the arrival of post-modernism, as well as literary movements such as those espoused by the <a href="/wiki/Kallol" title="Kallol">Kallol</a> movement, <a href="/wiki/Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">hungryalists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Little_magazine_movement#Bengali_little_magazine_movement" title="Little magazine movement">little magazines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> Large majority of publishers of the city is concentrated in and around <a href="/wiki/College_Street_(Kolkata)" title="College Street (Kolkata)">College Street</a>, "... a half-mile of bookshops and bookstalls spilling over onto the pavement", selling new and used books.<a href="#cite_note-smithsonian_July_91-279">[276]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg/220px-Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg/330px-Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg/440px-Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3162" data-file-height="3632" /></a><figcaption>Sandalwood <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Museum" title="Indian Museum">Indian Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Kalighat_painting" title="Kalighat painting">Kalighat painting</a> originated in 19th century Kolkata as a local style that reflected a variety of themes including mythology and quotidian life.<a href="#cite_note-kalighpaint1-280">[277]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_College_of_Art_%26_Craft" title="Government College of Art & Craft">Government College of Art and Craft</a>, founded in 1864, has been the cradle as well as workplace of eminent artists including <a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamini_Roy" title="Jamini Roy">Jamini Roy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> The art college was the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_school_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal school of art">Bengal school of art</a> that arose as an <a href="/wiki/Avant_garde" class="mw-redirect" title="Avant garde">avant garde</a> and nationalist movement reacting against the prevalent <a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">academic art</a> styles in the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-benartmitter-282">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-benartatlas-283">[280]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Kolkata" title="Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata">Academy of Fine Arts</a> and other art galleries hold regular art exhibitions. The city is recognised for its appreciation of <a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a> (songs written by Rabindranath Tagore) and <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a>, with important concerts and recitals, such as <a href="/wiki/Dover_Lane_Music_Conference" title="Dover Lane Music Conference">Dover Lane Music Conference</a>, being held throughout the year; Bengali popular music, including <a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">baul folk ballads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">kirtans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gajan_(festival)" title="Gajan (festival)">Gajan</a> festival music; and modern music, including Bengali-language adhunik songs.<a href="#cite_note-banglasong-284">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> Since the early 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Indian_rock#Rock_scenes" title="Indian rock">new genres</a> have emerged, including one comprising alternative folk–rock <a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_West_Bengal" title="Rock music of West Bengal">Bengali bands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-banglasong-284">[281]</a> Another new style, jibonmukhi gaan ("songs about life"), is based on <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bhattawomen-268">[265]</a>: 105  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandesh_-_Oberoi_Grand_-_Kolkata_2013-05-23_8046.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sandesh varieties" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sandesh_-_Oberoi_Grand_-_Kolkata_2013-05-23_8046.JPG/220px-Sandesh_-_Oberoi_Grand_-_Kolkata_2013-05-23_8046.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sandesh_-_Oberoi_Grand_-_Kolkata_2013-05-23_8046.JPG/330px-Sandesh_-_Oberoi_Grand_-_Kolkata_2013-05-23_8046.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sandesh_-_Oberoi_Grand_-_Kolkata_2013-05-23_8046.JPG/440px-Sandesh_-_Oberoi_Grand_-_Kolkata_2013-05-23_8046.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sandesh_(confectionery)" title="Sandesh (confectionery)">Sandesh</a>, a typical Bengali sweet made from <a href="/wiki/Chhena" title="Chhena">chhena</a></figcaption></figure> Key elements of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Kolkata's cuisine</a> include rice and a fish curry known as machher jhol,<a href="#cite_note-machhe-286">[283]</a> which can be accompanied by desserts such as <a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">roshogolla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandesh_(confectionery)" title="Sandesh (confectionery)">sandesh</a>, and a sweet yoghurt known as <a href="/wiki/Mitha_Dahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitha Dahi">mishti dohi</a>. Bengal's large repertoire of seafood dishes includes various preparations of <a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">ilish</a>, a fish that is a favourite among Calcuttans. Street foods such as <a href="/wiki/Beguni" title="Beguni">beguni</a> (fried battered eggplant slices), <a href="/wiki/Kati_roll" title="Kati roll">kati roll</a> (flatbread roll with vegetable or chicken, mutton or egg stuffing), <a href="/wiki/Panipuri" title="Panipuri">phuchka</a> (a deep-fried crêpe with tamarind sauce) and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Indian Chinese cuisine">Indian Chinese cuisine</a> from Chinatown are popular.<a href="#cite_note-kolkataimages-287">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-rolltelegraph-288">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dance_with_Rabindra_Sangeet_-_Kolkata_2011-11-05_6669.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four women wearing saree in different dancing poses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dance_with_Rabindra_Sangeet_-_Kolkata_2011-11-05_6669.JPG/220px-Dance_with_Rabindra_Sangeet_-_Kolkata_2011-11-05_6669.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dance_with_Rabindra_Sangeet_-_Kolkata_2011-11-05_6669.JPG/330px-Dance_with_Rabindra_Sangeet_-_Kolkata_2011-11-05_6669.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dance_with_Rabindra_Sangeet_-_Kolkata_2011-11-05_6669.JPG/440px-Dance_with_Rabindra_Sangeet_-_Kolkata_2011-11-05_6669.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Dance accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a>, a music genre started by Rabindranath Tagore</figcaption></figure> Though Bengali women traditionally wear the <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">shalwar kameez</a> and Western attire is gaining acceptance among younger women.<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a> Western-style dress has greater acceptance among men, although the traditional <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhoti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurta" title="Kurta">kurta</a> are seen during festivals. <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a>, held in September–October, is Kolkata's most important and largest festival; it is an occasion for glamorous celebrations and artistic decorations.<a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a> The Bengali New Year, known as <a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Poila Boishak</a>, as well as the harvest festival of Poush Parbon are among the city's other festivals; also celebrated are <a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhath" title="Chhath">Chhaith</a>,<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jitiya" title="Jitiya">Jitiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagaddhatri" title="Jagaddhatri">Jagaddhatri</a> Puja, <a href="/wiki/Saraswati_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraswati Puja">Saraswati Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rathayatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rathayatra">Rathayatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janmashtami" class="mw-redirect" title="Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha Shivratri">Maha Shivratri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishwakarma_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwakarma Puja">Vishwakarma Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chathurthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganesh Chathurthi">Ganesh Chathurthi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gajan_(festival)" title="Gajan (festival)">Gajan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalpataru_Day" title="Kalpataru Day">Kalpataru Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Phonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhai Phonta">Bhai Phonta</a>, Maghotsab, <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Fitr">Eid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddha_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Purnima">Buddha Purnima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Jayanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavir Jayanti">Mahavir Jayanti</a>. Cultural events include the <a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Jayanti" title="Rabindra Jayanti">Rabindra Jayanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a> (15 August), <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day" title="Republic Day">Republic Day</a> (26 January), <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Book_Fair" title="Kolkata Book Fair">Kolkata Book Fair</a>, the Dover Lane Music Festival, the <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_International_Film_Festival" title="Kolkata International Film Festival">Kolkata International Film Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nandikar%27s_National_Theatre_Festival" title="Nandikar's National Theatre Festival">Nandikar's National Theatre Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statesman_Vintage_%26_Classic_Car_Rally" title="Statesman Vintage & Classic Car Rally">Statesman Vintage & Classic Car Rally</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Jayanti" title="Gandhi Jayanti">Gandhi Jayanti</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_in_the_media" title="Kolkata in the media">Kolkata in the media</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bengali-language_television_channels" title="List of Bengali-language television channels">List of Bengali-language television channels</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akashvani_Bhavan,_Kolkata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A five-storied building in cream colour with multiple columns in front" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Akashvani_Bhavan%2C_Kolkata.jpg/220px-Akashvani_Bhavan%2C_Kolkata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Akashvani_Bhavan%2C_Kolkata.jpg/330px-Akashvani_Bhavan%2C_Kolkata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Akashvani_Bhavan%2C_Kolkata.jpg/440px-Akashvani_Bhavan%2C_Kolkata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Akashvani Bhawan, the head office of state-owned <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a>, Kolkata</figcaption></figure> The first newspaper in India, the <a href="/wiki/Hicky%27s_Bengal_Gazette" title="Hicky's Bengal Gazette">Bengal Gazette</a> started publishing from the city in 1780.<a href="#cite_note-Eaman2009-295">[292]</a> Among Kolkata's widely circulated Bengali-language newspapers are <a href="/wiki/Anandabazar_Patrika" title="Anandabazar Patrika">Anandabazar Patrika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartaman" title="Bartaman">Bartaman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ei_Samay_Sangbadpatra" title="Ei Samay Sangbadpatra">Ei Samay Sangbadpatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sangbad_Pratidin" title="Sangbad Pratidin">Sangbad Pratidin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aajkaal" title="Aajkaal">Aajkaal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dainik_Statesman" title="Dainik Statesman">Dainik Statesman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganashakti" title="Ganashakti">Ganashakti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-newspaper-296">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Statesman_(India)" title="The Statesman (India)">The Statesman</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(India)" title="The Telegraph (India)">The Telegraph</a> are two major English-language newspapers that are produced and published from the city. Other popular English-language newspapers published and sold in the city include <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Asian_Age" title="The Asian Age">The Asian Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-newspaper-296">[293]</a> As the largest trading centre in East India, the city has several high-circulation financial dailies, including <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Financial_Express_(India)" title="The Financial Express (India)">The Financial Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_Line" title="Business Line">Business Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business_Standard" title="Business Standard">Business Standard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-newspaper-296">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a> Vernacular newspapers, such as those in the <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> and Chinese languages, are read by minorities.<a href="#cite_note-BanerjeePage10-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-newspaper-296">[293]</a> Major periodicals based in the city include <a href="/wiki/Desh_(magazine)" title="Desh (magazine)">Desh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sananda_(magazine)" title="Sananda (magazine)">Sananda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saptahik_Bartaman" title="Saptahik Bartaman">Saptahik Bartaman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unish-Kuri" title="Unish-Kuri">Unish-Kuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anandalok" title="Anandalok">Anandalok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anandamela" title="Anandamela">Anandamela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-newspaper-296">[293]</a> Historically, Kolkata has been the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Little_magazine_movement#Bengali_little_magazine_movement" title="Little magazine movement">Bengali little magazine movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a> <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a> (AIR), the national state-owned radio broadcaster, airs several <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM</a> radio stations in the city. Kolkata has <a href="/wiki/List_of_FM_radio_stations_in_India#Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="List of FM radio stations in India">10 local radio stations</a> broadcasting on <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a>, including three from AIR. India's state-owned television broadcaster, <a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a>, provides two free-to-air terrestrial channels,<a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a> while a mix of Bengali, Hindi, English, and other regional channels are accessible via <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable subscription</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direct-broadcast_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-broadcast satellite">direct-broadcast satellite</a> services, or <a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">internet-based television</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bengali-language_television_channels#News_channels" title="List of Bengali-language television channels">Bengali-language 24-hour television news channels</a> include <a href="/wiki/ABP_Ananda" title="ABP Ananda">ABP Ananda</a>, <a href="/wiki/News18_Bangla" title="News18 Bangla">News18 Bangla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_TV" title="Kolkata TV">Kolkata TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zee_24_Ghanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Zee 24 Ghanta">Zee 24 Ghanta</a>, TV9 Bangla and <a href="/wiki/Republic_Bangla" title="Republic Bangla">Republic Bangla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-304">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Kolkata" title="Football in Kolkata">Football in Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Marathon" title="Kolkata Marathon">Kolkata Marathon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Derby" title="Kolkata Derby">Kolkata Derby</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salt_Lake_Stadium_during_FIFA_U17_World_Cup_2017_....jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Salt_Lake_Stadium_during_FIFA_U17_World_Cup_2017_....jpg/220px-Salt_Lake_Stadium_during_FIFA_U17_World_Cup_2017_....jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Salt_Lake_Stadium_during_FIFA_U17_World_Cup_2017_....jpg/330px-Salt_Lake_Stadium_during_FIFA_U17_World_Cup_2017_....jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Salt_Lake_Stadium_during_FIFA_U17_World_Cup_2017_....jpg/440px-Salt_Lake_Stadium_during_FIFA_U17_World_Cup_2017_....jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_Yuba_Bharati_Krirangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan">Salt Lake Stadium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata Metropolitan Area">Greater Kolkata</a>) on a matchday of the <a href="/wiki/2017_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup" title="2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup">2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup</a></figcaption></figure> The most popular sports in Kolkata are <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>. Unlike most parts of India, the residents show significant passion[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">weasel words</a>] for football.<a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Football_Association" title="Indian Football Association">Indian Football Association</a>, the oldest football association of the country is based here. It administers football in West Bengal. Kolkata is home to India's top football clubs such as <a href="/wiki/Mohun_Bagan_AC" title="Mohun Bagan AC">Mohun Bagan AC</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal_Club" title="East Bengal Club">East Bengal Club</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mohammedan_SC_(Kolkata)" title="Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)">Mohammedan SC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[304]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Football_League" title="Calcutta Football League">Calcutta Football League</a>, the oldest football league in Asia, was started in 1898. Mohun Bagan AC, one of the oldest football clubs in Asia, is the only organisation to be dubbed as "National Club of India".<a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a> Two clubs of the city - <a href="/wiki/Mohun_Bagan_Super_Giant" title="Mohun Bagan Super Giant">Mohun Bagan Super Giant</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal_FC" title="East Bengal FC">East Bengal FC</a> compete in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Super_League" title="Indian Super League">Indian Super League</a> (ISL).<a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a> Football matches between Mohun Bagan and East Bengal, called as the <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Derby" title="Kolkata Derby">Kolkata Derby</a>, witness large audience attendance and rivalry between patrons.<a href="#cite_note-311">[308]</a> The multi-use <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Stadium" title="Salt Lake Stadium">Salt Lake Stadium</a>, also known as Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan, is India's second largest stadium by <a href="/wiki/Seating_capacity" title="Seating capacity">seating capacity</a>. Most matches of the <a href="/wiki/2017_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup" title="2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup">2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup</a> were played in this stadium including both Semi-final matches and the Final match. Kolkata also accounted for 45% of total attendance in 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup with an average of 55,345 spectators.<a href="#cite_note-312">[309]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Cricket_and_Football_Club" title="Calcutta Cricket and Football Club">Calcutta Cricket and Football Club</a> is the second-oldest cricket club in the world.<a href="#cite_note-313">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-ccfcdate-314">[311]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eden_Gardens,_Kolkata_(05).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Eden_Gardens%2C_Kolkata_%2805%29.jpg/220px-Eden_Gardens%2C_Kolkata_%2805%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Eden_Gardens%2C_Kolkata_%2805%29.jpg/330px-Eden_Gardens%2C_Kolkata_%2805%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Eden_Gardens%2C_Kolkata_%2805%29.jpg/440px-Eden_Gardens%2C_Kolkata_%2805%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Established in 1864, Eden Gardens is the oldest cricket stadium in India. </figcaption></figure> As in the rest of India, cricket is popular in Kolkata and is played on various grounds throughout the city.<a href="#cite_note-315">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a> Kolkata is home to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Premier_League" title="Indian Premier League">Indian Premier League</a> (IPL) franchise <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Knight_Riders" title="Kolkata Knight Riders">Kolkata Knight Riders</a> and also the <a href="/wiki/Cricket_Association_of_Bengal" title="Cricket Association of Bengal">Cricket Association of Bengal</a> which regulates cricket in West Bengal and the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_cricket_team" title="Bengal cricket team">Bengal cricket team</a>. Tournaments, especially those involving cricket, football, badminton and <a href="/wiki/Carrom" title="Carrom">carrom</a>, are regularly organised here on an inter-locality or inter-club basis.<a href="#cite_note-parawbgov-258">[255]</a> The Maidan, a vast field that serves as the city's largest park, hosts several minor football and cricket clubs and coaching institutes.<a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eden_Gardens" title="Eden Gardens">Eden Gardens</a>, which has a capacity of 80,000, as of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkata&action=edit">[update]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-edenstats-318">[315]</a> hosted the final match of the <a href="/wiki/1987_Cricket_World_Cup" title="1987 Cricket World Cup">1987 Cricket World Cup</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Netaji_Indoor_Stadium" title="Netaji Indoor Stadium">Netaji Indoor Stadium</a> served as host of the <a href="/wiki/1981_Asian_Basketball_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 Asian Basketball Championship">1981 Asian Basketball Championship</a>, where <a href="/wiki/India%27s_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="India's national basketball team">India's national basketball team</a> finished 5th, ahead of teams that belong to Asia's basketball elite, such as <a href="/wiki/Iran_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran national basketball team">Iran</a>. The city has three 18-hole golf courses. The oldest is at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Calcutta_Golf_Club" title="Royal Calcutta Golf Club">Royal Calcutta Golf Club</a>, the first golf club built outside the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[317]</a> The other two are located at the <a href="/wiki/Tollygunge_Club" title="Tollygunge Club">Tollygunge Club</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Fort_William,_India" title="Fort William, India">Fort William</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Calcutta_Turf_Club" title="Royal Calcutta Turf Club">Royal Calcutta Turf Club</a> hosts horse racing and polo matches.<a href="#cite_note-321">[318]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Polo_Club" title="Calcutta Polo Club">Calcutta Polo Club</a> is considered the oldest extant polo club in the world.<a href="#cite_note-322">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kolpolo-324">[321]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Racket_Club" title="Calcutta Racket Club">Calcutta Racket Club</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">squash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racquet" class="mw-redirect" title="Racquet">racquet</a> club in Kolkata. It was founded in 1793, making it one of the oldest rackets clubs in the world, and the first in the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-325">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[323]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_South_Club" title="Calcutta South Club">Calcutta South Club</a> is a venue for national and international tennis tournaments; it held the first grass-court national championship in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[325]</a> In the period 2005–2007, <a href="/wiki/Sunfeast_Open" title="Sunfeast Open">Sunfeast Open</a>, a tier-III tournament on the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association" title="Women's Tennis Association">Women's Tennis Association</a> circuit, was held in the Netaji Indoor Stadium; it has since been discontinued.<a href="#cite_note-329">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[327]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Rowing_Club" title="Calcutta Rowing Club">Calcutta Rowing Club</a> hosts <a href="/wiki/Sport_rowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport rowing">rowing</a> heats and training events. Kolkata, considered the leading centre of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_India" title="Rugby union in India">rugby union in India</a>, gives its name to the oldest international tournament in rugby union, the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Cup" title="Calcutta Cup">Calcutta Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-331">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[330]</a> The Automobile Association of Eastern India, established in 1904,<a href="#cite_note-334">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[332]</a> and the Bengal Motor Sports Club are involved in promoting motor sports and car rallies in Kolkata and West Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-bmscaaei-336">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[334]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Beighton_Cup" title="Beighton Cup">Beighton Cup</a>, an event organised by the Bengal Hockey Association and first played in 1895, is India's oldest <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> tournament; it is usually held on the <a href="/wiki/Mohun_Bagan_Ground" title="Mohun Bagan Ground">Mohun Bagan Ground</a> of the Maidan.<a href="#cite_note-beightontelegraph-338">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[336]</a> Athletes from Kolkata include <a href="/wiki/Sourav_Ganguly" title="Sourav Ganguly">Sourav Ganguly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pankaj_Roy" title="Pankaj Roy">Pankaj Roy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jhulan_Goswami" title="Jhulan Goswami">Jhulan Goswami</a>, who are former <a href="/wiki/List_of_India_national_cricket_captains" title="List of India national cricket captains">captains</a> of the <a href="/wiki/India_national_cricket_team" title="India national cricket team">Indian national cricket team</a>; <a href="/wiki/India_at_the_Olympics" title="India at the Olympics">Olympic</a> tennis bronze medalist <a href="/wiki/Leander_Paes" title="Leander Paes">Leander Paes</a>, golfer <a href="/wiki/Arjun_Atwal" title="Arjun Atwal">Arjun Atwal</a>, and former footballers <a href="/wiki/Sailen_Manna" title="Sailen Manna">Sailen Manna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuni_Goswami" title="Chuni Goswami">Chuni Goswami</a>, <a href="/wiki/P._K._Banerjee" title="P. K. Banerjee">P. K. Banerjee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subrata_Bhattacharya" title="Subrata Bhattacharya">Subrata Bhattacharya</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Kolkata" title="List of people from Kolkata">List of people from Kolkata</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_missions">Foreign missions</h3></div> There are 70 diplomatic missions in Kolkata, of which 24 are consulate missions, 2 are high commissions and rest are honorary consulates.<a href="#cite_note-340">[337]</a> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Consulate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Consulate">U.S Consulate</a> in Kolkata dates from 19 November 1792 and is the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. Department of State's</a> second oldest consulate in the world and the oldest U.S Consulate in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[338]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Foreigners_Regional_Registration_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreigners Regional Registration Office">Foreigners Regional Registration Office</a> (FRRO) is in charge of immigration and registration activities in the city.<a href="#cite_note-342">[339]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deputy_High_Commissioners">Deputy High Commissioners</h4></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consulate_Generals">Consulate Generals</h4></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" />   <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_India" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in India">List of twin towns and sister cities in India</a></div> Kolkata has <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">sister city</a> relationships with the following cities of the world: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, Bangladesh<a href="#cite_note-Kolkata_twinnings-343">[340]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a>, China (October 2013)<a href="#cite_note-Kolkata_twinnings-343">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[341]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, Greece (January 2005)<a href="#cite_note-Kolkata_twinnings-343">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[342]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, Italy<a href="#cite_note-Kolkata_twinnings-343">[340]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, Pakistan<a href="#cite_note-346">[343]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a>, South Korea<a href="#cite_note-Kolkata_twinnings-343">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[344]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, Ukraine<a href="#cite_note-Kolkata_twinnings-343">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[345]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City, New Jersey</a>, United States<a href="#cite_note-Kolkata_twinnings-343">[340]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a>, United States<a href="#cite_note-Kolkata_twinnings-343">[340]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dallas,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas, Texas">Dallas, Texas</a>, United States<a href="#cite_note-Kolkata_twinnings-343">[340]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_district" title="Kolkata district">Kolkata district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Kolkata" title="Port of Kolkata">Port of Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_Critic_Review_Aggregator" title="Cult Critic Review Aggregator">Cult Critic Review Aggregator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Kolkata" title="List of people from Kolkata">List of people from Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Kolkata" title="List of tallest buildings in Kolkata">List of tallest buildings in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Bengal_by_population" title="List of cities in West Bengal by population">List of cities in West Bengal by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" title="List of districts of West Bengal">List of districts of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_museums_in_India" title="List of children's museums in India">List of children's museums in India</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kɒlˈkɑːtə/</a><a href="#cite_note-lexico-13">[13]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kɒlˈkʌtə/</a>,<a href="#cite_note-longman-14">[14]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/koʊlˈkɑːtɑː/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-MB-15">[15]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Bengali: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[kolˈkata]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/48\/Bn-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE.oga\/Bn-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Bn-\u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/Bn-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE.oga/Bn-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Bn-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE.oga" title="File:Bn-কলকাতা.oga">ⓘ</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO</a>: Kōlkātā </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kælˈkʌtə/</a><a href="#cite_note-longman-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-MB-15">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CalcuttaCity1881to1941-151"><a href="#cite_ref-CalcuttaCity1881to1941_151-0">^</a> 1872–1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Calcutta, which included Calcutta Municipality and Calcutta Suburbs (including <a href="/wiki/Cossipore" title="Cossipore">Cossipore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chitpur" title="Chitpur">Chitpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maniktala" title="Maniktala">Maniktala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Garden_Reach" title="Garden Reach">Garden Reach</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Census1911B-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1921B-150">[148]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kolkata_Culture-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kolkata_Culture_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kolkata_Culture_1-1">b</a> —<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPielou2011" class="citation web cs1">Pielou, Adrianne (4 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102024458/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/travel/1245/india-calcutta-the-capital-of-culture.html">"India: 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Press Trust of India. 14 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305054533/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/foundation-of-kolkata-museum-of-modern-art-laid-113111400889_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3">the original</a> on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Information+Bureau%2C+Mumbai&rft.atitle=INDIA+STATS%3A+Million+plus+cities+in+India+as+per+Census+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpibmumbai.gov.in%2Fscripts%2Fdetail.asp%3FreleaseId%3DE2011IS3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/21211/calcutta/population">"Calcutta, India Metro Area Population 1950-2024 | MacroTrends"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231210061834/https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/21211/calcutta/population">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calcutta%2C+India+Metro+Area+Population+1950-2024+%26%23124%3B+MacroTrends&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macrotrends.net%2Fcities%2F21211%2Fcalcutta%2Fpopulation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nclmanurep2010-9"><a href="#cite_ref-nclmanurep2010_9-0">^</a> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf">"Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010)"</a> (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. pp. 122–126. 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Retrieved 16 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Commissioner+for+linguistic+minorities%3A+47th+report+%28July+2008+to+June+2010%29&rft.pages=122-126&rft.pub=Commissioner+for+Linguistic+Minorities%2C+Ministry+of+Minority+Affairs%2C+Government+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnclm.nic.in%2Fshared%2Flinkimages%2FNCLM47thReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2012" class="citation news cs1">Singh, Shiv Sahay (3 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/official-language-status-for-urdu-in-some-west-bengal-areas/article3274293.ece">"Official language status for Urdu in some West Bengal areas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603103658/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/official-language-status-for-urdu-in-some-west-bengal-areas/article3274293.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Official+language+status+for+Urdu+in+some+West+Bengal+areas&rft.date=2012-04-03&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Shiv+Sahay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fother-states%2Fofficial-language-status-for-urdu-in-some-west-bengal-areas%2Farticle3274293.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232340/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1121211/jsp/bengal/story_16301872.jsp">"Multi-lingual Bengal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Calcutta)">The Telegraph</a>. 11 December 2012. 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Retrieved 14 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=West+Bengal+to+have+six+more+languages+for+official+use&rft.pub=India+Today&rft.date=2011-05-27&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Anirban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Feast%2Fstory%2Fwest-bengal-mamata-banerjee-recognizes-six-non-bengali-languages-134507-2011-05-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.homebazaar.com/knowledge/list-of-metropolitan-cities-in-india/">"List of Metropolitan Cities In India 2024"</a>. 31 March 2023. 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The Times of India. 16 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305195831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-durga-puja-finds-place-on-unesco-intangible-cultural-heritage-list/articleshow/88308601.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Kolkata%27s+Durga+Puja+gets+World+heritage+tag&rft.date=2021-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolkata%2Fkolkata-durga-puja-finds-place-on-unesco-intangible-cultural-heritage-list%2Farticleshow%2F88308601.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lexico-13"><a href="#cite_ref-lexico_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727065224/https://www.lexico.com/definition/kolkata">"Kolkata"</a>. Lexico. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/kolkata">the original</a> on 27 July 2020. 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Pearson Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2008-04-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MB-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MB_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MB_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kolkata">"Kolkata"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208224248/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kolkata">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kolkata&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fkolkata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldbank20162-18"><a href="#cite_ref-worldbank20162_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/04/19/better-integrated-transport-modes-will-help-reinvent-kolkata">"Better Integrated Transport Modes will Help Reinvent Kolkata"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. 20 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327204243/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/04/19/better-integrated-transport-modes-will-help-reinvent-kolkata">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Better+Integrated+Transport+Modes+will+Help+Reinvent+Kolkata&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2016-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2F2016%2F04%2F19%2Fbetter-integrated-transport-modes-will-help-reinvent-kolkata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cities1Lakhandabove-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Cities1Lakhandabove_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf">"Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above"</a> (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Provisional+Population+Totals%2C+Census+of+India+2011%3B+Cities+having+population+1+lakh+and+above&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011-prov-results%2Fpaper2%2Fdata_files%2FIndia2%2FTable_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf">"World Urban Areas"</a> (PDF). Demographia. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013155105/http://demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Urban+Areas&rft.pub=Demographia&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemographia.com%2Fdb-worldua.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattanaikAnita_Desai2003" class="citation book cs1">Pattanaik, Debashish; Anita Desai (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC&q=yet+another+book+on+calcutta&pg=PP16">Calcutta: a cultural and literary history</a>. <a href="/wiki/Signal_Books" title="Signal Books">Signal Books</a>. p. xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902669-59-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902669-59-5"><bdi>978-1-902669-59-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328165906/https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC&q=yet+another+book+on+calcutta&pg=PP16#v=snippet&q=yet%20another%20book%20on%20calcutta&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcutta%3A+a+cultural+and+literary+history&rft.pages=xiv&rft.pub=Signal+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-902669-59-5&rft.aulast=Pattanaik&rft.aufirst=Debashish&rft.au=Anita+Desai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUKfoHi5412UC%26q%3Dyet%2Banother%2Bbook%2Bon%2Bcalcutta%26pg%3DPP16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuttaDesai2008" class="citation book cs1">Dutta, K.; Desai, A. (April 2008). Calcutta: a cultural history. Northampton, Massachusetts, US: Interlink Books. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-721-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-721-3"><bdi>978-1-56656-721-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcutta%3A+a+cultural+history&rft.place=Northampton%2C+Massachusetts%2C+US&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Interlink+Books&rft.date=2008-04&rft.isbn=978-1-56656-721-3&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Desai%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> "Victory for the British East India Company in the Battle of Plassey was the start of nearly two centuries of British rule in India."; Link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Plassey">https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Plassey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180221162356/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Plassey">Archived</a> 21 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2001" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, P. J. (2 August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC&dq=calcutta+second+largest+city+british+empire&pg=PA227">The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00254-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00254-7"><bdi>978-0-521-00254-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716031610/https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC&dq=calcutta+second+largest+city+british+empire&pg=PA227">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001-08-02&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00254-7&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS2EXN8JTwAEC%26dq%3Dcalcutta%2Bsecond%2Blargest%2Bcity%2Bbritish%2Bempire%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/kolkata-during-the-second-world-war-japanese-air-raids-a-walking-tour-of-the-bombed-sites-near-telegraph-office-writers-building-and-lalbazar-police-headquarters/cid/1886583">"Kolkata and World War II: Tracing the sites of air raids that scarred the City of Joy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230818231737/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/kolkata-during-the-second-world-war-japanese-air-raids-a-walking-tour-of-the-bombed-sites-near-telegraph-office-writers-building-and-lalbazar-police-headquarters/cid/1886583">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kolkata+and+World+War+II%3A+Tracing+the+sites+of+air+raids+that+scarred+the+City+of+Joy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fmy-kolkata%2Fplaces%2Fkolkata-during-the-second-world-war-japanese-air-raids-a-walking-tour-of-the-bombed-sites-near-telegraph-office-writers-building-and-lalbazar-police-headquarters%2Fcid%2F1886583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ianjack-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ianjack_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ianjack_26-1">b</a> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjee2011" class="citation cs2">Banerjee, Partha Sarathi (5 February 2011), "Party, Power and Political Violence in West Bengal", <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Political_Weekly" title="Economic and Political Weekly">Economic and Political Weekly</a>, 46 (6): 16–18, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9976">0012-9976</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27918111">27918111</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Party%2C+Power+and+Political+Violence+in+West+Bengal&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=16-18&rft.date=2011-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27918111%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-9976&rft.aulast=Banerjee&rft.aufirst=Partha+Sarathi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGooptu2007" class="citation cs2">Gooptu, Nandini (1 June 2007), "Economic Liberalisation, Work and Democracy: Industrial Decline and Urban Politics in Kolkata", <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Political_Weekly" title="Economic and Political Weekly">Economic and Political Weekly</a>, 42 (21): 1922–1933, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4419634">4419634</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Economic+Liberalisation%2C+Work+and+Democracy%3A+Industrial+Decline+and+Urban+Politics+in+Kolkata&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=1922-1933&rft.date=2007-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4419634%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gooptu&rft.aufirst=Nandini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack2011" class="citation news cs1">Jack, Ian (4 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/05/ian-jack-kolkata">"India's riptide of modern aspiration has not reached Kolkata – but that can't last"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107093315/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/05/ian-jack-kolkata">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=India%27s+riptide+of+modern+aspiration+has+not+reached+Kolkata+%E2%80%93+but+that+can%27t+last&rft.date=2011-02-04&rft.aulast=Jack&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2011%2Ffeb%2F05%2Fian-jack-kolkata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-kolkatas-8-theatre-road-hosted-the-first-bangladesh-government-7247013/">"Explained: How Kolkata's 8 Theatre Road hosted the first Bangladesh government"</a>. 26 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328165719/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-kolkatas-8-theatre-road-hosted-the-first-bangladesh-government-7247013/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explained%3A+How+Kolkata%27s+8+Theatre+Road+hosted+the+first+Bangladesh+government&rft.date=2021-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fexplained-how-kolkatas-8-theatre-road-hosted-the-first-bangladesh-government-7247013%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbotSingh2009" class="citation cs2">Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/in/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-regional-history/partition-india?format=PB&isbn=9780521672566">The Partition of India</a>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 115–117, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67256-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67256-6"><bdi>978-0-521-67256-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311131126/https://www.cambridge.org/in/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-regional-history/partition-india?format=PB&isbn=9780521672566">archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2023, retrieved 15 April 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partition+of+India&rft.pages=115-117&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-67256-6&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Singh%2C+Gurharpal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fin%2Facademic%2Fsubjects%2Fhistory%2Ftwentieth-century-regional-history%2Fpartition-india%3Fformat%3DPB%26isbn%3D9780521672566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanKudaisya2002" class="citation cs2">Tan, Tai Yong; Kudaisya, Gyanesh (2002) [2000], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O5zEtBxk72wC">The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia</a>, Taylor & Francis, pp. 172–175, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-45060-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-45060-4"><bdi>978-0-203-45060-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aftermath+of+Partition+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=172-175&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-203-45060-4&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Tai+Yong&rft.au=Kudaisya%2C+Gyanesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO5zEtBxk72wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolkata_Nobel-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Kolkata_Nobel_30-0">^</a> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/a-nobel-habit-how-kolkata-keeps-producing-winners/article29697930.ece">"A Nobel habit: How Kolkata keeps producing winners"</a>. the hindu business line. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017105453/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/a-nobel-habit-how-kolkata-keeps-producing-winners/article29697930.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+hindu+business+line&rft.atitle=A+Nobel+habit%3A+How+Kolkata+keeps+producing+winners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Fnews%2Fa-nobel-habit-how-kolkata-keeps-producing-winners%2Farticle29697930.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressenza.com/2019/10/the-nobel-prize-winners-from-kolkata/">"The Nobel Prize Winners from Kolkata"</a>. pressenza. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506093440/https://www.pressenza.com/2019/10/the-nobel-prize-winners-from-kolkata/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pressenza&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+Winners+from+Kolkata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressenza.com%2F2019%2F10%2Fthe-nobel-prize-winners-from-kolkata%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/personalities/news/kolkata-has-been-home-to-six-nobel-prize-winners/articleshow/71592392.cms">"checkout the list of Nobel Prize winners from Kolkata"</a>. the business insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506093347/https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/personalities/news/kolkata-has-been-home-to-six-nobel-prize-winners/articleshow/71592392.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+business+insider&rft.atitle=checkout+the+list+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+from+Kolkata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.in%2Fthelife%2Fpersonalities%2Fnews%2Fkolkata-has-been-home-to-six-nobel-prize-winners%2Farticleshow%2F71592392.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/india/abhijit-banerjee-nobel-kolkata/305737/">"Economist Abhijit Banerjee is the sixth Nobel winner with a Kolkata connection"</a>. the print. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506092826/https://theprint.in/india/abhijit-banerjee-nobel-kolkata/305737/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+print&rft.atitle=Economist+Abhijit+Banerjee+is+the+sixth+Nobel+winner+with+a+Kolkata+connection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Findia%2Fabhijit-banerjee-nobel-kolkata%2F305737%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/abhijit-banerjee-is-not-the-first-nobel-laureate-with-a-kolkata-connection-here-are-the-others/505851">"Abhijit Banerjee is not the first Nobel laureate with a Kolkata connection – here are the others"</a>. timesnow. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506092924/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/abhijit-banerjee-is-not-the-first-nobel-laureate-with-a-kolkata-connection-here-are-the-others/505851">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=timesnow&rft.atitle=Abhijit+Banerjee+is+not+the+first+Nobel+laureate+with+a+Kolkata+connection+%E2%80%93+here+are+the+others&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesnownews.com%2Findia%2Farticle%2Fabhijit-banerjee-is-not-the-first-nobel-laureate-with-a-kolkata-connection-here-are-the-others%2F505851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-durga-puja-finds-place-on-unesco-intangible-cultural-heritage-list/articleshow/88308601.cms">"Kolkata's Durga Puja gets world heritage tag"</a>. The Times of India. 16 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305195831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-durga-puja-finds-place-on-unesco-intangible-cultural-heritage-list/articleshow/88308601.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Kolkata%27s+Durga+Puja+gets+world+heritage+tag&rft.date=2021-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolkata%2Fkolkata-durga-puja-finds-place-on-unesco-intangible-cultural-heritage-list%2Farticleshow%2F88308601.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indiatimes-32"><a href="#cite_ref-indiatimes_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/explore-india/kolkata-city-of-joy-47448/">"Kolkata city of joy"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123053905/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/explore-india/kolkata-city-of-joy-47448/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Kolkata+city+of+joy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Freadersblog%2Fexplore-india%2Fkolkata-city-of-joy-47448%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spatialchange-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spatialchange_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spatialchange_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spatialchange_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spatialchange_33-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravorty2000" class="citation book cs1">Chakravorty, Sanjoy (2000). "From colonial city to global city? The far-from-complete spatial transformation of Calcutta". In Marcuse, Peter; Kempen, Ronald van (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalizingcitie00marc">Globalizing cities: a new spatial order?</a>. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalizingcitie00marc/page/n75">56</a>–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21290-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21290-4"><bdi>978-0-631-21290-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+colonial+city+to+global+city%3F+The+far-from-complete+spatial+transformation+of+Calcutta&rft.btitle=Globalizing+cities%3A+a+new+spatial+order%3F&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=56-77&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21290-4&rft.aulast=Chakravorty&rft.aufirst=Sanjoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglobalizingcitie00marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917134630/http://kalighattemple.com/">"Kalighat Kali Temple"</a>. kalighattemple.com. 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New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0868-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0868-4"><bdi>978-81-269-0868-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130619194712/http://books.google.com/books?id=lpREeIZQvrcC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+resources%2C+conservation+and+management&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+and+Distributors&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0868-4&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=S.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlpREeIZQvrcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nair-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Nair_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNair1986" class="citation book cs1">Nair, P. Thankappan (1986). Calcutta in the 17th century. 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New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>. pp. 642–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9"><bdi>978-81-317-1677-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+ancient+and+early+medieval+India%3A+from+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+century&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=642-43&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1677-9&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGW5Gx0HSXKUC%26pg%3DPA395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Das-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Das_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2003" class="citation news cs1">Das, S. 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Retrieved 26 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Pre-Raj+crown+on+Clive+House%3A+abode+of+historical+riches+to+be+museum&rft.date=2003-01-15&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1030115%2Fasp%2Ffrontpage%2Fstory_1575128.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasu2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Basu, Kunal K. (29 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eisamaygold.com/vacation/historical-journey-of-adiganga-from-chand-sadagar-to-jibanananda-das/1688027748227">"Adi Ganga: চাঁদ সওদাগর থেকে জীবনানন্দ...আদি গঙ্গার অজানা কাহিনি"</a>. Eisamay Gold (in Bengali). Retrieved 4 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eisamay+Gold&rft.atitle=Adi+Ganga%3A+%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%A6+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6...%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF+%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF&rft.date=2023-06-29&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Kunal+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feisamaygold.com%2Fvacation%2Fhistorical-journey-of-adiganga-from-chand-sadagar-to-jibanananda-das%2F1688027748227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-:_Radharaman-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:_Radharaman_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:_Radharaman_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitra1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mitra, Radharaman (1991). <bdi lang="bn">কলকাতা বিচিত্রা</bdi> (in Bengali).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Mitra&rft.aufirst=Radharaman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiswas2021" class="citation web cs1">Biswas, Antara (28 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailynewsreel.in/history-of-kolkata-before-job-charnock/">"আজও নানা রহস্যে ঘেরা জব চার্নকের আগের কলকাতার ইত"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+Reel&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%93+%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC+%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4&rft.date=2021-08-28&rft.aulast=Biswas&rft.aufirst=Antara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailynewsreel.in%2Fhistory-of-kolkata-before-job-charnock%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhaumik2022" class="citation book cs1">Bhaumik, Sudarshana (26 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bKh4EAAAQBAJ">The Changing World of Caste and Hierarchy in Bengal: Depiction from the Mangalkavyas c. 1700–1931</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 92–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-64143-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-64143-1"><bdi>978-1-000-64143-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230521063749/https://books.google.com/books?id=bKh4EAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+World+of+Caste+and+Hierarchy+in+Bengal%3A+Depiction+from+the+Mangalkavyas+c.+1700%E2%80%931931&rft.pages=92-93&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022-08-26&rft.isbn=978-1-000-64143-1&rft.aulast=Bhaumik&rft.aufirst=Sudarshana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbKh4EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNair1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/P._Thankappan_Nair" title="P. Thankappan Nair">Nair, P. Thankappan</a> (1977). "A Portrait of Job Charnock". Job Charnock: The Founder of Calcutta: In Facts and Fiction: An Anthology. Calcutta: Engineering Times Publications. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4497022">4497022</a>. <q>There are no two opinions that Calcutta is not the product of the vision of Job Charnock ... Charnock alone founded Calcutta.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Portrait+of+Job+Charnock&rft.btitle=Job+Charnock%3A+The+Founder+of+Calcutta%3A+In+Facts+and+Fiction%3A+An+Anthology&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Engineering+Times+Publications&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4497022&rft.aulast=Nair&rft.aufirst=P.+Thankappan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3034419.stm">"Court changes Calcutta's history"</a>. BBC News. 16 May 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306211159/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3034419.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Court+changes+Calcutta%27s+history&rft.date=2003-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F3034419.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-notcharnock-46"><a href="#cite_ref-notcharnock_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2003" class="citation news cs1">Gupta, Subhrangshu (18 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030518/nation.htm#3">"Job Charnock not Kolkata founder: HC says city has no foundation day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Tribune_(Chandigarh)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tribune (Chandigarh)">The Tribune</a>. Chandigarh, India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061129050204/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030518/nation.htm#3">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2006. Retrieved 7 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Job+Charnock+not+Kolkata+founder%3A+HC+says+city+has+no+foundation+day&rft.date=2003-05-18&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Subhrangshu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2003%2F20030518%2Fnation.htm%233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BanerjeePage1and3-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BanerjeePage1and3_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BanerjeePage1and3_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjeeGuptaMukherjee2009" class="citation book cs1">Banerjee, Himadri; Gupta, Nilanjana; Mukherjee, Sipra, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cSTEOx_Lw9MC">Calcutta mosaic: essays and interviews on the minority communities of Calcutta</a>. New Delhi: Anthem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-905835-5-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-905835-5-8"><bdi>978-81-905835-5-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509233321/http://books.google.com/books?id=cSTEOx_Lw9MC&dq">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcutta+mosaic%3A+essays+and+interviews+on+the+minority+communities+of+Calcutta&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-905835-5-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcSTEOx_Lw9MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mitter-48"><a href="#cite_ref-mitter_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitter1986" class="citation journal cs1">Mitter, Partha (June 1986). "The early British port cities of India: their planning and architecture circa 1640–1757". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Society_of_Architectural_Historians" title="Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians">Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians</a>. 45 (2): 95–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F990090">10.2307/990090</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-9808">0037-9808</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/990090">990090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.atitle=The+early+British+port+cities+of+India%3A+their+planning+and+architecture+circa+1640%E2%80%931757&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-114&rft.date=1986-06&rft.issn=0037-9808&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F990090%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F990090&rft.aulast=Mitter&rft.aufirst=Partha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hunterhistory-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hunterhistory_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hunterhistory_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1886" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_Hunter" title="William Wilson Hunter">Hunter, William Wilson</a> (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indianempireitsp00huntrich">The Indian Empire: its peoples, history, and products</a>. London: Trübner & co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indianempireitsp00huntrich/page/381">381</a>–82. Retrieved 25 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Empire%3A+its+peoples%2C+history%2C+and+products&rft.place=London&rft.pages=381-82&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+co&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=William+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findianempireitsp00huntrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AhmedFarooqui-50"><a href="#cite_ref-AhmedFarooqui_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmedFarooqui2011" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Farooqui Salma; Farooqui, Salma Ahmed (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA369">A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century</a>. Pearson Education India. p. 369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1"><bdi>978-81-317-3202-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102024457/https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA369">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+Medieval+India%3A+From+Twelfth+to+the+Mid-Eighteenth+Century&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-317-3202-1&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Farooqui+Salma&rft.au=Farooqui%2C+Salma+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxhAtCflwOMC%26pg%3DPA369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold-Baker2015-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Arnold-Baker2015_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold-Baker2015" class="citation book cs1">Arnold-Baker, Charles (30 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=75ZGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT504">The Companion to British History</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 504. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-40039-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-40039-4"><bdi>978-1-317-40039-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180303193215/https://books.google.com/books?id=75ZGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT504">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Companion+to+British+History&rft.pages=504&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015-07-30&rft.isbn=978-1-317-40039-4&rft.aulast=Arnold-Baker&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D75ZGCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutta2003" class="citation book cs1">Dutta, Krishna (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC">Calcutta: a cultural and literary history</a>. Oxford, UK: <a href="/wiki/Signal_Books" title="Signal Books">Signal Books</a>. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902669-59-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902669-59-5"><bdi>978-1-902669-59-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728081609/http://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcutta%3A+a+cultural+and+literary+history&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Signal+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-902669-59-5&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUKfoHi5412UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPati2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pati, Biswamoy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061016231426/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2310/stories/20060602000307600.htm">"Narcotics and empire"</a>. The Hindu; Frontline. 23 (10). 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India Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006043941/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/calcutta-cyclone-1864-1356569-2018-10-05">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2018. 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Kraków, Poland: Wydawnictwo Stowarzyszenia "Projekt Orient". pp. 58–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-933917-4-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-933917-4-5"><bdi>978-83-933917-4-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indian+way+to+independence.+The+Indian+National+Congress&rft.btitle=Towards+freedom.+Ideas+of+%22solidarity%22+in+comparison+with+the+thought+of+the+Indian+National+Congress&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w%2C+Poland&rft.pages=58-59&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Stowarzyszenia+%22Projekt+Orient%22&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-83-933917-4-5&rft.aulast=St%C4%99pie%C5%84&rft.aufirst=Jakub&rft.au=Tokarski%2C+Stanis%C5%82aw&rft.au=Latos%2C+Tomasz&rft.au=Jarecka-St%C4%99pie%C5%84%2C+Katarzyna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterji2007" class="citation book cs1">Chatterji, Joya (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FjQ0iWSq2R0C&pg=PA9">The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947–1967</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46830-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46830-5"><bdi>978-1-139-46830-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401093431/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjQ0iWSq2R0C&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2019. 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The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180606045722/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/11/why-delhi-the-move-from-calcutta/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Why+Delhi%3F+The+Move+From+Calcutta&rft.date=2011-11-11&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Findiarealtime%2F2011%2F11%2F11%2Fwhy-delhi-the-move-from-calcutta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hall_(urbanist)" title="Peter Hall (urbanist)">Hall, Peter</a> (2002). Cities of tomorrow. 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Retrieved 13 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pacific+War+timeline%3A+New+Zealanders+in+the+Pacific+War&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Ministry+for+Culture+and+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzhistory.net.nz%2Fwar%2Fwar-in-the-pacific%2Ftimeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1973" class="citation book cs1">Sen, A (1973). Poverty and famines. 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IOR: L/P&J/8/655 f.f. 95, 96–107. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120104191417/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/india/indianindependence/indiapakistan/partition4/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2012. 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Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+%27Kabuliwala%27+Afghans+of+Kolkata&rft.date=2015-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-32377276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BanerjeePage10-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BanerjeePage10_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BanerjeePage10_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BanerjeePage10_141-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BanerjeePage10_141-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BanerjeePage10_141-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjeeGuptaMukherjee2009" class="citation book cs1">Banerjee, Himadri; Gupta, Nilanjana; Mukherjee, Sipra, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cSTEOx_Lw9MC">Calcutta mosaic: essays and interviews on the minority communities of Calcutta</a>. New Delhi: Anthem Press. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-905835-5-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-905835-5-8"><bdi>978-81-905835-5-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509233321/http://books.google.com/books?id=cSTEOx_Lw9MC&dq">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcutta+mosaic%3A+essays+and+interviews+on+the+minority+communities+of+Calcutta&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-905835-5-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcSTEOx_Lw9MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasu2010" class="citation news cs1">Basu, Moni (29 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/03/29/india.jews/">"Twilight comes for India's fading Jewish community"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120711133814/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/03/29/india.jews/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Twilight+comes+for+India%27s+fading+Jewish+community&rft.date=2010-03-29&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Moni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2010%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2F03%2F29%2Findia.jews%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks2013" class="citation news cs1">Marks, Zach (24 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/24/the-last-jews-of-kolkata/">"The Last Jews of Kolkata"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240705034625/https://archive.nytimes.com/india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/24/the-last-jews-of-kolkata/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Last+Jews+of+Kolkata&rft.date=2013-10-24&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Zach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Findia.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F10%2F24%2Fthe-last-jews-of-kolkata%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thampi-144"><a href="#cite_ref-thampi_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThampi2005" class="citation book cs1">Thampi, Madhavi, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ5RdT5mHHIC">India and China in the colonial world</a>. New Delhi: Social Science Press. pp. 60–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87358-20-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87358-20-6"><bdi>978-81-87358-20-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+China+in+the+colonial+world&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=60-64&rft.pub=Social+Science+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-87358-20-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIZ5RdT5mHHIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2004/07/31/2003181147">"Calcutta's Chinatown facing extinction over new rule"</a>. Taipei Times. Taipei, Taiwan. 18 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513234646/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2004/07/31/2003181147">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Calcutta%27s+Chinatown+facing+extinction+over+new+rule&rft.date=2011-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Fworld%2Farchives%2F2004%2F07%2F31%2F2003181147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2011-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census2011_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2011_146-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html">"Population by Religious Community"</a>. Census of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+by+Religious+Community&rft.pub=Census+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988">Click on arrow adjacent to state West Bengal so that a Microsoft excel document is downloaded with district wise population of different religious groups. Scroll down to Kolkata district in the document at row no. 1629. </li> <li id="cite_note-census2-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census2_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/215-kolkata.html">"Kolkata City Census 2011"</a>. Census 2011 India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427001813/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/215-kolkata.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kolkata+City+Census+2011&rft.pub=Census+2011+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census2011.co.in%2Fcensus%2Fcity%2F215-kolkata.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> Scroll down to "Religion in Kolkata" </li> <li id="cite_note-ncrb2004-148"><a href="#cite_ref-ncrb2004_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Crime_Records_Bureau2004" class="citation book cs1">National Crime Records Bureau (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070710044553/http://ncrb.nic.in/crime2004/cii-2004/Snapshots.pdf">"General crime statistics snapshots 2004"</a> (PDF). Crime in India-2004. Ministry of Home Affairs. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncrb.nic.in/crime2004/cii-2004/Snapshots.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+crime+statistics+snapshots+2004&rft.btitle=Crime+in+India-2004&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Home+Affairs&rft.date=2004&rft.au=National+Crime+Records+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncrb.nic.in%2Fcrime2004%2Fcii-2004%2FSnapshots.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1911B-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census1911B_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1911B_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Census of India 1911. Vol. 5. Pt. 2, Bengal : tables. 1911. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393766">saoa.crl.25393766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+1911&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25393766%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1921B-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census1921B_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1921B_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Census of India 1921. Vol. 5, Bengal. Pt. 2, Tables. 1921. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394125">saoa.crl.25394125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+1921&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25394125%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1872-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Census1872_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeverley1872" class="citation book cs1">Beverley, H. (1872). Report of the census of Bengal, 1872. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057646">saoa.crl.25057646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+census+of+Bengal%2C+1872&rft.pages=333&rft.date=1872&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25057646%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Beverley&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1881-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Census1881_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeverley1881" class="citation book cs1">Beverley, H. (1881). Report on the census of the town and suburbs of Calcutta, taken on the 17th February, 1881. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Press. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057670">saoa.crl.25057670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+census+of+the+town+and+suburbs+of+Calcutta%2C+taken+on+the+17th+February%2C+1881&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Bengal+Secretariat+Press&rft.date=1881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25057670%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Beverley&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1891-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Census1891_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaines1891" class="citation book cs1">Baines, Jervoise Athelstane (1891). Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states. Vol. 1. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318666">saoa.crl.25318666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1891.+General+tables+for+British+provinces+and+feudatory+states.&rft.pages=68&rft.date=1891&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25318666%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Baines&rft.aufirst=Jervoise+Athelstane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1901-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Census1901_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Census of India 1901. Vol. 1A, India. Pt. 2, Tables. 1901. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25352838">saoa.crl.25352838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+1901.&rft.pages=44&rft.date=1901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25352838%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1901B-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Census1901B_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Census of India 1901. Vol. 7, Calcutta : town and suburbs. Pt. 3, Tabular statistics. 1901. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363719">saoa.crl.25363719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+1901&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25363719%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1911-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Census1911_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Albert_Gait1911" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Edward Albert Gait (1911). Census of India, 1911. Vol. 1., Pt. 2, Tables. Calcutta: Supt. Govt. Print., India, 1913. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393779">saoa.crl.25393779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1911.&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Supt.+Govt.+Print.%2C+India%2C+1913&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25393779%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Edward+Albert+Gait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1921-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Census1921_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Census of India 1921. Vol. 1, India. 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Retrieved 8 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patna-Kolkata+Expressway+to+Pass+Through+5+Districts+of+Bihar&rft.date=2022-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fpatna-kolkata-expressway-to-pass-through-5-districts-of-bihar-4675919.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMondal2022" class="citation web cs1">Mondal, Dibyendu (5 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/jessore-road-redeveloped-end-2023-decades-delay">"Jessore Road to be redeveloped by end of 2023 after a decade's delay"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240822104014/https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/jessore-road-redeveloped-end-2023-decades-delay">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jessore+Road+to+be+redeveloped+by+end+of+2023+after+a+decade%27s+delay&rft.date=2022-03-05&rft.aulast=Mondal&rft.aufirst=Dibyendu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsundayguardianlive.com%2Fnews%2Fjessore-road-redeveloped-end-2023-decades-delay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.financialexpress.com/business/roadways-kolkata-to-thailand-via-myanmar-road-that-wont-be-less-travelled-know-all-about-the-scenic-route-distance-and-launch-time-3128938/">"Kolkata to Thailand via Myanmar! Road that won't be less travelled – Know all about the scenic route, distance and launch time"</a>. 17 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240508155526/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/roadways-kolkata-to-thailand-via-myanmar-road-that-wont-be-less-travelled-know-all-about-the-scenic-route-distance-and-launch-time-3128938/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kolkata+to+Thailand+via+Myanmar%21+Road+that+won%27t+be+less+travelled+%E2%80%93+Know+all+about+the+scenic+route%2C+distance+and+launch+time&rft.date=2023-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Fbusiness%2Froadways-kolkata-to-thailand-via-myanmar-road-that-wont-be-less-travelled-know-all-about-the-scenic-route-distance-and-launch-time-3128938%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakraborty2008" class="citation news cs1">Chakraborty, Samhita L. (30 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118182025/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081130/jsp/calcutta/story_10111183.jsp">"Cruise in a cool cab"</a>. The Telegraph. Kolkata. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081130/jsp/calcutta/story_10111183.jsp">the original</a> on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Cruise+in+a+cool+cab&rft.date=2008-11-30&rft.aulast=Chakraborty&rft.aufirst=Samhita+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1081130%2Fjsp%2Fcalcutta%2Fstory_10111183.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121204170242/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/kolkata-calcutta/transport/getting-around">"Getting around in Kolkata"</a>. Lonely Planet. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/04/kolkata-rickshaws/calvin-trillin-text">the original</a> on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=India%27s+rickshaws&rft.aulast=Trillin&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2008%2F04%2Fkolkata-rickshaws%2Fcalvin-trillin-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114000339/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-08-26/news/29931676_1_kolkata-airports-aai-terminal-buildings">"AAI to modernise Chennai, Kolkata airports by fiscal end"</a>. Economic Times. New Delhi. Press Trust of India. 26 August 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-08-26/news/29931676_1_kolkata-airports-aai-terminal-buildings">the original</a> on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Times&rft.atitle=AAI+to+modernise+Chennai%2C+Kolkata+airports+by+fiscal+end&rft.date=2011-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.economictimes.indiatimes.com%2F2011-08-26%2Fnews%2F29931676_1_kolkata-airports-aai-terminal-buildings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2013" class="citation news cs1">Gupta, Jayanta (5 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/From-March-15-all-flights-from-new-terminal-in-Kolkata/articleshow/18803799.cms">"From March 15, all flights from new terminal in Kolkata"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. New Delhi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130411033600/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-05/kolkata/37469356_1_flights-city-airport-domestic-fliers">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=From+March+15%2C+all+flights+from+new+terminal+in+Kolkata&rft.date=2013-03-05&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Jayanta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolkata%2FFrom-March-15-all-flights-from-new-terminal-in-Kolkata%2Farticleshow%2F18803799.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibmport-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ibmport_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibmport_219-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016144155/http://www.ibm.nic.in/portfacilities.pdf">"Port facilities in India"</a> (PDF). Indian Bureau of Mines, Government of India. pp. 6–4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibm.nic.in/portfacilities.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Port+facilities+in+India&rft.pages=6-4&rft.pub=Indian+Bureau+of+Mines%2C+Government+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibm.nic.in%2Fportfacilities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dockport-220"><a href="#cite_ref-dockport_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313003421/http://www.kolkataporttrust.gov.in/index_new.html">"Salient physical features"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Port_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata Port Trust">Kolkata Port Trust</a>. Kolkata Port Trust, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kolkataporttrust.gov.in/index_new.html">the original</a> on 13 March 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kolkata+Port+Trust&rft.atitle=Salient+physical+features&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kolkataporttrust.gov.in%2Findex_new.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090410011938/http://www.and.nic.in/C_charter/IP_T/reach.htm">"How to reach Andaman and Nicobar"</a>. Andaman and Nicobar Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.and.nic.in/C_charter/IP_T/reach.htm">the original</a> on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+reach+Andaman+and+Nicobar&rft.pub=Andaman+and+Nicobar+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.and.nic.in%2FC_charter%2FIP_T%2Freach.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Fogged-out-Flights-train-services-hit/articleshow/7288571.cms">"Fogged out: flights, train services hit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. New Delhi. TNN. 15 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707023108/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-15/kolkata/28372730_1_flight-operations-incoming-flights-visibility">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012. <q>Ferry services between Howrah and Kolkata were also disrupted due to poor visibility.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Fogged+out%3A+flights%2C+train+services+hit&rft.date=2011-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolkata-%2FFogged-out-Flights-train-services-hit%2Farticleshow%2F7288571.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/No-pollution-scan-on-river-ferries-yet/articleshow/4846751.cms">"No pollution scan on river ferries yet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. New Delhi. TNN. 2 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707055616/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-02/kolkata/28200565_1_vessels-ferry-services-pollution-levels">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=No+pollution+scan+on+river+ferries+yet&rft.date=2009-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolkata-%2FNo-pollution-scan-on-river-ferries-yet%2Farticleshow%2F4846751.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hospital2011-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hospital2011_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hospital2011_224-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202040137/http://www.wbhealth.gov.in/Health_Stat/2010_2011/6/VI.2.pdf">"Medical institutions and sanctioned no. of beds in districts of West Bengal as on 30.11.2011"</a> (PDF). Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of West Bengal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wbhealth.gov.in/Health_Stat/2010_2011/6/VI.2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medical+institutions+and+sanctioned+no.+of+beds+in+districts+of+West+Bengal+as+on+30.11.2011&rft.pub=Department+of+Health+%26+Family+Welfare%2C+Government+of+West+Bengal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbhealth.gov.in%2FHealth_Stat%2F2010_2011%2F6%2FVI.2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hospital-225"><a href="#cite_ref-hospital_225-0">^</a> The population (4,486,679) and hospital beds (27,687) have been used to derive this rate. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120709021137/http://apps.who.int/ghodata/cache/global/xls/vid.1860.xls">"Hospital beds"</a>. World Health Organistation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/ghodata/cache/global/xls/vid.1860.xls">the original</a> (XLS) on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hospital+beds&rft.pub=World+Health+Organistation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Fghodata%2Fcache%2Fglobal%2Fxls%2Fvid.1860.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah2007" class="citation web cs1">Shah, Mansi (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813070438/http://ccs.in/ccsindia/downloads/intern-papers-08/Waiting-for-Healthcare-A-survey-of-a-public-hospital-in-Kolkata-Mansi.pdf">"Waiting for health care: a survey of a public hospital in Kolkata"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Civil_Society" title="Centre for Civil Society">Centre for Civil Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccs.in/ccsindia/downloads/intern-papers-08/Waiting-for-Healthcare-A-survey-of-a-public-hospital-in-Kolkata-Mansi.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 August 2011. 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Retrieved 23 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Presidency+old-timers+to+relive+days+of+canteen+adda&rft.date=2008-11-01&rft.aulast=Mukherjee+Pandey&rft.aufirst=Jhimli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolkata-%2FPresidency-old-timers-to-relive-days-of-canteen-adda%2Farticleshow%2F3660821.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiswas2011" class="citation news cs1">Biswas, Premankur (17 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/nah.-didi-cant-hatch-this-egg/776292/0">"'Nah. Didi can't hatch this egg"</a>. Indian Express. 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Retrieved 25 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Express&rft.atitle=%27Nah.+Didi+can%27t+hatch+this+egg&rft.date=2011-04-17&rft.aulast=Biswas&rft.aufirst=Premankur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fnah.-didi-cant-hatch-this-egg%2F776292%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakraborty2011" class="citation news cs1">Chakraborty, Ajanta (11 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Bite-missing-from-graffiti-the-funs-gone-from-the-elections/articleshow/7938583.cms">"Bite missing from graffiti, the fun's gone from the elections"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. New Delhi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120713192550/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-11/kolkata/29406063_1_wall-defacement-graffiti-wall-writing">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Bite+missing+from+graffiti%2C+the+fun%27s+gone+from+the+elections&rft.date=2011-04-11&rft.aulast=Chakraborty&rft.aufirst=Ajanta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolkata-%2FBite-missing-from-graffiti-the-funs-gone-from-the-elections%2Farticleshow%2F7938583.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/downloads/Graded_List_of_Heritage_Buildings_Grade_I_IIA_IIB.pdf">"Graded list of heritage buildings"</a> (PDF). Kolkata Municipal Corporation. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153859/https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/downloads/Graded_List_of_Heritage_Buildings_Grade_I_IIA_IIB.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Graded+list+of+heritage+buildings&rft.pub=Kolkata+Municipal+Corporation&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kmcgov.in%2FKMCPortal%2Fdownloads%2FGraded_List_of_Heritage_Buildings_Grade_I_IIA_IIB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee_Pandey,_Jhimli2011" class="citation news cs1">Mukherjee Pandey, Jhimli (4 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Heritage-buildings-need-restoration-not-mere-repairs/articleshow/9858922.cms">"Heritage buildings need restoration, not mere repairs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. New Delhi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120717030639/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-04/kolkata/30112600_1_heritage-buildings-heritage-movement-g-m-kapur">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Heritage+buildings+need+restoration%2C+not+mere+repairs&rft.date=2011-09-04&rft.au=Mukherjee+Pandey%2C+Jhimli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolkata-%2FHeritage-buildings-need-restoration-not-mere-repairs%2Farticleshow%2F9858922.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Out-of-elite-list-cradle-of-Bengal-Renaissance-falling-apart/articleshow/8999217.cms">"Out of elite list, cradle of Bengal Renaissance falling apart"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. New Delhi. TNN. 26 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120716231328/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-26/kolkata/29705730_1_house-movement-slab">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Out+of+elite+list%2C+cradle+of+Bengal+Renaissance+falling+apart&rft.date=2011-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolkata-%2FOut-of-elite-list-cradle-of-Bengal-Renaissance-falling-apart%2Farticleshow%2F8999217.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandal2010" class="citation news cs1">Mandal, Caesar (14 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Gardeners-to-guard-museum/articleshow/6309033.cms">"Gardeners to guard museum?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. New Delhi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707164431/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-14/kolkata/28309037_1_security-gadgets-security-lapse-private-security-agency">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Gardeners+to+guard+museum%3F&rft.date=2010-08-14&rft.aulast=Mandal&rft.aufirst=Caesar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolkata-%2FGardeners-to-guard-museum%2Farticleshow%2F6309033.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sciencecitykolkata.org.in/">Welcome to Science City</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126104522/http://sciencecitykolkata.org.in/">Archived</a> 26 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 November 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-bhattawomen-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bhattawomen_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhattawomen_268-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhattawomen_268-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya2005" class="citation book cs1">Bhattacharya, Malini (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Xq8FARrFKUC">"Culture"</a>. In Bagchi, Jasodhara (ed.). The changing status of women in West Bengal, 1970–2000: the challenge ahead. New Delhi: Sage Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3242-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3242-0"><bdi>978-0-7619-3242-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102024457/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Xq8FARrFKUC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Culture&rft.btitle=The+changing+status+of+women+in+West+Bengal%2C+1970%E2%80%932000%3A+the+challenge+ahead&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-3242-0&rft.aulast=Bhattacharya&rft.aufirst=Malini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Xq8FARrFKUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dett5312009-269"><a href="#cite_ref-dett5312009_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe2009" class="citation news cs1">De, Hemchhaya (31 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095412/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090531/jsp/7days/story_11042452.jsp">"Chowringhee revisited"</a>. The Telegraph. Kolkata. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090531/jsp/7days/story_11042452.jsp">the original</a> on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2012. <q>... most people say that Bengali commercial theatre died in the 1980s ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Chowringhee+revisited&rft.date=2009-05-31&rft.aulast=De&rft.aufirst=Hemchhaya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1090531%2Fjsp%2F7days%2Fstory_11042452.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-heierstad39-270"><a href="#cite_ref-heierstad39_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeir2003" class="citation thesis cs1">Geir, Heierstad (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060512065317/http://folk.uio.no/gheierst/nandikar.pdf">Nandikar: Staging Globalisation in Kolkata and Abroad</a> (PDF) (<a href="/wiki/Cand.polit." class="mw-redirect" title="Cand.polit.">Cand.polit.</a>). University of Oslo. pp. 39–48. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://folk.uio.no/gheierst/nandikar.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 May 2006. Retrieved 9 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Nandikar%3A+Staging+Globalisation+in+Kolkata+and+Abroad&rft.inst=University+of+Oslo&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Geir&rft.aufirst=Heierstad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffolk.uio.no%2Fgheierst%2Fnandikar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarilliMcConachieWilliamsSorgenfrei2010" class="citation book cs1">Zarilli, Phillip; McConachie, Bruce; Williams, Gary Jay; Sorgenfrei, Carol Fisher (2010) [2006]. Williams, Gary Jay (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z88LLjzoWqQC">Theatre Histories: An Introduction</a>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 429–430. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46223-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46223-5"><bdi>978-0-415-46223-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617020740/http://books.google.com/books?id=Z88LLjzoWqQC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theatre+Histories%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=429-430&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-46223-5&rft.aulast=Zarilli&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft.au=McConachie%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Williams%2C+Gary+Jay&rft.au=Sorgenfrei%2C+Carol+Fisher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ88LLjzoWqQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakraborty2011" class="citation news cs1">Chakraborty, Ajanta (5 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Meet-the-new-Mamata-Banerjee/articleshow/9113109.cms">"Meet the new Mamata Banerjee"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. New Delhi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120708093752/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-05/kolkata/29738036_1_jatra-mamata-banerjee-bangladeshi">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2012. <q>The jatra industry based out of Kolkata's Chitpur Road has gone through a severe blow with the growth of video parlours.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Meet+the+new+Mamata+Banerjee&rft.date=2011-07-05&rft.aulast=Chakraborty&rft.aufirst=Ajanta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolkata-%2FMeet-the-new-Mamata-Banerjee%2Farticleshow%2F9113109.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiyogi2010" class="citation news cs1">Niyogi, Subhro (26 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Red-Alert-For-Jatra/articleshow/6811931.cms">"Red alert For Jatra"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. New Delhi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707165658/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-26/kolkata/28219209_1_jatra-firms-script-success">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Red+alert+For+Jatra&rft.date=2010-10-26&rft.aulast=Niyogi&rft.aufirst=Subhro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolkata-%2FRed-Alert-For-Jatra%2Farticleshow%2F6811931.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarkar-274"><a href="#cite_ref-Sarkar_274-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sarkar, Bhaskar (March 2008). "The melodramas of globalization". Cultural Dynamics. 20 (1): 31–51 [34]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0921374007088054">10.1177/0921374007088054</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143977618">143977618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Dynamics&rft.atitle=The+melodramas+of+globalization&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-51+34&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0921374007088054&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143977618%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Bhaskar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGooptu2010" class="citation book cs1">Gooptu, Sharmistha (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzEdHF5UYcMC&pg=PP1">Bengali cinema: 'an other nation'</a>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 2, 172, 181, 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-57006-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-57006-0"><bdi>978-0-415-57006-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102024457/https://books.google.com/books?id=pzEdHF5UYcMC&lpg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2016. 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Kolkata: Academic Publishers. pp. 80–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87504-18-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87504-18-4"><bdi>978-81-87504-18-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal%27s+Renaissance&rft.place=Kolkata&rft.pages=80-100&rft.pub=Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-87504-18-4&rft.aulast=Mittra&rft.aufirst=Sitansu+Sekhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutt1962" class="citation book cs1">Dutt, R.C. (1962). Cultural heritage of Bengal. 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Indian Express. 30 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171102011647/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football-fifa-u17-world-cup/kolkata-accounted-for-45-of-total-attendance-in-fifa-u-17-world-cup-west-bengal-chief-minister-mamata-banerjee-4914390/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2017. 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Retrieved 17 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=A+tale+of+two+cities%3A+Will+Kolkata+learn+from+her+sister%3F&rft.date=2013-11-17&rft.aulast=Mazumdar&rft.aufirst=Jaideep&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolkata%2FA-tale-of-two-cities-Will-Kolkata-learn-from-her-sister%2Farticleshow%2F25916888.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/22378/Agreement+on+the+establishment+of+Sister+City+Relations+between+Kolkata+Republic+of+India+and+Kunming+Peoples+Republic+of+China">"Agreement on the establishment of Sister City Relations between Kolkata, Republic of India and Kunming, People's Republic of China"</a>. 23 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180318054555/http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl%2F22378%2FAgreement+on+the+establishment+of+Sister+City+Relations+between+Kolkata+Republic+of+India+and+Kunming+Peoples+Republic+of+China">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Agreement+on+the+establishment+of+Sister+City+Relations+between+Kolkata%2C+Republic+of+India+and+Kunming%2C+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.date=2013-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mea.gov.in%2Fbilateral-documents.htm%3Fdtl%2F22378%2FAgreement%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bestablishment%2Bof%2BSister%2BCity%2BRelations%2Bbetween%2BKolkata%2BRepublic%2Bof%2BIndia%2Band%2BKunming%2BPeoples%2BRepublic%2Bof%2BChina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elinepa.org/2005/page/3/?lang=en">"The Twinning of Thessaloniki and Calcutta"</a>. 21 January 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180318054528/http://elinepa.org/2005/page/3/?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Twinning+of+Thessaloniki+and+Calcutta&rft.date=2005-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felinepa.org%2F2005%2Fpage%2F3%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1230842">"Islamabad to get new sister city"</a>. Dawn. 5 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180318182531/https://www.dawn.com/news/1230842">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Islamabad+to+get+new+sister+city&rft.date=2016-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1230842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.incheon.go.kr/en/intro/sub9.jsp">"Incheon Metropolitan City – Incheon City – Sister Cities"</a>. Incheon Metropolitan City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170225185307/http://m.incheon.go.kr/en/intro/sub9.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Incheon+Metropolitan+City+%E2%80%93+Incheon+City+%E2%80%93+Sister+Cities&rft.pub=Incheon+Metropolitan+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.incheon.go.kr%2Fen%2Fintro%2Fsub9.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://omr.gov.ua/en/cooperation/twin_cities/">"Sister Cities"</a>. Official site of Odesa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180318054727/http://omr.gov.ua/en/cooperation/twin_cities/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities&rft.pub=Official+site+of+Odesa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fomr.gov.ua%2Fen%2Fcooperation%2Ftwin_cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2022" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Michael (2022). A British Rome in India. Calcutta – Capital for an Empire. Worms: Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88462-411-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88462-411-1"><bdi>978-3-88462-411-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+British+Rome+in+India.+Calcutta+%E2%80%93+Capital+for+an+Empire&rft.place=Worms&rft.pub=Wernersche+Verlagsgesellschaft&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-88462-411-1&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Chaudhuri, S (1990). Calcutta: the living City. Vol. I and II. Kolkata: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-562585-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-562585-1"><bdi>978-0-19-562585-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcutta%3A+the+living+City&rft.place=Kolkata&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-562585-1&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutta2003" class="citation book cs1">Dutta, Krishna (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC">Calcutta: a cultural and literary history</a>. Oxford, UK: Signal Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902669-59-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902669-59-5"><bdi>978-1-902669-59-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcutta%3A+a+cultural+and+literary+history&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Signal+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-902669-59-5&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUKfoHi5412UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitra1976" class="citation book cs1">Mitra, A (1976). Calcutta diary. London: Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3082-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3082-3"><bdi>978-0-7146-3082-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcutta+diary&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-3082-3&rft.aulast=Mitra&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee1991" class="citation book cs1">Mukherjee, SC (1991). The changing face of Calcutta: an architectural approach. Kolkata: Government of West Bengal. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000D6TXX">B0000D6TXX</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+changing+face+of+Calcutta%3A+an+architectural+approach&rft.place=Kolkata&rft.pub=Government+of+West+Bengal&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000D6TXX%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=SC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2002" class="citation book cs1">Roy, A (2002). City requiem, Calcutta: gender and the politics of poverty. Minneapolis, US: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3932-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3932-8"><bdi>978-0-8166-3932-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+requiem%2C+Calcutta%3A+gender+and+the+politics+of+poverty&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+US&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-3932-8&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1997" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Frederic C. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=shPmSQBGKRwC">Calcutta poor: elegies on a city above pretense</a>. Armonk, New York City: M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-981-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-981-5"><bdi>978-1-56324-981-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcutta+poor%3A+elegies+on+a+city+above+pretense&rft.place=Armonk%2C+New+York+City&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-981-5&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Frederic+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DshPmSQBGKRwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapierre1985" class="citation book cs1">Lapierre, Dominique (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VbURK16m5ysC">La cité de la joie (The City of Joy)</a>. Kolkata: Arrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-914091-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-914091-7"><bdi>978-0-09-914091-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+cit%C3%A9+de+la+joie+%28The+City+of+Joy%29&rft.place=Kolkata&rft.pub=Arrow&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-09-914091-7&rft.aulast=Lapierre&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVbURK16m5ysC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2011" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Malvika (2011). Kolkata: A Soul City (Historic and Famed Cities of India). Academic Foundation. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7188-886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7188-886-3"><bdi>978-81-7188-886-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kolkata%3A+A+Soul+City+%28Historic+and+Famed+Cities+of+India%29&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Academic+Foundation&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-7188-886-3&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Malvika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazra2013" class="citation book cs1">Hazra, Indrajit (1 December 2013). Grand Delusions: A Short Biography of Kolkata. Aleph Book Company. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-82277-28-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-82277-28-6"><bdi>978-93-82277-28-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+Delusions%3A+A+Short+Biography+of+Kolkata&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Aleph+Book+Company&rft.date=2013-12-01&rft.isbn=978-93-82277-28-6&rft.aulast=Hazra&rft.aufirst=Indrajit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2009" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, Amitav (22 April 2009). Calcutta Chromosome: A Novel of Fevers, Delirium and Discovery. Penguin India. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306655-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306655-2"><bdi>978-0-14-306655-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcutta+Chromosome%3A+A+Novel+of+Fevers%2C+Delirium+and+Discovery&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Penguin+India&rft.date=2009-04-22&rft.isbn=978-0-14-306655-2&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Amitav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeb1905" class="citation book cs1">Deb, Binaya Krishna (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.91187">The Early History and Growth of Calcutta</a>. Harvard University: Romesh Chandra Ghose. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.91187/page/n292">278</a>. <q>calcutta.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+and+Growth+of+Calcutta&rft.place=Harvard+University&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Romesh+Chandra+Ghose&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Deb&rft.aufirst=Binaya+Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.91187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri1990" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhuri, Sukanta (1990). Calcutta, the Living City: The past. the University of Michigan: Oxford University Press. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-562718-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-562718-3"><bdi>978-0-19-562718-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcutta%2C+the+Living+City%3A+The+past&rft.place=the+University+of+Michigan&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-562718-3&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Sukanta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2002" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Ananya (1 October 2002). City Requiem, Calcutta: Gender and Politics of Poverty. University of Minnesota Press. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3933-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3933-5"><bdi>978-0-8166-3933-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+Requiem%2C+Calcutta%3A+Gender+and+Politics+of+Poverty&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2002-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-3933-5&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Ananya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjeeKhullar2004" class="citation book cs1">Chatterjee, Jayabrato; Khullar, Rupinder (1 January 2004). Kolkata: the dream city. the University of Michigan: UBS Publishers' Distributors. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7476-471-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7476-471-3"><bdi>978-81-7476-471-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kolkata%3A+the+dream+city&rft.place=the+University+of+Michigan&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=UBS+Publishers%27+Distributors&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7476-471-3&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Jayabrato&rft.au=Khullar%2C+Rupinder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorhouse1971" class="citation book cs1">Moorhouse, Geoffrey (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ALLbrilUQUC&q=calcutta">Calcutta</a>. Penguin Books India. p. 393. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-009557-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-009557-9"><bdi>978-0-14-009557-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcutta&rft.pages=393&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-14-009557-9&rft.aulast=Moorhouse&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ALLbrilUQUC%26q%3Dcalcutta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee2012" class="citation book cs1">Chatterjee, Partha (2012). The Black Hole of Empire: History of a Global Practice of Power. Princeton University Press. p. 425. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15201-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15201-1"><bdi>978-0-691-15201-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Hole+of+Empire%3A+History+of+a+Global+Practice+of+Power&rft.pages=425&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15201-1&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Partha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChattopadhyay2005" class="citation book cs1">Chattopadhyay, Swati (2005). Representing Calcutta: Modernity, Nationalism, and the Colonial Uncanny. Psychology Press. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34359-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34359-6"><bdi>978-0-415-34359-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Representing+Calcutta%3A+Modernity%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+the+Colonial+Uncanny&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34359-6&rft.aulast=Chattopadhyay&rft.aufirst=Swati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeySamaddar2016" class="citation book cs1">Dey, Ishita; Samaddar, Ranabir (2016). Beyond Kolkata: Rajarhat and the Dystopia of Urban Imagination. Routledge. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-93137-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-93137-8"><bdi>978-1-134-93137-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Kolkata%3A+Rajarhat+and+the+Dystopia+of+Urban+Imagination&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-134-93137-8&rft.aulast=Dey&rft.aufirst=Ishita&rft.au=Samaddar%2C+Ranabir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusainDutta2013" class="citation book cs1">Husain, Zakir; Dutta, Mousumi (2013). Women in Kolkata's IT Sector: Satisficing Between Work and Household. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-322-1593-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-322-1593-6"><bdi>978-81-322-1593-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Kolkata%27s+IT+Sector%3A+Satisficing+Between+Work+and+Household&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-81-322-1593-6&rft.aulast=Husain&rft.aufirst=Zakir&rft.au=Dutta%2C+Mousumi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose2015" class="citation book cs1">Bose, Pablo Shiladitya (2015). Urban Development in India: Global Indians in the Remaking of Kolkata. Routledge. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-59673-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-59673-8"><bdi>978-1-317-59673-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Development+in+India%3A+Global+Indians+in+the+Remaking+of+Kolkata&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-59673-8&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Pablo+Shiladitya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayQayum2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raka_Ray" title="Raka Ray">Ray, Raka</a>; Qayum, Seemin (2009). Cultures of Servitude: Modernity, Domesticity, and Class in India. Stanford University Press. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6071-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6071-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-6071-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultures+of+Servitude%3A+Modernity%2C+Domesticity%2C+and+Class+in+India&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-6071-3&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Raka&rft.au=Qayum%2C+Seemin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2016" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, Anindita (2016). Claiming the City: Protest, Crime, and Scandals in Colonial Calcutta, c. 1860–1920. Oxford University Press. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-946479-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-946479-1"><bdi>978-0-19-946479-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claiming+the+City%3A+Protest%2C+Crime%2C+and+Scandals+in+Colonial+Calcutta%2C+c.+1860%E2%80%931920&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-946479-1&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Anindita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanyal2014" class="citation book cs1">Sanyal, Shukla (2014). Revolutionary Pamphlets, Propaganda and Political Culture in Colonial Bengal. Cambridge University Press. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06546-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06546-8"><bdi>978-1-107-06546-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Pamphlets%2C+Propaganda+and+Political+Culture+in+Colonial+Bengal&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-06546-8&rft.aulast=Sanyal&rft.aufirst=Shukla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusteed1888" class="citation book cs1">Busteed, Henry Elmsley (1888). Echoes from Old Calcutta: Being Chiefly Reminiscences of the Days of Warren Hastings, Francis, and Impey. Asian Educational Services. p. 359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1295-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1295-2"><bdi>978-81-206-1295-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Echoes+from+Old+Calcutta%3A+Being+Chiefly+Reminiscences+of+the+Days+of+Warren+Hastings%2C+Francis%2C+and+Impey&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1888&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1295-2&rft.aulast=Busteed&rft.aufirst=Henry+Elmsley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFruzzettiÖstör2003" class="citation book cs1">Fruzzetti, Lina; Östör, Ákos (2003). Calcutta Conversations. Orient Blackswan. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8028-009-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8028-009-2"><bdi>978-81-8028-009-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcutta+Conversations&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-8028-009-2&rft.aulast=Fruzzetti&rft.aufirst=Lina&rft.au=%C3%96st%C3%B6r%2C+%C3%81kos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2014" class="citation book cs1">Richards, E. P. (2014). The Condition, Improvement and Town Planning of the City of Calcutta and Contiguous Areas: The Richards Report. Routledge. p. 492. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-61700-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-61700-6"><bdi>978-1-317-61700-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Condition%2C+Improvement+and+Town+Planning+of+the+City+of+Calcutta+and+Contiguous+Areas%3A+The+Richards+Report&rft.pages=492&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-61700-6&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjeeYarlagadda2007" class="citation book cs1">Chatterjee, Arnab; Yarlagadda, Sudhakar (2007). Econophysics of Wealth Distributions: Econophys-Kolkata I. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-470-0389-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-470-0389-7"><bdi>978-88-470-0389-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Econophysics+of+Wealth+Distributions%3A+Econophys-Kolkata+I&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-88-470-0389-7&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Arnab&rft.au=Yarlagadda%2C+Sudhakar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar2015" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Tanika (2015). Calcutta: The Stormy Decades. Social Science Press. p. 486. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-83166-07-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-83166-07-7"><bdi>978-93-83166-07-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcutta%3A+The+Stormy+Decades&rft.pages=486&rft.pub=Social+Science+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-93-83166-07-7&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Tanika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoudhury2016" class="citation book cs1">Choudhury, Ranabir Ray (2016). A City in the Making: Aspects of Calcutta's Early Growth. <a href="/wiki/Niyogi_Books" title="Niyogi Books">Niyogi Books</a>. p. 564. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-85285-28-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-85285-28-8"><bdi>978-93-85285-28-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+City+in+the+Making%3A+Aspects+of+Calcutta%27s+Early+Growth&rft.pages=564&rft.pub=Niyogi+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-93-85285-28-8&rft.aulast=Choudhury&rft.aufirst=Ranabir+Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjee2016" class="citation book cs1">Banerjee, Sumanta (2016). Memoirs of Roads: Calcutta from Colonial Urbanization to Global Modernization. Oxford University Press. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-946810-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-946810-2"><bdi>978-0-19-946810-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Roads%3A+Calcutta+from+Colonial+Urbanization+to+Global+Modernization&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-946810-2&rft.aulast=Banerjee&rft.aufirst=Sumanta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKolkata" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kmcgov.in/">Kolkata Municipal Corporation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kolkata.html">Kolkata</a> – <a href="/wiki/Incredible_India" title="Incredible India">Incredible India</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Kolkata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Kolkata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Kolkata</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />Kolkata<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></td> <td></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_and_topics_related_to_Kolkata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_and_topics_related_to_Kolkata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles and topics related to Kolkata</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kolkata_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kolkata_topics" title="Template:Kolkata topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kolkata_topics" title="Template talk:Kolkata topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kolkata_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kolkata topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kolkata_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kolkata</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kolkata" title="History of Kolkata">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Renaissance">Bengali Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hole_of_Calcutta" title="Black Hole of Calcutta">Black Hole of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhurshut" title="Bhurshut">Bhurshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_flag" title="Calcutta flag">Calcutta flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihi_Panchannagram" title="Dihi Panchannagram">Dihi Panchannagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindapur,_Kolkata" title="Gobindapur, Kolkata">Gobindapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kolkata" title="History of Kolkata">History of Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_Charnock" title="Job Charnock">Job Charnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalighat%E2%80%93Falta_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalighat–Falta Railway">Kalighat–Falta Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalikata" title="Kalikata">Kalikata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Robert Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarna_Roy_Choudhury" title="Sabarna Roy Choudhury">Sabarna Roy Choudhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calcutta" title="Siege of Calcutta">Siege of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutanuti" title="Sutanuti">Sutanuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Archaeological_Museum" title="State Archaeological Museum">State Archaeological Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Warren Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chinsurah" title="Battle of Chinsurah">Battle of Biderra/Chinsurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabakrishna_Deb" title="Nabakrishna Deb">Nabakrishna Deb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Localities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_metropolitan_region" title="Kolkata metropolitan region">Kolkata metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Neighbourhoods_in_Kolkata" title="Template:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata">Neighbourhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhoods_in_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighbourhoods in Kolkata">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Streets_of_Kolkata" title="Template:Streets of Kolkata">Streets (list)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belvedere_Estate" title="Belvedere Estate">Belvedere Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Museum,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Museum, Kolkata">Indian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorasanko_Thakur_Bari" title="Jorasanko Thakur Bari">Jorasanko Thakur Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_High_Court" title="Calcutta High Court">Calcutta High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Building" title="Currency Building">Currency Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankshall_Court" title="Bankshall Court">Bankshall Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Palace_(Kolkata)" title="Marble Palace (Kolkata)">Marble Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_India" title="National Library of India">National Library of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netaji_Bhawan" title="Netaji Bhawan">Netaji Bhawan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Kolkata" title="Raj Bhavan, Kolkata">Raj Bhavan, Kolkata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarna_Sangrahashala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabarna Sangrahashala">Sabarna Sangrahashala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Minar,_Kolkata" title="Shaheed Minar, Kolkata">Shaheed Minar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial,_Kolkata" title="Victoria Memorial, Kolkata">Victoria Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Kolkata" title="St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata">St. Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metcalfe_Hall" title="Metcalfe Hall">Metcalfe Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers%27_Building" title="Writers' Building">Writers' Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Building_(Kolkata)" title="Metropolitan Building (Kolkata)">Metropolitan Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Hotel_(Kolkata)" title="Grand Hotel (Kolkata)">Grand Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shobhabazar_Rajbari" title="Shobhabazar Rajbari">Shobhabazar Rajbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esplanade_Mansions,_Kolkata" title="Esplanade Mansions, Kolkata">Esplanade Mansions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Kolkata" title="List of tallest buildings in Kolkata">High rises</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chatterjee_International_Center" title="Chatterjee International Center">Chatterjee International Center</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/South_City" title="South City">South City</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tata_Centre" title="Tata Centre">Tata Centre</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Industry_House_(Kolkata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry House (Kolkata)">Industry House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Everest_House_(Kolkata)" title="Everest House (Kolkata)">Everest House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jeevan_Sudha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeevan Sudha">Jeevan Sudha</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Building" title="Government of India Building">Government of India Building</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hiland_Park,_Kolkata" title="Hiland Park, Kolkata">Hiland Park</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_42_(Kolkata)" title="The 42 (Kolkata)">The 42</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Urbana,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbana, Kolkata">Urbana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Uniworld_City" title="Uniworld City">Uniworld City</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kolkata" title="Education in Kolkata">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_College_(Kolkata)" title="Armenian College (Kolkata)">Armenian College and Philanthropic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Road_Government_Sponsored_H._S._School" title="B. T. Road Government Sponsored H. S. School">B. T. Road Government Sponsored H. S. School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Boys%27_School" title="Calcutta Boys' School">Calcutta Boys' School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Girls%27_High_School" title="Calcutta Girls' High School">Calcutta Girls' High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Bosco_School,_Park_Circus" title="Don Bosco School, Park Circus">Don Bosco School, Park Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_School" title="Hare School">Hare School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_School,_Kolkata" title="Hindu School, Kolkata">Hindu School, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendriya_Vidyalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kendriya Vidyalaya">Kendriya Vidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Martiniere_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="La Martiniere Calcutta">La Martiniere Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loreto_Schools,_Kolkata" title="Loreto Schools, Kolkata">Loreto Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranagore_Ramakrishna_Mission_Ashrama_High_School" title="Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School">Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission_Vidyalaya,_Narendrapur" title="Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Narendrapur">Ramakrishna, Narendrapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Church_Collegiate_School" title="Scottish Church Collegiate School">Scottish Church Collegiate School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Point_School" title="South Point School">South Point School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_Collegiate_School" title="St. Xavier's Collegiate School">St. Xavier's Collegiate School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._James%27_School_(Kolkata)" title="St. James' School (Kolkata)">St. James' School (Kolkata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Higher</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliah_University" title="Aliah University">Aliah University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Asiatic_Society" title="The Asiatic Society">Asiatic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asutosh_College" title="Asutosh College">Asutosh College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Engineering_and_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Engineering and Research Institute">Marine Engineering and Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethune_College" title="Bethune College">Bethune College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_College_of_Engineering_and_Ceramic_Technology" title="Government College of Engineering and Ceramic Technology">Government College of Engineering and Ceramic Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_College_of_Art_%26_Craft" title="Government College of Art & Craft">Government College of Art & Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_College_and_Hospital,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata">Medical College and Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_National_Medical_College" title="Calcutta National Medical College">Calcutta National Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Engineering_Science_and_Technology,_Shibpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur">Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Calcutta" title="Indian Institute of Management Calcutta">IIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science_Education_and_Research,_Kolkata" title="Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata">IISER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Social_Welfare_and_Business_Management" title="Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management">Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Statistical_Institute" title="Indian Statistical Institute">Indian Statistical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadavpur_University" title="Jadavpur University">Jadavpur University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad_College" title="Maulana Azad College">Maulana Azad College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Abul_Kalam_Azad_Institute_of_Asian_Studies" title="Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies">Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Abul_Kalam_Azad_University_of_Technology" title="Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology">Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netaji_Subhas_Open_University" title="Netaji Subhas Open University">Netaji Subhas Open University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Research_in_Bacterial_Infections" title="National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections">National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_University,_Kolkata" title="Presidency University, Kolkata">Presidency University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Bharati_University" title="Rabindra Bharati University">Rabindra Bharati University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saha_Institute_of_Nuclear_Physics" title="Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics">Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_School_of_Tropical_Medicine" title="Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine">School of Tropical Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Church_College" title="Scottish Church College">Scottish Church College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Kolkata" title="St. Xavier's College, Kolkata">St. Xavier's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_University_of_Health_Sciences" title="West Bengal University of Health Sciences">West Bengal University of Health Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_National_University_of_Juridical_Sciences" title="West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences">West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_School_of_Music" title="Calcutta School of Music">Calcutta School of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narula_Institute_of_Technology" title="Narula Institute of Technology">Narula Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray_Film_and_Television_Institute" title="Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute">Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivek_Tirtha" title="Vivek Tirtha">Vivek Tirtha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kolkata" title="Economy of Kolkata">economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABP_Group" title="ABP Group">ABP Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Bank" title="Allahabad Bank">Allahabad Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMRI_Hospitals" title="AMRI Hospitals">AMRI Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yule_and_Company" title="Andrew Yule and Company">Andrew Yule and Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidyanath_Group" title="Baidyanath Group">Baidyanath Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmer_Lawrie" title="Balmer Lawrie">Balmer Lawrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batanagar" title="Batanagar">Batanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Chemicals_and_Pharmaceuticals" title="Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals">Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berger_Paints" title="Berger Paints">Berger Paints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Bhari_Udyog_Nigam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharat Bhari Udyog Nigam">Bharat Bhari Udyog Nigam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biecco_Lawrie" title="Biecco Lawrie">Biecco Lawrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_Jute_and_Export" title="Birds Jute and Export">Birds Jute and Export</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birla_Corporation" title="Birla Corporation">Birla Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braithwaite_%26_Co." title="Braithwaite & Co.">Braithwaite & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braithwaite,_Burn_%26_Jessop_Construction_Company" title="Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Company">Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_and_Roof_Company_(India)" title="Bridge and Roof Company (India)">Bridge and Roof Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Industries" title="Britannia Industries">Britannia Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burn_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Burn & Company">Burn & Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnpur" title="Burnpur">Burnpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burn_Standard_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Burn Standard Company">Burn Standard Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CESC_Limited" title="CESC Limited">Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (CESC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Stock_Exchange" title="Calcutta Stock Exchange">Calcutta Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrite_(adhesive)#Production_Company" title="Dendrite (adhesive)">Chandras' Chemical Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_India" title="Coal India">Coal India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_Valley_Corporation" title="Damodar Valley Corporation">Damodar Valley Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emami" title="Emami">Emami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exide_Industries" title="Exide Industries">Exide Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Reach_Shipbuilders_%26_Engineers" title="Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers">Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GKB_Opticals" title="GKB Opticals">GKB Opticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkers_in_Kolkata" title="Hawkers in Kolkata">Hawkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hind_Motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hind Motor">Hind Motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Ambassador" title="Hindustan Ambassador">Hindustan Ambassador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IISCO_Steel_Plant" title="IISCO Steel Plant">IISCO Steel Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint,_Kolkata" title="India Government Mint, Kolkata">India Government Mint, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITC_Limited" title="ITC Limited">ITC Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Balaji_group" title="Jai Balaji group">Jai Balaji group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessop_%26_Company" title="Jessop & Company">Jessop & Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Port_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata Port Trust">Kolkata Port Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexulous" title="Lexulous">Lexulous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limtex" title="Limtex">Limtex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lux_Industries" title="Lux Industries">Lux Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magma_Fincorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Magma Fincorp">Magma Fincorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Insurance_Company" title="National Insurance Company">National Insurance Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerless_Group" title="Peerless Group">Peerless Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saregama" title="Saregama">Saregama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclairs_Hotels_Limited" title="Sinclairs Hotels Limited">Sinclairs Hotels Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Global_Beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tata Global Beverages">Tata Global Beverages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Park_Hotels" title="The Park Hotels">The Park Hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCO_Bank" title="UCO Bank">UCO Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Bank_of_India" title="United Bank of India">United Bank of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISA_Steel" title="VISA Steel">VISA Steel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kolkata" title="Transport in Kolkata">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Tramways_Company" title="Calcutta Tramways Company">Calcutta Tramways Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_State_Transport_Corporation" title="Calcutta State Transport Corporation">Calcutta State Transport Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Expressway" title="Kalyani Expressway">Kalyani Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Bus_Rapid_Transit_System" title="Kolkata Bus Rapid Transit System">Kolkata Bus Rapid Transit System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Transport_Corporation" title="West Bengal Transport Corporation">West Bengal Transport Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bengal_State_Transport_Corporation" title="South Bengal State Transport Corporation">South Bengal State Transport Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_Bridge" title="Howrah Bridge">Howrah Bridge (Rabindra Setu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belghoria_Expressway" title="Belghoria Expressway">Belghoria Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyasagar_Setu" title="Vidyasagar Setu">Vidyasagar Setu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_Setu" title="Vivekananda Setu">Vivekananda Setu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivedita_Setu" title="Nivedita Setu">Nivedita Setu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Quadrilateral" title="Golden Quadrilateral">Golden Quadrilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulled_rickshaw#India" title="Pulled rickshaw">Hand-pulled rickshaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Metro" title="Kolkata Metro">Kolkata Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Suburban_Railway" title="Kolkata Suburban Railway">Kolkata Suburban Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Railway_zone" title="Eastern Railway zone">Eastern Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_zone" title="South Eastern Railway zone">South Eastern Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Kolkata" title="Trams in Kolkata">Trams in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Light_Rail_Transit" title="Kolkata Light Rail Transit">Kolkata LRTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_railway_station" title="Howrah railway station">Howrah railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_railway_station" title="Kolkata railway station">Kolkata railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealdah_railway_station" title="Sealdah railway station">Sealdah railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalimar_railway_station" title="Shalimar railway station">Shalimar railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Monorail" title="Kolkata Monorail">Kolkata Monorail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Kolkata" title="Port of Kolkata">Port of Kolkata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_International_Airport" title="Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport">Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Kolkata_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of airports in the Kolkata metropolitan area">List of airports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kolkata" title="Culture of Kolkata">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Book_Fair" title="Kolkata Book Fair">Kolkata Book Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Rainbow_Pride_Walk" title="Kolkata Rainbow Pride Walk">Kolkata Rainbow Pride Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Youth_Choir" title="Calcutta Youth Choir">Calcutta Youth Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Street_Coffee_House" title="College Street Coffee House">Coffee House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkin" title="Dwarkin">Dwarkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Kolkata" title="Festivals in Kolkata">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_International_Film_Festival" title="Kolkata International Film Festival">Kolkata International Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Lane_Music_Conference" title="Dover Lane Music Conference">Dover Lane Music Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_in_the_media" title="Kolkata in the media">Kolkata in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bengal" title="Music of Bengal">Music of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandan_(Kolkata)" title="Nandan (Kolkata)">Nandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priya_Cinema_(Kolkata)" title="Priya Cinema (Kolkata)">Priya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byomkesh_Bakshi" title="Byomkesh Bakshi">Byomkesh Bakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanada" title="Ghanada">Ghanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kolkata" title="Prostitution in Kolkata">Prostitution in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenida" title="Tenida">Tenida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Tollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adda_(South_Asian)" title="Adda (South Asian)">Adda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Tirtha" title="Rabindra Tirtha">Rabindra Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazrul_Tirtha" title="Nazrul Tirtha">Nazrul Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishti_Hub" title="Mishti Hub">Mishti Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_India" title="Football in India">Football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_derby" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata derby">Kolkata derby</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_theatre_of_Kolkata" title="Group theatre of Kolkata">Group theatre of Kolkata</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Ethnic enclaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Barracks" title="Bow Barracks">Bow Barracks</a> (Anglo-Indian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Kolkata">Chinatown, Kolkata</a> (Chinese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangra,_Kolkata" title="Tangra, Kolkata">Tangra, Kolkata</a> (Chinese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakaria_Street" title="Zakaria Street">Zakaria Street</a> (Bihari Muslim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata#Armenian" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Armani-para</a> (Armenian)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places of worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hindu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belur_Math" title="Belur Math">Belur Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birla_Mandir,_Kolkata" title="Birla Mandir, Kolkata">Birla Mandir, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple" title="Dakshineswar Kali Temple">Dakshineswar Kali Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalighat" title="Kalighat">Kalighat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kripamayee_Kali_Temple" title="Kripamayee Kali Temple">Kripamayee Kali Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranagar_Math" title="Baranagar Math">Baranagar Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alambazar_Math" title="Alambazar Math">Alambazar Math</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Kolkata" title="St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata">St. Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Rosary_Cathedral,_Kolkata" title="Holy Rosary Cathedral, Kolkata">Holy Rosary Cathedral (Portuguese Church)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Church,_Kolkata" title="St. John's Church, Kolkata">St. John's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Jain_Temple" title="Calcutta Jain Temple">Parasnath Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakhoda_Masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhoda Masjid">Nakhoda Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan_Mosque" title="Tipu Sultan Mosque">Tipu Sultan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_temples_in_Kolkata" title="Chinese temples in Kolkata">Chinese temples in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magen_David_Synagogue_(Kolkata)" title="Magen David Synagogue (Kolkata)">Magen David Synagogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATK_(football_club)" title="ATK (football club)">ATK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat_Stadium" title="Barasat Stadium">Barasat Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.C._Roy_Trophy" title="B.C. Roy Trophy">B.C. Roy Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beighton_Cup" title="Beighton Cup">Beighton Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_cricket_team" title="Bengal cricket team">Bengal cricket team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhawanipore_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhawanipore FC">Bhawanipore FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Cricket_and_Football_Club" title="Calcutta Cricket and Football Club">Calcutta Cricket and Football Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Polo_Club" title="Calcutta Polo Club">Calcutta Polo Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_South_Club" title="Calcutta South Club">Calcutta South Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_Cricket_League#Teams" title="Celebrity Cricket League">Bengal Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Cricket_and_Football_Club" title="Calcutta Cricket and Football Club">Calcutta Cricket and Football Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Football_League" title="Calcutta Football League">Calcutta Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_AC" title="Dalhousie AC">Dalhousie AC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengal_FC" title="East Bengal FC">East Bengal FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengal_Ground" title="East Bengal Ground">East Bengal Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Railway_FC" title="Eastern Railway FC">Eastern Railway FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Gardens" title="Eden Gardens">Eden Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Football_Association" title="Indian Football Association">Indian Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFA_Shield" title="IFA Shield">IFA Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalighat_Milan_Sangha_FC" title="Kalighat Milan Sangha FC">Kalighat Milan Sangha FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishore_Bharati_Krirangan" title="Kishore Bharati Krirangan">Kishore Bharati Krirangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_derby" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata derby">Kolkata derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Knight_Riders" title="Kolkata Knight Riders">Kolkata Knight Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Police_Friendship_Cup_Football_Tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata Police Friendship Cup Football Tournament">Kolkata Police Friendship Cup Football Tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Vipers" title="Kolkata Vipers">Kolkata Vipers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammedan_SC_(Kolkata)" title="Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)">Mohammedan Sporting Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammedan_Sporting_Ground" title="Mohammedan Sporting Ground">Mohammedan Sporting Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohun_Bagan_Super_Giant" title="Mohun Bagan Super Giant">Mohun Bagan Super Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohun_Bagan_Ground" title="Mohun Bagan Ground">Mohun Bagan Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netaji_Indoor_Stadium" title="Netaji Indoor Stadium">Netaji Indoor Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Arrows" title="Indian Arrows">Indian Arrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_SC" title="United SC">United SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sarobar_Stadium" title="Rabindra Sarobar Stadium">Rabindra Sarobar Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Stadium" title="Salt Lake Stadium">Salt Lake Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunfeast_Open" title="Sunfeast Open">Sunfeast Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Samity" title="Southern Samity">Southern Samity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subroto_Cup" title="Subroto Cup">Subroto Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_FC" title="Aryan FC">Aryan FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tollygunge_Agragami_FC" title="Tollygunge Agragami FC">Tollygunge Agragami FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_football_team" title="West Bengal football team">West Bengal football team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adwaita" title="Adwaita">Adwaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoological_Garden,_Alipore" title="Zoological Garden, Alipore">Zoological Garden, Alipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal Club">Bengal Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Club" title="Calcutta Club">Calcutta Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Rowing_Club" title="Calcutta Rowing Club">Calcutta Rowing Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Forensic_Science_Laboratory" title="Central Forensic Science Laboratory">Central Forensic Science Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_of_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese of Calcutta">Chinese of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_phase_of_printing_in_Calcutta" title="Early phase of printing in Calcutta">Early phase of printing in Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kolkata_constituencies" title="Template:Kolkata constituencies">Electoral constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Kolkata" title="List of people from Kolkata">List of people from Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_William,_India" title="Fort William, India">Fort William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharya_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_Indian_Botanic_Garden" title="Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden">Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidan_(Kolkata)" title="Maidan (Kolkata)">Maidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_Charity" title="Missionaries of Charity">Missionaries of Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Club,_Kolkata" title="Princeton Club, Kolkata">Princeton Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sarobar" title="Rabindra Sarobar">Rabindra Sarobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Calcutta_Golf_Club" title="Royal Calcutta Golf Club">Royal Calcutta Golf Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonagachi" title="Sonagachi">Sonagachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Park_Street_Cemetery" title="South Park Street Cemetery">South Park Street Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tollygunge_Club" title="Tollygunge Club">Tollygunge Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_tank" title="Tala tank">Tala tank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Kolkata" title="Category:Kolkata">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tourist_attractions_in_Kolkata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tourist_attractions_in_Kolkata" title="Template:Tourist attractions in Kolkata"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tourist_attractions_in_Kolkata" title="Template talk:Tourist attractions in Kolkata"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tourist_attractions_in_Kolkata" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tourist attractions in Kolkata"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tourist_attractions_in_Kolkata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Places_of_interest_in_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Places of interest in Kolkata">Tourist attractions in Kolkata</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kolkata#Origins" title="History of Kolkata">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Building" title="Currency Building">Currency Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Howrah Station">Howrah Railway Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Building_(Kolkata)" title="Metropolitan Building (Kolkata)">Metropolitan Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_William_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort William (India)">Fort William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_India" title="National Library of India">National Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial,_Kolkata" title="Victoria Memorial, Kolkata">Victoria Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Minar,_Kolkata" title="Shaheed Minar, Kolkata">Shaheed Minar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Church,_Kolkata" title="St. John's Church, Kolkata">St. John's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Kolkata" title="Raj Bhavan, Kolkata">Raj Bhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Market,_Kolkata" title="New Market, Kolkata">New Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_High_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata High Court">Kolkata High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shobhabazar_Rajbari" title="Shobhabazar Rajbari">Shobhabazar Rajbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prinsep_Ghat" title="Prinsep Ghat">Prinsep Ghat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kolkata" title="Geography of Kolkata">Geographical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sarobar" title="Rabindra Sarobar">Rabindra Sarobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidan_(Kolkata)" title="Maidan (Kolkata)">Maidan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalighat_Kali_Temple" title="Kalighat Kali Temple">Kalighat Kali Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple" title="Dakshineswar Kali Temple">Dakshineswar Kali Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belur_Math" title="Belur Math">Belur Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kripamayee_Kali_Temple" title="Kripamayee Kali Temple">Kripamayee Kali Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranagar_Math" title="Baranagar Math">Baranagar Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alambazar_Math" title="Alambazar Math">Alambazar Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Church,_Kolkata" title="St. John's Church, Kolkata">St. John's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._James%27_Church,_Kolkata" title="St. James' Church, Kolkata">St. James' Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Kolkata" title="St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata">St. Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan_Mosque" title="Tipu Sultan Mosque">Tipu Sultan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Lord_Jesus_(Calcutta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Lord Jesus (Calcutta)">Church of the Lord Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Park_Street_Cemetery" title="South Park Street Cemetery">South Park Street Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata culture">Cultural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barowari" title="Barowari">Barowari Pujos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Saraswati Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Asiatic_Society" title="The Asiatic Society">The Asiatic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Dol Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Street_(Kolkata)" title="College Street (Kolkata)">College Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esplanade,_Kolkata" title="Esplanade, Kolkata">Esplanade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowringhee" title="Chowringhee">Chowringhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Metro" title="Kolkata Metro">Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata Film Festival">Kolkata Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorasanko_Thakur_Bari" title="Jorasanko Thakur Bari">Jorasanko Thakur Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Poila Boisakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Kolkata" title="Football in Kolkata">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumortuli" title="Kumortuli">Kumortuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sondesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sondesh">Sondesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Book_Fair" title="Kolkata Book Fair">Kolkata Book Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_India" title="National Library of India">National Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Kolkata" title="General Post Office, Kolkata">General Post Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statesman_Vintage_%26_Classic_Car_Rally" title="Statesman Vintage & Classic Car Rally">Vintage & Classic Car Rally</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boulevards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AJC_Bose_Road_%26_APC_Road" title="AJC Bose Road & APC Road">AJC Bose Road & APC Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amherst_Street_(Kolkata)" title="Amherst Street (Kolkata)">Amherst Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballygunge_Circular_Road" title="Ballygunge Circular Road">Ballygunge Circular Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bepin_Behari_Ganguly_Street" title="Bepin Behari Ganguly Street">Bowbazar Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camac_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Camac Street">Camac Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Avenue" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittaranjan Avenue">Chittaranjan Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Street_(Kolkata)" title="College Street (Kolkata)">College Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Metropolitan_Bypass" title="Eastern Metropolitan Bypass">Eastern Metropolitan Bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gariahat_Road" title="Gariahat Road">Gariahat Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurusaday_Dutta_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurusaday Dutta Road">Gurusaday Dutta Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Street_(Road)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey Street (Road)">Grey Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowringhee_Road" title="Chowringhee Road">The Chowringhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Bose_Road" title="Sarat Bose Road">Lansdowne Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Road,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahatma Gandhi Road, Kolkata">Mahatma Gandhi Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghalib_Street" title="Mirza Ghalib Street">Mirza Ghalib Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Street,_Kolkata" title="Park Street, Kolkata">Park Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Anwar_Shah_Road" title="Prince Anwar Shah Road">Prince Anwar Shah Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitpur" title="Chitpur">Rabindra Sarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Nabakrishna_Street" title="Raja Nabakrishna Street">Raja Nabakrishna Street</a></li> <li>Raja SC Mullick Road</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netaji_Subash_Chandra_Bose_Road" title="Netaji Subash Chandra Bose Road">Netaji Subash Chandra Bose Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashbehari_Avenue" title="Rashbehari Avenue">Rashbehari Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Sarani" title="Shakespeare Sarani">Shakespeare Sarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Avenue,_Kolkata" title="Southern Avenue, Kolkata">Southern Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_Road,_Kolkata" title="Strand Road, Kolkata">Strand Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudder_Street" title="Sudder Street">Sudder Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam_Sarani" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam Sarani">V.I.P. Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_Road" title="Vivekananda Road">Vivekananda Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Road">Jawaharlal Nehru Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrackpore_Trunk_Road" title="Barrackpore Trunk Road">B. T. Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shopping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Market,_Kolkata" title="New Market, Kolkata">New Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Street_(Kolkata)" title="College Street (Kolkata)">College Street</a> (Books)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_Square" title="Mani Square">Mani Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_City_Mall" title="South City Mall">South City Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_Mall" title="Quest Mall">Quest Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Kolkata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum (Kolkata)">Forum Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="List of shopping malls in Kolkata">Other shopping malls</a></li> <li>Barnoporichoy</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks, riverfront, zoos and stadiums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoological_Garden,_Alipore" title="Zoological Garden, Alipore">Alipore Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_(Kolkata)" title="Central Park (Kolkata)">Central Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Park_(Kolkata)" title="Millennium Park (Kolkata)">Millennium Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohor_Kunja" title="Mohor Kunja">Mohor Kunja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatica_(Kolkata)" title="Aquatica (Kolkata)">Aquatica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicco_Park" title="Nicco Park">Nicco Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_City,_Kolkata" title="Science City, Kolkata">Science City, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharya_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_Indian_Botanic_Garden" title="Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden">Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Great_Banyan" title="The Great Banyan">The Great Banyan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidan_(Kolkata)" title="Maidan (Kolkata)">Maidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco_Park,_New_Town" title="Eco Park, New Town">New Town Eco Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Gardens" title="Eden Gardens">Eden Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Stadium" title="Salt Lake Stadium">Salt Lake Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Race_Course" title="Kolkata Race Course">Race Course Pavilions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netaji_Indoor_Stadium" title="Netaji Indoor Stadium">Netaji Indoor Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengal_Ground" title="East Bengal Ground">East Bengal Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammedan_Sporting_Ground" title="Mohammedan Sporting Ground">Mohammedan Sporting Ground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Kolkata" title="Category:Kolkata">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_West_Bengal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Bengal" title="Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Bengal" title="Template talk:West Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_West_Bengal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kolkata</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_West_Bengal" title="Emblem of West Bengal">Emblem of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state anthems">Anthem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Banglar_Mati_Banglar_Jol" title="Banglar Mati Banglar Jol">Banglar Mati Banglar Jol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher" title="White-throated kingfisher">White-throated kingfisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Devil's tree (Saptaparni)</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_Raj" title="Bardhaman Raj">Bardhaman Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_Raj" title="Jhargram Raj">Jhargram Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovabazar_Raj" title="Sovabazar Raj">Sovabazar Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionary movement for Indian independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Bengal" title="Geography of West Bengal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Basin" title="Bengal Basin">Bengal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_plains" title="North Bengal plains">North Bengal plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooars" title="Dooars">Dooars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarh region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajjabhumi" title="Vajjabhumi">Western plateau and high lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_West_Bengal" title="Climate of West Bengal">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu (Highest point)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_West_Bengal" title="List of protected areas of West Bengal">Protected areas of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_West_Bengal" title="Category:Rivers of West Bengal">Rivers of West Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoai" title="Khoai">Khoai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling">Tiger Hill, Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_West_Bengal" title="List of chief ministers of West Bengal">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Bengal" title="List of governors of West Bengal">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Human_Rights_Commission" title="West Bengal Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_West_Bengal" title="Category:Political parties in West Bengal">Political parties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party,_West_Bengal" title="Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lok_Sabha_constituencies_of_West_Bengal" title="Template:Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CID_West_Bengal" title="CID West Bengal">CID West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Police" title="Kolkata Police">Kolkata Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Rights groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Pokkho" title="Bangla Pokkho">Bangla Pokkho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_West_Bengal" title="Administrative divisions of West Bengal">Divisions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" title="List of districts of West Bengal">districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burdwan_division" title="Burdwan division">Burdwan division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birbhum_district" title="Birbhum district">Birbhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman_district" title="Paschim Bardhaman district">Paschim Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Bardhaman_district" title="Purba Bardhaman district">Purba Bardhaman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_division" title="Jalpaiguri division">Jalpaiguri division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipurduar_district" title="Alipurduar district">Alipurduar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district" title="Cooch Behar district">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_district" title="Kalimpong district">Kalimpong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malda_division" title="Malda division">Malda division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore_district" title="Berhampore district">Berhampore</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur_district" title="Dakshin Dinajpur district">Dakshin Dinajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangipur_district" title="Jangipur district">Jangipur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district" title="Uttar Dinajpur district">Uttar Dinajpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medinipur_division" title="Medinipur division">Medinipur division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_district" title="Bankura district">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_district,_West_Bengal" title="Bishnupur district, West Bengal">Bishnupur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_district" title="Jhargram district">Jhargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Medinipur_district" title="Paschim Medinipur district">Paschim Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Medinipur_district" title="Purba Medinipur district">Purba Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basirhat_district" title="Basirhat district">Basirhat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_district" title="Howrah district">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichamati_district" title="Ichamati district">Ichamati</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_district" title="Kolkata district">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranaghat_district" title="Ranaghat district">Ranaghat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas" title="South 24 Parganas">South 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_district" title="Sundarbans district">Sundarbans</a> (declared)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_in_West_Bengal" title="Cities and towns in West Bengal">Cities and towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore" title="Berhampore">Berhampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balurghat" title="Balurghat">Balurghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura" title="Bankura">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat" title="Barasat">Barasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli-Chuchura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagar_Majilpur" title="Jaynagar Majilpur">Jaynagar Majilpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaganj_Azimganj" title="Jiaganj Azimganj">Jiaganj Azimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharagpur" title="Kharagpur">Kharagpur</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnanagar,_Nadia" title="Krishnanagar, Nadia">Krishnanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda,_West_Bengal" title="Malda, West Bengal">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia" title="Purulia">Purulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiganj" title="Raiganj">Raiganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri,_Birbhum" title="Suri, Birbhum">Siuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamluk" title="Tamluk">Tamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Bengal_by_population" title="List of cities in West Bengal by population">List of cities in West Bengal by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Bengal_cities_and_towns_by_district_templates" title="Category:West Bengal cities and towns by district templates">Cities and towns by district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Culture of West Bengal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalchitra" title="Chalchitra">Chalchitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">Arts of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadu_(festival)" title="Bhadu (festival)">Bhadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kolkata" title="Prostitution in Kolkata">Prostitution in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dooj" title="Bhai Dooj">Bhai Dooj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Architecture of Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal temples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ganguly" title="Lalmohan Ganguly">Lalmohan Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_Shonku" title="Professor Shonku">Professor Shonku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarini_Khuro" title="Tarini Khuro">Tarini Khuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakababu" title="Kakababu">Kakababu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiriti_Roy" title="Kiriti Roy">Kiriti Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali_(novel)" title="Pather Panchali (novel)">Pather Panchali (novel)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">GI products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baluchari_sari" title="Baluchari sari">Baluchari sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Banglar Rosogolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Banglar Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_horse" title="Bankura horse">Bankura horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Bengal Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_mask" title="Chhau mask">Chhau mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaniakhali_Sari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaniakhali Sari">Dhaniakhali Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazli_(mango)" title="Fazli (mango)">Fazli (mango)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garad_Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Garad Saree">Garad Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindobhog" title="Gobindobhog">Gobindobhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himsagar" title="Himsagar">Himsagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagarer_Moa" title="Jaynagarer Moa">Jaynagarer Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurkathi" title="Madurkathi">Madurkathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasa_chali" title="Manasa chali">Manasa chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihidana" title="Mihidana">Mihidana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshi_kantha" title="Nakshi kantha">Nakshi kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiniketan_Leather_Goods" title="Santiniketan Leather Goods">Santiniketan Leather Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantipuri_sari" title="Shantipuri sari">Shantipuri sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitabhog" title="Sitabhog">Sitabhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarban_Honey" title="Sundarban Honey">Sundarban Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangail_Saree_(West_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangail Saree (West Bengal)">Tangail Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulaipanji" title="Tulaipanji">Tulaipanji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Bihari people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Gorkha" title="Indian Gorkha">Gurkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_people" title="Rajbanshi people">Rajbanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Ethnic communities in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Bengal_districts_ranked_by_literacy_rate" title="List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate">List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Bengalis_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against Bengalis in India">Discrimination against Bengalis in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_West_Bengal" title="List of people from West Bengal">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamini_Roy" title="Jamini Roy">Jamini Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Dutta" title="Satyendranath Dutta">Satyendranath Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_Rashmoni" title="Rani Rashmoni">Rani Rashmoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkanath_Tagore" title="Dwarkanath Tagore">Dwarkanath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukumar_Ray" title="Sukumar Ray">Sukumar Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibhutibhushan_Bandyopadhyay" title="Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay">Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihar_Ranjan_Gupta" title="Nihar Ranjan Gupta">Nihar Ranjan Gupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Bengal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:West Bengal">Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_and_Union_Territory_capitals_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:State_and_Union_Territory_capitals_of_India" title="Template:State and Union Territory capitals of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:State_and_Union_Territory_capitals_of_India" title="Template talk:State and Union Territory capitals of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:State_and_Union_Territory_capitals_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:State and Union Territory capitals of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_and_Union_Territory_capitals_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State and Union Territory</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">capitals</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agartala" title="Agartala">Agartala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizawl" title="Aizawl">Aizawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman,_India" title="Daman, India">Daman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispur" title="Dispur">Dispur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itanagar" title="Itanagar">Itanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> (winter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil" title="Kargil">Kargil</a> (winter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavaratti" title="Kavaratti">Kavaratti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohima" title="Kohima">Kohima</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a> (summer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panaji" title="Panaji">Panaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Blair" title="Port Blair">Port Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> (summer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agartala" title="Agartala">Agartala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizawl" title="Aizawl">Aizawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> (summer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgaum" title="Belgaum">Belgaum</a> (winter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhararisain" title="Bhararisain">Bhararisain</a> (summer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamshala" title="Dharamshala">Dharamshala</a> (winter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a> (winter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itanagar" title="Itanagar">Itanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> (winter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohima" title="Kohima">Kohima</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> (summer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a> (winter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porvorim" title="Porvorim">Porvorim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a> (summer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> (summer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judicial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agartala" title="Agartala">Agartala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspur,_Chhattisgarh" title="Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh">Bilaspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabalpur" title="Jabalpur">Jabalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> (winter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainital" title="Nainital">Nainital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> (summer)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" title="Template:Million-plus agglomerations in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" title="Template talk:Million-plus agglomerations in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Million-plus agglomerations in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_million-plus_urban_agglomerations_in_India" title="List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India">Million-plus agglomerations</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Zonal_Council" title="Northern Zonal Council">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li>Haryana: <a href="/wiki/Faridabad" title="Faridabad">Faridabad</a></li> <li>Jammu and Kashmir: <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a></li> <li>Punjab: <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a></li> <li>Rajasthan: <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota,_Rajasthan" title="Kota, Rajasthan">Kota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Zonal_Council" title="Central Zonal Council">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chhattisgarh: <a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilai" title="Bhilai">Bhilai</a></li> <li>Madhya Pradesh: <a href="/wiki/Indore" title="Indore">Indore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabalpur" title="Jabalpur">Jabalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a></li> <li>Uttar Pradesh:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaziabad" title="Ghaziabad">Ghaziabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zonal_Council" title="Eastern Zonal Council">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bihar: <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li> <li>Jharkhand: <a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanbad" title="Dhanbad">Dhanbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li>West Bengal: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Zonal_Council" title="Western Zonal Council">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gujarat: <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajkot" title="Rajkot">Rajkot</a></li> <li>Maharashtra: <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasai-Virar" title="Vasai-Virar">Vasai-Virar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangabad" title="Aurangabad">Aurangabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Zonal_Council" title="Southern Zonal Council">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Andhra Pradesh: <a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayawada" title="Vijayawada">Vijayawada</a></li> <li>Karnataka: <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li> <li>Kerala: <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a></li> <li>Tamil Nadu: <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li>Telangana: <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World&#039;s_50_most-populous_urban_areas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Template:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Template talk:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World&#039;s_50_most-populous_urban_areas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">World's 50 <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">most-populous urban areas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area" title="Greater Tokyo Area">Tokyo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_metropolitan_area" title="Jakarta metropolitan area">Jakarta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(India)" title="National Capital Region (India)">Delhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>–<a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region">Mumbai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manila_Area" title="Greater Manila Area">Manila</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Capital_Area" title="Seoul Capital Area">Seoul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater Cairo">Cairo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City" title="Greater Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="11"><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata metropolitan area">Kolkata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Greater São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Dhaka" title="Greater Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Region" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Region">Bangkok</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_metropolitan_area" title="Moscow metropolitan area">Moscow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Buenos_Aires" title="Greater Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="21"><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangalore" title="Greater Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_metropolitan_area" title="Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area">Ho Chi Minh City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="31"><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tehran" title="Greater Tehran">Tehran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Greater Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_metropolitan_area" title="Chennai metropolitan area">Chennai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_metropolitan_area" title="Paris metropolitan area">Paris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area" title="Greater London Built-up Area">London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="41"><li><a href="/wiki/Lima_metropolitan_area" title="Lima metropolitan area">Lima</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Area_of_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Metropolitan Area of Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Metropolitan_Region" title="Hyderabad Metropolitan Region">Hyderabad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taipei%E2%80%93Keelung_metropolitan_area" title="Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area">Taipei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABky%C5%8D_metropolitan_area" title="Chūkyō metropolitan area">Nagoya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya_metropolitan_area" title="Surabaya metropolitan area">Surabaya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_metropolitan_area" title="Bandung metropolitan area">Bandung</a></li></ol></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Megacities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Megacities" title="Template:Megacities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Megacities" title="Template talk:Megacities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Megacities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Megacities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Megacities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Africa (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Asia (35)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China (14)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India (6)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesia (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe (Keihanshin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistan (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (7)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Europe (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">America (8)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Kolkata at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kolkata" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Kolkata">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" class="extiw" title="c:কলকাতা">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Kolkata" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Kolkata">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kolkata" class="extiw" title="q:Kolkata">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kolkata" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Kolkata">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kolkata" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Kolkata">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kolkata" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Kolkata">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kolkata" class="extiw" title="voy:Kolkata">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348" class="extiw" title="d:Q1348">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/283512634">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1892339/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrWD8RmvGXFJpppt4gVG3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4029344-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80049617">United States</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2012073732">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943241j">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943241j">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628396">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134256&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX455768">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/86lnm1ks0413nx3">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007410954405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/d65e525b-eac9-493c-bc78-0204c7285670">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027377695">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044398">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkata&oldid=1258534845">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkata&oldid=1258534845</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kolkata" title="Category:Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Kolkata_district" title="Category:Cities and towns in Kolkata district">Cities and towns in Kolkata district</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_capital_cities" title="Category:Indian capital cities">Indian capital cities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metropolitan_cities_in_India" title="Category:Metropolitan cities in India">Metropolitan cities in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Port_cities_in_India" title="Category:Port cities in India">Port cities in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Capitals_of_former_nations" title="Category:Capitals of former nations">Capitals of former nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_national_capitals" title="Category:Former national capitals">Former national capitals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_capital_cities_in_India" title="Category:Former capital cities in India">Former capital cities in 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district">Subdivisions in Kolkata district</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_West_Bengal" title="Category:Cities in West Bengal">Cities in West Bengal</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Bengali_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Bengali IPA">Pages with Bengali IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including 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