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href="#Distribution_of_word_order_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Distribution of word order types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_of_word_order_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions_of_constituent_word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions_of_constituent_word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Functions of constituent word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functions_of_constituent_word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semantics_of_word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semantics_of_word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Semantics of word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semantics_of_word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phrase_word_orders_and_branching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phrase_word_orders_and_branching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phrase word orders and branching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phrase_word_orders_and_branching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pragmatic_word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pragmatic_word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pragmatic word order</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pragmatic_word_order-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pragmatic word order subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pragmatic_word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hungarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Hungarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindi-Urdu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindi-Urdu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Hindi-Urdu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindi-Urdu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Portuguese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Latin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Albanian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-O'odham_(Papago-Pima)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#O'odham_(Papago-Pima)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>O'odham (Papago-Pima)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-O'odham_(Papago-Pima)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_issues_with_word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_issues_with_word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other issues with word order</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_issues_with_word_order-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other issues with word order subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_issues_with_word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Language change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialectal_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialectal_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Dialectal variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialectal_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Word order</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woordorde" title="Woordorde – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Woordorde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ترتيب الكلمات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترتيب الكلمات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wortstejung" title="Wortstejung – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wortstejung" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="མིང་གི་གོ་རིམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མིང་གི་གོ་རིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipologiezh_semantikel-kevreadurezhel" title="Tipologiezh semantikel-kevreadurezhel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tipologiezh semantikel-kevreadurezhel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovosled" title="Slovosled – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Slovosled" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wortstellung" title="Wortstellung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wortstellung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5naj%C3%A4rg" title="Sõnajärg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõnajärg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orden_de_palabras" title="Orden de palabras – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orden de palabras" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortordo" title="Vortordo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vortordo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_des_mots" title="Ordre des mots – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ordre des mots" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EC%88%9C" title="어순 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="어순" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շարադասություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շարադասություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urutan_kata" title="Urutan kata – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Urutan kata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სიტყვათა თანმიმდევრობის ტიპოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიტყვათა თანმიმდევრობის ტიპოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D2%A3_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Сөздердің орын тәртібі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сөздердің орын тәртібі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B3rend" title="Szórend – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szórend" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Збороред – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Збороред" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urutan_kata" title="Urutan kata – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Urutan kata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woordvolgorde" title="Woordvolgorde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Woordvolgorde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%A0%86" title="語順 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="語順" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordstilling" title="Ordstilling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ordstilling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordstilling" title="Ordstilling – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ordstilling" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%CA%BBz_tartibi" title="Soʻz tartibi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Soʻz tartibi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szyk_wyraz%C3%B3w" title="Szyk wyrazów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szyk wyrazów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordem_dos_constituintes" title="Ordem dos constituintes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ordem dos constituintes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic%C4%83" title="Topică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Topică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Типология порядка слов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Типология порядка слов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Word order" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovosled" title="Slovosled – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Slovosled" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Ред речи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ред речи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaj%C3%A4rjestys" title="Sanajärjestys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sanajärjestys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundordf%C3%B6ljd" title="Grundordföljd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grundordföljd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Типологія порядку слів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Типологія порядку слів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">Linguistic typology</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Morphological_typology" title="Morphological typology">Morphological</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">Analytic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isolating_language" title="Isolating language">Isolating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">Synthetic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">Fusional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">Agglutinative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysynthetic_language" title="Polysynthetic language">Polysynthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligosynthetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligosynthetic language">Oligosynthetic</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)#Paradigms_and_morphosyntax" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphosyntactic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">Alignment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93accusative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative–accusative language">Nominative–accusative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marked_nominative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Marked nominative language">Marked nominative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative–absolutive language">Ergative–absolutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_ergativity" title="Split ergativity">Split ergative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetrical_voice" title="Symmetrical voice">Symmetrical voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active%E2%80%93stative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Active–stative language">Active–stative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_alignment" title="Tripartite alignment">Tripartite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93absolutive_alignment" title="Nominative–absolutive alignment">Nominative–absolutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct%E2%80%93inverse_alignment" title="Direct–inverse alignment">Direct-inverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditransitive_verb#Ditransitive.2Fmonotransitive_alignment" title="Ditransitive verb">Ditransitive/Monotransitive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secundative_language" title="Secundative language">Secundative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirective_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirective language">Indirective</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-marking_language" title="Zero-marking language">Zero-marking </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent-marking_language" title="Dependent-marking language">Dependent-marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-marking_language" title="Double-marking language">Double-marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-marking_language" title="Head-marking language">Head-marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null-subject_language" title="Null-subject language">Null-subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntactic_pivot" title="Syntactic pivot">Syntactic pivot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_role" title="Theta role">Theta role</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Word order</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93object_word_order" title="Verb–object word order">VO languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object_word_order" title="Subject–verb–object word order">Subject–verb–object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object_word_order" title="Verb–subject–object word order">Verb–subject–object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93subject_word_order" title="Verb–object–subject word order">Verb–object–subject</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93verb_word_order" title="Object–verb word order">OV languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb_word_order" title="Subject–object–verb word order">Subject–object–verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93verb_word_order" title="Object–subject–verb word order">Object–subject–verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93subject_word_order" title="Object–verb–subject word order">Object–verb–subject</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb-initial_word_order" title="Verb-initial word order">V1 word order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V2_word_order" title="V2 word order">V2 word order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93subject_word_order" title="Object–subject word order">OS word order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_word_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Free word order">Free word order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time%E2%80%93manner%E2%80%93place" title="Time–manner–place">Time–manner–place</a></li> <li>Place–manner–time</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">Lexicon</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">Numerals</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linguistic_typology_topics" title="Template:Linguistic typology topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linguistic_typology_topics" title="Template talk:Linguistic typology topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistic_typology_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistic typology topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <b>word order</b> (also known as <b>linear order</b>) is the order of the <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a> <a href="/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics)" title="Constituent (linguistics)">constituents</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>. <b>Word order typology</b> studies it from a cross-linguistic perspective, and examines how languages employ different orders. Correlations between orders found in different syntactic sub-domains are also of interest. The primary word orders that are of interest are </p> <ul><li>the <i>constituent order</i> of a <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a>, namely the relative order of <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>;</li> <li>the order of modifiers (<a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstratives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">possessives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(grammar)" title="Adjunct (grammar)">adjuncts</a>) in a <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrase</a>;</li> <li>the order of <a href="/wiki/Adverbial" title="Adverbial">adverbials</a>.</li></ul> <p>Some languages use relatively fixed word order, often relying on the order of constituents to convey grammatical information. Other languages—often those that convey grammatical information through <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>—allow more flexible word order, which can be used to encode <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">pragmatic</a> information, such as <a href="/wiki/Topicalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Topicalisation">topicalisation</a> or focus. However, even languages with flexible word order have a preferred or basic word order,<sup id="cite_ref-Comrie,_1981_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comrie,_1981-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with other word orders considered "<a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">marked</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constituent word order is defined in terms of a <a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">finite verb</a> (V) in combination with two arguments, namely the subject (S), and object (O).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subject and object are here understood to be <i><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a></i>, since <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> often tend to display different word order properties.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dryer2013Chap81_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dryer2013Chap81-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, a <a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammar)" title="Transitivity (grammar)">transitive</a> sentence has six logically possible basic word orders: </p> <ul><li>about 45% of the world's languages deploy <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a> order (SOV);</li> <li>about 42% of the world's languages deploy <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> order (SVO);</li> <li>a smaller fraction of languages deploy <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–subject–object">verb–subject–object</a> (VSO) order;</li> <li>the remaining three arrangements are rarer: <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–object–subject">verb–object–subject</a> (VOS) is slightly more common than <a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Object–verb–subject">object–verb–subject</a> (OVS), and <a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Object–subject–verb">object–subject–verb</a> (OSV) is the rarest by a significant margin.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constituent_word_orders">Constituent word orders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Word_order&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Constituent word orders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are all possible word orders for the subject, object, and verb in the order of most common to rarest (the examples use "she" as the subject, "loves" as the verb, and "him" as the object): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">SOV</a> is the order used by the largest number of distinct languages; languages using it include <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a>. Some, like <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a>, have SOV normal word order but conform less to the general tendencies of other such languages. A sentence glossing as "She him loves" would be grammatically correct in these languages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">SVO</a> languages include <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Chinese languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>, among others. "She loves him."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–subject–object">VSO</a> languages include <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Ancient Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Classical Arabic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayan language">Mayan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Philippine languages</a>. "Loves she him."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–object–subject">VOS</a> languages include <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>. "Loves him she."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Object–verb–subject">OVS</a> languages include <a href="/wiki/Hixkaryana_language" title="Hixkaryana language">Hixkaryana</a>. "Him loves she."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Object–subject–verb">OSV</a> languages include <a href="/wiki/Xavante_language" title="Xavante language">Xavante</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a>. "Him she loves."</li></ul> <p>Sometimes patterns are more complex: some <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> have SOV in subordinate clauses, but <a href="/wiki/V2_word_order" title="V2 word order">V2 word order</a> in main clauses, SVO word order being the most common. Using the guidelines above, the unmarked word order is then SVO. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">synthetic languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language"> Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> have no strict word order; rather, the <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">sentence structure</a> is highly flexible and reflects the <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">pragmatics</a> of the utterance. However, also in languages of this kind there is usually a pragmatically neutral constituent order that is most commonly encountered in each language. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Topic-prominent_language" title="Topic-prominent language">Topic-prominent languages</a> organize sentences to emphasize their <a href="/wiki/Topic%E2%80%93comment" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic–comment">topic–comment</a> structure. Nonetheless, there is often a preferred order; in Latin and Turkish, SOV is the most frequent outside of poetry, and in <a href="/wiki/Finnish_grammar" title="Finnish grammar">Finnish</a> SVO is both the most frequent and obligatory when case marking fails to disambiguate argument roles. Just as languages may have different word orders in different contexts, so may they have both fixed and free word orders. For example, Russian has a relatively fixed SVO word order in transitive clauses, but a much freer SV / VS order in intransitive clauses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Cases like this can be addressed by encoding transitive and intransitive clauses separately, with the symbol "S" being restricted to the argument of an intransitive clause, and "A" for the actor/agent of a transitive clause. ("O" for object may be replaced with "P" for "patient" as well.) Thus, Russian is fixed AVO but flexible SV/VS. In such an approach, the description of word order extends more easily to languages that do not meet the criteria in the preceding section. For example, <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan languages</a> have been described with the rather uncommon VOS word order. However, they are <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative–absolutive language">ergative–absolutive languages</a>, and the more specific word order is intransitive VS, transitive VOA, where the S and O <a href="/wiki/Argument_(linguistics)" title="Argument (linguistics)">arguments</a> both trigger the same type of agreement on the verb. Indeed, many languages that some thought had a VOS word order turn out to be ergative like Mayan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_of_word_order_types">Distribution of word order types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Word_order&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution of word order types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every language falls under one of the six word order types; the unfixed type is somewhat disputed in the community, as the languages where it occurs have one of the dominant word orders but every word order type is grammatically correct. </p><p>The table below displays the word order surveyed by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Dryer" title="Matthew Dryer">Dryer</a>. The 2005 study<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> surveyed 1228 languages, and the updated 2013 study<sup id="cite_ref-Dryer2013Chap81_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dryer2013Chap81-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> investigated 1377 languages. Percentage was not reported in his studies. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Word Order</th> <th>Number (2005)</th> <th>Percentage (2005)</th> <th>Number (2013)</th> <th>Percentage (2013) </th></tr> <tr> <td>SOV</td> <td>497</td> <td>40.5%</td> <td>565</td> <td>41.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>SVO</td> <td>435</td> <td>35.4%</td> <td>488</td> <td>35.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>VSO</td> <td>85</td> <td>6.9%</td> <td>95</td> <td>6.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>VOS</td> <td>26</td> <td>2.1%</td> <td>25</td> <td>1.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>OVS</td> <td>9</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>11</td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>OSV</td> <td>4</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>4</td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unfixed</td> <td>172</td> <td>14.0%</td> <td>189</td> <td>13.7% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Hammarström (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> calculated the constituent orders of 5252 languages in two ways. His first method, counting languages directly, yielded results similar to Dryer's studies, indicating both SOV and SVO have almost equal distribution. However, when stratified by <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</a>, the distribution showed that the majority of the families had SOV structure, meaning that a small number of families contain SVO structure. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Word Order</th> <th>No. of Languages</th> <th>Percentage</th> <th>No. of Families</th> <th>Percentage<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>SOV</td> <td>2275</td> <td>43.3%</td> <td>239</td> <td>56.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>SVO</td> <td>2117</td> <td>40.3%</td> <td>55</td> <td>13.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>VSO</td> <td>503</td> <td>9.5%</td> <td>27</td> <td>6.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>VOS</td> <td>174</td> <td>3.3%</td> <td>15</td> <td>3.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>OVS</td> <td>40</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>3</td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>OSV</td> <td>19</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>1</td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unfixed</td> <td>124</td> <td>2.3%</td> <td>26</td> <td>6.1% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions_of_constituent_word_order">Functions of constituent word order</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Word_order&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Functions of constituent word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fixed word order is one out of many ways to ease the processing of sentence semantics and reducing ambiguity. One method of making the speech stream less open to ambiguity (complete removal of ambiguity is probably impossible) is a fixed order of <a href="/wiki/Verb_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb argument">arguments</a> and other sentence <a href="/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics)" title="Constituent (linguistics)">constituents</a>. This works because speech is inherently linear. Another method is to label the constituents in some way, for example with <a href="/wiki/Case_marking" class="mw-redirect" title="Case marking">case marking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agreement</a>, or another <a href="/wiki/Marker_(linguistics)" title="Marker (linguistics)">marker</a>. Fixed word order reduces expressiveness but added marking increases information load in the speech stream, and for these reasons strict word order seldom occurs together with strict morphological marking, one counter-example being <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Comrie,_1981_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comrie,_1981-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Observing discourse patterns, it is found that previously given information (<a href="/wiki/Topic_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic (linguistics)">topic</a>) tends to precede new information (<a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">comment</a>). Furthermore, acting participants (especially humans) are more likely to be talked about (to be topic) than things simply undergoing actions (like oranges being eaten). If acting participants are often topical, and topic tends to be expressed early in the sentence, this entails that acting participants have a tendency to be expressed early in the sentence. This tendency can then <a href="/wiki/Grammaticalization" title="Grammaticalization">grammaticalize</a> to a privileged position in the sentence, the subject. </p><p>The mentioned functions of word order can be seen to affect the frequencies of the various word order patterns: The vast majority of languages have an order in which S precedes O and V. Whether V precedes O or O precedes V, however, has been shown to be a very telling difference with wide consequences on phrasal word orders.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semantics_of_word_order">Semantics of word order</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Word_order&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Semantics of word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Topicalization" title="Topicalization">Topicalization</a></div> <p>In many languages, standard word order can be subverted in order to form questions or as a means of emphasis. In languages such as O'odham and Hungarian, which are discussed below, almost all possible permutations of a sentence are grammatical, but not all of them are used.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In languages such as English and German, word order is used as a means of turning declarative into interrogative sentences: </p><p><b>A:</b> 'Wen liebt Kate?' / 'Kate liebt <i>wen</i>?' [Whom does Kate love? / Kate loves <i>whom</i>?] (OVS/SVO) </p><p><b>B:</b> 'Sie liebt Mark' / 'Mark ist der, den sie liebt' [She loves Mark / It is <i>Mark</i> whom she loves.] (SVO/OSV) </p><p><b>C:</b> 'Liebt Kate Mark?' [Does Kate love Mark?] (VSO) </p><p>In (<b>A</b>), the first sentence shows the word order used for wh-questions in English and German. The second sentence is an <a href="/wiki/Echo_question" title="Echo question">echo question</a>; it would be uttered only after receiving an unsatisfactory or confusing answer to a question. One could replace the word <i>wen</i> [whom] (which indicates that this sentence is a question) with an identifier such as <i>Mark</i>: 'Kate liebt <i>Mark</i>?' [Kate loves <i>Mark</i>?]. In that case, since no change in word order occurs, it is only by means of <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a> that we are able to identify the sentence as a question. </p><p>In (<b>B</b>), the first sentence is declarative and provides an answer to the first question in (<b>A</b>). The second sentence emphasizes that Kate does indeed love <i>Mark</i>, and not whomever else we might have assumed her to love. However, a sentence this verbose is unlikely to occur in everyday speech (or even in written language), be it in English or in German. Instead, one would most likely answer the echo question in (<b>A</b>) simply by restating: <i>Mark!</i>. This is the same for both languages. </p><p>In yes–no questions such as (<b>C</b>), English and German use <a href="/wiki/Inversion_(linguistics)" title="Inversion (linguistics)">subject-verb inversion</a>. But, whereas English relies on <a href="/wiki/Do-support" title="Do-support">do-support</a> to form questions from verbs other than auxiliaries, German has no such restriction and uses inversion to form questions, even from lexical verbs. </p><p>Despite this, English, as opposed to German, has very strict word order. In German, word order can be used as a means to emphasize a constituent in an independent clause by moving it to the beginning of the sentence. This is a defining characteristic of German as a V2 (verb-second) language, where, in independent clauses, the finite verb always comes second and is preceded by one and only one constituent. In closed questions, V1 (verb-first) word order is used. And lastly, dependent clauses use verb-final word order. However, German cannot be called an SVO language since no actual constraints are imposed on the placement of the subject and object(s), even though a preference for a certain word-order over others can be observed (such as putting the subject after the finite verb in independent clauses unless it already precedes the verb<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="I fail to see what starting point of sentence structure the author had in mind. And why would one say: "making FS in M unless already SF"? Here I have paraphrased the utterance that I do not understand using F=finite verb, S=subject, M=main clause. I fail to see why FS would preclude making SF out of it. (May 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phrase_word_orders_and_branching">Phrase word orders and branching</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Word_order&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phrase word orders and branching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Branching_(linguistics)" title="Branching (linguistics)">Branching (linguistics)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_directionality_parameter" class="mw-redirect" title="Head directionality parameter">Head directionality parameter</a></div> <p>The order of constituents in a <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrase</a> can vary as much as the order of constituents in a <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a>. Normally, the <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrase</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adpositional_phrase" title="Adpositional phrase">adpositional phrase</a> are investigated. Within the noun phrase, one investigates whether the following <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_modifier" title="Grammatical modifier">modifiers</a> occur before and/or after the <a href="/wiki/Head_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Head noun">head noun</a>. </p> <ul><li>adjective (<i>red house</i> vs <i>house red</i>)</li> <li>determiner (<i>this house</i> vs <i>house this</i>)</li> <li>numeral (<i>two houses</i> vs <i>houses two</i>)</li> <li>possessor (<i>my house</i> vs <i>house my</i>)</li> <li>relative clause (<i>the by me built house</i> vs <i>the house built by me</i>)</li></ul> <p>Within the adpositional clause, one investigates whether the languages makes use of prepositions (<i>in London</i>), postpositions (<i>London in</i>), or both (normally with different adpositions at both sides) either separately (<i>For whom?</i> or <i>Whom for?</i>) or at the same time (<i>from her away</i>; Dutch example: <i>met hem mee</i> meaning <i>together with him</i>). </p><p>There are several common correlations between sentence-level word order and phrase-level constituent order. For example, SOV languages generally put <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_modifier" title="Grammatical modifier">modifiers</a> before heads and use <a href="/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postpositions</a>. VSO languages tend to place modifiers after their heads, and use <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a>. For SVO languages, either order is common. </p><p>For example, French (SVO) uses prepositions <i>(dans la voiture, à gauche),</i> and places adjectives after <i>(une voiture spacieuse).</i> However, a small class of adjectives generally go before their heads <i>(une grande voiture)</i>. On the other hand, in English (also SVO) adjectives almost always go before nouns <i>(a big car),</i> and adverbs can go either way, but initially is more common <i>(greatly improved).</i> (English has a very small number of adjectives that go after the heads, such as <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/extraordinaire" class="extiw" title="wikt:extraordinaire">extraordinaire</a></i>, which kept its position when borrowed from French.) Russian places numerals after nouns to express approximation (шесть домов=<i>six houses</i>, домов шесть=<i>circa six houses</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pragmatic_word_order">Pragmatic word order</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Word_order&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pragmatic word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some languages do not have a fixed word order and often use a significant amount of morphological marking to disambiguate the roles of the arguments. However, the degree of marking alone does not indicate whether a language uses a fixed or free word order: some languages may use a fixed order even when they provide a high degree of marking, while others (such as some varieties of <a href="/wiki/Datooga_language" title="Datooga language">Datooga</a>) may combine a free order with a lack of morphological distinction between arguments. </p><p>Typologically, there is a trend that high-animacy actors are more likely to be topical than low-animacy undergoers; this trend can come through even in languages with free word order, giving a statistical bias for SO order (or OS order in ergative systems; however, ergative systems do not always extend to the highest levels of animacy, sometimes giving way to an accusative system (see <a href="/wiki/Split_ergativity" title="Split ergativity">split ergativity</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most languages with a high degree of morphological marking have rather flexible word orders, such as <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/O%27odham" class="mw-redirect" title="O'odham">O'odham</a>. In some languages, a general word order can be identified, but this is much harder in others.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the word order is free, different choices of word order can be used to help identify the <a href="/wiki/Topic_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic (linguistics)">theme</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Topic-comment" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic-comment">rheme</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungarian">Hungarian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Word_order&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hungarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a></div> <p>Word order in Hungarian sentences can change according to the speaker's communicative intentions. Hungarian word order is not free in the sense that it must reflect the information structure of the sentence, distinguishing the emphatic part that carries new information (rheme) from the rest of the sentence that carries little or no new information (theme). </p><p>The position of focus in a Hungarian sentence is immediately before the verb, that is, nothing can separate the emphatic part of the sentence from the verb. </p><p>For "Kate <b>ate</b> <i>a piece of cake</i>", the possibilities are: </p> <ol><li>"Kati <b>megevett</b> <i>egy szelet tortát</i>." (same word order as English) ["Kate <b>ate</b> <i>a piece of cake.</i>"]</li> <li>"<i>Egy szelet tortát</i> Kati <b>evett meg</b>." (emphasis on agent [Kate]) ["<i>A piece of cake</i> Kate <b>ate.</b>"] (<i>One of the pieces of cake was eaten by Kate.</i>)</li> <li>"Kati <b>evett meg</b> <i>egy szelet tortát</i>." (also emphasis on agent [Kate]) ["Kate <b>ate</b> <i>a piece of cake.</i>"] (<i>Kate was the one eating one piece of cake.</i>)</li> <li>"Kati <i>egy szelet tortát</i> <b>evett meg</b>." (emphasis on object [cake]) ["Kate <i>a piece of cake</i> <b>ate</b>."] (<i>Kate ate a piece of cake </i> – cf. not a piece of bread.)</li> <li>"<i>Egy szelet tortát</i> <b>evett meg</b> Kati." (emphasis on number [a piece, i.e. only one piece]) ["<i>A piece of cake</i> <b>ate</b> Kate."] (<i>Only one piece of cake was eaten by Kate.</i>)</li> <li>"<b>Megevett</b> <i>egy szelet tortát</i> Kati." (emphasis on completeness of action) ["<b>Ate</b> <i>a piece of cake</i> Kate."] (<i>A piece of cake had been finished by Kate.</i>)</li> <li>"<b>Megevett</b> Kati <i>egy szelet tortát</i>." (emphasis on completeness of action) ["<b>Ate</b> Kate <i>a piece of cake.</i>"] (<i>Kate finished with a piece of cake.</i>)</li></ol> <p>The only freedom in Hungarian word order is that the order of parts outside the focus position and the verb may be freely changed without any change to the communicative focus of the sentence, as seen in sentences 2 and 3 as well as in sentences 6 and 7 above. These pairs of sentences have the same information structure, expressing the same communicative intention of the speaker, because the part immediately preceding the verb is left unchanged. </p><p>The emphasis can be on the action (verb) itself, as seen in sentences 1, 6 and 7, or it can be on parts other than the action (verb), as seen in sentences 2, 3, 4 and 5. If the emphasis is not on the verb, and the verb has a co-verb (in the above example 'meg'), then the co-verb is separated from the verb, and always follows the verb. Also the enclitic <i>-t</i> marks the direct object: 'torta' (cake) + '-t' -> 'tortát'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindi-Urdu">Hindi-Urdu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Word_order&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hindi-Urdu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindustani grammar</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>) is essentially a verb-final (SOV) language, with relatively free word order since in most cases postpositions explicitly mark the relationships of noun phrases to the other sentence constituents.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Word order in Hindustani does not usually encode grammatical functions.<sup id="cite_ref-Mohanan1994_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohanan1994-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constituents can be scrambled to express different information structural configurations, or for stylistic reasons. The first syntactic constituent in a sentence is usually the topic,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mohanan1994_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohanan1994-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may under certain conditions be marked by the particle "<i><b>to</b></i>" (तो / تو), similar in some respects to Japanese topic marker <b>は</b> <i>(wa).</i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some rules governing the position of words in a sentence are as follows: </p> <ul><li>An adjective comes before the noun it modifies in its unmarked position. However, the <a href="/wiki/Possessive_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive adjective">possessive</a> and reflexive <a href="/wiki/Pronominal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronominal">pronominal</a> adjectives can occur either to the left or to the right of the noun it describes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negation (linguistics)">Negation</a> must come either to the left or to the right of the verb it negates. For compound verbs or verbal construction using auxiliaries the negation can occur either to the left of the first verb, in-between the verbs or to the right of the second verb (the default position being to the left of the main verb when used with auxiliary and in-between the primary and the secondary verb when forming a compound verb).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverbs</a> usually precede the adjectives they qualify in their unmarked position, but when adverbs are constructed using the instrumental case postposition <i><b>se</b></i> (से /سے) (which qualifies verbs), their position in the sentence becomes free. However, since both the <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a> case are marked by the same postposition "<i><b>se</b></i>" (से /سے), when both are present in a sentence then the quantity they modify cannot appear adjacent to each other<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="A singular subject "the quantity they modify" is paired with inherently plural adjunct "to each other". Please explain clearly what two things cannot be (mutually) adjacent, or possibly (both) adjacent to the adjective they qualify. (May 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mohanan1994_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohanan1994-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"<i><b>kyā</b></i> " (क्या / کیا) "what" as the <a href="/wiki/Yes%E2%80%93no_question" title="Yes–no question">yes–no question</a> marker occurs at the beginning or the end of a clause as its unmarked positions but it can be put anywhere in the sentence except the preverbal position, where instead it is interpreted as interrogative "what".</li></ul> <p>Some of all the possible word order permutations of the sentence "<b>The girl</b> received a gift <u>from the boy</u> <i>on her birthday</i>." are shown below. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <ul><li><b>lar̥ki ko</b> <u>lar̥ke se</u> <i>janmdin pe</i> taufā milā</li> <li><u>lar̥ke se</u> <b>lar̥ki ko</b> <i>janmdin pe</i> taufā milā</li> <li><i>janmdin pe</i> <b>lar̥ki ko</b> milā <u>lar̥ke se</u> taufā</li> <li>taufā <u>lar̥ke se</u> <b>lar̥ki ko</b> <i>janmdin pe</i> milā</li> <li>milā <i>janmdin pe</i> <b>lar̥ki ko</b> taufā <u>lar̥ke se</u></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><b>lar̥ki ko</b> taufā <u>lar̥ke se</u> <i>janmdin pe</i> milā</li> <li><u>lar̥ke se</u> taufā <b>lar̥ki ko</b> <i>janmdin pe</i> milā</li> <li><i>janmdin pe</i> <u>lar̥ke se</u> taufā <b>lar̥ki ko</b> milā</li> <li>taufā <u>lar̥ke se</u> <i>janmdin pe</i> milā <b>lar̥ki ko</b></li> <li>milā <b>lar̥ki ko</b> <i>janmdin pe</i> taufā <u>lar̥ke se</u></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>taufā <b>lar̥ki ko</b> <u>lar̥ke se</u> <i>janmdin pe</i> milā</li> <li>taufā <u>lar̥ke se</u> <b>lar̥ki ko</b> milā <i>janmdin pe</i></li> <li><i>janmdin pe</i> milā <u>lar̥ke se</u> taufā <b>lar̥ki ko</b></li> <li><u>lar̥ke se</u> <i>janmdin pe</i> milā taufā <b>lar̥ki ko</b></li> <li>milā taufā <b>lar̥ki ko</b> <i>janmdin pe</i> <u>lar̥ke se</u></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><u>lar̥ke se</u> milā <b>lar̥ki ko</b> taufā <i>janmdin pe</i></li> <li><u>lar̥ke se</u> milā taufā <b>lar̥ki ko</b> <i>janmdin pe</i></li> <li>taufā <u>lar̥ke se</u> milā <b>lar̥ki ko</b> <i>janmdin pe</i></li> <li>taufā milā <u>lar̥ke se</u> <i>janmdin pe</i> <b>lar̥ki ko</b></li> <li>milā <b>lar̥ki ko</b> <u>lar̥ke se</u> <i>janmdin pe</i> taufā</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><u>lar̥ke se</u> taufā <b>lar̥ki ko</b> <i>janmdin pe</i> milā</li> <li><u>lar̥ke se</u> <i>janmdin pe</i> <b>lar̥ki ko</b> milā taufā</li> <li>taufā <i>janmdin pe</i> <u>lar̥ke se</u> milā <b>lar̥ki ko</b></li> <li><b>lar̥ki ko</b> <i>janmdin pe</i> taufā milā <u>lar̥ke se</u></li> <li>milā <u>lar̥ke se</u> <b>lar̥ki ko</b> <i>janmdin pe</i> taufā</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese">Portuguese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Word_order&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Portuguese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_grammar" title="Portuguese grammar">Portuguese grammar</a></div> <p>In Portuguese, <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitic</a> pronouns and <a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">commas</a> allow many different orders:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>"Eu <b>vou entregar</b> a você amanhã." ["I <b>will deliver</b> to you tomorrow."] (same word order as English)</li> <li><b><i>"</i>Entregarei</b> a você amanhã." ["{I} <b>will deliver</b> to you tomorrow."]</li> <li>"Eu lhe <b>entregarei</b> amanhã." ["I to you <b>will deliver</b> tomorrow."]</li> <li>"<b>Entregar</b>-lhe-ei amanhã." ["<b>Deliver to you {I} will</b> tomorrow."] (<a href="/wiki/Mesoclisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoclisis">mesoclisis</a>)</li> <li>"A ti, eu <b>entregarei</b> amanhã." ["To you I <b>will deliver</b> tomorrow."]</li> <li>"A ti, <b>entregarei</b> amanhã." ["To you {I} <b>deliver will</b> tomorrow."]</li> <li>"Amanhã, <b>entregar-te-ei</b>" ["Tomorrow {I} <b>will deliver</b> to you"]</li> <li>"Poderia <b>entregar</b>, eu, a você amanhã?" ["Could <b>deliver</b> I to you tomorrow?]</li></ul> <p>Braces (<i>{ }</i>) are used above to indicate omitted subject pronouns, which may be implicit in Portuguese. Because of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">grammatical person</a> is recovered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin">Latin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Word_order&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latin_word_order" title="Latin word order">Latin word order</a></div> <p>In Classical Latin, the endings of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and pronouns allow for extremely flexible order in most situations. Latin lacks articles. </p><p>The subject, verb, and object can come in any order in a Latin sentence, although most often (especially in subordinate clauses) the verb comes last.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pragmatic factors, such as topic and focus, play a large part in determining the order. Thus the following sentences each answer a different question:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"Romulus Romam condidit." ["Romulus founded Rome"] (What did Romulus do?)</li> <li>"Hanc urbem condidit Romulus." ["Romulus founded this city"] (Who founded this city?)</li> <li>"Condidit Romam Romulus." ["Romulus founded Rome"] (What happened?)</li></ul> <p>Latin prose often follows the word order "Subject, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Adverb, Verb",<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this is more of a guideline than a rule. Adjectives in most cases go before the noun they modify,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some categories, such as those that determine or specify (e.g. <i>Via Appia</i> "Appian Way"), usually follow the noun. In Classical Latin poetry, lyricists followed word order very loosely to achieve a desired <a href="/wiki/Scansion" title="Scansion">scansion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albanian">Albanian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Word_order&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Albanian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a></div> <p>Due to the presence of grammatical cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, and in some cases or dialects vocative and locative) applied to nouns, pronouns and adjectives, Albanian permits a large variety of word order combinations. In the spoken language, an alternative word order to the most common S-V-O helps the speaker to emphasise a word and hence make a nuanced change to the meaning. For example: </p> <ul><li>"<span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Marku më dha një dhuratë (mua).</i></span>" ["Mark (me) gave a present to me."] (neutral narrating sentence.)</li> <li>"<span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Marku (mua) më dha një dhuratë.</i></span>" ["Mark to me (me) gave a present."] (emphasis on the indirect object, probably to compare the result of the verb on different persons.)</li> <li>"<span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Marku një dhuratë më dha (mua).</i></span>" ["Mark a present (me) gave to me"] (meaning that Mark gave her only a present, and not something else or more presents.)</li> <li>"<span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Marku një dhuratë (mua) më dha.</i></span>" ["Mark a present to me (me) gave"] (meaning that Mark gave a present only to her.)</li> <li>"<span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Më dha Marku një dhuratë (mua).</i></span>" ["Gave Mark to me a present."] (neutral sentence, but puts less emphasis on the subject.)</li> <li>"<span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Më dha një dhuratë Marku (mua).</i></span>" ["Gave a present to me Mark."] (probably is the cause of an event being introduced later.)</li> <li>"<span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Më dha (mua) Marku një dhurate.</i></span>" ["Gave to me Mark a present."] (same as above.)</li> <li>"<span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Më dha një dhuratë mua Marku</i></span>" ["(Me) gave a present to me Mark."] (puts emphasis on the fact that the receiver is her and not someone else.)</li> <li>"<span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Një dhuratë më dha Marku (mua)</i></span>" ["A present gave Mark to me."] (meaning it was a present and not something else.)</li> <li>"<span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Një dhuratë Marku më dha (mua)</i></span>" ["A present Mark gave to me."] (puts emphasis on the fact that she got the present and someone else got something different.)</li> <li>"<span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Një dhuratë (mua) më dha Marku.</i></span>" ["A present to me gave Mark."] (no particular emphasis, but can be used to list different actions from different subjects.)</li> <li>"<span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Një dhuratë (mua) Marku më dha.</i></span>" ["A present to me Mark (me) gave"] (remembers that at least a present was given to her by Mark.)</li> <li>"<span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Mua më dha Marku një dhuratë.</i></span>" ["To me (me) gave Mark a present." (is used when Mark gave something else to others.)</li> <li>"<span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Mua një dhuratë më dha Marku.</i></span>" ["To me a present (me) gave Mark."] (emphasis on "to me" and the fact that it was a present, only one present or it was something different from usual.)</li> <li>"<span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Mua Marku një dhuratë më dha</i></span>" ["To me Mark a present (me) gave."] (Mark gave her only one present.)</li> <li>"<span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Mua Marku më dha një dhuratë</i></span>" ["To me Mark (me) gave a present."] (puts emphasis on Mark. Probably the others did not give her present, they gave something else or the present was not expected at all.)</li></ul> <p>In these examples, "<span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">(mua)</i></span>" can be omitted when not in first position, causing a perceivable change in emphasis; the latter being of different intensity. "<span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Më</i></span>" is always followed by the verb. Thus, a sentence consisting of a subject, a verb and two objects (a direct and an indirect one), can be expressed in six ways without "<span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">mua</i></span>", and in twenty-four ways with "<span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">mua</i></span>", adding up to thirty possible combinations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="O'odham_(Papago-Pima)"><span id="O.27odham_.28Papago-Pima.29"></span>O'odham (Papago-Pima)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Word_order&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: O'odham (Papago-Pima)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/O%CA%BCodham_language" title="Oʼodham language">Oʼodham language</a></div> <p>O'odham is a language that is spoken in southern Arizona and Northern Sonora, Mexico. It has free word order, with only the <a href="/wiki/V2_word_order" title="V2 word order">auxiliary bound to one spot</a>. Here is an example in literal translation:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"Wakial 'o g wipsilo ha-cecposid." [Cowboy is the calves them branding.] (The cowboy is branding the calves.)</li> <li>"Wipsilo 'o ha-cecposid g wakial." [Calves is them branding the cowboy.]</li> <li>"Ha-cecposid 'o g wakial g wipsilo." [Them branding is the cowboy the calves.]</li> <li>"Wipsilo 'o g wakial ha-cecposid." [Calves is the cowboy them branding.]</li> <li>"Ha-cecposid 'o g wipsilo g wakial." [Them branding is the calves the cowboy.]</li> <li>"Wakial 'o ha-cecposid g wipsilo." [Cowboy is them branding the calves.]</li></ul> <p>Those examples are all grammatically valid variations on the sentence "The cowboy is branding the calves," but some are rarely found in natural speech, as is discussed in Grammaticality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_issues_with_word_order">Other issues with word order</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Word_order&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other issues with word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_change">Language change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Word_order&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Language change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Languages change over time. When language change involves a shift in a language's syntax, this is called <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_change" title="Syntactic change">syntactic change</a>. An example of this is found in Old English, which at one point had flexible word order, before losing it over the course of its evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Old English, both of the following sentences would be considered grammatically correct: </p> <ul><li>"Martianus hæfde his sunu ær befæst" [Martianus had his son earlier established] (Martianus had earlier established his son.)</li> <li>"gif heo þæt bysmor forberan wolde" [if she that disgrace tolerate would] (if she would tolerate that disgrace.)</li></ul> <p>This flexibility continues into early Middle English, where it seems to drop out of usage.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shakespeare's plays use OV word order frequently, as can be seen from this example: </p> <ul><li>"It was our selfe thou didst abuse."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A modern speaker of English would possibly recognise this as a grammatically comprehensible sentence, but nonetheless archaic. There are some verbs, however, that are entirely acceptable in this format: </p> <ul><li>"Are they good?"<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>This is acceptable to a modern English speaker and is not considered archaic. This is due to the verb "to be", which acts as both <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary</a> and main verb. Similarly, other auxiliary and <a href="/wiki/Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">modal verbs</a> allow for VSO word order ("Must he perish?"). Non-auxiliary and non-modal verbs require insertion of an auxiliary to conform to modern usage ("Did he buy the book?"). Shakespeare's usage of word order is not indicative of English at the time, which had dropped OV order at least a century before.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This variation between archaic and modern can also be shown in the change between VSO to SVO in <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>, the language of the Christian Church in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialectal_variation">Dialectal variation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Word_order&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dialectal variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are some languages which have different preferred word orders in different dialects. One such case is Andean Spanish, spoken in Peru. While Spanish is classified as an SVO language,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peruvian Spanish has been influenced by Quechua and Aymara, both SOV languages.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led to some first-language (L1) Spanish speakers using OV word order in more sentences than would be expected. L2 speakers in Peru also use this word order. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Word_order&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poetry and stories can use different word orders to emphasize certain aspects of the sentence. In English, this is called <a href="/wiki/Anastrophe" title="Anastrophe">anastrophe</a>. Here is an example: </p><p>"Kate loves Mark." </p><p>"Mark Kate loves." </p><p>Here SVO is changed to OSV to emphasize the object. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translation">Translation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Word_order&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Differences in word order complicate translation and language education – in addition to changing individual words, the order must be changed. The area of linguistics that is concerned with translation and education is <a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">language acquisition</a>. The reordering of words can cause problems when transcribing stories. Rhyme schemes can change, as well as the meaning behind the words. This can be especially problematic when <a href="/wiki/Translation#Poetry" title="Translation">translating poetry</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Word_order&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisymmetry" title="Antisymmetry">Antisymmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_flow" title="Information flow">Information flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_change" title="Language change">Language change</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Word_order&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammarström included families with no data in his count (58 out of 424 = 13.7%), but did not include them in the list. This is why the percentages do not add up to 100% in this column.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Word_order&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Comrie,_1981-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Comrie,_1981_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comrie,_1981_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Comrie" title="Bernard Comrie">Comrie, Bernard</a>. (1981). Language universals and linguistic typology: syntax and morphology (2nd ed). University of Chicago Press, Chicago</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSakel2015" class="citation book cs1">Sakel, Jeanette (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZesBwAAQBAJ&q=linguistics+marked+word+order&pg=PA61"><i>Study Skills for Linguistics</i></a>. Routledge. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317530107" title="Special:BookSources/9781317530107"><bdi>9781317530107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Study+Skills+for+Linguistics&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317530107&rft.aulast=Sakel&rft.aufirst=Jeanette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzZesBwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dlinguistics%2Bmarked%2Bword%2Border%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord+order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHengeveld1992" class="citation book cs1">Hengeveld, Kees (1992). <i>Non-verbal predication</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-013713-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-013713-5"><bdi>3-11-013713-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Non-verbal+predication&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=3-11-013713-5&rft.aulast=Hengeveld&rft.aufirst=Kees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord+order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSasse1993" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sasse, Hans-Jürgen (1993). "Das Nomen – eine universale Kategorie?" [The noun – a universal category?]. <i>STUF - Language Typology and Universals</i> (in German). <b>46</b> (1–4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Fstuf.1993.46.14.187">10.1524/stuf.1993.46.14.187</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192204875">192204875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=STUF+-+Language+Typology+and+Universals&rft.atitle=Das+Nomen+%E2%80%93+eine+universale+Kategorie%3F&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Fstuf.1993.46.14.187&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192204875%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sasse&rft.aufirst=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord+order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRijkhoff2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rijkhoff, Jan (November 2007). "Word Classes: Word Classes". <i>Language and Linguistics Compass</i>. <b>1</b> (6): 709–726. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-818X.2007.00030.x">10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00030.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5404720">5404720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+and+Linguistics+Compass&rft.atitle=Word+Classes%3A+Word+Classes&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=709-726&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-818X.2007.00030.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5404720%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rijkhoff&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord+order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rijkhoff, Jan (2004), <i>The Noun Phrase</i>, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-926964-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-926964-5">0-19-926964-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg1963" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, Joseph H. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/homepages/hackmack/syntax/pdf/Universals_of_Language.pdf">"Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Greenberg, Joseph H. (ed.). <i>Universals of Human Language</i>. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. pp. 73–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781503623217-005">10.1515/9781503623217-005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781503623217" title="Special:BookSources/9781503623217"><bdi>9781503623217</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2675113">2675113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+Universals+of+Grammar+with+Particular+Reference+to+the+Order+of+Meaningful+Elements&rft.btitle=Universals+of+Human+Language&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.pages=73-113&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2675113%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781503623217-005&rft.isbn=9781503623217&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fb10.uni-bremen.de%2Fhomepages%2Fhackmack%2Fsyntax%2Fpdf%2FUniversals_of_Language.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord+order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dryer2013Chap81-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dryer2013Chap81_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dryer2013Chap81_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDryer2013" class="citation book cs1">Dryer, Matthew S. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wals.info/chapter/81">"Order of Subject, Object and Verb"</a>. In Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). <i>The World Atlas of Language Structures Online</i>. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Order+of+Subject%2C+Object+and+Verb&rft.btitle=The+World+Atlas+of+Language+Structures+Online&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+Evolutionary+Anthropology&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Dryer&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwals.info%2Fchapter%2F81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord+order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomlin1986" class="citation book cs1">Tomlin, Russel S. (1986). <i>Basic Word Order: Functional Principles</i>. London: Croom Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-72357-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-72357-4"><bdi>0-415-72357-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Word+Order%3A+Functional+Principles&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-415-72357-4&rft.aulast=Tomlin&rft.aufirst=Russel+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord+order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87" title="Snježana Kordić">Kordić, Snježana</a> (2006) [1st pub. 1997]. <i>Serbo-Croatian</i>. Languages of the World/Materials ; 148. Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa. pp. 45–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89586-161-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-89586-161-8"><bdi>3-89586-161-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37959860">37959860</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2863538W">2863538W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbo-Croatian&rft.place=Munich+%26+Newcastle&rft.series=Languages+of+the+World%2FMaterials+%3B+148&rft.pages=45-46&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37959860&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL2863538W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=3-89586-161-8&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord+order" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509070531/http://www.snjezana-kordic.de/Contents_Serbo-Croatian_Grammar.pdf">Contents</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguistlist.org/issues/?topic=Books">Summary</a>. [Grammar book].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDryer2005" class="citation book cs1">Dryer, M. S. (2005). "Order of Subject, Object, and Verb". In Haspelmath, M. 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(2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjole%2Flzw002">"Linguistic diversity and language evolution"</a>. <i>Journal of Language Evolution</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 19–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjole%2Flzw002">10.1093/jole/lzw002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0029-2F3E-C">11858/00-001M-0000-0029-2F3E-C</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Evolution&rft.atitle=Linguistic+diversity+and+language+evolution&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-29&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-0029-2F3E-C&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjole%2Flzw002&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjole%252Flzw002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord+order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDryer1992" class="citation journal cs1">Dryer, Matthew S. (1992). 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(September 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuno 1981<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kidwai 2000<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatilKentnerGollradKügler2008" class="citation journal cs1">Patil, Umesh; Kentner, Gerrit; Gollrad, Anja; Kügler, Frank; Fery, Caroline; Vasishth, Shravan (17 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/jsal/index.php/jsal/article/view/3">"Focus, Word Order and Intonation in Hindi"</a>. <i>Journal of South Asian Linguistics</i>. <b>1</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+South+Asian+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Focus%2C+Word+Order+and+Intonation+in+Hindi&rft.volume=1&rft.date=2008-11-17&rft.aulast=Patil&rft.aufirst=Umesh&rft.au=Kentner%2C+Gerrit&rft.au=Gollrad%2C+Anja&rft.au=K%C3%BCgler%2C+Frank&rft.au=Fery%2C+Caroline&rft.au=Vasishth%2C+Shravan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de%2Fjsal%2Findex.php%2Fjsal%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord+order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:42_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasishth2004" class="citation book cs1">Vasishth, Shravan (2004). 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(May 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Devine, Andrew M. & Laurence D. Stephens (2006), <i>Latin Word Order</i>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1918" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Arthur T. (1918). 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Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today. Vol. 60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fla.60">10.1075/la.60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-2781-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-2781-2"><bdi>978-90-272-2781-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+OV+to+VO+in+Early+Middle+English&rft.series=Linguistik+Aktuell%2FLinguistics+Today&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fla.60&rft.isbn=978-90-272-2781-2&rft.aulast=Trips&rft.aufirst=Carola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord+order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakespeare,_William,_1564-1616,_author.2020" class="citation book cs1">Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616, author. (4 February 2020). <i>Henry V</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-0941-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-0941-7"><bdi>978-1-9821-0941-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1105937654">1105937654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+V&rft.date=2020-02-04&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1105937654&rft.isbn=978-1-9821-0941-7&rft.au=Shakespeare%2C+William%2C+1564-1616%2C+author.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord+order" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakespeare1941" class="citation book cs1">Shakespeare, William (1941). <i>Much Ado about Nothing</i>. Boston, USA: Ginn and Company. pp. 12, 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Much+Ado+about+Nothing&rft.place=Boston%2C+USA&rft.pages=12%2C+16&rft.pub=Ginn+and+Company&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord+order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal2012" class="citation book cs1">Crystal, David (2012). <i>Think on my Words: Exploring Shakespeare's Language</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-19699-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-19699-4"><bdi>978-1-139-19699-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Think+on+my+Words%3A+Exploring+Shakespeare%27s+Language&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-139-19699-4&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord+order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoprieno2000" class="citation book cs1">Loprieno, Antonio (2000). "From VSO to SVO? Word Order and Rear Extraposition in Coptic". <i>Stability, Variation and Change of Word-Order Patterns over Time</i>. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Vol. 213. pp. 23–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fcilt.213.05lop">10.1075/cilt.213.05lop</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3720-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3720-0"><bdi>978-90-272-3720-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+VSO+to+SVO%3F+Word+Order+and+Rear+Extraposition+in+Coptic&rft.btitle=Stability%2C+Variation+and+Change+of+Word-Order+Patterns+over+Time&rft.series=Current+Issues+in+Linguistic+Theory&rft.pages=23-39&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fcilt.213.05lop&rft.isbn=978-90-272-3720-0&rft.aulast=Loprieno&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord+order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Spanish". <i>The Romance Languages</i>. 2003. pp. 91–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203426531-7">10.4324/9780203426531-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-42653-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-42653-1"><bdi>978-0-203-42653-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spanish&rft.btitle=The+Romance+Languages&rft.pages=91-142&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203426531-7&rft.isbn=978-0-203-42653-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord+order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleeTightCaravedo2011" class="citation journal cs1">Klee, Carol A.; Tight, Daniel G.; Caravedo, Rocio (1 December 2011). "Variation and change in Peruvian Spanish word order: language contact and dialect contact in Lima". <i>Southwest Journal of Linguistics</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 5–32. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA348978474">A348978474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwest+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Variation+and+change+in+Peruvian+Spanish+word+order%3A+language+contact+and+dialect+contact+in+Lima&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=5-32&rft.date=2011-12-01&rft.aulast=Klee&rft.aufirst=Carol+A.&rft.au=Tight%2C+Daniel+G.&rft.au=Caravedo%2C+Rocio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord+order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Word_order&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.buffalo.edu/people/faculty/dryer/dryer/wordOrder.htm">A collection of papers on word order by a leading scholar, some downloadable</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguapress.com/grammar/word-order.htm">Basic word order in English</a> clearly illustrated with examples.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Comrie" title="Bernard Comrie">Bernard Comrie</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Language_universals" class="mw-redirect" title="Language universals">Language Universals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Typology" title="Linguistic Typology">Linguistic Typology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">Syntax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphology</a></i> (1981) – this is the authoritative introduction to word order and related subjects.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~dryer/DryerWalsSOVNoMap.pdf">Order of Subject, Object, and Verb</a> (<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>). A basic overview of word order variations across languages.</li> <li>Haugan, Jens, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jenshaugan.com/language/oldnorse/dissertation/Jens_Haugan_Old_Norse_Word_Order_and_Information_Structure_TOC.html"><i>Old Norse Word Order and Information Structure</i></a>. Norwegian University of Science and Technology. 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-471-5060-3" title="Special:BookSources/82-471-5060-3">82-471-5060-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRijkhoff2015" class="citation book cs1">Rijkhoff, Jan (2015). "Word Order". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/90431351/Word_Order_draft_May_2014.pdf"><i>International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 644–656. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-08-097086-8.53031-1">10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.53031-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-097087-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-097087-5"><bdi>978-0-08-097087-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Word+Order&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+Social+%26+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.pages=644-656&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-08-097086-8.53031-1&rft.isbn=978-0-08-097087-5&rft.aulast=Rijkhoff&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.au.dk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F90431351%2FWord_Order_draft_May_2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord+order" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Song, Jae Jung (2012), <i>Word Order</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87214-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87214-0">978-0-521-87214-0</a> & <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69312-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69312-7">978-0-521-69312-7</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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