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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Ming dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ming_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qing_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qing_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Qing dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qing_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People's_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People's_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>People's Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People's_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Chinese canal network</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B8%85%E6%B1%9F%E6%B5%A6_%E4%B8%AD%E6%B4%B2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%E6%B8%85%E6%B1%9F%E6%B5%A6_%E4%B8%AD%E6%B4%B2.JPG/300px-%E6%B8%85%E6%B1%9F%E6%B5%A6_%E4%B8%AD%E6%B4%B2.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%E6%B8%85%E6%B1%9F%E6%B5%A6_%E4%B8%AD%E6%B4%B2.JPG/450px-%E6%B8%85%E6%B1%9F%E6%B5%A6_%E4%B8%AD%E6%B4%B2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%E6%B8%85%E6%B1%9F%E6%B5%A6_%E4%B8%AD%E6%B4%B2.JPG/600px-%E6%B8%85%E6%B1%9F%E6%B5%A6_%E4%B8%AD%E6%B4%B2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The canal at <a href="/wiki/Qingjiangpu" class="mw-redirect" title="Qingjiangpu">Qingjiangpu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">清江浦</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangsu Province">Jiangsu Province</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BC%95" class="extiw" title="wikt:漕">漕</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%81%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:運">運</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:系統">系統</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BC%95" class="extiw" title="wikt:漕">漕</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%BF%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:运">运</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:系统">系统</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">Canal Transport System</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Cáoyùn Xìtǒng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Ts‘ao-yün Hsi-t‘ung</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of canals in China</b> connecting its <a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivers of China">major rivers</a> and centers of agriculture and population extends from the legendary exploits of <a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yu the Great</a> in his attempts control the flooding of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> to the present infrastructure projects of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>. From the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a> (8th–5th centuries<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE) onward, the canals of China were used for army transportation and supply, as well as colonization of new territories. From the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a> (3rd century BCE) to the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> (17th–20th centuries<span class="nowrap"> </span>CE), China's canal network was also essential to imperial taxation-in-kind.<sup id="cite_ref-Berk_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Control of shipbuilding and internal tariffs were also administered along the canals.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_canals_in_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_China">Ancient China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_canals_in_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main <a href="/wiki/Logistics_chains" class="mw-redirect" title="Logistics chains">logistics chains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">ancient China</a> were along the <a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivers of China">natural rivers of the country</a>. One major example was the occasion when the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_states" title="Ancient Chinese states">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Jin</a> suffered a severe crop failure in 647<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE and the <a href="/wiki/Mu_Duke_of_Qin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu Duke of Qin">Mu Duke</a> of <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a> provided several thousand tons of grain by barges. These traveled from his capital at Yong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9B%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:雍">雍</a></span></span>) in present-day <a href="/wiki/Fengxiang_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Fengxiang County">Fengxiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/Wei_River" title="Wei River">Wei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fen_River" title="Fen River">Fen Rivers</a> to the Jin capital at Jiang (<small><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</a></small><span class="nowrap"> </span><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:絳">絳</a></span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</a></small><span class="nowrap"> </span><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">绛</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Yicheng_County" title="Yicheng County">Yicheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>. </p><p>Since China's rivers generally run from the western highlands to the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Seas</a>, all parallel to one another, there was great incentive to connect the river systems by canals. The canals also assisted <a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">flood control</a>. The oldest known was probably the Hong or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Honggou_Canal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honggou Canal (page does not exist)">Honggou Canal</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</a></small><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%B4%BB%E6%BA%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:鴻溝">鴻溝</a></span></span>,</span> <small><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</a></small><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%B8%BF%E6%B2%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:鸿沟">鸿沟</a></span></span>,</span> <i>Hónggōu</i>, "Canal of the Wild Geese"), which linked the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> near present-day <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Si_River" title="Si River">Si</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bian_River_(China)" title="Bian River (China)">Bian Rivers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-needy_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Details of its construction have been lost, with it first appearing in the historical record in <a href="/wiki/Su_Qin" title="Su Qin">Su Qin</a>'s discussion of state boundaries in <span class="nowrap">330 BCE</span> and <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> placing its construction just after his discussion of the supposed works of <a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yu the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-needy_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholars now usually place its construction in the 6th <span class="nowrap">century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-needy_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </p><p>In <span class="nowrap">486 BCE,</span> men under <a href="/wiki/King_Fuchai_of_Wu" class="mw-redirect" title="King Fuchai of Wu">King Fuchai</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wu_(state)" title="Wu (state)">Wu</a> constructed the Han or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangou_Canal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hangou Canal (page does not exist)">Hangou Canal</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</a></small><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%82%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:邗">邗</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BA%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:溝">溝</a></span></span>,</span> <small><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</a></small><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%82%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:邗">邗</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B2%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:沟">沟</a></span></span>,</span> <i>Hángōu</i>) to connect the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> through the Fanliang <span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">樊梁湖</span></span>,</span> <i>Fánliáng Hú</i>), Bozhi <span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">博芝湖</span></span>,</span> <i>Bózhī Hú</i>) and Sheyang Lakes (<small><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</a></small><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">射陽湖</span></span>,</span> <small><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</a></small><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">射阳湖</span></span>,</span> <i>Shèyáng Hú</i>) with the <a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chow_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chow-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By way of the Honggou, this then connected to the Yellow River and its networks beyond. This eased Wu's supply lines during Fuchai's war with <a href="/wiki/State_of_Qi" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Qi">Qi</a>, which was concluded successfully at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ailing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ailing (page does not exist)">Battle of Ailing</a>, solidifying Fuchai's position as <a href="/wiki/Five_Hegemons" title="Five Hegemons">hegemon</a> over the other states of his time. During 483 and 482<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE, Fuchai's men then built the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heshui_Canal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heshui Canal (page does not exist)">Heshui Canal</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</a></small><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E6%B0%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:荷水">荷水</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:運河">運河</a></span></span>,</span> <small><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</a></small><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E6%B0%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:荷水">荷水</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:运河">运河</a></span></span>,</span> <i>Héshuǐ Yùnhé</i>) connecting the Si with the <a href="/wiki/Ji_River" title="Ji River">Ji</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-chow_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chow-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which ran parallel to the Yellow River through densely populated districts in what is now western <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qin_dynasty">Qin dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_canals_in_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Qin dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 214<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE the first Chinese Emperor <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a> ordered the construction of a canal connecting the <a href="/wiki/Xiang_River" title="Xiang River">Xiang River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lijiang_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijiang River">Lijiang</a> in order to supply his troops for an attack on the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> nomads. Designed by <a href="/wiki/Shi_Lu" title="Shi Lu">Shi Lu</a> (史祿), the resulting <a href="/wiki/Lingqu_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingqu Canal">Lingqu Canal</a> is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Contour_canal" title="Contour canal">contour canal</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This canal along with the <a href="/wiki/Zhengguo_Canal" title="Zhengguo Canal">Zhengguo Canal</a> in Shaanxi Province and the <a href="/wiki/Dujiangyan" title="Dujiangyan">Dujiangyan Irrigation System</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan Province</a> are known as “The three great hydraulic engineering projects of the Qin dynasty”.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Han_dynasty">Han dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_canals_in_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Han dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a> (206–202<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE), General <a href="/wiki/Xiao_He" title="Xiao He">Xiao He</a> used the Wei River to transport provisions for his army, thereby creating an effective logistics supply network. In 129<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE, the sixth year of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu</a>, a canal was cut through the northern foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Qin_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin Mountains">Qin Mountains</a> running parallel to the Wei River linking <a href="/wiki/Tong_Pass" title="Tong Pass">Tong Pass</a> with <a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%99an" class="mw-redirect" title="Chang’an">Chang’an</a> and greatly reducing the amount of time needed to transport goods between the two cities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sui_and_Tang_dynasties">Sui and Tang dynasties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_canals_in_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sui and Tang dynasties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> lasted only 37 years from 581 until 618, its rulers made a major contribution to improving the canal system. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)#Tang_to_Yuan" title="Grand Canal (China)">Grand Canal</a> became a major factor in economic growth and political unity by connecting north and south, allowing transport of tax grain and <a href="/wiki/History_of_salt_in_China#Official_supervision,_merchant_transportation_in_the_Tang_and_Song_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="History of salt in China">control of the sale of salt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adshead_2004_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adshead_2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hai_River" title="Hai River">Hai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze</a> and Qiantang Rivers were all interlinked through the construction of canals thus laying the groundwork for further development during later dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-Berk_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were the Guangtong Canal (廣通渠), Tongji Canal (通濟渠), Shanyang Channel (山陽瀆) and Yongji Canal (永濟渠) which formed the basis of a large scale canal based transport network. <br /> At the time of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jingzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Jingzong of Tang">Emperor Jingzong of Tang</a> (r. 824–827) the canal system had become too shallow. This restricted the movement of salt and iron which were important government monopolies so to solve the problem seven rivers were diverted to the east. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Song_dynasty">Song dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_canals_in_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Song dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> the capital Daliang (大梁), modern day <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>, used the <a href="/wiki/Bian_River_(China)" title="Bian River (China)">Bian</a> Yellow, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huimin_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huimin River (page does not exist)">Huimin</a> (惠民河) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guangji_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guangji River (page does not exist)">Guangji</a> (广济河) Rivers as part of the canal network. In 976 CE during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Song" title="Emperor Taizong of Song">Emperor Taizong of Song</a> more than 55 million bushels of grain were moved along the Bian River to the capital. By the time of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Renzong_of_Song" title="Emperor Renzong of Song">Emperor Renzong of Song</a> (r. 1022–763) the amount had increased to 80 million bushels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yuan_dynasty">Yuan dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_canals_in_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Yuan dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yuan Dynasty saw the establishment of a government body in the form of a "<i>Si</i>" (司) near the capital to oversee the canal system. Known as the Huai & Yangtze Rivers Grain Transport Office, (江淮都漕运司) this was an offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Three Departments and Six Ministries</a> of the administrative third grade or "<i>San Pin</i>" (三品). This office was responsible for arranging grain transportation to the <a href="/wiki/Luan_River" title="Luan River">Luan River</a> (滦河) then onwards to the capital at <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Dadu</a> (modern day Beijing) using more than 3,000 boats. Sea-based transportation within the grain taxation system was also important with canals playing a subsidiary role. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ming_dynasty">Ming dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_canals_in_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ming dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%BC%95%E8%BF%90%E6%80%BB%E7%9D%A3%E8%A1%99%E9%97%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%E6%BC%95%E8%BF%90%E6%80%BB%E7%9D%A3%E8%A1%99%E9%97%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80.JPG/220px-%E6%BC%95%E8%BF%90%E6%80%BB%E7%9D%A3%E8%A1%99%E9%97%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%E6%BC%95%E8%BF%90%E6%80%BB%E7%9D%A3%E8%A1%99%E9%97%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80.JPG/330px-%E6%BC%95%E8%BF%90%E6%80%BB%E7%9D%A3%E8%A1%99%E9%97%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%E6%BC%95%E8%BF%90%E6%80%BB%E7%9D%A3%E8%A1%99%E9%97%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80.JPG/440px-%E6%BC%95%E8%BF%90%E6%80%BB%E7%9D%A3%E8%A1%99%E9%97%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Former <i><a href="/wiki/Yamen" title="Yamen">yamen</a></i> of the canal system's governor-general at <a href="/wiki/Huai%27an" title="Huai'an">Huai'an</a>, Jiangsu Province.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1368, the first year of the reign of the Ming <a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</a>, the Capital Grain Transport Office (京畿都漕运司) was established under the auspices of a fourth grade (四品) commissioner. At the same time, the canal system's governor-general's office was set up in the prefectural capital of <a href="/wiki/Huai%27an" title="Huai'an">Huai'an</a>, Jiangsu Province. Its responsibilities were to manage the canal network and ensure that annual <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">grain shipments</a> remained at around 40 million tons. Boatyards were also established in <a href="/wiki/Anqing" title="Anqing">Anqing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiujiang" title="Jiujiang">Jiujiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhangshu" title="Zhangshu">Zhangshu</a> and Raozhou (饶州) (modern day <a href="/wiki/Poyang_County" title="Poyang County">Poyang County</a>). At Huai'an, a boatyard 15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of the Yangtze River ran for a distance of 23 <a href="/wiki/Li_(unit)" title="Li (unit)">Chinese miles</a> (c. 11.5 km (7.1 mi). Overall responsibility for all these locations lay with a department of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Ministry of Works</a>. Every year, regulations fixed the total amount of tax payable by the entire country in grain via the canal system at 29.5 million bushels. Of this, 12 million bushels were allocated to local governments, 8 million bushels supported the army on the northern border, 1.2 million bushels went to the capital in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> whilst 8.2 million bushels were used to supply Beijing. </p><p>From 1415 onwards, imperial regulations stated that the grain taxation system should use only the country's canal network; thereafter all seaborne transportation stopped.<sup id="cite_ref-Berk_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This situation remained virtually unchanged until the beginning of the 19th century and as a result, during both the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the volume of the grain tax transported via the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Grand Canal (China)">Grand Canal</a> far exceeded that of the preceding Yuan Dynasty. </p><p>During the Ming dynasty the usage pattern of the canal system went through three successive phases. At first the "<i>zhiyun</i>" (支运) variant evolved as grain tax transportation switched from the sea to the country's canal and river network. At Huai’an, <a href="/wiki/Xuzhou" title="Xuzhou">Xuzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linqing" title="Linqing">Linqing</a> and other locations, warehouses were established to store taxes paid in grain and delivered by the local population. This was then shipped north to provision the army once every quarter. Storage became unnecessary with the advent of the "<i>duiyun</i>" (兑运) form where taxes paid by the common people were partly used to directly pay the transportation fees for army supplies on the journey north.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the third stage known as "<i>changyun</i>" (长运) or "<i>gaidui</i>" (改兌), the army took responsibility for the movement of grain from south of the Yangtze River. </p><p>According to Ming dynasty scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qiu_Jun_(Ming)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qiu Jun (Ming) (page does not exist)">Qiu Jun</a> (邱濬): “Use of the river and canal network saved 30–40% of costs compared to road transportation whereas the savings achieved using sea-borne transport were 70%–80%.”<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="5"> <caption><b>Ming dynasty Provincial Quotas for Grain Taxes</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Administrative<br />Area </th> <th>Subdivision </th> <th>Amount (bushels 石) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>630,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>570,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>380,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>375,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Huguang" title="Huguang">Huguang</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>250,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhili_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhili Province">Southern Zhili</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,794,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a> </td> <td>697000 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Songjiang</a> (松江府) </td> <td>232,950 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Changzhou" title="Changzhou">Changzhou</a> </td> <td>175,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> (应天府) </td> <td>128,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huai%27an" title="Huai'an">Huai'an</a> </td> <td>104,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhenjiang" title="Zhenjiang">Zhenjiang</a> </td> <td>102,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a> </td> <td>97,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anqing" title="Anqing">Anqing</a> </td> <td>60,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fengyang" class="mw-redirect" title="Fengyang">Fengyang</a> </td> <td>60,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xuzhou" title="Xuzhou">Xuzhou</a> </td> <td>48,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ningguo" title="Ningguo">Ningguo</a> </td> <td>30,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chizhou" title="Chizhou">Chizhou</a> </td> <td>25,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Prefecture" title="Taiping Prefecture">Taiping</a> </td> <td>17,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luzhou" title="Luzhou">Luzhou</a> </td> <td>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guangde" title="Guangde">Guangde</a> </td> <td>8,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qing_dynasty">Qing dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_canals_in_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Qing dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_canals_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/History of canals in China">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> continued to use the existing canal system it had numerous disadvantages and caused the government many headaches. In 1825 during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Daoguang_Emperor" title="Daoguang Emperor">Daoguang Emperor</a> a maritime shipping office was established in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> with a grain tax receiving station at <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Qishan_(official)" title="Qishan (official)">Qishan</a> and other senior ministers thereafter managed the first grain shipments by sea. Operations in Tianjin quickly grew to outstrip those based in <a href="/wiki/Linqing" title="Linqing">Linqing</a>, Shandong Province. Before the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> of 1839–42 and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a> (1856–60), yearly grain-tax maritime shipments reached around 4 million bushels of grain per annum. </p><p>A series of events towards the end of the Qing dynasty led to the ultimate decline of the canal system: </p> <ul><li>On the 21<span class="nowrap"> </span>July 1842, during the later stages of the First Opium War, British troops <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chinkiang" title="Battle of Chinkiang">attacked and occupied</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhenjiang" title="Zhenjiang">Zhenjiang</a> near the confluence of the Grand Canal and Yangtze River, effectively blocking operation of the canal system and its grain taxes. As a result, the Qing Daoguang Emperor decided to sue for peace and agreed to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a> which brought hostilities to an end.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a> of 1850–64 resulted in the loss of Nanjing and the Anhui segment of the Yangtze River for ten years from 1853 onwards thereby curtailing the canal network. During the war with the rebels, major canal side towns including Yangzhou, <a href="/wiki/Qingjiangpu" class="mw-redirect" title="Qingjiangpu">Qingjiangpu</a> (清江浦), Linqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou suffered serious damage or were razed to the ground.</li> <li>After the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> changed course in its floods between 1851 and 1855, the canals in the Shandong region gradually silted up. Thereafter, the principal routes for grain shipment were maritime.</li> <li>In 1872, an office to promote investment in steamships was established in Shanghai when steamships became the official vessels used within the grain-tax system.</li> <li>All canal-based traffic of the grain tax ceased in 1901.</li> <li>The post of canal system's governor-general was abolished in 1904</li> <li>1911 saw the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Jinpu_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinpu railway">Jinpu railway</a> linking <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhenjiang" title="Zhenjiang">Zhenjiang</a> such that the importance of the Grand Canal and the towns along its banks significantly dropped.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People's_Republic"><span id="People.27s_Republic"></span>People's Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_canals_in_China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: People's Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RedFlagCanalDiagram2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/RedFlagCanalDiagram2006.jpg/220px-RedFlagCanalDiagram2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/RedFlagCanalDiagram2006.jpg/330px-RedFlagCanalDiagram2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/RedFlagCanalDiagram2006.jpg/440px-RedFlagCanalDiagram2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of the Red Flag Canal near the Canal Visitor Center</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Flag_Canal" title="Red Flag Canal">Red Flag Canal</a> was built entirely by hand as an irrigation canal diverting water from the <a href="/wiki/Zhang_River" title="Zhang River">Zhang River</a> to fields in <a href="/wiki/Linzhou_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Linzhou City">Linzhou</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>. Completed in 1965, the main channel is 71 kilometers (44 mi) long, winding around the side of a cliff and through 42 tunnels. It was celebrated within China and was the subject of several movies,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including a section of <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Michelangelo Antonioni</a>'s 1972 documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Chung_Kuo,_Cina" title="Chung Kuo, Cina">Chung Kuo</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/South%E2%80%93North_Water_Transfer_Project" title="South–North Water Transfer Project">South–North Water Transfer Project</a> is still ongoing, with the central route completed in 2014. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_canals_in_China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Berk-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berk_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berk_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berk_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCheng2009" class="citation book cs1">Cheng, Linsun, ed. (2009). <i>Berkshire Encyclopedia of China</i>. Berkshire Publishing Group. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9770159-4-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9770159-4-8"><bdi>978-0-9770159-4-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berkshire+Encyclopedia+of+China&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Berkshire+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9770159-4-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+canals+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711135711/http://news.guoxue.com/article.php?articleid=19999">"The Significance of the Caoyun System in Imperial China (中国古代漕运的社会意义)"</a> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.guoxue.com/article.php?articleid=19999">the original</a> on July 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Significance+of+the+Caoyun+System+in+Imperial+China+%28%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%BC%95%E8%BF%90%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%84%8F%E4%B9%89%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.guoxue.com%2Farticle.php%3Farticleid%3D19999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+canals+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needy-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-needy_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needy_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needy_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedhamWangLu1971" class="citation book cs1">Needham, Joseph; Wang, Ling; Lu, Gwei-Djen (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l6TVhvYLaEwC"><i>Science and Civilisation in China: Physics and physical technology. Civil engineering and nautics</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 269–270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07060-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07060-7"><bdi>978-0-521-07060-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%3A+Physics+and+physical+technology.+Civil+engineering+and+nautics&rft.pages=269-270&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-521-07060-7&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ling&rft.au=Lu%2C+Gwei-Djen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl6TVhvYLaEwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+canals+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chow-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chow_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chow_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2015" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Dingxin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5fmJCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Confucian-legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-935173-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-935173-2"><bdi>978-0-19-935173-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Confucian-legalist+State%3A+A+New+Theory+of+Chinese+History&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-935173-2&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Dingxin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5fmJCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+canals+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayMcNeil1996" class="citation book cs1">Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415060424"><i>Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology</i></a></span>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-06042-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-06042-7"><bdi>0-415-06042-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+the+History+of+Technology&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-415-06042-7&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Lance&rft.au=McNeil%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780415060424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+canals+in+China" class="Z3988"></span> p. 636</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"The Lingqu Canal, one of "The Three Great Hydraulic Engineering Projects of the Qin Dynasty" (秦代三大水利工程之一：灵渠)" (in Chinese). <a href="/wiki/Sina.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Sina.com">sina.com</a>. July 26, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lingqu+Canal%2C+one+of+%22The+Three+Great+Hydraulic+Engineering+Projects+of+the+Qin+Dynasty%22+%28%E7%A7%A6%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%89%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%B4%E5%88%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%9A%E7%81%B5%E6%B8%A0%29&rft.pub=sina.com&rft.date=2005-07-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+canals+in+China" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adshead_2004-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adshead_2004_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel Adrian M. Adshead. <i>T'ang China: The Rise of the East in World History.</i> (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1403934568" title="Special:BookSources/1403934568">1403934568</a>), p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a>" Food Commodities Chapter 3《明史•食货志三》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Supplement to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Learning" title="Great Learning">Great Learning</a> " (《大學衍義補》)“河漕視陸運之費省什三四，海運視陸運之費省什七八”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iisg.nl/landsberger/rfc.html">"Red Flag Canal"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Red+Flag+Canal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iisg.nl%2Flandsberger%2Frfc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+canals+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0408856/">"Red Flag Canal"</a>. 5 January 1970 – via www.imdb.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Red+Flag+Canal&rft.date=1970-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0408856%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+canals+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200410/02/eng20041002_158930.html">"People's Daily Online -- Senior Party official visits "red flag canal spirit" display"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=People%27s+Daily+Online+--+Senior+Party+official+visits+%22red+flag+canal+spirit%22+display&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.peopledaily.com.cn%2F200410%2F02%2Feng20041002_158930.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+canals+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lzly.net/?thread-190-1.html">"【黑金刚官网】双张检测器厂家,双层检测器,双张检测仪,双张重叠检测器,双片检测器"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%90%E9%BB%91%E9%87%91%E5%88%9A%E5%AE%98%E7%BD%91%E3%80%91%E5%8F%8C%E5%BC%A0%E6%A3%80%E6%B5%8B%E5%99%A8%E5%8E%82%E5%AE%B6%2C%E5%8F%8C%E5%B1%82%E6%A3%80%E6%B5%8B%E5%99%A8%2C%E5%8F%8C%E5%BC%A0%E6%A3%80%E6%B5%8B%E4%BB%AA%2C%E5%8F%8C%E5%BC%A0%E9%87%8D%E5%8F%A0%E6%A3%80%E6%B5%8B%E5%99%A8%2C%E5%8F%8C%E7%89%87%E6%A3%80%E6%B5%8B%E5%99%A8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lzly.net%2F%3Fthread-190-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+canals+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120805080154/http://www.css.washington.edu/emc/title/2388">"Red Flag Canal"</a>. <i>www.css.washington.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.css.washington.edu/emc/title/2388">the original</a> on 2012-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.css.washington.edu&rft.atitle=Red+Flag+Canal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.css.washington.edu%2Femc%2Ftitle%2F2388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+canals+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cctv.com/program/e_documentary/20090109/101457.shtml">"CCTV International"</a>. <i>www.cctv.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cctv.com&rft.atitle=CCTV+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cctv.com%2Fprogram%2Fe_documentary%2F20090109%2F101457.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+canals+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/subject/china/peking-review/1974/PR1974-08d.htm">"Repudiating Antonioni's Anti-China Film"</a>. <i>www.marxists.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Repudiating+Antonioni%27s+Anti-China+Film&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fsubject%2Fchina%2Fpeking-review%2F1974%2FPR1974-08d.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+canals+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_canals_in_China&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2005" class="citation cs2">Huang Renyu (2005), <i><span></span></i>《明代漕运》 [<i>Míngdài Cáoyùn</i>, <i>Canal Transport during the Ming</i>]<i><span></span></i>, Beijing: Nova Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-80148-767-2" title="Special:BookSources/7-80148-767-2"><bdi>7-80148-767-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3%E6%BC%95%E8%BF%90%E3%80%8B+%5BM%C3%ADngd%C3%A0i+C%C3%A1oy%C3%B9n%2C+Canal+Transport+during+the+Ming%5D&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Nova+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=7-80148-767-2&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Renyu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+canals+in+China" class="Z3988"></span>. <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiJiang_Taixin1995" class="citation cs2">Li Wenzhi; et al. (1995), <i><span></span></i>《清代漕运》 [<i>Qīngdài Cáoyùn</i>, <i>Canal Transport during the Qing</i>]<i><span></span></i>, Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-101-01238-8" title="Special:BookSources/7-101-01238-8"><bdi>7-101-01238-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%B8%85%E4%BB%A3%E6%BC%95%E8%BF%90%E3%80%8B+%5BQ%C4%ABngd%C3%A0i+C%C3%A1oy%C3%B9n%2C+Canal+Transport+during+the+Qing%5D&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Zhonghua+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=7-101-01238-8&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Wenzhi&rft.au=Jiang+Taixin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+canals+in+China" class="Z3988"></span>. <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi1997" class="citation cs2">Li Zhiting (1997), <i><span></span></i>《中國漕運史》 [<i>Zhōngguó Cáoyùn Shǐ</i>, <i>A History of Chinese Canal Transport</i>]<i><span></span></i>, Taipei: Wenjin Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-668-443-9" title="Special:BookSources/957-668-443-9"><bdi>957-668-443-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%95%E9%81%8B%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B+%5BZh%C5%8Dnggu%C3%B3+C%C3%A1oy%C3%B9n+Sh%C7%90%2C+A+History+of+Chinese+Canal+Transport%5D&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pub=Wenjin+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=957-668-443-9&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Zhiting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+canals+in+China" class="Z3988"></span>. <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Major_rivers_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivers_of_China" title="Template:Rivers of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers_of_China" title="Template talk:Rivers of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Major_rivers_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_China" title="List of rivers of China">Major rivers of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulan_Moron" title="Ulan Moron">Tuotuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangqu" title="Dangqu">Dangqu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chumar_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chumar River (page does not exist)">Chumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongtian_River" title="Tongtian River">Tongtian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinsha_River" title="Jinsha River">Jinsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalong_River" title="Yalong River">Yalong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baishui_River" title="Baishui River">Baishui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_River_(Sichuan)" title="Min River (Sichuan)">Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_River" title="Dadu River">Dadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyi_River_(Sichuan)" title="Qingyi River (Sichuan)">Qingyi (Sichuan)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuo_River" title="Tuo River">Tuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_River_(tributary_of_Yangtze_River)" title="Qi River (tributary of Yangtze River)">Qi (Chongqing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jialing_River" title="Jialing River">Jialing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailong_River" title="Bailong River">Bailong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_River_(Sichuan)" title="Fu River (Sichuan)">Fu (Sichuan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu_River_(Jialing_River_tributary)" title="Qu River (Jialing River tributary)">Qu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_River_(Yangtze_tributary)" title="Wu River (Yangtze tributary)">Wu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qingshuihe_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Qingshuihe River">Qingshui</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_River_(Shaanxi_and_Hubei)" class="mw-redirect" title="Han River (Shaanxi and Hubei)">Hanshui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muma_River" title="Muma River">Muma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_River_(Hanshui)" title="Chi River (Hanshui)">Chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_River" title="Du River">Du</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bao_River" title="Bao River">Bao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_River" title="Qing River">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chishui_River" title="Chishui River">Chishui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_River" title="Xiang River">Xiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_River" title="Xiao River">Xiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_River" title="Lei River">Lei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_River" title="Qi River">Qi (Hunan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi_River" title="Mi River">Mi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zi_River" title="Zi River">Zi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_River" title="Yuan River">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishui_River" title="Lishui River">Lishui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miluo_River" title="Miluo River">Miluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_River" title="Gan River">Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_River_(Jiangxi)" title="Fu River (Jiangxi)">Fu (Jiangxi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xin_River" title="Xin River">Xin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyi_River_(Anhui)" title="Qingyi River (Anhui)">Qingyi (Anhui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinhuai_River" title="Qinhuai River">Qinhuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xitiao_River" title="Xitiao River">Xitiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangpu_River" title="Huangpu River">Huangpu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_Creek" title="Suzhou Creek">Suzhou Creek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kariqu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kariqu (page does not exist)">Kariqu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuegu_Zonglie_Qu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuegu Zonglie Qu (page does not exist)">Yuegu Zonglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daxia_River" title="Daxia River">Daxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_River" title="Tao River">Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshui_River" title="Huangshui River">Huangshui</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datong_River" title="Datong River">Datong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuding_River" title="Wuding River">Wuding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen_River" title="Fen River">Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_River" title="Wei River">Wei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jing_River" title="Jing River">Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_River_(Shaanxi)" title="Luo River (Shaanxi)"> Luo (Shaanxi)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_River_(Henan)" title="Luo River (Henan)">Luo (Henan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_River_(Shanxi)" title="Qin River (Shanxi)">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwen_River" title="Muwen River">Muwen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawen_River" title="Dawen River">Dawen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River (China)">Pearl</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bei_River" title="Bei River">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_River_(China)" title="Dong River (China)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_River" title="Xi River">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yujiang_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yujiang River">Yujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_River_(Guangxi)" title="Yong River (Guangxi)">Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xun_River" title="Xun River">Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_River" title="Qian River">Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongshui_River" title="Hongshui River">Hongshui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanpan_River" title="Nanpan River">Nanpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipan_River" title="Beipan River">Beipan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rong_River_(Guangxi)" title="Rong River (Guangxi)">Rong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_River_(Guangxi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li River (Guangxi)">Li (Guangxi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gui_River" title="Gui River">Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_River" title="Liu River">Liu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Heilongjiang</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songhua_River" title="Songhua River">Songhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Songhua_River" title="Second Songhua River">2nd Songhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nen_River" title="Nen River">Nen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudan_River" title="Mudan River">Mudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ussuri" title="Ussuri">Ussuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argun_(Amur)" title="Argun (Amur)">Argun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherlen_River" title="Kherlen River">Kherlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woken_River" title="Woken River">Woken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huifa_River" title="Huifa River">Huifa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guo_River" title="Guo River">Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying_River" title="Ying River">Ying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiguan_River" title="Shiguan River">Shiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quan_River" title="Quan River">Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_River" title="Hui River">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_River_(Huai_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong River (Huai River)">Hong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hai_River" title="Hai River">Hai</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaobai_River" title="Chaobai River">Chaobai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongding_River" title="Yongding River">Yongding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutuo_River" title="Hutuo River">Hutuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziya_River" title="Ziya River">Ziya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daqing_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daqing River (page does not exist)">Daqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenyu_River" title="Wenyu River">Wenyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juma_River_(China)" title="Juma River (China)">Juma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanggan_River" title="Sanggan River">Sanggan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuyang_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuyang River (page does not exist)">Fuyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_River_(Shandong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wei River (Shandong)">Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ju_River" title="Ju River">Ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Canal_River" title="Ji Canal River">Jiyunhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liao_River" title="Liao River">Liao</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hun_River_(Liao_River_tributary)" title="Hun River (Liao River tributary)">Hun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizi_River" title="Taizi River">Taizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xar_Moron_River" title="Xar Moron River">Xar Moron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinkai_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinkai River (page does not exist)">Xinkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiliao_River" title="Xiliao River">Western Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dongliao_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dongliao River (page does not exist)">Eastern Liao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other major rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_River" title="Tarim River">Tarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejin_River" title="Ejin River">Ejin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatash_River" title="Karatash River">Karatash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_River" title="Ili River">Ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shule_River" title="Shule River">Shule</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dang_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dang River (page does not exist)">Dang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumen_River" title="Tumen River">Tumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalu_River" title="Yalu River">Yalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luan_River" title="Luan River">Luan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_(Asia)" title="Red River (Asia)">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_River_(Fujian)" title="Min River (Fujian)">Minjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_River_(Fujian)" title="Long River (Fujian)">Longjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Lancang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beilun_River" title="Beilun River">Beilun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salween_River" title="Salween River">Nujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Lion Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Elephant Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo" title="Yarlung Tsangpo">Yarlung Tsangpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyang_River" title="Nyang River">Nyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subansiri_River" title="Subansiri River">Subansiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irtysh" title="Irtysh">Irtysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razdolnaya_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Razdolnaya River">Suifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiantang_River" title="Qiantang River">Qiantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyang_River" title="Puyang River">Puyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiao_River_(Shandong)" title="Jiao River (Shandong)">Jiao (Shandong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_River_(Hebei)" title="Dai River (Hebei)">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si_River" title="Si River">Si</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_River" title="Shu River">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao%27e_River" title="Cao'e River">Cao'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiao_River_(Zhejiang)" title="Jiao River (Zhejiang)">Jiao (Zhejiang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ou_River_(Zhejiang)" title="Ou River (Zhejiang)">Ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulan_River" title="Mulan River">Mulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_River_(Fujian)" title="Jin River (Fujian)">Jin (Fujian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_River_(Guangdong)" title="Han River (Guangdong)">Han (Guangdong)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mei_River" title="Mei River">Mei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ting_River" title="Ting River">Ting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandu_River" title="Nandu River">Nandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanquan_River" title="Wanquan River">Wanquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taping_River" title="Taping River">Taping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoqing_River" title="Xiaoqing River">Xiaoqing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Major canals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Grand Canal (China)">Grand Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingqu" title="Lingqu">Lingqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Jiangsu_Main_Irrigation_Canal" title="North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal">North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhejiang_Canal" title="Eastern Zhejiang Canal">Eastern Zhejiang Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Flag_Canal" title="Red Flag Canal">Red Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengguo_Canal" title="Zhengguo Canal">Zhengguo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transport_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transport_in_China" title="Template:Transport in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transport_in_China" title="Template talk:Transport in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transport_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transport in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transport_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">Transport in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transport_in_China" title="History of transport in China">History</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Proposed_public_transport_in_China" title="Category:Proposed public transport in China">Proposed public transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">Government<br />agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Railway_Administration_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Railway Administration (China)">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Administration_of_China" title="Civil Aviation Administration of China">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Post_Bureau" title="State Post Bureau">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Maritime_Safety_Administration" title="China Maritime Safety Administration">Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">Space</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong"><img alt="Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Transport_and_Housing_Bureau" title="Transport and Housing Bureau">Hong Kong</a>*</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau"><img alt="Macau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/45px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Transport_and_Public_Works_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Transport and Public Works (Macau)">Macau</a>*</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">Expressways (NTHS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highways" class="mw-redirect" title="China National Highways">China National Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_road_numbering" class="mw-redirect" title="China road numbering">Road numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_the_road_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules of the road in China">Rules</a> (<a href="/wiki/Road_Traffic_Safety_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Road Traffic Safety Law of the People's Republic of China">Road safety law</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_China" title="Vehicle registration plates of China">Licence plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AH1" title="AH1">AH1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_road" title="Gallery road">Gallery road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_named_after_Sun_Yat-sen" title="List of streets named after Sun Yat-sen">Zhongshan Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_licence_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Driving licence in China">Driving License</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_China" title="Rail transport in China">Rail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_China" title="History of rail transport in China">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway" title="Chinese Eastern Railway">Eastern-Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Manchuria_Railway" title="South Manchuria Railway">South Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railways_in_China" title="Narrow-gauge railways in China">Narrow-gauge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail_transport_in_China" title="Passenger rail transport in China">Passenger rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Railway" title="China Railway">China Railway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Railway_High-speed" title="China Railway High-speed">China Railway High-speed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">High-speed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Harbin,_Beijing%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_(Macau)_corridor" title="Beijing–Harbin, Beijing–Hong Kong (Macau) corridor">Harbin-Beijing–Guangzhou–Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Kunming_corridor" title="Beijing–Kunming corridor">Beijing–Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Shanghai_high-speed_railway" title="Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway">Beijing–Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Continental_Bridge_corridor" title="Eurasia Continental Bridge corridor">Lianyungang–Ürümqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Wuhan%E2%80%93Chengdu_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu high-speed railway">Shanghai–Chengdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Kunming_high-speed_railway" title="Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway">Shanghai–Kunming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_lines_in_China" title="List of railway lines in China">Lines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Harbin_railway" title="Beijing–Harbin railway">Beijing–Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Shanghai_railway" title="Beijing–Shanghai railway">Beijing–Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Kowloon_railway" title="Beijing–Kowloon railway">Beijing–Kowloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Guangzhou_railway" title="Beijing–Guangzhou railway">Beijing–Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhai_railway" title="Longhai railway">Lanzhou–Lianyungang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanzhou%E2%80%93Xinjiang_railway" title="Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway">Lanzhou–Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa%E2%80%93Shigatse_railway" title="Lhasa–Shigatse railway">Lhasa–Shigatse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_railway" title="Qinghai–Tibet railway">Qinghai–Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_locomotives_in_China" title="List of locomotives in China">Locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Railway_stations_in_China" title="Category:Railway stations in China">Stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit_in_China" title="Urban rail transit in China">Rapid transit systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_maglev_train" title="Shanghai maglev train">Maglev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_China" title="List of ports in China">Ports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Chongqing" title="Port of Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Dalian" title="Port of Dalian">Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Guangzhou" title="Port of Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianyungang" title="Lianyungang">Lianyungang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ningbo-Zhoushan" title="Port of Ningbo-Zhoushan">Ningbo-Zhoushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao_Port" title="Qingdao Port">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Rizhao" title="Port of Rizhao">Rizhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Shanghai" title="Port of Shanghai">Shanghai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yangshan_Port" title="Yangshan Port">Yangshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Shenzhen" title="Port of Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Suzhou" title="Port of Suzhou">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tangshan" title="Port of Tangshan">Tangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tianjin" title="Port of Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Xiamen" title="Port of Xiamen">Xiamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Yingkou" title="Port of Yingkou">Yingkou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hong_Kong" title="Port of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Grand Canal (China)">Grand Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingqu" title="Lingqu">Lingqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Flag_Canal" title="Red Flag Canal">Red Flag Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengguo_Canal" title="Zhengguo Canal">Zhengguo Canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China" title="Shipping industry of China">Shipping industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Shipbuilding_Industry_Corporation" title="China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation">China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_State_Shipbuilding_Corporation" title="China State Shipbuilding Corporation">China State Shipbuilding Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_boat_lifts#China" title="List of boat lifts">Ship lifts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China" title="Civil aviation in China">Aviation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_China" title="List of airlines of China">Major airlines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_China" title="Air China">Air China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathay_Pacific" title="Cathay Pacific">Cathay Pacific</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Southern_Airlines" title="China Southern Airlines">China Southern Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Eastern_Airlines" title="China Eastern Airlines">China Eastern Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Airlines" title="Hainan Airlines">Hainan Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_Airlines" title="Shandong Airlines">Shandong Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Airlines" title="Shanghai Airlines">Shanghai Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Airlines" title="Shenzhen Airlines">Shenzhen Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Airlines" title="Sichuan Airlines">Sichuan Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XiamenAir" title="XiamenAir">XiamenAir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_China" title="List of airports in China">Airports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_China" title="List of the busiest airports in China">By traffic</a></li> <li>Major Airports: <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Capital_International_Airport" title="Beijing Capital International Airport">Beijing Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Daxing_International_Airport" title="Beijing Daxing International Airport">Beijing Daxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu_Shuangliu_International_Airport" title="Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport">Chengdu Shuangliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu_Tianfu_International_Airport" title="Chengdu Tianfu International Airport">Chengdu Tianfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport" title="Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport">Guangzhou Baiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Bao%27an_International_Airport" title="Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport">Shenzhen Bao'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport" title="Shanghai Pudong International Airport">Shanghai Pudong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Hongqiao_International_Airport" title="Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport">Shanghai Hongqiao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_Industry_Corporation_of_China" title="Aviation Industry Corporation of China">Aviation Industry Corporation of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_International_Aviation_%26_Aerospace_Exhibition" title="China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition">China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comac" title="Comac">Comac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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