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<span>Dimensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Domains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horizontal_(scale_out)_and_vertical_scaling_(scale_up)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horizontal_(scale_out)_and_vertical_scaling_(scale_up)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Horizontal (scale out) and vertical scaling (scale up)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Horizontal_(scale_out)_and_vertical_scaling_(scale_up)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Horizontal (scale out) and vertical scaling (scale up) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Horizontal_(scale_out)_and_vertical_scaling_(scale_up)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Horizontal_or_scale_out" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horizontal_or_scale_out"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Horizontal or scale out</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horizontal_or_scale_out-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertical_or_scale_up" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertical_or_scale_up"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Vertical or scale up</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertical_or_scale_up-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Network_scalability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network_scalability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Network scalability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network_scalability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Database_scalability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Database_scalability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Database scalability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Database_scalability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strong_versus_eventual_consistency_(storage)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strong_versus_eventual_consistency_(storage)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Strong versus eventual consistency (storage)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strong_versus_eventual_consistency_(storage)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_tuning_versus_hardware_scalability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_tuning_versus_hardware_scalability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Performance tuning versus hardware scalability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_tuning_versus_hardware_scalability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universal_Scalability_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universal_Scalability_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Universal Scalability Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universal_Scalability_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weak_versus_strong_scaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weak_versus_strong_scaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Weak versus strong scaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weak_versus_strong_scaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miqyaslanabilm%C9%99" title="Miqyaslanabilmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Miqyaslanabilmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Мащабируемост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мащабируемост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalabilitat" title="Escalabilitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escalabilitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0k%C3%A1lovatelnost" title="Škálovatelnost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Škálovatelnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalerbarhed" title="Skalerbarhed – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skalerbarhed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalierbarkeit" title="Skalierbarkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Skalierbarkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skaleeritavus" title="Skaleeritavus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Skaleeritavus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalabilidad" title="Escalabilidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escalabilidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskalabilitate" title="Eskalabilitate – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskalabilitate" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مقیاس‌پذیری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مقیاس‌پذیری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensibilit%C3%A9" title="Extensibilité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Extensibilité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%95%EC%9E%A5%EC%84%B1" title="확장성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="확장성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="मापनीयता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मापनीयता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalabilitas" title="Skalabilitas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Skalabilitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalabilit%C3%A0" title="Scalabilità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scalabilità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="סילומיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סילומיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A1l%C3%A1zhat%C3%B3s%C3%A1g" title="Skálázhatóság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Skálázhatóság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaalbaarheid" title="Schaalbaarheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schaalbaarheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3" title="スケーラビリティ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スケーラビリティ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalerbarhet" title="Skalerbarhet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skalerbarhet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalowalno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Skalowalność – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skalowalność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalabilidade" title="Escalabilidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escalabilidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalabilitate" title="Scalabilitate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scalabilitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Масштабируемость – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Масштабируемость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadgradljivost" title="Nadgradljivost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nadgradljivost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Масштабовність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Масштабовність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="پیمانیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیمانیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%93%B4%E7%B8%AE%E5%BA%A6" title="可擴縮度 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="可擴縮度" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E7%BC%A9%E6%94%BE%E6%80%A7" title="可缩放性 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="可缩放性" data-language-autonym="中文" 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title="Variety (cybernetics)">Variety</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a><br /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_system" title="Nonlinear system">Nonlinear dynamics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Time_series" title="Time series">Time series analysis</a><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_differential_equation" title="Ordinary differential equation">Ordinary differential equations</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Phase_space" title="Phase space">Phase space</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Attractor" title="Attractor">Attractors</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a><br /> <a 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</p> <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory" title="Evolutionary game theory">Evolutionary game theory</a><br /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Complex_systems" title="Template:Complex systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Complex_systems" title="Template talk:Complex systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Complex_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Complex systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Scalability</b> is the property of a system to handle a growing amount of work. One definition for software systems specifies that this may be done by adding resources to the system.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economic</a> context, a scalable <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business model</a> implies that a company can increase sales given increased resources. For example, a package delivery system is scalable because more packages can be delivered by adding more delivery vehicles. However, if all packages had to first pass through a single warehouse for sorting, the system would not be as scalable, because one warehouse can handle only a limited number of packages.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In computing, scalability is a characteristic of computers, networks, <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protocol_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol (computing)">networking protocols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">programs</a> and applications. An example is a <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engine</a>, which must support increasing numbers of users, and the number of topics it <a href="/wiki/Web_indexing" title="Web indexing">indexes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Webscale</b> is a computer architectural approach that brings the capabilities of large-scale cloud computing companies into enterprise data centers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Distributed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed system">distributed systems</a>, there are several definitions according to the authors, some considering the concepts of scalability a sub-part of <a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(system_resource)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elasticity (system resource)">elasticity</a>, others as being distinct. According to Marc Brooker: "a system is scalable in the range where <a href="/wiki/Marginal_cost" title="Marginal cost">marginal cost</a> of additional workload is nearly constant." <a href="/wiki/Serverless_computing" title="Serverless computing">Serverless</a> technologies fit this definition but you need to consider total cost of ownership not just the infra cost. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mathematics, scalability mostly refers to <a href="/wiki/Closure_(mathematics)" title="Closure (mathematics)">closure</a> under <a href="/wiki/Scalar_multiplication" title="Scalar multiplication">scalar multiplication</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">industrial engineering</a> and manufacturing, scalability refers to the capacity of a process, system, or organization to handle a growing workload, adapt to increasing demands, and maintain operational efficiency. A scalable system can effectively manage increased production volumes, new product lines, or expanding markets without compromising quality or performance. In this context, scalability is a vital consideration for businesses aiming to meet customer expectations, remain competitive, and achieve sustainable growth. Factors influencing scalability include the flexibility of the production process, the adaptability of the workforce, and the integration of advanced technologies. By implementing scalable solutions, companies can optimize resource utilization, reduce costs, and streamline their operations. Scalability in industrial engineering and manufacturing enables businesses to respond to fluctuating market conditions, capitalize on emerging opportunities, and thrive in an ever-evolving global landscape.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scalability&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Incident_Command_System" title="Incident Command System">Incident Command System</a> (ICS) is used by <a href="/wiki/Emergency_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency response">emergency response</a> agencies in the United States. ICS can scale resource coordination from a single-engine roadside brushfire to an interstate wildfire. The first resource on scene establishes command, with authority to order resources and delegate responsibility (managing five to seven officers, who will again delegate to up to seven, and on as the incident grows). As an incident expands, more senior officers assume command.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dimensions">Dimensions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scalability&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dimensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scalability can be measured over multiple dimensions, such as:<sup id="cite_ref-parallel_arch_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parallel_arch-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Administrative scalability</i>: The ability for an increasing number of organizations or users to access a system.</li> <li><i>Functional scalability</i>: The ability to enhance the system by adding new functionality without disrupting existing activities.</li> <li><i>Geographic scalability</i>: The ability to maintain effectiveness during expansion from a local area to a larger region.</li> <li><i>Load scalability</i>: The ability for a <a href="/wiki/Distributed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed system">distributed system</a> to expand and contract to accommodate heavier or lighter loads, including, the ease with which a system or component can be modified, added, or removed, to accommodate changing loads.</li> <li><i>Generation scalability</i>: The ability of a system to scale by adopting new generations of components.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_architecture" title="Open architecture"><i>Heterogeneous scalability</i></a> is the ability to adopt components from different vendors.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domains">Domains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scalability&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Domains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Routing_protocol" title="Routing protocol">routing protocol</a> is considered scalable with respect to network size, if the size of the necessary <a href="/wiki/Routing_table" title="Routing table">routing table</a> on each node grows as <a href="/wiki/Big_O_notation" title="Big O notation">O</a>(log <i>N</i>), where <i>N</i> is the number of nodes in the network. Some early <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> (P2P) implementations of <a href="/wiki/Gnutella" title="Gnutella">Gnutella</a> had scaling issues. Each node query <a href="/wiki/Query_flooding" title="Query flooding">flooded</a> its requests to all nodes. The demand on each peer increased in proportion to the total number of peers, quickly overrunning their capacity. Other P2P systems like <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent_(protocol)" class="mw-redirect" title="BitTorrent (protocol)">BitTorrent</a> scale well because the demand on each peer is independent of the number of peers. Nothing is centralized, so the system can expand indefinitely without any resources other than the peers themselves.</li> <li>A scalable <a href="/wiki/Online_transaction_processing" title="Online transaction processing">online transaction processing</a> system or <a href="/wiki/Database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Database management system">database management system</a> is one that can be upgraded to process more transactions by adding new processors, devices and storage, and which can be upgraded easily and transparently without shutting it down.</li> <li>The distributed nature of the <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS) allows it to work efficiently, serving billions of <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">hosts</a> on the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Horizontal_(scale_out)_and_vertical_scaling_(scale_up)"><span id="Horizontal_.28scale_out.29_and_vertical_scaling_.28scale_up.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="HORIZONTAL-SCALING"></span><span class="anchor" id="VERTICAL-SCALING"></span>Horizontal (scale out) and vertical scaling (scale up)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scalability&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Horizontal (scale out) and vertical scaling (scale up)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Resources fall into two broad categories: horizontal and vertical.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horizontal_or_scale_out">Horizontal or scale out</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scalability&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Horizontal or scale out"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scaling horizontally (out/in) means adding or removing nodes, such as adding a new computer to a distributed software application. An example might involve scaling out from one web server to three. <a href="/wiki/High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">High-performance computing</a> applications, such as <a href="/wiki/Seismic_analysis" title="Seismic analysis">seismic analysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>, scale workloads horizontally to support tasks that once would have required expensive <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputers</a>. Other workloads, such as large social networks, exceed the capacity of the largest supercomputer and can only be handled by scalable systems. Exploiting this scalability requires software for efficient resource management and maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-parallel_arch_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parallel_arch-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertical_or_scale_up">Vertical or scale up</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scalability&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vertical or scale up"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scaling vertically (up/down) means adding resources to (or removing resources from) a single node, typically involving the addition of CPUs, memory or storage to a single computer.<sup id="cite_ref-parallel_arch_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parallel_arch-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benefits to scale-up include avoiding increases management complexity, more sophisticated programming to allocate tasks among resources and handle issues such as throughput, latency, synchronization across nodes. Moreover some <a href="/wiki/Amdahl%27s_law" title="Amdahl's law">applications do not scale horizontally</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Network_scalability">Network scalability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scalability&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Network scalability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Network_function_virtualization" title="Network function virtualization">Network function virtualization</a> defines these terms differently: scaling out/in is the ability to scale by adding/removing resource instances (e.g., virtual machine), whereas scaling up/down is the ability to scale by changing allocated resources (e.g., memory/CPU/storage capacity).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Database_scalability">Database scalability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scalability&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Database scalability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Database_scalability" title="Database scalability">Database scalability</a></div> <p>Scalability for databases requires that the database system be able to perform additional work given greater hardware resources, such as additional servers, processors, memory and storage. Workloads have continued to grow and demands on databases have followed suit. </p><p>Algorithmic innovations include row-level locking and table and index partitioning. Architectural innovations include <a href="/wiki/Shared-nothing_architecture" title="Shared-nothing architecture">shared-nothing</a> and shared-everything architectures for managing multi-server configurations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strong_versus_eventual_consistency_(storage)"><span id="Strong_versus_eventual_consistency_.28storage.29"></span>Strong versus eventual consistency (storage)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scalability&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Strong versus eventual consistency (storage)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the context of scale-out <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">data storage</a>, scalability is defined as the maximum storage cluster size which guarantees full data consistency, meaning there is only ever one valid version of stored data in the whole cluster, independently from the number of redundant physical data copies. Clusters which provide "lazy" redundancy by updating copies in an asynchronous fashion are called <a href="/wiki/Eventual_consistency" title="Eventual consistency">'eventually consistent'</a>. This type of scale-out design is suitable when availability and responsiveness are rated higher than consistency, which is true for many web file-hosting services or web caches (<i>if you want the latest version, wait some seconds for it to propagate</i>). For all classical transaction-oriented applications, this design should be avoided.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many open-source and even commercial scale-out storage clusters, especially those built on top of standard PC hardware and networks, provide eventual consistency only, such as some NoSQL databases like <a href="/wiki/CouchDB" class="mw-redirect" title="CouchDB">CouchDB</a> and others mentioned above. Write operations invalidate other copies, but often don't wait for their acknowledgements. Read operations typically don't check every redundant copy prior to answering, potentially missing the preceding write operation. The large amount of metadata signal traffic would require specialized hardware and short distances to be handled with acceptable performance (i.e., act like a non-clustered storage device or database).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Whenever strong data consistency is expected, look for these indicators:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>the use of InfiniBand, Fibrechannel or similar low-latency networks to avoid performance degradation with increasing cluster size and number of redundant copies.</li> <li>short cable lengths and limited physical extent, avoiding signal runtime performance degradation.</li> <li>majority / quorum mechanisms to guarantee data consistency whenever parts of the cluster become inaccessible.</li></ul> <p>Indicators for eventually consistent designs (not suitable for transactional applications!) are:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>write performance increases linearly with the number of connected devices in the cluster.</li> <li>while the storage cluster is partitioned, all parts remain responsive. There is a risk of conflicting updates.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_tuning_versus_hardware_scalability">Performance tuning versus hardware scalability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scalability&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Performance tuning versus hardware scalability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is often advised to focus system design on hardware scalability rather than on capacity. It is typically cheaper to add a new node to a system in order to achieve improved performance than to partake in <a href="/wiki/Performance_tuning" title="Performance tuning">performance tuning</a> to improve the capacity that each node can handle. But this approach can have diminishing returns (as discussed in <a href="/wiki/Performance_engineering" title="Performance engineering">performance engineering</a>). For example: suppose 70% of a program can be sped up if parallelized and run on multiple CPUs instead of one. If <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }"></span> is the fraction of a calculation that is sequential, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1-\alpha }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>α</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1-\alpha }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9afa7876fb8b4fb8c4d8039ebed6cd1cbc4781cd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.49ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1-\alpha }"></span> is the fraction that can be parallelized, the maximum <a href="/wiki/Speedup" title="Speedup">speedup</a> that can be achieved by using P processors is given according to <a href="/wiki/Amdahl%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Amdahl's Law">Amdahl's Law</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\alpha +{\frac {1-\alpha }{P}}}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> <mi>P</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\alpha +{\frac {1-\alpha }{P}}}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f43df959497be852fd933137107325bfafea9426" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.505ex; width:9.8ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\alpha +{\frac {1-\alpha }{P}}}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Substituting the value for this example, using 4 processors gives </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{0.3+{\frac {1-0.3}{4}}}}=2.105.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>0.3</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.3</mn> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2.105.</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{0.3+{\frac {1-0.3}{4}}}}=2.105.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/88bd9ac11679af3d94b293aa046f8bb0c53592b7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.505ex; width:20.728ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{0.3+{\frac {1-0.3}{4}}}}=2.105.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Doubling the computing power to 8 processors gives </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{0.3+{\frac {1-0.3}{8}}}}=2.581.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>0.3</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.3</mn> </mrow> <mn>8</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2.581.</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{0.3+{\frac {1-0.3}{8}}}}=2.581.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f9e800a5eca17274dbe3d833c4e6edc38f16426b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.505ex; width:20.728ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{0.3+{\frac {1-0.3}{8}}}}=2.581.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Doubling the processing power has only sped up the process by roughly one-fifth. If the whole problem was parallelizable, the speed would also double. Therefore, throwing in more hardware is not necessarily the optimal approach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Universal_Scalability_Law">Universal Scalability Law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scalability&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Universal Scalability Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Distributed_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed systems">distributed systems</a>, you can use <a href="/wiki/Neil_J._Gunther#Universal_Scalability_Law" title="Neil J. Gunther">Universal Scalability Law</a> (USL) to model and to optimize scalability of your system. USL is coined by <a href="/wiki/Neil_J._Gunther" title="Neil J. Gunther">Neil J. Gunther</a> and quantifies scalability based on parameters such as contention and coherency. Contention refers to delay due to waiting or queueing for shared resources. Coherence refers to delay for data to become consistent. For example, having a high contention indicates sequential processing that could be parallelized, while having a high coherency suggests excessive dependencies among processes, prompting you to minimize interactions. Also, with help of USL, you can, in advance, calculate the maximum effective capacity of your system: scaling up your system beyond that point is a waste. <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weak_versus_strong_scaling">Weak versus strong scaling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scalability&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Weak versus strong scaling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/High_performance_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="High performance computing">High performance computing</a> has two common notions of scalability: </p> <ul><li><i>Strong scaling</i> is defined as how the solution time varies with the number of processors for a fixed <i>total</i> problem size.</li> <li><i>Weak scaling</i> is defined as how the solution time varies with the number of processors for a fixed problem size <i>per processor</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scalability&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensibility" title="Extensibility">Extensibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustafson%27s_law" title="Gustafson's law">Gustafson's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_system_quality_attributes" title="List of system quality attributes">List of system quality attributes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)">Load balancing (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_(computer_science)" title="Lock (computer science)">Lock (computer science)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scalable_Video_Coding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scalable Video Coding (page does not exist)">Scalable Video Coding</a> (SVC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Similitude_(model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Similitude (model)">Similitude (model)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_(analytical_tool)" title="Scale (analytical tool)">Scale (analytical tool)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scalability&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBondi2000" 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(1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/1793/9676/1/file_1.pdf">"What is scalability?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F121973.121975">10.1145/121973.121975</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1232925">1232925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGARCH+Computer+Architecture+News&rft.atitle=What+is+scalability%3F&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F121973.121975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1232925%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Mark+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminds.wisconsin.edu%2Fbitstream%2F1793%2F9676%2F1%2Ffile_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScalability" class="Z3988"></span> and <br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubocRosenblumWicks2006" class="citation conference cs1">Duboc, Leticia; Rosenblum, David S.; Wicks, Tony (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/4990/1/4990.pdf"><i>A framework for modelling and analysis of software systems scalability</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Pearson Prentice Hall/Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780136006459" title="Special:BookSources/9780136006459"><bdi>9780136006459</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E-commerce%3A+Business%2C+Technology%2C+Society&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall%2FPearson+Education&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780136006459&rft.aulast=Laudon&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Craig&rft.au=Traver%2C+Carol+Guercio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn4bUGAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScalability" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.networkworld.com/article/3199205/why-web-scale-is-the-future.html">"Why web-scale is the future"</a>. <i>Network World</i>. 2020-02-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The Incident Command System: High-Reliability Organizing for Complex and Volatile Task Environments". <i>Academy of Management Journal</i>. <b>44</b> (6): 1281–1299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5465%2F3069401">10.5465/3069401</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-4273">0001-4273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Management+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Incident+Command+System%3A+High-Reliability+Organizing+for+Complex+and+Volatile+Task+Environments&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1281-1299&rft.date=2001-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5465%2F3069401&rft.issn=0001-4273&rft.aulast=Bigley&rft.aufirst=Gregory+A.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Karlene+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScalability" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parallel_arch-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parallel_arch_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parallel_arch_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parallel_arch_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesham_El-Rewini_and_Mostafa_Abd-El-Barr2005" class="citation book cs1">Hesham El-Rewini and Mostafa Abd-El-Barr (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7JB-u6D5Q7kC&q=parallel+architectures+scalability&pg=PA63"><i>Advanced Computer Architecture and Parallel Processing</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-47839-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-47839-3"><bdi>978-0-471-47839-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Computer+Architecture+and+Parallel+Processing&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005-04&rft.isbn=978-0-471-47839-3&rft.au=Hesham+El-Rewini+and+Mostafa+Abd-El-Barr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7JB-u6D5Q7kC%26q%3Dparallel%2Barchitectures%2Bscalability%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScalability" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaelMoreiraShiloachWisniewski2007" class="citation conference cs1">Michael, Maged; Moreira, Jose E.; Shiloach, Doron; Wisniewski, Robert W. (March 26, 2007). <i>Scale-up x Scale-out: A Case Study using Nutch/Lucene</i>. 2007 IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIPDPS.2007.370631">10.1109/IPDPS.2007.370631</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-0909-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-0909-9"><bdi>978-1-4244-0909-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Scale-up+x+Scale-out%3A+A+Case+Study+using+Nutch%2FLucene&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2007-03-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIPDPS.2007.370631&rft.isbn=978-1-4244-0909-9&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Maged&rft.au=Moreira%2C+Jose+E.&rft.au=Shiloach%2C+Doron&rft.au=Wisniewski%2C+Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScalability" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200511090646/https://www.etsi.org/">"Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Terminology for Main Concepts in NFV"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/NFV/001_099/001/01.01.01_60/gs_NFV003v010201p.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Network+Functions+Virtualisation+%28NFV%29%3B+Terminology+for+Main+Concepts+in+NFV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etsi.org%2Fdeliver%2Fetsi_gs%2FNFV%2F001_099%2F001%2F01.01.01_60%2Fgs_NFV003v010201p.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScalability" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadek_Drobi2008" class="citation news cs1">Sadek Drobi (January 11, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoq.com/news/2008/01/consistency-vs-availability">"Eventual consistency by Werner Vogels"</a>. InfoQ<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eventual+consistency+by+Werner+Vogels&rft.date=2008-01-11&rft.au=Sadek+Drobi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoq.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F01%2Fconsistency-vs-availability&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScalability" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunther2007" class="citation book cs1">Gunther, Neil (2007). <i>Guerrilla Capacity Planning: A Tactical Approach to Planning for Highly Scalable Applications and Services</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3540261384" title="Special:BookSources/978-3540261384"><bdi>978-3540261384</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerrilla+Capacity+Planning%3A+A+Tactical+Approach+to+Planning+for+Highly+Scalable+Applications+and+Services&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3540261384&rft.aulast=Gunther&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScalability" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307224104/http://www.stfc.ac.uk/cse/25052.aspx">"The Weak Scaling of DL_POLY 3"</a>. STFC Computational Science and Engineering Department. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stfc.ac.uk/cse/25052.aspx">the original</a> on March 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Weak+Scaling+of+DL_POLY+3&rft.pub=STFC+Computational+Science+and+Engineering+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stfc.ac.uk%2Fcse%2F25052.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScalability" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scalability&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scalability" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:scalability">scalability</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/memcached/wiki/HowToLearnMoreScalability">Links to diverse learning resources</a> – page curated by the <a href="/wiki/Memcached" title="Memcached">memcached</a> project.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linfo.org/scalable.html">Scalable Definition</a> – by The Linux Information Project (LINFO)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.31.3576">Scale in Distributed Systems</a> B. 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title="Parity drive">Parity drive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RAID_levels" title="RAID levels">RAID levels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_RAID_levels" title="Standard RAID levels">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nested_RAID_levels" title="Nested RAID levels">Nested</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-standard_RAID_levels" title="Non-standard RAID levels">Non-standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Availability" title="Availability">Availability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_redundancy" title="Data redundancy">Data redundancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degraded_mode" title="Degraded mode">Degraded mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failover" title="Failover">Failover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parity_bit" title="Parity bit">Parity bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replication_(computing)" title="Replication (computing)">Replication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scalability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throughput" class="mw-redirect" title="Throughput">Throughput</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">Interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioctl" title="Bioctl">bioctl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEOM" title="GEOM">geom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mdadm" title="Mdadm">mdadm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS" title="Oracle ZFS">Oracle ZFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Non-RAID_drive_architectures" title="Non-RAID drive architectures">Non-RAID drive architectures</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parallel_computing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parallel_computing" title="Template:Parallel computing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parallel_computing" title="Template talk:Parallel computing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parallel_computing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parallel computing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parallel_computing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massively_parallel" title="Massively parallel">Massively parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">High-performance computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manycore_processor" title="Manycore processor">Manycore processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systolic_array" title="Systolic array">Systolic array</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit-level_parallelism" title="Bit-level parallelism">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction-level_parallelism" title="Instruction-level parallelism">Instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_parallelism" title="Task parallelism">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_parallelism" title="Task parallelism">Task</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_parallelism" title="Data parallelism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory-level_parallelism" title="Memory-level parallelism">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop-level_parallelism" title="Loop-level parallelism">Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)" title="Pipeline (computing)">Pipeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_multithreading" title="Temporal multithreading">Temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous multithreading">Simultaneous</a> (SMT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_and_heterogeneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous and heterogeneous multithreading">Simultaneous and heterogenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_multithreading" title="Speculative multithreading">Speculative</a> (SpMT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking#Cooperative_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulldozer_(microarchitecture)#Bulldozer_core" title="Bulldozer (microarchitecture)">Clustered multi-thread</a> (CMT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_scout" title="Hardware scout">Hardware scout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_RAM" title="Parallel RAM">PRAM model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_external_memory" title="Parallel external memory">PEM model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_parallel_algorithms" title="Analysis of parallel algorithms">Analysis of parallel algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amdahl%27s_law" title="Amdahl's law">Amdahl's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustafson%27s_law" title="Gustafson's law">Gustafson's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_efficiency" title="Cost efficiency">Cost efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karp%E2%80%93Flatt_metric" title="Karp–Flatt metric">Karp–Flatt metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_slowdown" title="Parallel slowdown">Slowdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedup" title="Speedup">Speedup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_(computer_science)" title="Fiber (computer science)">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_window" title="Instruction window">Instruction window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Array_(data_structure)" title="Array (data structure)">Array</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coordination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_coherence" title="Memory coherence">Memory coherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">Cache coherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_invalidation" title="Cache invalidation">Cache invalidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_(computer_science)" title="Barrier (computer science)">Barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization_(computer_science)" title="Synchronization (computer science)">Synchronization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_checkpointing" title="Application checkpointing">Application checkpointing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Programming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dataflow_programming" title="Dataflow programming">Dataflow programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_programming_model" title="Parallel programming model">Models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_parallelism" title="Implicit parallelism">Implicit parallelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_parallelism" title="Explicit parallelism">Explicit parallelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-blocking_algorithm" title="Non-blocking algorithm">Non-blocking algorithm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Flynn's taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_single_data" title="Single instruction, single data">SISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Single instruction, multiple data">SIMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">Array processing</a> (SIMT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy#Pipelined_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Pipelined processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy#Associative_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Associative processing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_single_data" title="Multiple instruction, single data">MISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Multiple instruction, multiple data">MIMD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dataflow_architecture" title="Dataflow architecture">Dataflow architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Pipelined processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superscalar_processor" title="Superscalar processor">Superscalar processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing" title="Symmetric multiprocessing">symmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_multiprocessing" title="Asymmetric multiprocessing">asymmetric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_memory" title="Semiconductor memory">Memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shared_memory" title="Shared memory">shared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_memory" title="Distributed memory">distributed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_shared_memory" title="Distributed shared memory">distributed shared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_memory_access" title="Uniform memory access">UMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access" title="Non-uniform memory access">NUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache-only_memory_architecture" title="Cache-only memory architecture">COMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massively_parallel" title="Massively parallel">Massively parallel</a> computer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster">Computer cluster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_cluster" title="Beowulf cluster">Beowulf cluster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">Grid computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ateji_PX" title="Ateji PX">Ateji PX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_(C%2B%2B_libraries)" title="Boost (C++ libraries)">Boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_(programming_language)" title="Chapel (programming language)">Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPX" title="HPX">HPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charm%2B%2B" title="Charm++">Charm++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilk" title="Cilk">Cilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarray_Fortran" title="Coarray Fortran">Coarray Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUDA" title="CUDA">CUDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryad_(programming)" title="Dryad (programming)">Dryad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_AMP" title="C++ AMP">C++ AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Arrays" title="Global Arrays">Global Arrays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPUOpen" title="GPUOpen">GPUOpen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_Passing_Interface" title="Message Passing Interface">MPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenMP" title="OpenMP">OpenMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCL" title="OpenCL">OpenCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenHMPP" title="OpenHMPP">OpenHMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenACC" title="OpenACC">OpenACC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Extensions" title="Parallel Extensions">Parallel Extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Virtual_Machine" title="Parallel Virtual Machine">PVM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pthreads" title="Pthreads">pthreads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RaftLib" title="RaftLib">RaftLib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROCm" title="ROCm">ROCm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Parallel_C" title="Unified Parallel C">UPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threading_Building_Blocks" title="Threading Building Blocks">TBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZPL_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZPL (programming language)">ZPL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Problems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_parallelization" title="Automatic parallelization">Automatic parallelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadlock_(computer_science)" title="Deadlock (computer science)">Deadlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterministic_algorithm" title="Deterministic algorithm">Deterministic algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassingly_parallel" title="Embarrassingly parallel">Embarrassingly parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_slowdown" title="Parallel slowdown">Parallel slowdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_condition" title="Race condition">Race condition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_lockout" title="Software lockout">Software lockout</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scalability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_(computer_science)" title="Starvation (computer science)">Starvation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Parallel_computing" title="Category:Parallel computing">Category: Parallel computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Complex_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Complex_systems_topics" title="Template:Complex systems topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Complex_systems_topics" title="Template talk:Complex systems topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Complex_systems_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Complex systems topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Complex_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">Complex systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-organization" title="Self-organization">Self-organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collective_behavior" title="Collective behavior">Collective <br />behavior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_dynamics" title="Social dynamics">Social dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_action" title="Collective action">Collective action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_consciousness" title="Collective consciousness">Collective consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-organized_criticality" title="Self-organized criticality">Self-organized criticality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_mentality" title="Herd mentality">Herd mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">Phase transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_modelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Agent-based modelling">Agent-based modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization" title="Synchronization">Synchronization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant_colony_optimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Ant colony optimization">Ant colony optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_swarm_optimization" title="Particle swarm optimization">Particle swarm optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarm behaviour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">Artificial neural network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_computation" title="Evolutionary computation">Evolutionary computation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic algorithms">Genetic algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_programming" title="Genetic programming">Genetic programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_life" title="Artificial life">Artificial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_robotics" title="Evolutionary robotics">Evolutionary robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolvability" title="Evolvability">Evolvability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner%27s_dilemma" title="Prisoner's dilemma">Prisoner's dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational choice theory">Rational choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounded_rationality" title="Bounded rationality">Bounded rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory" title="Evolutionary game theory">Evolutionary game theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_science" title="Network science">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Social network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-world_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-world networks">Small-world networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrality" title="Centrality">Centrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_motif" title="Network motif">Motifs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">Graph theory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robustness_(computer_science)" title="Robustness (computer science)">Robustness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_network_analysis" title="Dynamic network analysis">Dynamic networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_adaptive_system" title="Complex adaptive system">Adaptive networks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlinear dynamics">Nonlinear dynamics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_series_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Time series analysis">Time series analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_differential_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary differential equations">Ordinary differential equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_space" title="Phase space">Phase space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attractor" title="Attractor">Attractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multistability" title="Multistability">Multistability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifurcation_theory" title="Bifurcation theory">Bifurcation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_map_lattices" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupled map lattices">Coupled map lattices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pattern_formation" title="Pattern formation">Pattern formation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaction-diffusion_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaction-diffusion systems">Reaction-diffusion systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_differential_equations" class="mw-redirect" 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title="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operationalization" title="Operationalization">Operationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">Feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-reference" title="Self-reference">Self-reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goal-oriented" class="mw-redirect" title="Goal-oriented">Goal-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">System dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensemaking" title="Sensemaking">Sensemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">Entropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopoiesis" title="Autopoiesis">Autopoiesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Computation theory">Computation theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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