CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Shammuramat - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"63fdc79d-9323-48d1-b082-54088f534a37","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Shammuramat","wgTitle":"Shammuramat","wgCurRevisionId":1193603005,"wgRevisionId":1193603005,"wgArticleId":2916151,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Good articles","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Neo-Assyrian Empire","9th-century BC births","9th-century BC people","Ancient Assyrians","Ancient Mesopotamian women","Assyrian queens","Queen mothers","Deified women","9th-century BC queens regnant","Semiramis"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Shammuramat", "wgRelevantArticleId":2916151,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q234177","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform", "platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Detail%2C_stele_of_the_Assyrian_queen_Shammuramat._From_Assur%2C_Iraq%2C_c._809_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg/1200px-Detail%2C_stele_of_the_Assyrian_queen_Shammuramat._From_Assur%2C_Iraq%2C_c._809_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1118"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Detail%2C_stele_of_the_Assyrian_queen_Shammuramat._From_Assur%2C_Iraq%2C_c._809_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg/800px-Detail%2C_stele_of_the_Assyrian_queen_Shammuramat._From_Assur%2C_Iraq%2C_c._809_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="745"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Detail%2C_stele_of_the_Assyrian_queen_Shammuramat._From_Assur%2C_Iraq%2C_c._809_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg/640px-Detail%2C_stele_of_the_Assyrian_queen_Shammuramat._From_Assur%2C_Iraq%2C_c._809_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="596"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Shammuramat - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammuramat"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Shammuramat&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammuramat"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Shammuramat rootpage-Shammuramat skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Shammuramat" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Shammuramat" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Shammuramat" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Shammuramat" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_and_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_and_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Status and activities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Status_and_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Status and activities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Status_and_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reign_of_Shamshi-Adad_V" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_Shamshi-Adad_V"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Reign of Shamshi-Adad V</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_Shamshi-Adad_V-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_of_Adad-nirari_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_Adad-nirari_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Reign of Adad-nirari III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_Adad-nirari_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semiramis_legend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semiramis_legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Semiramis legend</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semiramis_legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shammuramat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شامورامات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شامورامات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammuramat" title="Sammuramat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sammuramat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Shammuramat" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ammuramat" title="Šammuramat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Šammuramat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammuramat" title="Sammuramat – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sammuramat" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammuramat" title="Sammuramat – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sammuramat" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammuramat" title="Sammuramat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sammuramat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%B4%EB%AC%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88%ED%8A%B8" title="샴무라마트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샴무라마트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0amuramat" title="Šamuramat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šamuramat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Shammuramat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Shammuramat" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammuramat" title="Sammuramat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sammuramat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammuramat" title="Sammuramat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sammuramat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="サンムラマート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サンムラマート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammuramat" title="Sammuramat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sammuramat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammuramat" title="Sammuramat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sammuramat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammu-ramat" title="Sammu-ramat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sammu-ramat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuramate" title="Samuramate – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Samuramate" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammu-ramat" title="Sammu-ramat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sammu-ramat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Шаммурамат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шаммурамат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Шаму-рамат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шаму-рамат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Shammuramat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammu-ramat" title="Sammu-ramat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sammu-ramat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Shammuramat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D" title="சாம்முர் அமாத் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாம்முர் அமாத்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammuramat" title="Sammuramat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sammuramat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Шаммурамат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шаммурамат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%A9%86-%E6%8B%89%E7%8E%9B%E7%89%B9" title="萨穆-拉玛特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萨穆-拉玛特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q234177#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Shammuramat" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Shammuramat" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Shammuramat"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shammuramat&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shammuramat&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Shammuramat"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shammuramat&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shammuramat&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Shammuramat" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Shammuramat" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shammuramat&oldid=1193603005" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shammuramat&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Shammuramat&id=1193603005&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FShammuramat"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FShammuramat"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Shammuramat&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shammuramat&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q234177" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Assyrian queen</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Shammuramat</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Queens_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Woman of the Palace</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail,_stele_of_the_Assyrian_queen_Shammuramat._From_Assur,_Iraq,_c._809_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Detail%2C_stele_of_the_Assyrian_queen_Shammuramat._From_Assur%2C_Iraq%2C_c._809_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg/220px-Detail%2C_stele_of_the_Assyrian_queen_Shammuramat._From_Assur%2C_Iraq%2C_c._809_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Detail%2C_stele_of_the_Assyrian_queen_Shammuramat._From_Assur%2C_Iraq%2C_c._809_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg/330px-Detail%2C_stele_of_the_Assyrian_queen_Shammuramat._From_Assur%2C_Iraq%2C_c._809_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Detail%2C_stele_of_the_Assyrian_queen_Shammuramat._From_Assur%2C_Iraq%2C_c._809_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg/440px-Detail%2C_stele_of_the_Assyrian_queen_Shammuramat._From_Assur%2C_Iraq%2C_c._809_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3177" data-file-height="2960" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Inscription on a <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> erected in <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a> by Shammuramat<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 850 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 798 BC (aged <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 52)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sammu-rāmat or Sammu-ramāt</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Shammuramat</b> (<a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>: <i>Sammu-rāmat</i> or <i>Sammu-ramāt</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny20041083_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotny20041083-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Sammuramat</b> or <b>Shamiram</b> and <b>Semiramis</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayor2014193_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor2014193-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a powerful <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">queen of the Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>. Beginning her career as the primary consort<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the king <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>824–811 BC), Shammuramat reached an unusually prominent position in the reign of her son <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>811–783 BC). Though there is dispute in regard to Shammuramat's formal status and position, and if she should be considered a <a href="/wiki/Co-regent" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-regent">co-regent</a>, it is clear that she was among the most powerful and influential women of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a>; she is the only known <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> queen to have retained her status as queen after the death of her husband and the only known ancient Assyrian woman to have partaken in, and perhaps even led, a military campaign. </p><p>Shammuramat's origin is not clear; her name could equally likely be of <a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a> or <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="East Semitic">East Semitic</a> Akkadian origin. Proposed regions of origin include Akkadian speaking Assyria itself, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> (also Akkadian speaking), <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>. If originating as a foreigner she is typically assumed to have been a princess. Nothing is known of her life or relative influence and power in the reign of her husband. Under Adad-nirari, her role was exceptionally prominent for a woman of the time. Per the <a href="/wiki/Pazarc%C4%B1k_Stele" title="Pazarcık Stele">Pazarcık Stele</a> she accompanied her son on a campaign against the Aramean <a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a> in Syria and both she and Adad-nirari are credited with expanding the borders of the empire in all directions. In some inscriptions, local governors made dedications not only to the king (as was customary) but exceptionally also to Shammuramat. All evidence suggests that Shammuramat was among the most renowned figures of her time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville200453_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville200453-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shammuramat was immortalized in later literary tradition as the legendary warrior-queen and heroine <a href="/wiki/Semiramis" title="Semiramis">Semiramis</a>, a half-divine daughter of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Derceto" class="mw-redirect" title="Derceto">Derceto</a> and the wife of the fictional <a href="/wiki/Ninus" title="Ninus">Ninus</a>, the legendary founder of <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> and the Assyrian Empire. Among the legendary feats ascribed to Semiramis were securing victory during a siege of the city of <a href="/wiki/Bactra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactra">Bactra</a>, the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, and the invention of a type of pants/trousers later popular among the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>. Numerous parallels can be drawn between the historical Shammuramat and the legendary Semiramis. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shammuramat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name">Name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shammuramat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shammuramat's name, spelt <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">mí</span>.<i>sa-am-mu</i>–<i>ra-mat</i> in Assyrian inscriptions (transliterated as <i>Sammu-rāmat</i>, <i>Sammu-ramāt<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny20041083–1084_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotny20041083–1084-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> or <i>Šammu-ramat</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville200444_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville200444-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is of either <a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> origin. In West Semitic it would likely have been rendered as <i>šmyrm</i> or <i>šmrmt</i>. The most likely etymology of the name is that it follows a common name archetype in both West Semitic and Akkadian, on the form <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">dn</span>-<i>rāmu/rāmat</i> ("<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">dn</span> is exalted") in West Semitic or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">dn</span><i>-ramāt</i> ("<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">dn</span> is beloved") in Akkadian, where <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">dn</span> is a <a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">theophoric</a> (name of a god) element. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sammu_(god)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sammu (god) (page does not exist)">Sammu</a>, rendered as <i><sup>d</sup>sa(-a)-mu</i> (meaning "red"), was the name of an otherwise poorly attested deity in the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian period">Neo-Assyrian period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny20041083–1084_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotny20041083–1084-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various alternate etymologies have also been proposed. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Classical Greek</a> sources, Shammuramat's name appears in the forms Σεμιραμις (<i>Semiramis</i>) and Σεμυραμις (<i>Semeramis</i>). According to the 1st-century BC Classical Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, the name ultimately derived from the Assyrian word for "dove", an etymology probably based on equating Σεμι- (<i>Semi</i>-) with the Akkadian <i>summatu</i> or <i>summu</i> (meaning dove). The 7th-century Jewish <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrash</a> <a href="/wiki/Leviticus_Rabbah" title="Leviticus Rabbah">Leviticus Rabbah</a> traces the etymology of the name to the West Semitic <i>šmy rʻm</i> ("thunder of heaven"), relating it to a legend that she was born in thunder. In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Weinfeld" title="Moshe Weinfeld">Moshe Weinfeld</a> suggested that the name derived from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> <i>šmm rmm</i> ("high heavens").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny20041083–1084_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotny20041083–1084-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shammuramat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shammuramat was born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 850 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200511_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200511-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nothing is known of Shammuramat's origins from contemporary sources. In later <a href="/wiki/Classical_tradition" title="Classical tradition">classical tradition</a>, Shammuramat was variously described as being of <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> or native <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> origin. Various alternate origins have also been suggested by modern historians, though all such proposals are mere speculation. In 1910, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Friedrich_Lehmann-Haupt" title="Carl Ferdinand Friedrich Lehmann-Haupt">Carl Ferdinand Friedrich Lehmann-Haupt</a> suggested that she was a Babylonian princess, though there is no evidence for such an idea. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eilers" title="Wilhelm Eilers">Wilhelm Eilers</a> proposed in 1971 that she might have been a princess from <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1991, Weinfeld suggested that she was a princess from <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a>. Ashkelon seems an unlikely place of origin because the city was situated far beyond the Assyrian imperial ambitions of the time and since it would be unlikely for an Assyrian king to marry someone from a city of such little diplomatic weight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200514_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200514-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, Jamie Novotny proposed that she could have been a princess from Syria, perhaps from either <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurgum" title="Gurgum">Gurgum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Namri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namri (page does not exist)">Namri</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Que_(ancient_city)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Que (ancient city) (page does not exist)">Que</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patina_(ancient_city)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patina (ancient city) (page does not exist)">Patina</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subria_(ancient_city)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subria (ancient city) (page does not exist)">Subria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bit_Adini" title="Bit Adini">Bit Adini</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sam%CA%BCal" class="mw-redirect" title="Samʼal">Samʼal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_and_activities">Status and activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shammuramat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Status and activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_Shamshi-Adad_V">Reign of Shamshi-Adad V</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shammuramat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reign of Shamshi-Adad V"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:271px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stela_of_the_Assyrian_king_Shamshi-Adad_V_from_the_temple_of_Nabu_at_Nimrud,_Mesopotamia..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stele of a king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stela_of_the_Assyrian_king_Shamshi-Adad_V_from_the_temple_of_Nabu_at_Nimrud%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG/181px-Stela_of_the_Assyrian_king_Shamshi-Adad_V_from_the_temple_of_Nabu_at_Nimrud%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG" decoding="async" width="181" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stela_of_the_Assyrian_king_Shamshi-Adad_V_from_the_temple_of_Nabu_at_Nimrud%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG/272px-Stela_of_the_Assyrian_king_Shamshi-Adad_V_from_the_temple_of_Nabu_at_Nimrud%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stela_of_the_Assyrian_king_Shamshi-Adad_V_from_the_temple_of_Nabu_at_Nimrud%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG/362px-Stela_of_the_Assyrian_king_Shamshi-Adad_V_from_the_temple_of_Nabu_at_Nimrud%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:165px;max-width:165px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:271px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stele_of_Adad-nirari_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stele of a king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Stele_of_Adad-nirari_III.jpg/163px-Stele_of_Adad-nirari_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Stele_of_Adad-nirari_III.jpg/245px-Stele_of_Adad-nirari_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Stele_of_Adad-nirari_III.jpg/326px-Stele_of_Adad-nirari_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3409" data-file-height="5668" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Stelae of Shammuramat's husband <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 824–811</span> BC; left) and their son <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 811–783</span> BC; right)</div></div></div></div> <p>Shammuramat was the wife and queen of the Neo-Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>824–811 BC). The surviving source material concerning Shammuramat is relatively limited. In known material from her husband's reign, she is only mentioned in a single <a href="/wiki/Eye_bead" class="mw-redirect" title="Eye bead">eye bead</a> inscribed with her name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013112–113_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013112–113-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her role and influence at the court of her husband is as such largely unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville200444_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville200444-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription on the eye bead reads:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014234_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014234-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>, her lady, Shammuramat, queen of Shamshi-Adad, king of Assyria, dedicated (this) for her well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014234_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014234-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_Adad-nirari_III">Reign of Adad-nirari III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shammuramat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reign of Adad-nirari III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shammuramat is more prominently attested in the reign of her son <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>811–783 BC),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013113_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013113-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when she reached an unusually prominent position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville200457_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville200457-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Adad-nirari was probably not a minor upon his accession to the throne,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville200445_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville200445-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he is generally assumed to have been quite young, which might partly explain why Shammuramat was allowed to take such a prominent role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013113_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013113-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the limited source material, her exact role and position remains disputed,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014236_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014236-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it is clear that she was among the most renowned figures of her time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville200453_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville200453-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, David Kertai suggested that Shammuramat's continued use of the title "queen" in her son's reign, the only certain Assyrian example of this,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> could indicate that she for a time was <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">queen regnant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013113_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013113-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, Sarah C. Melville wrote that Shammuramat was "probably not" co-regent with her son<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville200445_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville200445-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in 2014, she wrote that Shammuramat "possibly even acted as regent during the early years of her son's reign".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in 2013, <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Dalley" title="Stephanie Dalley">Stephanie Dalley</a> did not believe that Shammuramat was co-regent with Adad-nirari.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2013118_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2013118-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several recent researchers, such as Saana Svärd and Sebastian Fink, in their writings simply mention that whether she could be considered a co-regent is still a matter of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvärd2016130_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESvärd2016130-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFink2020_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFink2020-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Svärd wrote that regardless of her formal position, Shammuramat was clearly an authoritative female figure who played an important role in running the empire, perhaps acting as a sort of <i><a href="/wiki/Pater_familias" title="Pater familias">pater familias</a></i> after the death of Shamshi-Adad while her son was young.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECDLI_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECDLI-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shammuramat does not appear in later Assyrian accounts,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps, per Svärd, due to Assyrian royal ideology finding it difficult to "accommodate the presence of an authoritative female figure".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECDLI_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECDLI-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kahramanmaras_Museum_Keilschrift_G%C3%B6zl%C3%BCg%C3%B6l.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kahramanmaras_Museum_Keilschrift_G%C3%B6zl%C3%BCg%C3%B6l.jpg/180px-Kahramanmaras_Museum_Keilschrift_G%C3%B6zl%C3%BCg%C3%B6l.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kahramanmaras_Museum_Keilschrift_G%C3%B6zl%C3%BCg%C3%B6l.jpg/270px-Kahramanmaras_Museum_Keilschrift_G%C3%B6zl%C3%BCg%C3%B6l.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kahramanmaras_Museum_Keilschrift_G%C3%B6zl%C3%BCg%C3%B6l.jpg/360px-Kahramanmaras_Museum_Keilschrift_G%C3%B6zl%C3%BCg%C3%B6l.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2850" data-file-height="4719" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pazarc%C4%B1k_Stele" title="Pazarcık Stele">Pazarcık Stele</a>, which mentions Shammuramat's participation in a campaign against <a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most serious indicator of Shammuramat's exceptional power and influence,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2013118_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2013118-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the main evidence used by scholars who support her being a co-regent,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFink2020_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFink2020-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Boundary_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary stone">boundary stele</a> (marker of the border) erected by Adad-nirari near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Pazarc%C4%B1k" title="Pazarcık">Pazarcık</a> in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2013118_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2013118-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variations in the often formulaic Assyrian royal inscriptions were typically historically and ideologically important.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECDLI_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECDLI-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pazarc%C4%B1k_Stele" title="Pazarcık Stele">Pazarcık Stele</a> establishes that Shammuramat accompanied her son on a military campaign against the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a> in Syria; she is the only known ancient Assyrian woman to take part in a campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, Sebastian Fink suggested that the fact that she was mentioned as prominently as she was in the text might indicate that the campaign was in fact led by Shammuramat and that Adad-nirari was not present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFink2020_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFink2020-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription on the stele ascribes the fighting activities themselves solely to Adad-nirari, anything else would not have been possible in Assyrian ideology, but the important activity of extending Assyrian territory and setting up the stele, otherwise a traditional privilege only of the king, is attributed to both Adad-nirari and Shammuramat, as indicated by a plural "they".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is furthermore significant that the stele outlines Adad-nirari's descent from both Shamshi-Adad and Shammuramat, given that kings usually only mentioned their paternal lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFink2020_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFink2020-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In full, the inscription on the boundary stele reads:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Boundary stone of Adad-nirari, king of Assyria, son of Shamshi-Adad, king of Assyria (and of) Shammuramat, queen of Shamshi-Adad, king of Assyria, mother of Adad-nirari, mighty king, king of Assyria, daughter-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Four_Corners" title="King of the Four Corners">king of the Four Corners</a>. When Ušpilulume, king of Kummuh, caused Adad-nirari, king of Assyria (and) Shammuramat, queen, to cross the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> river; I smashed Attar-šumkī, son of Abī-rāmi, of the city <a href="/wiki/Arpad,_Syria" title="Arpad, Syria">Arpad</a>, together with eight kings, who were with him at the city Paqarḫubunu, their boundary and land. I deprived them of their camp. In order to save their lives, they went up (the mountains). In that year they put up this boundary stone between Ušpilulume, king of Kummuh and Qalparuda, son of Palalam, king of Gurgum. Whoever takes it away from the possession of Ušpilulume, his sons, his grandsons, may the gods <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adad" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad">Adad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sîn</a>, (and) <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a> not support his lawsuit. Prohibition of Ashur, my god, (and) Sîn, who dwells in <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228–229_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228–229-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:258px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stele_of_the_Assyrian_queen_Shammuramat,_from_Assur,_Iraq,_c._809_BCE._Pergamon_Museum,_Germany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Shammuramat's stele" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Stele_of_the_Assyrian_queen_Shammuramat%2C_from_Assur%2C_Iraq%2C_c._809_BCE._Pergamon_Museum%2C_Germany.jpg/126px-Stele_of_the_Assyrian_queen_Shammuramat%2C_from_Assur%2C_Iraq%2C_c._809_BCE._Pergamon_Museum%2C_Germany.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Stele_of_the_Assyrian_queen_Shammuramat%2C_from_Assur%2C_Iraq%2C_c._809_BCE._Pergamon_Museum%2C_Germany.jpg/189px-Stele_of_the_Assyrian_queen_Shammuramat%2C_from_Assur%2C_Iraq%2C_c._809_BCE._Pergamon_Museum%2C_Germany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Stele_of_the_Assyrian_queen_Shammuramat%2C_from_Assur%2C_Iraq%2C_c._809_BCE._Pergamon_Museum%2C_Germany.jpg/252px-Stele_of_the_Assyrian_queen_Shammuramat%2C_from_Assur%2C_Iraq%2C_c._809_BCE._Pergamon_Museum%2C_Germany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1997" data-file-height="4111" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:258px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stele_of_Sammuramat,_from_Assur.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of Shammuramat's stele" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stele_of_Sammuramat%2C_from_Assur.JPG/158px-Stele_of_Sammuramat%2C_from_Assur.JPG" decoding="async" width="158" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stele_of_Sammuramat%2C_from_Assur.JPG/237px-Stele_of_Sammuramat%2C_from_Assur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stele_of_Sammuramat%2C_from_Assur.JPG/316px-Stele_of_Sammuramat%2C_from_Assur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="2749" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Photograph and drawing of Shammuramat's stele from Assur</div></div></div></div> <p>Shammuramat was a famous figure already in her lifetime. Among the so-called <i>stelenreihen</i>, a set of steles erected centrally in <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a>, the religious and ceremonial heart of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, there are innumerable steles erected by kings and influential male officials and generals, but only three erected by women (the other two women being <a href="/wiki/Libb%C4%81li-%C5%A1arrat" title="Libbāli-šarrat">Libbāli-šarrat</a>, the queen of <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a>, and an unknown wife of <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2013118_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2013118-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014233_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014233-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the function and purpose of these stelae remains unknown, it is obvious that only exceptional women were able to erect their own stelae among the others. Shammuramat's stele at Assur gives her the same titles as in the Pazarcık boundary stele.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014233_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014233-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shammuramat is mentioned in inscriptions on two identical statues from <a href="/wiki/Kalhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalhu">Kalhu</a>, the Assyrian capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These inscriptions record that the statues were dedicated to the god <a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bel-tar%E1%B9%A3i-ilumma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bel-tarṣi-ilumma (page does not exist)">Bel-tarṣi-ilumma</a>, governor of Kalhu, who set them up in the god's temple in the city. After a passage praising Nabu, both inscriptions record that Bel-tarṣi-ilumma had the status made and dedicated "for the life of" Adad-nirari, king of Assyria, and Shammuramat, queen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, only the king was mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2013118_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2013118-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A previously accepted chief piece of evidence for Shammuramat having ruled the empire was the <a href="/wiki/Saba%27a_Stele" title="Saba'a Stele">Saba'a Stele</a>, erected by Adad-nirari in 806 BC. Older translations of the stele, such as a 1927 translation by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_David_Luckenbill" title="Daniel David Luckenbill">Daniel David Luckenbill</a>, suggested that Shammuramat ruled the empire for five years, from the death of her husband until 806 BC, as the text of the stele was interpreted as Adad-nirari stating that he "sat himself on the royal throne" and marched to Aramea only in 806 BC. However, the relevant term in this case, <i>rabîš ašābu</i>, interpreted by Luckenbill as "to become of age" or "to ascend the throne" more probably means something akin to "gloriously" or "magnificently" per other known uses of it in inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETadmor1973147_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETadmor1973147-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible that Shammuramat after a period of political prominence resigned and became a temple woman at one of the prominent temples in the empire, perhaps the Nabu temple in Kalhu where statues had previously been dedicated to her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200514_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200514-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shammuramat probably died around <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 798 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2017174_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2017174-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semiramis_legend">Semiramis legend</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shammuramat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Semiramis legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Semiramis" title="Semiramis">Semiramis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semiramis_building_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Semiramis_building_Babylon.jpg/440px-Semiramis_building_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Semiramis_building_Babylon.jpg/660px-Semiramis_building_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Semiramis_building_Babylon.jpg/880px-Semiramis_building_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption><i>Semiramis Building Babylon</i> (1861) by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Edgar Degas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Shammuramat has long been recognized as the primary inspiration behind the legendary Assyrian warrior-queen and heroine Semiramis,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200511_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200511-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvärd2016130_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESvärd2016130-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECDLI_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECDLI-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199768_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199768-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the Semiramis tradition likely also draws some inspiration from several other real and mythological figures of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the later Assyrian consorts <a href="/wiki/Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia" title="Iaba, Banitu and Atalia">Atalia</a> (wife of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Naqi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqi'a">Naqi'a</a> (wife of <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200515_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200515-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though no <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> writings concerning the legend of Semiramis survive or have yet been discovered, it is believed to have originated as a native Assyrian Mesopotamian legend, only later finding its way into first <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco-Roman</a> literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199767_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199767-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legend is chiefly known today through the writings of Diodorus Siculus<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200513_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200513-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 5th-century BC historian <a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199768_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199768-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Ctesias, Semiramis was born in Ashkelon as the daughter of a Levantine mortal and the Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Derceto" class="mw-redirect" title="Derceto">Derceto</a>. Supposedly Derceto had been cursed to fall in love with the ordinary Levantine man as a result of angering <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>. Though she gave birth to a daughter, Derceto was later ashamed of sleeping with the man and thus killed him and abandoned her daughter, throwing herself into a lake. This led her to transform into a mermaid-like creature. According to Ctesias, the inhabitants of Ashkelon and the rest of the Levant thereafter no longer ate fish, instead honoring them as gods. The baby Semiramis was kept alive through the aid of doves, who kept her warm with their wings and fed her until she was eventually found and adopted by a shepherd named Simmas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199770–71_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199770–71-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The connection of Semiramis to Ashkelon and the cult of fish is a perplexing one. In ancient Mesopotamia, the god <a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a> was sometimes connected to fish and mermen and mermaids frequently figured as statues in his temples and as part of his iconography. Given that the temple dedication by Bel-tarṣi-ilumma which mentioned Shammuramat was concerning a temple of Nabu, a spurious connection could perhaps be drawn to the historical queen. It is possible that there was a cult of Nebo (the West Semitic version of the Assyrian-Babylonian Nabu) at Ashkelon but no evidence for this exists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200513–14_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200513–14-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another inspiration for the tale, in particular Semiramis's connection to doves and Semiramis and her mother killing their lovers, could be <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>, the Mesopotamian goddess of love and war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199772_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199772-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Assyrian and Babylonian queens were strongly connected to Ishtar in iconography.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGansell2018159_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGansell2018159-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If Shammuramat resigned and became a temple woman it is also possible that this was the inspiration for later traditions designating her as a divine figure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200514_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200514-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voltaire_-_S%C3%A9miramis_-_Moreau_-_de_Launay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Voltaire_-_S%C3%A9miramis_-_Moreau_-_de_Launay.jpg/260px-Voltaire_-_S%C3%A9miramis_-_Moreau_-_de_Launay.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="428" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Voltaire_-_S%C3%A9miramis_-_Moreau_-_de_Launay.jpg/390px-Voltaire_-_S%C3%A9miramis_-_Moreau_-_de_Launay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Voltaire_-_S%C3%A9miramis_-_Moreau_-_de_Launay.jpg/520px-Voltaire_-_S%C3%A9miramis_-_Moreau_-_de_Launay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1757" /></a><figcaption>1784 illustration by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_de_Launay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas de Launay (page does not exist)">Nicolas de Launay</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_de_Launay" class="extiw" title="fr:Nicolas de Launay">fr</a>]</span>, depicting Semiramis being murdered by her son <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninyas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ninyas (page does not exist)">Ninyas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In almost all legends, Semiramis becomes the wife of <a href="/wiki/Ninus" title="Ninus">Ninus</a> (a purely legendary figure), a legendary founder of <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> and the Assyrian Empire and a figure who in virtually all stories he appeared in was overshadowed by his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199773–74_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199773–74-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ctesias dated the time of Semiramis and the foundation of the Assyrian Empire to 2166 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199768_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199768-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ctesias's account, young Semiramis was first married to the Assyrian general <a href="/wiki/Onnes_(general)" title="Onnes (general)">Onnes</a>, with whom she had two children. Onnes is described as fighting alongside Ninus in an attempt to capture the city of <a href="/wiki/Bactra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactra">Bactra</a>. When the siege drags on, he sends for his wife, who he misses dearly, a message Semiramis interprets as a call for military assistance. Thus, she equips herself for war and, using clothes and armor, masks her identity as a woman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199774–75_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199774–75-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of her equipment, Semiramis invented long-sleeved pants that intentionally masked the gender of the bearer, according to Ctesias the precursor of later pants popular among the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayor2014193_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor2014193-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon her arrival in Bactra, Semiramis proves to be a skilled warrior and succeeds in capturing the city, securing the admiration and attraction of Ninus. When Ninus threatens to blind Onnes due to Onnes refusing to relinquish his wife to him, Onnes hangs himself. After this, Semiramis becomes Ninus's wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199774–75_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199774–75-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A king stealing a general's wife has parallels in Assyrian history; a letter of unknown date relates that an official revolted against the king due to the official's wife being taken into the royal harem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199775_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199775-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though described as fierce women evoking ancient Ishtar in Ctesias's account, both Semiramis and Dercerto were sometimes in later works transformed into almost unrecognizable figures. In the 1st-century BC <i><a href="/wiki/Ninus_Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninus Romance">Ninus Romance</a></i>, Ninus and Semiramis are described as two star-crossed lovers who meet at a time when they are too young to marry. In this tale, Derceto, now called Derceia, is a caring mother who wishes to smooth the way for the romance and Semiramis is a tongue-tied, shy and weeping teenager.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199772–73_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199772–73-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the accounts of Ctesias and Diodorus Siculus, Ninus is old at the time of their marriage and dies soon after the birth of their son <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninyas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ninyas (page does not exist)">Ninyas</a>. The death of Ninus while Ninyas is still young leaves Semiramis to rule the empire. Semiramis erects a huge mound over Ninus's grave, using his bones to embellish Nineveh and turning his grave into a monument of her own strength and power. Later on, she constructs several more mounds to house the remains of generals, officials and her former lovers, sometimes buried alive. To rival Nineveh, founded by her husband, Semiramis is then credited with founding <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>. Ctesias credits Semiramis with creating the <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon" title="Hanging Gardens of Babylon">Hanging Gardens of Babylon</a>, though Diodorus Siculus attributes them a later king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199777–78_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199777–78-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other than the baseless speculation that Shammuramat was of Babylonian origin,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is no evidence for any historical connection between Shammuramat and Babylon, nor of any building works being conducted in the city under Adad-nirari (who did not control Babylonia).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200514_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200514-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Semiramis of legend is also described as leading military campaigns, for instance against both Armenia and India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199780–81_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199780–81-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tale of Semiramis's conflict with Armenia could perhaps derive from remembrance of the campaigns of Adad-nirari, some of which were directed against <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a> (a precursor of Armenia). One of Adad-nirari's frequent foes was the Urartian king <a href="/wiki/Argishti_I_of_Urartu" title="Argishti I of Urartu">Argishti I</a>, whose father <a href="/wiki/Menua" title="Menua">Menua</a>, a contemporary of Shammuramat, constructed a great canal which later on curiously at some point was named after Shammuramat as the <a href="/wiki/Shamiram_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamiram Canal">Shamiram Canal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200513_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200513-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian campaign, perhaps parallelling the <a href="/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Indian campaign of Alexander the Great">Indian campaign of Alexander the Great</a>, is described by Ctesias as Semiramis's only failure when she is forced to turn back after twice being injured by the Indian king. In several of the legends, including that of Ctesias, Semiramis's life comes to an end when she is killed by her son Ninyas, who is described as a weak man who avoided other men and warlike activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199781–82_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199781–82-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 2nd-century AD historian <a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a>, Ninyas killed Semiramis because she attempted to have sexual relations with him; accusations of sexual voracity were often flung in history on warrior women, due to their unusual position, and on widows. Some other late traditions accused Semiramis of having sex with a horse and committing suicide by burning herself alive. These negative portrayals have little to do with the more ancient versions of the legend, such as that of Ctesias, wherein Semiramis kills her lovers and never remarries out of fear of losing the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199782–83_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199782–83-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shammuramat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though usually used by historians today,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the title of "queen" as such did not exist in the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>. The feminine version of the word for king (<i>šarrum</i>) was <i>šarratum</i>, but this was reserved for goddesses and foreign queens who ruled in their own right. Because the consorts of the kings did not rule themselves, they were not regarded as their equals and as such not called <i>šarratum</i>. Instead, the term reserved for the primary consort was <small>MUNUS É.GAL</small> (woman of the palace).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017173_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017173-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Assyrian, this term was rendered <i>issi ekalli</i>, later abbreviated to <i>sēgallu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text reads "stele of Shammuramat, queen of <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Universe" title="King of the Universe">king of the Universe</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Assyria" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Assyria">king of Assyria</a>, mother of <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Universe" title="King of the Universe">king of the Universe</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Assyria" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Assyria">king of Assyria</a>, daughter-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Four_Corners" title="King of the Four Corners">king of the Four Corners</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014233_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014233-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For alternate transliterations and the etymology of the name, see the "<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Name">name</a>" section</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assyrian kings at times had multiple wives at the same time, but not all were recognized as queens (or "women of the palace"). Though it has been disputed in the past,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017166_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017166-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it appears that only one woman bore the title at any given time, as the term typically appears without qualifiers (indicating a lack of ambiguity).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The only other queen who has been suggested to have retained her status in this way is the earlier <a href="/wiki/Mulissu-mukannishat-Ninua" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulissu-mukannishat-Ninua">Mulissu-mukannishat-Ninua</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 883–859</span> BC), whose funerary inscription records her as "queen of Ashurnasirpal and <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser</a>"; the evidence is in her case not conclusive and several alternate explanations have been proposed. From the time of <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 705–681</span>) onwards, former queens could in the reign of their sons be titled <i>ummi šari</i> ("Mother of the King").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013111–112_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013111–112-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">She is for instance not included in the <i><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_King_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian King List">Assyrian King List</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199769_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199769-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shammuramat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertai2013">Kertai 2013</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017173-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017173_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpurrier2017">Spurrier 2017</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014233-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014233_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014233_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014233_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelville2014">Melville 2014</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotny20041083-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny20041083_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovotny2004">Novotny 2004</a>, p. 1083.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor2014193-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayor2014193_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayor2014193_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayor2014">Mayor 2014</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017166-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017166_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpurrier2017">Spurrier 2017</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville200453-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville200453_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville200453_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelville2004">Melville 2004</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotny20041083–1084-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny20041083–1084_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny20041083–1084_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny20041083–1084_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovotny2004">Novotny 2004</a>, pp. 1083–1084.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville200444-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville200444_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville200444_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelville2004">Melville 2004</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200511-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200511_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200511_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalley2005">Dalley 2005</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovotny20041084_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovotny2004">Novotny 2004</a>, p. 1084.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200514-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200514_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200514_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200514_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200514_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalley2005">Dalley 2005</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013112–113-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013112–113_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertai2013">Kertai 2013</a>, pp. 112–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014234-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014234_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014234_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelville2014">Melville 2014</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013113-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013113_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013113_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013113_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertai2013">Kertai 2013</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville200457-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville200457_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelville2004">Melville 2004</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville200445-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville200445_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville200445_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelville2004">Melville 2004</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228_22-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelville2014">Melville 2014</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014236-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014236_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelville2014">Melville 2014</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013111–112-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertai2013111–112_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertai2013">Kertai 2013</a>, pp. 111–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2013118-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2013118_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2013118_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2013118_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2013118_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2013118_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalley2013">Dalley 2013</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESvärd2016130-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvärd2016130_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvärd2016130_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSvärd2016">Svärd 2016</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFink2020-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFink2020_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFink2020_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFink2020_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFink2020_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFink2020">Fink 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECDLI-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECDLI_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECDLI_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECDLI_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECDLI_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCDLI">CDLI</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199769-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199769_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGera1997">Gera 1997</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228–229-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville2014228–229_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelville2014">Melville 2014</a>, pp. 228–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETadmor1973147-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETadmor1973147_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTadmor1973">Tadmor 1973</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2017174-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2017174_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrahm2017">Frahm 2017</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199768-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199768_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199768_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199768_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGera1997">Gera 1997</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200515-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200515_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalley2005">Dalley 2005</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199767-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199767_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGera1997">Gera 1997</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200513-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200513_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200513_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalley2005">Dalley 2005</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199770–71-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199770–71_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGera1997">Gera 1997</a>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley200513–14-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley200513–14_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalley2005">Dalley 2005</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199772-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199772_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGera1997">Gera 1997</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGansell2018159-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGansell2018159_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGansell2018">Gansell 2018</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199773–74-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199773–74_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGera1997">Gera 1997</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199774–75-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199774–75_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199774–75_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGera1997">Gera 1997</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199775-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199775_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGera1997">Gera 1997</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199772–73-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199772–73_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGera1997">Gera 1997</a>, pp. 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199777–78-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199777–78_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGera1997">Gera 1997</a>, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199780–81-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199780–81_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGera1997">Gera 1997</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199781–82-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199781–82_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGera1997">Gera 1997</a>, pp. 81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGera199782–83-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGera199782–83_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGera1997">Gera 1997</a>, pp. 82–83.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shammuramat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClancier2014" class="citation journal cs1">Clancier, Philippe (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.openedition.org/cliowgh/440">"Warlike men and invisible women: how scribes in the Ancient Near East represented warfare"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clio:_Women,_Gender,_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clio: Women, Gender, History (page does not exist)">Clio: Women, Gender, History</a></i>. <b>39</b> (39): 17–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fcliowgh.440">10.4000/cliowgh.440</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2554-3822">2554-3822</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159469407">159469407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clio%3A+Women%2C+Gender%2C+History&rft.atitle=Warlike+men+and+invisible+women%3A+how+scribes+in+the+Ancient+Near+East+represented+warfare&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=17-34&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159469407%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2554-3822&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fcliowgh.440&rft.aulast=Clancier&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fcliowgh%2F440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShammuramat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalley2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Dalley" title="Stephanie Dalley">Dalley, Stephanie</a> (2005). "Semiramis in History and Legend: a Case Study in Interpretation of an Assyrian Historical Tradition, with Observations on Archetypes in Ancient Historiography, on Euhemerism before Euhemerus, and on the So-called Greek Ethnographie Style". In S. Gruen, Erich (ed.). <i>Cultural Borrowings and Ethnic Appropriations in Antiquity</i>. Stuttgart: <a href="/wiki/Franz_Steiner_Verlag" title="Franz Steiner Verlag">Franz Steiner Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-08735-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-08735-4"><bdi>3-515-08735-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Semiramis+in+History+and+Legend%3A+a+Case+Study+in+Interpretation+of+an+Assyrian+Historical+Tradition%2C+with+Observations+on+Archetypes+in+Ancient+Historiography%2C+on+Euhemerism+before+Euhemerus%2C+and+on+the+So-called+Greek+Ethnographie+Style&rft.btitle=Cultural+Borrowings+and+Ethnic+Appropriations+in+Antiquity&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-515-08735-4&rft.aulast=Dalley&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShammuramat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalley2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Dalley" title="Stephanie Dalley">Dalley, Stephanie</a> (2013). "The Greek Novel <i>Ninus and Semiramis</i>: Its Background in Assyrian and Seleucid History and Monuments". In Whitmarsh, Tim & Thomson, Stuart (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WTNaAQAAQBAJ"><i>The Romance between Greece and the East</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03824-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03824-0"><bdi>978-1-107-03824-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Greek+Novel+Ninus+and+Semiramis%3A+Its+Background+in+Assyrian+and+Seleucid+History+and+Monuments&rft.btitle=The+Romance+between+Greece+and+the+East&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-03824-0&rft.aulast=Dalley&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWTNaAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShammuramat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFink2020" class="citation book cs1">Fink, Sebastian (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429434105-15/invisible-mesopotamian-royal-women-sebastian-fink">"Invisible Mesopotamian royal women?"</a>. In Carney, Elizabeth D. & Müller, Sabine (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJb-DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Routledge Companion to Women and Monarchy in the Ancient Mediterranean World</i></a>. London: Routledge. pp. 137–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429434105-15">10.4324/9780429434105-15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0429434105" title="Special:BookSources/978-0429434105"><bdi>978-0429434105</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224979097">224979097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Invisible+Mesopotamian+royal+women%3F&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Women+and+Monarchy+in+the+Ancient+Mediterranean+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=137-148&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224979097%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429434105-15&rft.isbn=978-0429434105&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9780429434105-15%2Finvisible-mesopotamian-royal-women-sebastian-fink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShammuramat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrahm2017" class="citation book cs1">Frahm, Eckart (2017). "The Neo-Assyrian Period (ca. 1000–609 BCE)". In E. Frahm (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nhsmDwAAQBAJ"><i>A Companion to Assyria</i></a>. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118325247" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118325247"><bdi>978-1118325247</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Neo-Assyrian+Period+%28ca.+1000%E2%80%93609+BCE%29&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Assyria&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1118325247&rft.aulast=Frahm&rft.aufirst=Eckart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnhsmDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShammuramat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGansell2018" class="citation book cs1">Gansell, Amy Rebecca (2018). "In Pursuit of Neo-Assyrian Queens: An Interdisciplinary Methodology for Researching Ancient Women and Engendering Ancient History". In Svärd, Saana; Garcia-Ventura, Agnès (eds.). <i>Studying Gender in the Ancient Near East</i>. University Park, Pennsylvania: Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1575067704" title="Special:BookSources/978-1575067704"><bdi>978-1575067704</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+Pursuit+of+Neo-Assyrian+Queens%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Methodology+for+Researching+Ancient+Women+and+Engendering+Ancient+History&rft.btitle=Studying+Gender+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.place=University+Park%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1575067704&rft.aulast=Gansell&rft.aufirst=Amy+Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShammuramat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGera1997" class="citation book cs1">Gera, Deborah (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=992mDwAAQBAJ"><i>Warrior Women: The Anonymous Tractatus De Mulieribus</i></a>. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill publishers">BRILL</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10665-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10665-0"><bdi>90-04-10665-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warrior+Women%3A+The+Anonymous+Tractatus+De+Mulieribus&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-10665-0&rft.aulast=Gera&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D992mDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShammuramat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKertai2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kertai, David (2013). "The Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire". <i>Altorientalische Forschungen</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 108–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Faof.2013.0006">10.1524/aof.2013.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163392326">163392326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Altorientalische+Forschungen&rft.atitle=The+Queens+of+the+Neo-Assyrian+Empire&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=108-124&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Faof.2013.0006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163392326%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kertai&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShammuramat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayor2014" class="citation book cs1">Mayor, Adrienne (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mW6YDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World</i></a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17027-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17027-5"><bdi>978-0-691-17027-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Amazons%3A+Lives+and+Legends+of+Warrior+Women+across+the+Ancient+World&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17027-5&rft.aulast=Mayor&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmW6YDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShammuramat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelville2004" class="citation journal cs1">Melville, Sarah C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4132152">"Neo-Assyrian Royal Women and Male Identity: Status as a Social Tool"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>124</b> (1): 37–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4132152">10.2307/4132152</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4132152">4132152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Neo-Assyrian+Royal+Women+and+Male+Identity%3A+Status+as+a+Social+Tool&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-57&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4132152&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4132152%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Melville&rft.aufirst=Sarah+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4132152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShammuramat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelville2014" class="citation book cs1">Melville, Sarah C. (2014). "Women in Neo-Assyrian texts". In Chavalas, Mark W. (ed.). <i>Women in the Ancient Near East: A Sourcebook</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44855-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44855-0"><bdi>978-0-415-44855-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+in+Neo-Assyrian+texts&rft.btitle=Women+in+the+Ancient+Near+East%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-415-44855-0&rft.aulast=Melville&rft.aufirst=Sarah+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShammuramat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovotny2004" class="citation book cs1">Novotny, Jamie (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/31890/1/Jamie_Novotny_Sammuramat.pdf">"Sammu-rāmat or Sammu-ramāt"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Baker, Heather D. (ed.). <i>Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 3/1</i>. Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. pp. 1083–1084. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-45-9056-2" title="Special:BookSources/951-45-9056-2"><bdi>951-45-9056-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sammu-r%C4%81mat+or+Sammu-ram%C4%81t&rft.btitle=Prosopography+of+the+Neo-Assyrian+Empire+3%2F1&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=1083-1084&rft.pub=The+Neo-Assyrian+Text+Corpus+Project&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=951-45-9056-2&rft.aulast=Novotny&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepub.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F31890%2F1%2FJamie_Novotny_Sammuramat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShammuramat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCDLI" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=sammu-ramat">"Sammu-rāmat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Digital_Library_Initiative" title="Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative">Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative</a></i>. 23 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cuneiform+Digital+Library+Initiative&rft.atitle=Sammu-r%C4%81mat&rft.date=2014-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdli.ox.ac.uk%2Fwiki%2Fdoku.php%3Fid%3Dsammu-ramat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShammuramat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpurrier2017" class="citation journal cs1">Spurrier, Tracy L. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/690911">"Finding Hama: On the Identification of a Forgotten Queen Buried in the Nimrud Tombs"</a>. <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>76</b> (1): 149–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F690911">10.1086/690911</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164734557">164734557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Finding+Hama%3A+On+the+Identification+of+a+Forgotten+Queen+Buried+in+the+Nimrud+Tombs&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=149-174&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F690911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164734557%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Spurrier&rft.aufirst=Tracy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F690911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShammuramat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvärd2016" class="citation book cs1">Svärd, Saana (2016). "Neo-Assyrian Elite Women". In Budin, Stephanie Lynn & Turfa, Jean MacIntosh (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fkzUDAAAQBAJ"><i>Women in Antiquity: Real Women across the Ancient World</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-80836-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-80836-2"><bdi>978-1-138-80836-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neo-Assyrian+Elite+Women&rft.btitle=Women+in+Antiquity%3A+Real+Women+across+the+Ancient+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-138-80836-2&rft.aulast=Sv%C3%A4rd&rft.aufirst=Saana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfkzUDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShammuramat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadmor1973" class="citation journal cs1">Tadmor, Hayim (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/iraq/article/abs/historical-inscriptions-of-adadnirari-iii/BCDA284CBD0EFC4A577165499D8117A5">"The Historical Inscriptions of Adad-Nirari III"</a>. <i>IRAQ</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 141–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4199961">10.2307/4199961</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4199961">4199961</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163268792">163268792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IRAQ&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Inscriptions+of+Adad-Nirari+III&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141-150&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163268792%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4199961%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4199961&rft.aulast=Tadmor&rft.aufirst=Hayim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Firaq%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fhistorical-inscriptions-of-adadnirari-iii%2FBCDA284CBD0EFC4A577165499D8117A5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShammuramat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Queens_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neo-Assyrian_queens" title="Template:Neo-Assyrian queens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neo-Assyrian_queens" title="Template talk:Neo-Assyrian queens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neo-Assyrian_queens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neo-Assyrian queens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Queens_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Queens_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua" title="Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua">Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shammuramat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_(queen)" title="Hama (queen)">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia" title="Iaba, Banitu and Atalia">Iaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia" title="Iaba, Banitu and Atalia">Banitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia" title="Iaba, Banitu and Atalia">Atalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashmetu-sharrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashmetu-sharrat">Tashmetu-sharrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqi'a">Naqi'a</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esharra-hammat" class="mw-redirect" title="Esharra-hammat">Esharra-hammat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libbali-sharrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Libbali-sharrat">Libbali-sharrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana-Tashmetum-taklak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ana-Tashmetum-taklak">Ana-Tashmetum-taklak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Assyrian_queens" title="Category:Assyrian queens">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neo-Assyrian_Empire_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neo-Assyrian_Empire_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Neo-Assyrian Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neo-Assyrian_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Neo-Assyrian Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neo-Assyrian_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neo-Assyrian Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neo-Assyrian_Empire_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resettlement_policy_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Resettlement policy of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Resettlement policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Queens</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rulers" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_II" title="Adad-nirari II">Adad-nirari II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_II" title="Tukulti-Ninurta II">Tukulti-Ninurta II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shammuramat</a> (regent?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_IV" title="Shalmaneser IV">Shalmaneser IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_III" title="Ashur-dan III">Ashur-Dan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_V" title="Ashur-nirari V">Ashur-nirari V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sin-shumu-lishir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shumu-lishir">Sin-shumu-lishir</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_communications_in_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="State communications in the Neo-Assyrian Empire">State communications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_sculpture" title="Assyrian sculpture">Assyrian sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Hunt_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal">Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachish_Reliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachish Reliefs">Lachish Reliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Obelisk_of_Shalmaneser_III" title="Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III">Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawat_Gates" title="Balawat Gates">Balawat Gates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Category:Neo-Assyrian Empire">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234177#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234177#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234177#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000448892933">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/128587061">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/284235814">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1846749/">FAST</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/174813/">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjv4D7jXCXMkMYyhHVcMKb">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118751085">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85113319">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007356016705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118751085.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118751085">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shammuramat&oldid=1193603005">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shammuramat&oldid=1193603005</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Category:Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_BC_births" title="Category:9th-century BC births">9th-century BC births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_BC_people" title="Category:9th-century BC people">9th-century BC people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Assyrians" title="Category:Ancient Assyrians">Ancient Assyrians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Mesopotamian_women" title="Category:Ancient Mesopotamian women">Ancient Mesopotamian women</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assyrian_queens" title="Category:Assyrian queens">Assyrian queens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Queen_mothers" title="Category:Queen mothers">Queen mothers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deified_women" title="Category:Deified women">Deified women</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_BC_queens_regnant" title="Category:9th-century BC queens regnant">9th-century BC queens regnant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Semiramis" title="Category:Semiramis">Semiramis</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 January 2024, at 17:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shammuramat&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mczds","wgBackendResponseTime":162,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.815","walltime":"0.986","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9585,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":101189,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15772,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":27,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":102935,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 864.125 1 -total"," 26.78% 231.401 91 Template:Sfn"," 12.02% 103.910 1 Template:Neo-Assyrian_queens"," 11.77% 101.725 2 Template:Navbox"," 11.31% 97.728 1 Template:Infobox_royalty"," 11.22% 96.929 5 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.77% 84.433 1 Template:Infobox"," 7.28% 62.935 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.96% 60.164 6 Template:Efn"," 6.81% 58.873 1 Template:Neo-Assyrian_empire_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.487","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7445099,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFCDLI\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClancier2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFink2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrahm2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGansell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGera1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKertai2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayor2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelville2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelville2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovotny2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpurrier2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvärd2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTadmor1973\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Neo-Assyrian empire topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Neo-Assyrian queens\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 8,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 91,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Smallcaps\"] = 6,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-mcz5d","timestamp":"20241122142229","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Shammuramat","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shammuramat","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q234177","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q234177","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-10-15T23:35:40Z","dateModified":"2024-01-04T17:30:49Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0d\/Detail%2C_stele_of_the_Assyrian_queen_Shammuramat._From_Assur%2C_Iraq%2C_c._809_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg","headline":"Queen of Assyria"}</script> </body> </html>