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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_veto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_veto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Roman veto </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_veto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberum_veto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberum_veto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Liberum veto </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberum_veto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_modern_vetoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_modern_vetoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Emergence of modern vetoes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_modern_vetoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Types </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_executive_vetoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_executive_vetoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Types of executive vetoes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_executive_vetoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_veto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_veto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Legislative veto </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_veto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veto_over_candidates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veto_over_candidates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Veto over candidates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veto_over_candidates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balance_of_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balance_of_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Balance of powers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balance_of_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldwide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Worldwide </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worldwide-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Worldwide subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 International bodies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Oceania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veto_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veto_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Veto theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veto_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Works cited </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works cited subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitutions_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutions_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Constitutions cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutions_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Veto</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" > 75 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88" title="حق الفيتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حق الفيتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetu" title="Vetu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vetu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" title="Veto – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Veto" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B" title="ভেটো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভেটো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Тыйыу – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тыйыу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Вета – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вета" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Вето – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вето" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" title="Veto – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Veto" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vet" title="Vet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" title="Veto – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Veto" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feto" title="Feto – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Feto" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" title="Veto – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Veto" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetorecht" title="Vetorecht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vetorecht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" title="Veto – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veto" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αρνησικυρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρνησικυρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" title="Veto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Veto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetoo" title="Vetoo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vetoo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beto" title="Beto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Beto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88" title="وتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_de_v%C3%A9to" title="Droit de véto – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droit de véto" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngotho" title="Ngotho – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ngotho" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B0%EB%B6%80%EA%B6%8C" title="거부권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="거부권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8" title="Վետո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վետո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="वीटो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वीटो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" title="Veto – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Veto" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" title="Veto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Veto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_veto" title="Hak veto – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hak veto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neitunarvald" title="Neitunarvald – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Neitunarvald" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" title="Veto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Veto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95" title="וטו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וטו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Вето – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Вето" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D" title="ვეტო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვეტო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Вето – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вето" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura_ya_turufu" title="Kura ya turufu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kura ya turufu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Вето – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вето" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" title="Veto – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Veto" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" title="Veto – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Veto" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetorech" title="Vetorech – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vetorech" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" title="Veto – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Veto" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9t%C3%B3" title="Vétó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vétó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Вето – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вето" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B" title="വീറ്റോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വീറ്റോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%AD%D9%82" title="وتو حق – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="وتو حق" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuasa_veto" title="Kuasa veto – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kuasa veto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="ဗီတို – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗီတို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetorecht" title="Vetorecht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vetorecht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="भिटो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भिटो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%92%E5%90%A6%E6%A8%A9" title="拒否権 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="拒否権" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" title="Veto – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Veto" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" title="Veto – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Veto" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" title="Veto – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Veto" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weto" title="Weto – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Weto" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" title="Veto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Veto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" title="Veto – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Veto" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Вето – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вето" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" title="Veto – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Veto" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" title="Veto – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Veto" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" title="Veto – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Veto" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Вето – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вето" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" title="Veto – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Veto" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto-oikeus" title="Veto-oikeus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Veto-oikeus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" title="Veto – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Veto" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beto" title="Beto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Beto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B" title="வீட்டோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வீட்டோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B" title="వీటో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వీటో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87" title="การยับยั้ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การยับยั้ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Вето – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вето" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" title="Veto – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Veto" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Вето – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Вето" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Вето – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вето" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Legal power to stop an official action, usually enactment of legislation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Veto_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Veto (disambiguation)">Veto (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_signing_veto_of_defense_authorization_bill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/President_Ronald_Reagan_signing_veto_of_defense_authorization_bill.jpg/270px-President_Ronald_Reagan_signing_veto_of_defense_authorization_bill.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/President_Ronald_Reagan_signing_veto_of_defense_authorization_bill.jpg/405px-President_Ronald_Reagan_signing_veto_of_defense_authorization_bill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/President_Ronald_Reagan_signing_veto_of_defense_authorization_bill.jpg/540px-President_Ronald_Reagan_signing_veto_of_defense_authorization_bill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2631" /></a><figcaption>US President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> signing a veto of a bill.</figcaption></figure> A veto is a legal power to unilaterally stop an official action. In the most typical case, a <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">president</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a> vetoes a <a href="/wiki/Bill_(law)" title="Bill (law)">bill</a> to stop it from becoming <a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">law</a>. In many countries, veto powers are established in the country's <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>. Veto powers are also found at other levels of government, such as in state, provincial or local government, and in international bodies. Some vetoes can be overcome, often by a <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a> vote: <a href="/wiki/Veto_power_in_the_United_States" title="Veto power in the United States">in the United States</a>, a two-thirds vote of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> can override a presidential veto.<a href="#cite_note-us-veto-1">[1]</a> Some vetoes, however, are absolute and cannot be overridden. For example, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power" title="United Nations Security Council veto power">in the United Nations Security Council</a>, the five permanent members (<a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/France_and_the_United_Nations" title="France and the United Nations">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Russia and the United Nations">Russia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_United_Nations" title="United Kingdom and the United Nations">United Kingdom</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_United_Nations" title="United States and the United Nations">United States</a>) have an absolute veto over any Security Council <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_resolution" title="United Nations resolution">resolution</a>. In many cases, the veto power can only be used to prevent changes to the status quo. But some veto powers also include the ability to make or propose changes. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_president" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian president">Indian president</a> can use an amendatory veto to propose amendments to vetoed bills. The executive power to veto legislation is one of the main tools that the executive has in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative process">legislative process</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Proposal_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposal power">proposal power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalanzaSin2020367-2">[2]</a> It is most commonly found in <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential systems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-system-3">[3]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary systems</a>, the head of state often has either a weak veto power or none at all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulmer20175-4">[4]</a> But while some political systems do not contain a formal veto power, all political systems contain <a href="/wiki/Veto_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Veto player">veto players</a>, people or groups who can use <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">social and political power</a> to prevent policy change.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppermannBrummer20173-5">[5]</a> The word "veto" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "I forbid". The concept of a veto originated with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> offices of <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">tribune of the plebs</a>. There were two consuls every year; either consul could block military or civil action by the other. The tribunes had the power to unilaterally block any action by a <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Roman magistrate</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum" title="Senatus consultum">decrees</a> passed by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spitzer-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veto&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_veto">Roman veto</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veto&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roman veto">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiberius_Gracchus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tiberius_Gracchus.jpg/220px-Tiberius_Gracchus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tiberius_Gracchus.jpg/330px-Tiberius_Gracchus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Tiberius_Gracchus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Tiberius Gracchus, Roman tribune</figcaption></figure> The institution of the veto, known to the Romans as the intercessio, was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in the 6th century BC to enable the tribunes to protect the <a href="/wiki/Mandamus" title="Mandamus">mandamus</a> interests of the <a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">plebeians</a> (common citizenry) from the encroachments of the <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patricians</a>, who dominated the Senate. A tribune's veto did not prevent the senate from passing a bill but meant that it was denied the force of law. The tribunes could also use the veto to prevent a bill from being brought before the plebeian assembly. The consuls also had the power of veto, as decision-making generally required the assent of both consuls. If they disagreed, either could invoke the intercessio to block the action of the other. The veto was an essential component of the Roman conception of power being wielded not only to manage state affairs but to moderate and restrict the power of the state's high officials and institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Spitzer-6">[6]</a> A notable use of the Roman veto occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Gracchi_brothers" title="Gracchi brothers">Gracchan land reform</a>, which was initially spearheaded by the tribune <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus" title="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius Gracchus</a> in 133 BC. When Gracchus' fellow tribune <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Octavius" title="Marcus Octavius">Marcus Octavius</a> vetoed the reform, the Assembly voted to remove him on the theory that a tribune must represent the interests of the plebeians. Later, senators outraged by the reform murdered Gracchus and several supporters, setting off a period of internal political violence in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberum_veto">Liberum veto</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veto&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Liberum veto">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberum_veto" title="Liberum veto">Liberum veto</a></div> In the constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> in the 17th and 18th centuries, all bills had to pass the Sejm or "Seimas" (parliament) by <a href="/wiki/Unanimous" class="mw-redirect" title="Unanimous">unanimous</a> consent, and if any legislator invoked the <a href="/wiki/Liberum_veto" title="Liberum veto">liberum veto</a>, this not only vetoed that bill but also all previous legislation passed during the session, and dissolved the legislative session itself. The concept originated in the idea of "Polish democracy" as any Pole of noble extraction was considered as good as any other, no matter how low or high his material condition might be. The more and more frequent use of this veto power paralyzed the power of the legislature and, combined with a string of weak figurehead kings, led ultimately to the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitioning and the dissolution of the Polish state</a> in the late 18th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_modern_vetoes">Emergence of modern vetoes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veto&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Emergence of modern vetoes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P588_William_III._giving_his_royal_assent_to_the_toleration_act.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/P588_William_III._giving_his_royal_assent_to_the_toleration_act.jpg/220px-P588_William_III._giving_his_royal_assent_to_the_toleration_act.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/P588_William_III._giving_his_royal_assent_to_the_toleration_act.jpg/330px-P588_William_III._giving_his_royal_assent_to_the_toleration_act.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/P588_William_III._giving_his_royal_assent_to_the_toleration_act.jpg/440px-P588_William_III._giving_his_royal_assent_to_the_toleration_act.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1035" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III of England</a> granting royal assent to the <a href="/wiki/Toleration_Act_1688" title="Toleration Act 1688">Toleration Act 1688</a>.</figcaption></figure> The modern executive veto derives from the European institution of <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a>, in which the monarch's consent was required for bills to become law. This in turn had evolved from earlier royal systems in which laws were simply issued by the monarch, as was the case for example in England until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a> in the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1987403-8">[8]</a> In England itself, the power of the monarch to deny royal assent was not used after 1708, but it was used extensively in the British colonies. The heavy use of this power was mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Declaration of Independence">U.S. Declaration of Independence</a> in 1776.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1987404-9">[9]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> in 1789, the royal veto was hotly debated, and hundreds of proposals were put forward for different versions of the royal veto, as either absolute, suspensive, or nonexistent.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> With the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">French Constitution of 1791</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> lost his absolute veto and acquired the power to issue a suspensive veto that could be overridden by a majority vote in two successive sessions of the Legislative Assembly, which would take four to six years.<a href="#cite_note-longman-2014-11">[11]</a> With the abolition of the monarchy in 1792, the question of the French royal veto became moot.<a href="#cite_note-longman-2014-11">[11]</a> The presidential veto was conceived in by <a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">republicans</a> in the 18th and 19th centuries as a counter-majoritarian tool, limiting the power of a legislative majority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulmer201712–13-12">[12]</a> Some republican thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, however, argued for eliminating the veto power entirely as a relic of monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulmer201713-13">[13]</a> To avoid giving the president too much power, most early presidential vetoes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Veto_power_in_the_United_States" title="Veto power in the United States">veto power in the United States</a>, were qualified vetoes that the legislature could override.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulmer201713-13">[13]</a> But this was not always the case: the Chilean constitution of 1833, for example, gave that country's president an absolute veto.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulmer201713-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veto&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</div> Most modern vetoes are intended as a check on the power of the government, or a <a href="/wiki/Branch_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Branch of government">branch of government</a>, most commonly the legislative branch. Thus, in governments with a <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>, vetoes may be classified by the branch of government that enacts them: an executive veto, <a href="/wiki/Legislative_veto" title="Legislative veto">legislative veto</a>, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_veto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judicial veto (page does not exist)">judicial veto</a>. Other types of veto power, however, have safeguarded other interests. The denial of <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> by governors in the British colonies, which continued well after the practice had ended in Britain itself, served as a check by one level of government against another.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1987403-8">[8]</a> Vetoes may also be used to safeguard the interests of particular groups within a country. The veto power of the ancient Roman tribunes protected the interests of one social class (the plebeians) against another (the patricians).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1987402-14">[14]</a> In the transition from <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, a "white veto" to protect the interests of <a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">white South Africans</a> was proposed but not adopted.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_veto" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous veto">Indigenous vetoes</a> over industrial projects on Indigenous land have been proposed following the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a>, which requires the "free, prior and informed consent" of Indigenous communities to development or resource extraction projects on their land. However, many governments have been reluctant to allow such a veto.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Vetoes may be classified by whether the vetoed body can override them, and if so, how. An absolute veto cannot be overridden at all. A qualified veto can be overridden by a <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a>, such as two-thirds or three-fifths. A suspensory veto, also called a suspensive veto, can be overridden by a simple majority, and thus serves only to delay the law from coming into force.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_executive_vetoes">Types of executive vetoes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veto&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types of executive vetoes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_William_J._Clinton_Signing_Line_Item_Veto_Letters_-_NARA_-_77861673.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/President_William_J._Clinton_Signing_Line_Item_Veto_Letters_-_NARA_-_77861673.jpg/220px-President_William_J._Clinton_Signing_Line_Item_Veto_Letters_-_NARA_-_77861673.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/President_William_J._Clinton_Signing_Line_Item_Veto_Letters_-_NARA_-_77861673.jpg/330px-President_William_J._Clinton_Signing_Line_Item_Veto_Letters_-_NARA_-_77861673.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/President_William_J._Clinton_Signing_Line_Item_Veto_Letters_-_NARA_-_77861673.jpg/440px-President_William_J._Clinton_Signing_Line_Item_Veto_Letters_-_NARA_-_77861673.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2798" /></a><figcaption>US President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> signing cancellation letters related to his <a href="/wiki/Line-item_veto_in_the_United_States" title="Line-item veto in the United States">line-Item vetoes</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Balanced_Budget_Act_of_1997" title="Balanced Budget Act of 1997">Balanced Budget Act of 1997</a>.</figcaption></figure> A package veto, also called a "block veto" or "full veto", vetoes a <a href="/wiki/Legislative_act" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative act">legislative act</a> as a whole. A partial veto, also called a <a href="/wiki/Line_item_veto" class="mw-redirect" title="Line item veto">line item veto</a>, allows the executive to object only to some specific part of the law while allowing the rest to stand. An executive with a partial veto has a stronger negotiating position than an executive with only a package veto power.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-system-3">[3]</a> An amendatory veto or amendatory observation returns legislation to the legislature with proposed amendments, which the legislature may either adopt or override. The effect of legislative inaction may vary: in some systems, if the legislature does nothing, the vetoed bill fails, while in others, the vetoed bill becomes law. Because the amendatory veto gives the executive a stronger role in the legislative process, it is often seen as a marker of a particularly strong veto power. Some veto powers are limited to budgetary matters (as with line-item vetoes in some US states, or the financial veto in New Zealand).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENCSL19986-29-18">[18]</a> Other veto powers (such as in Finland) apply only to non-budgetary matters; some (such as in South Africa) apply only to constitutional matters. A veto power that is not limited in this way is known as a "policy veto".<a href="#cite_note-oecd-system-3">[3]</a> One type of budgetary veto, the reduction veto, which is found in several US states, gives the executive the authority to reduce budgetary appropriations that the legislature has made.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENCSL19986-29-18">[18]</a> When an executive is given multiple different veto powers, the procedures for overriding them may differ. For example, in the US state of Illinois, if the legislature takes no action on a reduction veto, the reduction simply becomes law, while if the legislature takes no action on an amendatory veto, the bill dies.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Pocket_veto" title="Pocket veto">pocket veto</a> is a veto that takes effect simply by the executive or head of state taking no action. In the United States, the pocket veto can only be exercised near the end of a legislative session; if the deadline for presidential action passes during the legislative session, the bill will simply become law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1987407-20">[20]</a> The legislature cannot override a pocket veto.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalanzaSin2020367-2">[2]</a> Some veto powers are limited in their subject matter. A constitutional veto only allows the executive to veto bills that are <a href="/wiki/Unconstitutional" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconstitutional">unconstitutional</a>; in contrast, a "policy veto" can be used wherever the executive disagrees with the bill on policy grounds.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-system-3">[3]</a> Presidents with constitutional vetoes include those of Benin and South Africa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_veto">Legislative veto</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veto&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legislative veto">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legislative_veto" title="Legislative veto">Legislative veto</a></div> A legislative veto is a veto power exercised by a legislative body. It may be a veto exercised by the legislature against an action of the executive branch, as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_veto_in_the_United_States" title="Legislative veto in the United States">legislative veto in the United States</a>, which is found in 28 US states.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> It may also be a veto power exercised by one chamber of a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral legislature">bicameral legislature</a> against another, such as was formerly held by members of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Fiji" title="Senate of Fiji">Senate of Fiji</a> appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Council_of_Chiefs" title="Great Council of Chiefs">Great Council of Chiefs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veto_over_candidates">Veto over candidates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veto&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Veto over candidates">edit</a>]</div> In certain political systems, a particular body is able to exercise a veto over candidates for an elected office. This type of veto may also be referred to by the broader term "<a href="/wiki/Vetting" title="Vetting">vetting</a>". Historically, certain European Catholic monarchs were able to veto candidates for the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a>, a power known as the jus exclusivae. This power was used for the last time in 1903 by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In Iran, the <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a> has the power to approve or disapprove candidates, in addition to its veto power over legislation. In China, following a pro-democracy landslide in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Hong_Kong_local_elections" title="2019 Hong Kong local elections">2019 Hong Kong local elections</a>, in 2021 the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> approved <a href="/wiki/2021_Hong_Kong_electoral_changes" title="2021 Hong Kong electoral changes">a law</a> that gave the <a href="/wiki/Candidate_Eligibility_Review_Committee" title="Candidate Eligibility Review Committee">Candidate Eligibility Review Committee</a>, appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive of Hong Kong</a>, the power to veto candidates for the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Legislative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Legislative Council">Hong Kong Legislative Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Balance_of_powers">Balance of powers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veto&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Balance of powers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of powers">Balance of powers</a></div> In presidential and semi-presidential systems, the veto is a legislative power of the presidency, because it involves the president in the process of making law. In contrast to proactive powers such as the <a href="/wiki/Proposal_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposal power">ability to introduce legislation</a>, the veto is a reactive power, because the president cannot veto a bill until the legislature has passed it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroissant200372-25">[25]</a> Executive veto powers are often ranked as comparatively "strong" or "weak". A veto power may be considered stronger or weaker depending on its scope, the time limits for exercising it and requirements for the vetoed body to override it. In general, the greater the majority required for an override, the stronger the veto.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-system-3">[3]</a> Partial vetoes are less vulnerable to override than package vetoes,<a href="#cite_note-metcalf-2000-26">[26]</a> and political scientists who have studied the matter have generally considered partial vetoes to give the executive greater power than package vetoes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalanzaSin2020375-27">[27]</a> However, empirical studies of the line-item veto in US state government have not found any consistent effect on the executive's ability to advance its agenda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalanzaSin2020374-28">[28]</a> Amendatory vetoes give greater power to the executive than deletional vetoes, because they give the executive the power to move policy closer to its own preferred state than would otherwise be possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalanzaSin2020382-29">[29]</a> But even a suspensory package veto that can be overridden by a simple majority can be effective in stopping or modifying legislation. For example, in Estonia in 1993, president <a href="/wiki/Lennart_Meri" title="Lennart Meri">Lennart Meri</a> was able to successfully obtain amendments to the proposed Law on Aliens after issuing a suspensory veto of the bill and proposing amendments based on expert opinions on European law.<a href="#cite_note-metcalf-2000-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worldwide">Worldwide</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veto&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Worldwide">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UN-Sicherheitsrat_-_UN_Security_Council_-_New_York_City_-_2014_01_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/UN-Sicherheitsrat_-_UN_Security_Council_-_New_York_City_-_2014_01_06.jpg/220px-UN-Sicherheitsrat_-_UN_Security_Council_-_New_York_City_-_2014_01_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/UN-Sicherheitsrat_-_UN_Security_Council_-_New_York_City_-_2014_01_06.jpg/330px-UN-Sicherheitsrat_-_UN_Security_Council_-_New_York_City_-_2014_01_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/UN-Sicherheitsrat_-_UN_Security_Council_-_New_York_City_-_2014_01_06.jpg/440px-UN-Sicherheitsrat_-_UN_Security_Council_-_New_York_City_-_2014_01_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>United Nations Security Council meeting room.</figcaption></figure> Globally, the executive veto over legislation is characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential systems</a>, with stronger veto powers generally being associated with stronger presidential powers overall.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-system-3">[3]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary systems</a>, the veto power of the head of state is typically weak or nonexistent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulmer20175-4">[4]</a> In particular, in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster systems</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional monarchies">constitutional monarchies</a>, the power to veto legislation by withholding <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> is a rarely used <a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">reserve power</a> of the monarch. In practice, the Crown follows the convention of exercising its prerogative on the advice of parliament. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_bodies">International bodies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veto&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: International bodies">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>: The five permanent members of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> have an absolute veto over Security Council resolutions, except for procedural matters.<a href="#cite_note-un-27-30">[30]</a> Every permanent member has used this power at some point.<a href="#cite_note-un-voting-31">[31]</a> A permanent member that wants to disagree with a resolution, but not to veto it, can abstain.<a href="#cite_note-un-voting-31">[31]</a> The first country to use the latter power was the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> in 1946, after its amendments to a resolution regarding the withdrawal of British troops from Lebanon and Syria were rejected.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power" title="United Nations Security Council veto power">United Nations Security Council veto power</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>: The members of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">EU Council</a> have veto power in certain areas, such as foreign policy and the accession of a new member state, due to the requirement of unanimity in these areas. For example, Bulgaria has used this power to block <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_North_Macedonia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union">accession talks for North Macedonia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> and in the 1980s, the United Kingdom (then a member of the EU's precursor, the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a>) secured the <a href="/wiki/UK_rebate" title="UK rebate">UK rebate</a> by threatening to use its veto power to stall legislation.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In addition, when the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of the European Union">Parliament</a> and Council delegate legislative authority to the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">Commission</a>, they can provide for a <a href="/wiki/Legislative_veto" title="Legislative veto">legislative veto</a> over regulations that the Commission issues under that delegated authority.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-schuetze-2011-36">[36]</a> This power was first introduced in 2006 as "regulatory procedure with scrutiny", and since 2009 as "delegated acts" under the <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisbon Treaty">Lisbon Treaty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dearth-37">[37]</a> This legislative veto power has been used sparingly: from 2006 to 2016, the Parliament issued 14 vetoes and the Council issued 15.<a href="#cite_note-dearth-37">[37]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Voting_in_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Voting in the Council of the European Union">Voting in the Council of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Union_legislative_procedure" title="European Union legislative procedure">European Union legislative procedure</a></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veto&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_just_countries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Africa_just_countries.svg/220px-Africa_just_countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Africa_just_countries.svg/330px-Africa_just_countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Africa_just_countries.svg/440px-Africa_just_countries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Africa</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Benin" title="President of Benin">president</a> can return legislation to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Benin">National Assembly</a> for reconsideration within 15 days (or 5 days if the legislation is declared urgent).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulmer201719-38">[38]</a> The National Assembly can override the veto by passing the legislation once again by an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute majority">absolute majority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulmer201719-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-benin-57-39">[39]</a> If the president then vetoes the legislation a second time, the National Assembly can ask the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Benin" title="Constitutional Court of Benin">Constitutional Court</a> to rule on its constitutionality. If the Court rules that the legislation is constitutional, it becomes law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulmer201733-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-benin-57-39">[39]</a> If the president neither approves nor returns legislation within the prescribed 15- or 5-day period, this operates as a veto, and the National Assembly can petition the Court to declare the law constitutional and effective.<a href="#cite_note-benin-57-39">[39]</a> This occurred for example in 2008, when <a href="/wiki/Boni_Yayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Boni Yayi">President Yayi</a> did not take action on a bill that would set an end date to the "exceptional measures" by which he had kept the National Assembly in session. After pocket-vetoing the bill in this way, the president petitioned the Court for constitutional review.<a href="#cite_note-dcc08-171-41">[41]</a> The Court ruled that once the deadline for presidential action had passed, only the National Assembly could petition for review, which it did (and prevailed).<a href="#cite_note-dcc08-171-41">[41]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Benin" title="Politics of Benin">Politics of Benin</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cameroon" title="President of Cameroon">president</a> has the power to send bills back to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Cameroon" title="Parliament of Cameroon">Parliament</a> for a second reading.<a href="#cite_note-cameroon-19-42">[42]</a> This power must be exercised within 15 days.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> On second reading the bill must be passed by an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute majority">absolute majority</a> to become law.<a href="#cite_note-cameroon-19-42">[42]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Cameroon" title="Government of Cameroon">Government of Cameroon</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Liberia" title="President of Liberia">president</a> has package, line item and pocket veto powers under Article 35 of the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Liberia" title="Constitution of Liberia">Constitution</a>. The President has twenty days to sign a bill into law, but may veto either the entire bill or parts of it, after which the <a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_Liberia" title="Legislature of Liberia">Legislature</a> must re-pass it with a two-thirds majority of both houses. If the President does not sign a bill within twenty days and the Legislature adjourns, the bill fails.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulmer20178-44">[44]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Liberia" title="Politics of Liberia">Politics of Liberia</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">president</a> has a weak constitutional veto.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The president can return a bill to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa" title="National Assembly of South Africa">National Assembly</a> if the president has reservations about the bill's constitutionality.<a href="#cite_note-south-africa-79-46">[46]</a> If the National Assembly passes the bill a second time, the president must either sign it or refer it to the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Constitutional Court of South Africa">Constitutional Court of South Africa</a> for a final decision on whether the bill is constitutional.<a href="#cite_note-south-africa-79-46">[46]</a> If there are no constitutional concerns, the president's assent to legislation is mandatory.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Politics of South Africa">Politics of South Africa</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Uganda" title="President of Uganda">president</a> has package veto and item veto powers.<a href="#cite_note-uganda-91-47">[47]</a> This power must be exercised within 30 days of receiving the legislation.<a href="#cite_note-uganda-91-47">[47]</a> The first time the president returns a bill to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Uganda" title="Parliament of Uganda">Parliament</a>, the Parliament can pass it again by a simple majority vote. If the president returns it a second time, the Parliament can override the veto with a two-thirds vote.<a href="#cite_note-uganda-91-47">[47]</a> This occurred for example in the passage of the Income Tax Amendment Act 2016, which exempted legislators' allowances from taxation.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uganda" title="Politics of Uganda">Politics of Uganda</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>: Under the 1996 constitution, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Zambia" title="President of Zambia">president</a> had an absolute pocket veto: if he neither assented to legislation nor returned it to parliament for a potential override, it was permanently dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulmer201731-50">[50]</a> This unusual power was eliminated in a general reorganization of the Constitution's legislative provisions in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Zambia" title="Politics of Zambia">Politics of Zambia</a></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veto&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Americas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amerika.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Amerika.PNG/220px-Amerika.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Amerika.PNG/330px-Amerika.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Amerika.PNG/440px-Amerika.PNG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>The Americas</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of the Republic</a> is entitled to veto, entirely or partially, any bill which passes both houses of the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a>, exceptions made to <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">constitutional amendments</a> and congressional decrees. The partial veto can involve the entirety of paragraphs, articles or items, not being allowed to veto isolated words or sentences. National Congress has the right to override the presidential veto if the majority of members from each of both houses agree to, that is, 257 <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Brazil">deputies</a> and 41 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Senate_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Senate of Brazil">senators</a>. If these numbers are not met, the presidential veto stands.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Brazil">Government of Brazil</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>: The <a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King-in-Council</a> (in practice the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet of the United Kingdom</a>) might instruct the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">governor general</a> to withhold the king's assent, allowing the sovereign two years to disallow the bill, thereby vetoing it.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Last used in 1873, the power was effectively nullified diplomatically and politically by the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration of 1926</a>, and legally by the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a>. At the province level, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor (Canada)">lieutenant governors</a> can reserve royal assent to provincial bills for consideration by the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">federal cabinet</a>. This clause was last invoked in 1961 by the lieutenant governor of Saskatchewan.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In addition, the Governor General in Council (federal cabinet) may disallow an enactment of a provincial legislature within one year of its passage. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Disallowance_and_reservation_in_Canada" title="Disallowance and reservation in Canada">Disallowance and reservation in Canada</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="President of the Dominican Republic">president</a> has only a package veto (observación a la ley), which must be exercised within 10 days after the legislation is passed.<a href="#cite_note-dr-102-56">[56]</a> The veto must include a rationale.<a href="#cite_note-dr-102-56">[56]</a> If both chambers of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Congress of the Dominican Republic">Congress of the Dominican Republic</a> vote to override the veto, the bill becomes law.<a href="#cite_note-dr-102-56">[56]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Dominican Republic">Government of the Dominican Republic</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ecuador" title="President of Ecuador">president</a> has powers of package veto and amendatory veto (veto parcial).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelisAlemán2005406-57">[57]</a> The president must issue a veto within 10 days after the bill is passed. The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Ecuador)" title="National Assembly (Ecuador)">National Assembly</a> can override an amendatory veto by a two-thirds majority of all members, but if it does not do so within 30 days of the veto, the legislation becomes law with the president's amendments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelisAlemán2005406-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The National Assembly overrides approximately 20% of amendatory vetoes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasabe-Serrano20206–7-59">[59]</a> The legislature must wait for a year before overriding a package veto.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelisAlemán2005406-57">[57]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Ecuador">Government of Ecuador</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /> <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">president</a> has both package veto and amendatory veto powers, which must be exercised within eight days of the legislation being passed by the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_El_Salvador" title="Legislative Assembly of El Salvador">Legislative Assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelisAlemán2005405-60">[60]</a> If the Legislative Assembly does not vote on an amendatory veto, the legislation fails. The Legislative Assembly can either accept or override an amendatory veto by a simple majority. Overriding a block veto requires a two-thirds supermajority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelisAlemán2005405-60">[60]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_El_Salvador" title="Government of El Salvador">Government of El Salvador</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">president</a> has both package veto and amendatory veto powers, which must be exercised within ten days of the legislation being passed by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Union" title="Congress of the Union">Congress of the Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelisAlemán2005405-60">[60]</a> Congress may override either type of veto by a two-thirds majority of voting members in each chamber.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelisAlemán2005405-60">[60]</a> However, in the case of an amendatory veto, Congress must first consider whether to accept the proposed amendments, which it may do by a simple majority of both chambers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelisAlemán2005405,_420-61">[61]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Mexico">Government of Mexico</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: At the federal level, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a> may veto bills passed by Congress, and Congress may override the veto by a two-thirds vote of each chamber.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Line-item_veto" title="Line-item veto">line-item veto</a> was briefly enacted in the 1990s, but was declared an unconstitutional violation of the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> by the Supreme Court. At the state level, all 50 state governors have a full veto, similar to the presidential veto.<a href="#cite_note-ncsl-executive-63">[63]</a> Many state governors also have additional kinds of vetoes, such as amendatory, line-item, and reduction vetoes.<a href="#cite_note-ncsl-executive-63">[63]</a> Gubernatorial veto powers vary in strength. The president and some state governors have a "<a href="/wiki/Pocket_veto" title="Pocket veto">pocket veto</a>", in that they can delay signing a bill until after the legislature has adjourned, which effectively kills the bill without a formal veto and without the possibility of an override.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1987407-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Veto_power_in_the_United_States" title="Veto power in the United States">Veto power in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Line-item_veto_in_the_United_States" title="Line-item veto in the United States">Line-item veto in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Legislative_veto_in_the_United_States" title="Legislative veto in the United States">Legislative veto in the United States</a></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veto&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Asia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Map_of_Asia.png/220px-Map_of_Asia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Map_of_Asia.png/330px-Map_of_Asia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Map_of_Asia.png/440px-Map_of_Asia.png 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Asia</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>: Under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the People's Republic of China">Constitution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> can nullify regulations enacted by the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a>. The State Council and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">president</a> do not have a veto power.<a href="#cite_note-china-qa-65">[65]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Government of China</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">president</a> can return a bill to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">parliament</a> with proposed amendments within two weeks of receiving the bill.<a href="#cite_note-georgia-46-66">[66]</a> Parliament must first vote on the proposed amendments, which can be adopted by the same majority as for the original legislation (for ordinary legislation, a simple majority vote).<a href="#cite_note-georgia-46-66">[66]</a> If Parliament does not adopt the amendments, it can override the veto by passing the original bill by an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute majority">absolute majority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-georgia-46-66">[66]</a> Before the constitutional reforms of the 2010s, the president had both a package veto and an amendatory veto, which could be overridden only with a 3/5 majority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelisRizova20071179-67">[67]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Politics of Georgia (country)</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president</a> has three veto powers: absolute, suspension and pocket. The president can send the bill back to parliament for changes, which constitutes a limited veto that can be overridden by a simple majority. But the bill reconsidered by the parliament becomes a law with or without the president's assent after 14 days. The president can also take no action indefinitely on a bill, sometimes referred to as a pocket veto. The president can refuse to assent, which constitutes an absolute veto. But the absolute veto can be exercised by the President only once in respect of a bill. If the President refuses to provide his assent to a bill and sends it back to Parliament, suggesting his recommendations or amendments to the bill and the Parliament passes the bill again with or without such amendments, the president is obligated to assent to the bill.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-intro_india-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-india_times-70">[70]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/President_of_India#Important_presidential_interventions_in_the_past" title="President of India">President of India § Important presidential interventions in the past</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>: Express presidential veto powers were removed from the Constitution in the 2002 democratization reforms.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">president</a> can however enact a "regulation in lieu of law" (Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang or perppu), which temporarily blocks a law from taking effect.<a href="#cite_note-setiawan-2022-72">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Representative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Representative Council">People's Representative Council</a> (DPR) can revoke such a regulation in its next session.<a href="#cite_note-indonesia-22-73">[73]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">Constitution</a> requires that legislation be jointly approved by the president and the DPR. The president thus can effectively block a bill by withholding approval.<a href="#cite_note-setiawan-2022-72">[72]</a> Whether these presidential powers constitute a "veto" has been disputed, including by former Constitutional Court justice <a href="/wiki/Patrialis_Akbar" title="Patrialis Akbar">Patrialis Akbar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Politics of Indonesia">Politics of Indonesia</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a> has the authority to veto bills passed by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iran-portal-75">[75]</a> This veto power can be based on the legislation being contrary to the constitution or contrary to Islamic law. A constitutional veto requires a majority of the Guardian Council's members, while a veto based on Islamic law requires a majority of its <a href="/wiki/Faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Faqih">fuqaha</a> members.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The Guardian Council also has veto power over candidates for various elected offices.<a href="#cite_note-iran-portal-75">[75]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iran" title="Government of Iran">Government of Iran</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>: There is no veto at the national level, as Japan has a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">constitution</a> does not give the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">emperor</a> authority to refuse to promulgate a law.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Autonomy_Act" title="Local Autonomy Act">Local Autonomy Act</a> of 1947, however, the executive of a prefectural or municipal government can veto local legislation. If the executive believes the legislation is unlawful, the executive is required to veto it.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The local assembly can override this veto by a 2/3 vote.<a href="#cite_note-shimizutani-2010-80">[80]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Politics of Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_Autonomy_Act" title="Local Autonomy Act">Local Autonomy Act</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">president</a> can return a bill to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of South Korea">National Assembly</a> for "reconsideration" (재의).<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Partial and amendatory vetoes are expressly forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The National Assembly can override the veto by a 2/3 majority of the members present.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Such overrides are rare: when the National Assembly overrode president <a href="/wiki/Roh_Moo-hyun" title="Roh Moo-hyun">Roh Moo-hyun</a>'s veto of a corruption investigation in 2003, it was the first override in 49 years.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Korea" title="Government of South Korea">Government of South Korea</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">president</a> may refuse to sign a bill, sending the bill back to the house where it originated along with his objections. <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress</a> can override the veto via a 2/3 vote with both houses voting separately, after which the bill becomes law.<a href="#cite_note-rose-ackerman-2011-85">[85]</a> The president may also exercise a <a href="/wiki/Line-item_veto" title="Line-item veto">line-item veto</a> on <a href="/wiki/Money_bill" title="Money bill">money bills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rose-ackerman-2011-85">[85]</a> The president does not have a pocket veto: once the bill has been received by the president, the chief executive has thirty days to veto the bill. Once the thirty-day period expires, the bill becomes law as if the president had signed it.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics of the Philippines</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Uzbekistan" title="President of Uzbekistan">president</a> has a package veto and an amendatory veto.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelisRizova20071166-87">[87]</a> The Legislative Chamber of the <a href="/wiki/Oliy_Majlis" title="Oliy Majlis">Oliy Majlis</a> can override either type of veto by a 2/3 vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelisRizova20071166-87">[87]</a> In the case of a package veto, if the veto is not overridden, the bill fails.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelisRizova20071166-87">[87]</a> In the case of an amendatory veto, if the veto is not overridden, the bill becomes law as amended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelisRizova20071166,_1181-88">[88]</a> The Senate of the Oliy Majlis has a veto over legislation passed by the Legislative Chamber, which the Legislative Chamber can likewise override by a 2/3 vote.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uzbekistan" title="Politics of Uzbekistan">Politics of Uzbekistan</a></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veto&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_ISO_3166-1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Europe_ISO_3166-1.svg/220px-Europe_ISO_3166-1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Europe_ISO_3166-1.svg/330px-Europe_ISO_3166-1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Europe_ISO_3166-1.svg/440px-Europe_ISO_3166-1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Europe</figcaption></figure> European countries in which the executive or head of state does not have a veto power include <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, where the power to withhold royal assent was <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent#Luxembourg" title="Royal assent">abolished</a> in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Countries that have some form of veto power include the following: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">president</a> may effectively veto a law adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Riigikogu" title="Riigikogu">Riigikogu</a> (legislature) by sending it back for reconsideration. The president must exercise this power within 14 days of receiving the law.<a href="#cite_note-estonia-107-91">[91]</a> The Riigikogu, in turn, may override this veto by passing the unamended law again by a simple majority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöker2015158-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-estonia-107-91">[91]</a> After such an override (but only then), the president may ask the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Estonia" title="Supreme Court of Estonia">Supreme Court</a> to declare the law unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöker2015157-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-estonia-107-91">[91]</a> If the Supreme Court rules that the law does not violate the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia" title="Constitution of Estonia">Constitution</a>, the president must promulgate the law.<a href="#cite_note-estonia-107-91">[91]</a> From 1992 to 2010, the president exercised the veto on 1.6% of bills (59 in all), and applied for constitutional review of 11 bills (0.4% in all).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöker201586,_88-94">[94]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Estonia" title="Politics of Estonia">Politics of Estonia</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">president</a> has a suspensive veto, but can only delay the enactment of legislation by three months.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The president has had a veto power of some kind since <a href="/wiki/Finnish_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish independence">Finnish independence</a> in 1919,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> but this power was greatly curtailed by the constitutional reforms of 2000.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Finland" title="Politics of Finland">Politics of Finland</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">president</a> has a suspensive veto: the president can require the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> to reopen debate on a bill that it has passed, within 15 days of being presented with the bill.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Aside from that, the president can only refer bills to the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_(France)" title="Constitutional Council (France)">Constitutional Council</a>, a power shared with the prime minister and the presidents of both houses of the National Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Upon receiving such a referral, the Constitutional Council can strike down a bill before it has been promulgated as law, which has been interpreted as a form of constitutional veto.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics of France</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">federal president of Germany</a> has to sign a bill in order for it to become law.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> This gives him a <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> veto power over <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a>. However this power has been used only nine times since the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">federal Republic</a> and is largely considered to be a ceremonial power.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics of Germany</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Hungary" title="President of Hungary">president</a> has two options to veto a bill: submit it to the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Hungary" title="Constitutional Court of Hungary">Constitutional Court</a> if he or she suspects that it violates the constitution or send it back to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="National Assembly (Hungary)">National Assembly</a> and ask for a second debate and vote on the bill. If the court rules that the bill is constitutional, the president must sign it.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Likewise, if the president has returned the bill to the National Assembly and it is passed a second time by a simple majority, it becomes law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelisRizova20071164-105">[105]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hungary" title="Politics of Hungary">Politics of Hungary</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">president</a> may refuse to sign a bill, which is then put to <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>. This right was not exercised until 2004, by President <a href="/wiki/%C3%93lafur_Ragnar_Gr%C3%ADmsson" title="Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson">Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson</a>, who also refused to sign two other bills related to the <a href="/wiki/Icesave_dispute" title="Icesave dispute">Icesave dispute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-grimsson-106">[106]</a> Two of these vetoes resulted in referendums.<a href="#cite_note-grimsson-106">[106]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iceland" title="Politics of Iceland">Politics of Iceland</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">president</a> may refuse to grant assent to a bill that they consider to be unconstitutional, after consulting the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Ireland)" title="Council of State (Ireland)">Council of State</a>; in this case, the bill is referred to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ireland" title="Supreme Court of Ireland">Supreme Court</a>, which finally determines the matter.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-system-3">[3]</a> From 1990 to 2012, this power was used an average of once every three years.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The president may also, on request of a majority of <a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad Éireann</a> (the upper house of parliament) and a third of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a> (the lower house of parliament), after consulting the Council of State, decline to sign a bill "of such national importance that the will of the people thereon ought to be ascertained" in an <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_referendum" title="Ordinary referendum">ordinary referendum</a> or a new Dáil reassembling after a general election held within eighteen months.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> This latter power has never been used because the government of the day almost always commands a majority of the Seanad, preventing the third of the Dáil that usually makes up the opposition from combining with it.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Ireland">Politics of Ireland</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">president</a> may request a second deliberation of a bill passed by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Italian Parliament</a> before it is promulgated. This is a very weak form of veto as the parliament can override the veto by an ordinary majority.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> While such a limited veto cannot thwart the will of a determined parliamentary majority, it may have a delaying effect and may cause the parliamentary majority to reconsider the matter. The president also has the power to veto appointments of ministers in the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">government of Italy</a>, as for example president <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella" title="Sergio Mattarella">Sergio Mattarella</a> did in vetoing the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Savona" title="Paolo Savona">Paolo Savona</a> as finance minister in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics of Italy</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Latvia" title="President of Latvia">president</a> may suspend a bill for a period of two months, during which it may be referred to the people in a referendum if one-tenth of the electorate requests a referendum.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The president may also return a document to the <a href="/wiki/Saeima" title="Saeima">Saeima</a> for reconsideration, but only once.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Notably, in 1999, president <a href="/wiki/Vaira_Vike-Freiberga" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaira Vike-Freiberga">Vaira Vike-Freiberga</a> returned the Latvian State Language Law to the Saeima, even though the law had passed by an overwhelming majority the first time; the president used the suspensory veto to point out legal problems with the law, which resulted in amendments to bring it into line with European legal standards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelisRizova20071172–1173-114">[114]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Latvia" title="Politics of Latvia">Politics of Latvia</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">president</a> may either submit a bill to the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Tribunal_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland">Constitutional Tribunal</a> if they suspect that the bill is unconstitutional or send it back to the <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejm of the Republic of Poland">Sejm</a> for reconsideration.<a href="#cite_note-poland-122-115">[115]</a> These two options are exclusive: the president must choose one or the other.<a href="#cite_note-poland-122-115">[115]</a> If president has referred a law to the Constitutional Tribunal and the tribunal says that the bill is constitutional, the president must sign it. If the president instead returns the bill to the Sejm in a standard package veto, the Sejm can override the bill by a three-fifths majority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelisRizova20071178-116">[116]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">Politics of Poland</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Portugal" title="President of Portugal">president</a> may refuse to sign a bill or refer it, or parts of it, to the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Constitutional_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Constitutional Court">Constitutional Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-system-3">[3]</a> If the bill is declared unconstitutional, the president is required to veto it, but the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Assembly of the Republic</a> can override this veto by a two-thirds majority.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> If the president vetoes a bill that has not been declared unconstitutional, the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Assembly of the Republic</a> may pass it a second time, in which case it becomes law. However, in Portugal presidential vetoes typically result in some change to the legislation.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The president also has an absolute veto over <a href="/wiki/Decree-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Decree-law">decree-laws</a> issued by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Portugal" title="Government of Portugal">government of Portugal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Regions_of_Portugal" title="Autonomous Regions of Portugal">autonomous region</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Representative_of_the_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Representative of the Republic (page does not exist)">Representative of the Republic</a> has the power to veto legislation, which the regional assembly can override by an absolute majority, and also holds the same constitutional veto power that the president has nationally.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Portugal" title="Politics of Portugal">Politics of Portugal</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Constitution</a> states that "Within two months after receiving the text, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Spain" title="Senate of Spain">Senate</a> may, by a message stating the reasons for it, adopt a veto or approve amendments thereto. The veto must be adopted by overall majority".<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> A Senate veto can be overridden by an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute majority">absolute majority</a> vote of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies" title="Congress of Deputies">Congress of Deputies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">government</a> can block a bill before passage if it entails government spending or loss of revenue.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> This prerogative is commonly called veto presupuestario ("budget veto").<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Politics of Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent#Spain" title="Royal assent">Royal assent § Spain</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">president</a> may refuse to sign a bill and return it to the <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a> with proposed amendments. The Verkhovna Rada may override a veto by a two-thirds majority. If the veto is not overridden, the President's amendments are subjected to an up-or-down vote; if they attract at least 50% support from the legislators, the bill is adopted with the amendments; if not, the bill fails.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelisRizova20071171-125">[125]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">Politics of Ukraine</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: The <a href="/wiki/British_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarch">monarch</a> has two methods of vetoing a bill. Any bill that has been passed by both the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Commons (UK)">House of Commons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> becomes law only when formally approved by the monarch (or their official representative), in a procedure known as royal assent. Legally, the monarch can withhold that consent, thereby vetoing the bill. This power was last exercised in 1708 by <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a> to block the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Militia_Bill_1708" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Militia Bill 1708">Scottish Militia Bill 1708</a>. The monarch has additional veto powers over bills which affect the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom">royal prerogative</a>, such as the war prerogative, or the monarch's personal affairs (such as royal incomes or hereditary property). By convention, those bills require <a href="/wiki/King%27s_consent" class="mw-redirect" title="King's consent">king's consent</a> before they may even be debated by Parliament, as well as royal assent if they are passed. King's consent is not obsolete and is occasionally withheld, though now only on the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">cabinet</a>. An example was the <a href="/wiki/Military_Action_Against_Iraq_(Parliamentary_Approval)_Bill" title="Military Action Against Iraq (Parliamentary Approval) Bill">Military Action Against Iraq (Parliamentary Approval) Bill</a> in 1999, which received a <a href="/wiki/First_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="First reading">first reading</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Minute_Rule" title="Ten Minute Rule">Ten Minute Rule</a>, but was denied queen's consent for a <a href="/wiki/Second_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Second reading">second reading</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, and <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>: Powers exist under the section 35 of the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_1998" title="Scotland Act 1998">Scotland Act 1998</a>, section 114 of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_2006" title="Government of Wales Act 2006">Government of Wales Act 2006</a>, and section 14 of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Act_1998" title="Northern Ireland Act 1998">Northern Ireland Act 1998</a> that allow the responsible cabinet minister in Westminster to refuse a bill that has been passed by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a>, respectively, from proceeding to royal assent, if they believe that the bill modifies and has adverse effects on legislation that is <a href="/wiki/Devolved,_reserved_and_excepted_matters" title="Devolved, reserved and excepted matters">reserved</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> to solely legislate on. This power has only been used once, to veto the <a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Reform_(Scotland)_Bill" title="Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Bill">Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Bill</a> in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent#United_Kingdom" title="Royal assent">Royal assent § United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Consent" title="King's Consent">King's Consent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a></div></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veto&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Oceania">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oceania_without_Asian_country_codes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Oceania_without_Asian_country_codes.jpg/220px-Oceania_without_Asian_country_codes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Oceania_without_Asian_country_codes.jpg/330px-Oceania_without_Asian_country_codes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Oceania_without_Asian_country_codes.jpg/440px-Oceania_without_Asian_country_codes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Oceania</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>: According to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Constitution">Australian Constitution</a> (sec. 59), the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">monarch</a> may veto a bill that has been given royal assent by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-general_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-general of Australia">governor-general</a> within one year of the legislation being assented to.<a href="#cite_note-gov.au-128">[128]</a> This power has never been used. The Australian governor-general himself or herself has, in theory, the power to veto, or more technically, withhold assent to, a bill passed by both houses of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Parliament">Australian Parliament</a>, and contrary to the advice of the prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-hamer-129">[129]</a> However, in matters of assent to legislation, the governor-general is advised by parliament, not by the government. Consequently, when a minority parliament passes a bill against the wishes of the government, the government could resign, but cannot advise a veto.<a href="#cite_note-hamer-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Since 1986, the individual states of Australia are fully independent entities. Thus, the Crown may not veto (nor the UK Parliament overturn) any act of a state governor or state legislature. State constitutions determine what role the state's governor plays. In general, the governor exercises the powers the sovereign would have; in all states and territories, the governor's (or, for territories, administrator's) assent is required for a bill to become law, except the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a>, which has no administrator.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics of Australia</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="President of the Federated States of Micronesia">President</a> can disapprove legislation passed by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Congress of the Federated States of Micronesia">Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fsom-ix-22-132">[132]</a> The veto must be exercised within 10 days, or 30 days if the Congress is not in session.<a href="#cite_note-fsom-ix-22-132">[132]</a> The Congress can override the veto by a three-fourths vote of the four state delegations, with each state delegation casting one vote.<a href="#cite_note-fsom-ix-2q-133">[133]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Politics of the Federated States of Micronesia">Politics of the Federated States of Micronesia</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>: Under the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Fiji" title="Constitution of Fiji">Constitution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Fiji" title="President of Fiji">President</a> has no authority to veto legislation that has been passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Fiji" title="Parliament of Fiji">Parliament</a>. Under the previous bicameral constitutions, the appointed <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Fiji" title="Senate of Fiji">Senate</a> had veto powers over legislation passed by the elected lower house. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fiji" title="Politics of Fiji">Politics of Fiji</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>: Under the Standing Orders of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Government" title="New Zealand Government">Government</a> has a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_veto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Financial veto (page does not exist)">financial veto</a>, under which it can block bills, amendments and motions that would have more than a minor impact on the Government's fiscal aggregates.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Bills can be subjected to a financial veto only on third reading, when they have been finalized, but before they have been passed.<a href="#cite_note-mcgee-135">[135]</a> The financial veto system was introduced in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-mcgee-135">[135]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Politics of New Zealand">Politics of New Zealand</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Tonga" title="Constitution of Tonga">constitution</a> empowers the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">King</a> to withhold royal assent from bills adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Tonga" title="Legislative Assembly of Tonga">Legislative Assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In November 2011, the assembly adopted a bill that reduced the possible criminal sentences for the illicit possession of firearms, an offence for which two members of the assembly had recently been charged. Members of the opposition denounced the bill and asked the King to veto it, and he did so in December 2011.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tonga" title="Politics of Tonga">Politics of Tonga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent#Tonga" title="Royal assent">Royal assent § Tonga</a></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veto_theories">Veto theories</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veto&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Veto theories">edit</a>]</div> In political science, the broader <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a> of people and groups to prevent change is sometimes analyzed through the frameworks of <a href="/wiki/Veto_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Veto point">veto points</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veto_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Veto player">veto players</a>. Veto players are actors who can potentially exercise some sort of veto over a change in government <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppermannBrummer20173-5">[5]</a> Veto points are the institutional opportunities that give these actors the ability to veto.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppermannBrummer20173-5">[5]</a> The theory of veto points was first developed by <a href="/wiki/Ellen_M._Immergut" title="Ellen M. Immergut">Ellen M. Immergut</a> in 1990, in a comparative case study of healthcare reform in different political systems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppermannBrummer20174-138">[138]</a> Breaking with earlier scholarship, Immergut argued that "we have veto points within political systems and not veto groups within societies."<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Veto player analysis draws on <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Tsebelis" title="George Tsebelis">George Tsebelis</a> first developed it in 1995 and set it forth in detail in 2002 <a href="/wiki/Veto_Players:_How_Political_Institutions_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work">Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelis200285-140">[140]</a> A veto player is a political actor who has the ability to stop a change from the status quo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroissant200374-141">[141]</a> There are institutional veto players, whose consent is required by constitution or statute; for example, in US federal legislation, the veto players are the House, Senate and presidency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelis2002107-142">[142]</a> There are also partisan veto players, which are groups that can block policy change from inside an institutional veto player.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelis200219-143">[143]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> the partisan veto players are typically the members of the governing coalition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelis200219-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> According to Tsebelis' veto player theorem, policy change becomes harder the more veto players there are, the greater the ideological distance between them, and the greater their internal coherence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroissant200374-141">[141]</a> For example, Italy and the United States have stable policies because they have many veto players, while Greece and the United Kingdom have unstable policies because they have few veto players.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelis20024-145">[145]</a> While the veto player and veto point approaches complement one another, the veto players framework has become dominant in the study of policy change.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppermannBrummer20172-146">[146]</a> Scholarship on <a href="/wiki/Rational_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational choice theory">rational choice theory</a> has favored the veto player approach because the veto point framework does not address why political actors decide to use a veto point.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppermannBrummer20173-5">[5]</a> In addition, because veto player analysis can apply to any political system, it provides a way of comparing very different political systems, such as presidential and parliamentary systems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppermannBrummer20173-5">[5]</a> Veto player analyses can also incorporate people and groups that have de facto power to prevent policy change, even if they do not have the legal power to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppermannBrummer20176-147">[147]</a> Some literature distinguishes cooperative veto points (within institutions) and competitive veto points (between institutions), theorizing competitive veto points contribute to <a href="/wiki/Obstructionism" title="Obstructionism">obstructionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McGann-148">[148]</a> Some literature disagrees with the claim of veto player theory that multiparty governments are likely to be <a href="/wiki/Gridlock_(politics)" title="Gridlock (politics)">gridlocked</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McGann-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veto&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/veto" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/veto">veto</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_33_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a>, allowing a temporary legislative override of court decisions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetocracy" title="Vetocracy">Vetocracy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veto&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBulmer2017" class="citation book cs1">Bulmer, Elliot (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/presidential-veto-powers-primer.pdf">Presidential Veto Powers</a> (PDF) (2nd ed.). International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Retrieved 11 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Veto+Powers&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Democracy+and+Electoral+Assistance&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Bulmer&rft.aufirst=Elliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idea.int%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fpresidential-veto-powers-primer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroissant2003" class="citation journal cs1">Croissant, Aurel (2003). "Legislative powers, veto players, and the emergence of delegative democracy: A comparison of presidentialism in the Philippines and South Korea". Democratization. 10 (3): 68–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13510340312331293937">10.1080/13510340312331293937</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144739609">144739609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democratization&rft.atitle=Legislative+powers%2C+veto+players%2C+and+the+emergence+of+delegative+democracy%3A+A+comparison+of+presidentialism+in+the+Philippines+and+South+Korea&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=68-98&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13510340312331293937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144739609%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Croissant&rft.aufirst=Aurel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöker2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Köker, Philipp (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1461326/1/Philipp%20Koeker_thesis%20w%20corrections_final_FINAL%20%28discovery%29.pdf">Veto et Peto: Patterns of Presidential Activism in Central and Eastern Europe</a> (PDF) (PhD thesis). University College London. Retrieved 14 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Veto+et+Peto%3A+Patterns+of+Presidential+Activism+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+College+London&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6ker&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1461326%2F1%2FPhilipp%2520Koeker_thesis%2520w%2520corrections_final_FINAL%2520%2528discovery%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppermannBrummer2017" class="citation web cs1">Oppermann, Kai; Brummer, Klaus (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-386">"Veto Player Approaches in Foreign Policy Analysis"</a>. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.013.386">10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.386</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022863-7"><bdi>978-0-19-022863-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Veto+Player+Approaches+in+Foreign+Policy+Analysis&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.013.386&rft.isbn=978-0-19-022863-7&rft.aulast=Oppermann&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft.au=Brummer%2C+Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fpolitics%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190228637-e-386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalanzaSin2020" class="citation book cs1">Palanza, Valeria; Sin, Gisela (2020). "Chapter 21: Legislatures and executive vetoes". In Benoît, Cyril; Rozenberg, Olivier (eds.). Handbook of Parliamentary Studies. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 367–387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4337%2F9781789906516.00030">10.4337/9781789906516.00030</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781789906516" title="Special:BookSources/9781789906516"><bdi>9781789906516</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229672005">229672005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+21%3A+Legislatures+and+executive+vetoes&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Parliamentary+Studies&rft.pages=367-387&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229672005%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4337%2F9781789906516.00030&rft.isbn=9781789906516&rft.aulast=Palanza&rft.aufirst=Valeria&rft.au=Sin%2C+Gisela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsebelis2002" class="citation book cs1">Tsebelis, George (2002). Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400831456" title="Special:BookSources/9781400831456"><bdi>9781400831456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veto+Players%3A+How+Political+Institutions+Work&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781400831456&rft.aulast=Tsebelis&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsebelisAlemán2005" class="citation journal cs1">Tsebelis, George; Alemán, Eduardo (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40060107">"Presidential Conditional Agenda Setting in Latin America"</a>. World Politics. 57 (3). Cambridge University Press: 396–420. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwp.2006.0005">10.1353/wp.2006.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40060107">40060107</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154191670">154191670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=Presidential+Conditional+Agenda+Setting+in+Latin+America&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=396-420&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154191670%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40060107%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwp.2006.0005&rft.aulast=Tsebelis&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Alem%C3%A1n%2C+Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40060107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsebelisRizova2007" class="citation journal cs1">Tsebelis, George; Rizova, Tatiana P. (October 2007). "Presidential Conditional Agenda Setting in the Former Communist Countries". Comparative Political Studies. 40 (10): 1155–1182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0010414006288979">10.1177/0010414006288979</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154842077">154842077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Presidential+Conditional+Agenda+Setting+in+the+Former+Communist+Countries&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1155-1182&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0010414006288979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154842077%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tsebelis&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Rizova%2C+Tatiana+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1987" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Richard A. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40574459">"Origins and Early Development of the Veto Power"</a>. Presidential Studies Quarterly. 17 (2): 401–412. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40574459">40574459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Origins+and+Early+Development+of+the+Veto+Power&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=401-412&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40574459%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40574459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutions_cited">Constitutions cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veto&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Constitutions cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small"> <ul><li>Benin: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220702101903/https://courconstitutionnelle.bj/download/constitution-de-la-republique-du-benin/">"Constitution de la République du Bénin"</a> (in French). 28 September 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courconstitutionnelle.bj/download/constitution-de-la-republique-du-benin/">the original</a> on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+de+la+R%C3%A9publique+du+B%C3%A9nin&rft.date=2020-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourconstitutionnelle.bj%2Fdownload%2Fconstitution-de-la-republique-du-benin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Benin_1990.pdf?lang=en">"Constitution of the Republic of Benin"</a> (PDF). Translated by Jessie L. Matthews. Oxford University Press. 1990. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Benin&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FBenin_1990.pdf%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li>Cameroon: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.assnat.cm/images/La_Constitution.pdf">"LA CONSTITUTION de la République du Cameroun"</a> (PDF) (in French). Retrieved 22 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LA+CONSTITUTION+de+la+R%C3%A9publique+du+Cameroun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.assnat.cm%2Fimages%2FLa_Constitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Cameroon_2008?lang=en">"Cameroon 1972 (rev. 2008) Constitution"</a>. Comparative Constitutions Project. 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cameroon+1972+%28rev.+2008%29+Constitution&rft.pub=Comparative+Constitutions+Project&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FCameroon_2008%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li>Canada: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/ConstRpt/FullText.html">"THE CONSTITUTION ACTS, 1867 to 1982"</a>. Government of Canada. 10 June 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+CONSTITUTION+ACTS%2C+1867+to+1982&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2022-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2FConstRpt%2FFullText.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dominican Republic: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Dominican_Republic_2015?lang=es">"República Dominicana 2015 Constitución"</a> (in Spanish). Comparative Constitutions Project. 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rep%C3%BAblica+Dominicana+2015+Constituci%C3%B3n&rft.pub=Comparative+Constitutions+Project&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FDominican_Republic_2015%3Flang%3Des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Dominican_Republic_2015?lang=en">"Dominican Republic 2015 Constitution"</a>. Comparative Constitutions Project. 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dominican+Republic+2015+Constitution&rft.pub=Comparative+Constitutions+Project&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FDominican_Republic_2015%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li>Estonia: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/530102013003/consolide">"The Constitution of the Republic of Estonia"</a>. Riigi Teataja. 22 July 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Riigi+Teataja&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Estonia&rft.date=2011-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riigiteataja.ee%2Fen%2Feli%2F530102013003%2Fconsolide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li>France: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/langues/welcome-to-the-english-website-of-the-french-national-assembly#Title2">"Constitution of October 4, 1958"</a>. Assemblée Nationale. 23 July 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+October+4%2C+1958&rft.pub=Assembl%C3%A9e+Nationale&rft.date=2008-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.assemblee-nationale.fr%2Flangues%2Fwelcome-to-the-english-website-of-the-french-national-assembly%23Title2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Georgia: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Georgia_2018.pdf?lang=en">"Georgia's Constitution of 1995 with Amendments through 2018"</a> (PDF). Comparative Constitutions Project. 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgia%27s+Constitution+of+1995+with+Amendments+through+2018&rft.pub=Comparative+Constitutions+Project&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FGeorgia_2018.pdf%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hungary: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Hungary_2016?lang=en">"Hungary 2011 (rev. 2016) Constitution"</a>. Comparative Constitutions Project. 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hungary+2011+%28rev.+2016%29+Constitution&rft.pub=Comparative+Constitutions+Project&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FHungary_2016%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Indonesia: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mkri.id/public/content/infoumum/regulation/pdf/uud45%20eng.pdf">"The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia"</a> (PDF). Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia. 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1945+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Indonesia&rft.pub=Constitutional+Court+of+the+Republic+of+Indonesia&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mkri.id%2Fpublic%2Fcontent%2Finfoumum%2Fregulation%2Fpdf%2Fuud45%2520eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Iran: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iran_1989.pdf?lang=en">"Iran (Islamic Republic of)'s Constitution of 1979 with Amendments through 1989"</a> (PDF). 1989. Retrieved 22 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran+%28Islamic+Republic+of%29%27s+Constitution+of+1979+with+Amendments+through+1989&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FIran_1989.pdf%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Japan: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_annai.nsf/html/statics/shiryo/dl-constitution.htm">"日本国憲法"</a> (in Japanese). The House of Representatives. 1946. Retrieved 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9B%BD%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95&rft.pub=The+House+of+Representatives&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shugiin.go.jp%2Finternet%2Fitdb_annai.nsf%2Fhtml%2Fstatics%2Fshiryo%2Fdl-constitution.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://japan.kantei.go.jp/constitution_and_government_of_japan/constitution_e.html">"The Constitution of Japan"</a>. Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet. 1946. Retrieved 22 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Japan&rft.pub=Prime+Minister+of+Japan+and+His+Cabinet&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjapan.kantei.go.jp%2Fconstitution_and_government_of_japan%2Fconstitution_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li>Korea, South: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.go.kr/%EB%B2%95%EB%A0%B9/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD%ED%97%8C%EB%B2%95/%EC%A0%9C53%EC%A1%B0">"대한민국헌법"</a> (in Korean). 25 February 1988. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD%ED%97%8C%EB%B2%95&rft.date=1988-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.go.kr%2F%25EB%25B2%2595%25EB%25A0%25B9%2F%25EB%258C%2580%25ED%2595%259C%25EB%25AF%25BC%25EA%25B5%25AD%25ED%2597%258C%25EB%25B2%2595%2F%25EC%25A0%259C53%25EC%25A1%25B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawView.do?hseq=1&lang=KOR">"Constitution of the Republic of Korea"</a>. Statutes of the Republic of Korea. Korea Law Translation Center. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statutes+of+the+Republic+of+Korea&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Korea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felaw.klri.re.kr%2Feng_service%2FlawView.do%3Fhseq%3D1%26lang%3DKOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li>Latvia: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/57980">"THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA"</a>. Latvijas Vēstnesis. 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+CONSTITUTION+OF+THE+REPUBLIC+OF+LATVIA&rft.pub=Latvijas+V%C4%93stnesis&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flikumi.lv%2Fta%2Fen%2Fen%2Fid%2F57980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Micronesia, Federated States of: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Micronesia_1990?lang=en">"Micronesia (Federated States of) 1978 (rev. 1990) Constitution"</a>. Comparative Constitutions Project. 1990. Retrieved 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Micronesia+%28Federated+States+of%29+1978+%28rev.+1990%29+Constitution&rft.pub=Comparative+Constitutions+Project&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FMicronesia_1990%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Philippines: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/">"The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines"</a>. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. 2 February 1987. Retrieved 22 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1987-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2Fconstitutions%2F1987-constitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Poland: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm">"THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND OF 2nd APRIL, 1997"</a>. 1997. Retrieved 22 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+CONSTITUTION+OF+THE+REPUBLIC+OF+POLAND+OF+2nd+APRIL%2C+1997&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sejm.gov.pl%2Fprawo%2Fkonst%2Fangielski%2Fkon1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Portugal: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parlamento.pt/sites/EN/Parliament/Documents/Constitution7th.pdf">"CONSTITUTION OF THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC: SEVENTH REVISION [2005]"</a> (PDF). 2005. Retrieved 22 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CONSTITUTION+OF+THE+PORTUGUESE+REPUBLIC%3A+SEVENTH+REVISION+%5B2005%5D&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlamento.pt%2Fsites%2FEN%2FParliament%2FDocuments%2FConstitution7th.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li>South Africa: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996">"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996"</a>. Government of South Africa. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+South+Africa%2C+1996&rft.pub=Government+of+South+Africa&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.za%2Fdocuments%2Fconstitution-republic-south-africa-1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Spain: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.congreso.es/consti/constitucion/indice/titulos/articulos.jsp?ini=81&fin=92&tipo=2">"La Constitución española de 1978"</a> (in Spanish). Congreso de los deputados. 2003. Retrieved 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Constituci%C3%B3n+espa%C3%B1ola+de+1978&rft.pub=Congreso+de+los+deputados&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapp.congreso.es%2Fconsti%2Fconstitucion%2Findice%2Ftitulos%2Farticulos.jsp%3Fini%3D81%26fin%3D92%26tipo%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011.pdf?lang=en">"Spain's Constitution of 1978 with Amendments through 2011"</a> (PDF). Comparative Constitutions Project. 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spain%27s+Constitution+of+1978+with+Amendments+through+2011&rft.pub=Comparative+Constitutions+Project&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FSpain_2011.pdf%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li>Tonga: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119162624/http://legislation.to/Tonga/DATA/PRIN/1988-002/ActofConstitutionofTonga.pdf">"Constitution of the Kingdom of Tonga"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legislation.to/Tonga/DATA/PRIN/1988-002/ActofConstitutionofTonga.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Kingdom+of+Tonga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegislation.to%2FTonga%2FDATA%2FPRIN%2F1988-002%2FActofConstitutionofTonga.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Uganda: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Uganda_2017?lang=en">"Uganda 1995 (rev. 2017) Constitution"</a>. Comparative Constitutions Project. 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uganda+1995+%28rev.+2017%29+Constitution&rft.pub=Comparative+Constitutions+Project&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FUganda_2017%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li>United States: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm">"Constitution of the United States"</a>. U.S. Senate. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=U.S.+Senate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fcivics%2Fconstitution_item%2Fconstitution.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Uzbekistan: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitution.uz/en">"Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan"</a>. UZINFOCOM. 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Uzbekistan&rft.pub=UZINFOCOM&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitution.uz%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Zambia: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Zambia_2016?lang=en">"Zambia 1991 (rev. 2016) Constitution"</a>. Comparative Constitutions Project. 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zambia+1991+%28rev.+2016%29+Constitution&rft.pub=Comparative+Constitutions+Project&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FZambia_2016%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veto&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-us-veto-1"><a href="#cite_ref-us-veto_1-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_2:_From_bills_to_law" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 7, Clause 2</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalanzaSin2020367-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalanzaSin2020367_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalanzaSin2020367_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPalanzaSin2020">Palanza & Sin 2020</a>, p. 367. </li> <li id="cite_note-oecd-system-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oecd-system_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oecd-system_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oecd-system_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oecd-system_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oecd-system_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oecd-system_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oecd-system_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oecd-system_3-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/025c3909-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/025c3909-en">"4. System of government"</a>. Constitutions in OECD Countries: A Comparative Study : Background Report in the Context of Chile's Constitutional Process. Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitutions+in+OECD+Countries%3A+A+Comparative+Study+%3A+Background+Report+in+the+Context+of+Chile%27s+Constitutional+Process&rft.atitle=4.+System+of+government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd-ilibrary.org%2Fsites%2F025c3909-en%2Findex.html%3FitemId%3D%2Fcontent%2Fcomponent%2F025c3909-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulmer20175-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulmer20175_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulmer20175_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBulmer2017">Bulmer 2017</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppermannBrummer20173-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOppermannBrummer20173_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOppermannBrummer20173_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOppermannBrummer20173_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOppermannBrummer20173_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOppermannBrummer20173_5-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFOppermannBrummer2017">Oppermann & Brummer 2017</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Spitzer-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spitzer_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spitzer_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpitzer2000" class="citation book cs1">Spitzer, Robert J. (2000). The presidential veto: touchstone of the American presidency. SUNY Press. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-802-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-802-7"><bdi>978-0-88706-802-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+presidential+veto%3A+touchstone+of+the+American+presidency&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-802-7&rft.aulast=Spitzer&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapogrossi_Colognesi2014" class="citation book cs1">Capogrossi Colognesi, Luigi (2014). "Tiberius Gracchus and the distribution of the ager publicus". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kMkZBQAAQBAJ">Law and Power in the Making of the Roman Commonwealth</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316061923" title="Special:BookSources/9781316061923"><bdi>9781316061923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tiberius+Gracchus+and+the+distribution+of+the+ager+publicus&rft.btitle=Law+and+Power+in+the+Making+of+the+Roman+Commonwealth&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781316061923&rft.aulast=Capogrossi+Colognesi&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkMkZBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1987403-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1987403_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1987403_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson1987">Watson 1987</a>, p. 403. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1987404-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1987404_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson1987">Watson 1987</a>, p. 404. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackman2004" class="citation journal cs1">Blackman, Robert (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.0642292.0032.008">"What was "Absolute" about the "Absolute veto"? Ideas of National Sovereignty and Royal Power in September 1789"</a>. Journal of the Western Society for French History. 32. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fspo.0642292.0032.008">2027/spo.0642292.0032.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Western+Society+for+French+History&rft.atitle=What+was+%22Absolute%22+about+the+%22Absolute+veto%22%3F+Ideas+of+National+Sovereignty+and+Royal+Power+in+September+1789&rft.volume=32&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fspo.0642292.0032.008&rft.aulast=Blackman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fspo.0642292.0032.008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-longman-2014-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-longman-2014_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-longman-2014_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2014" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Colin (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xcXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67">The Longman Companion to the French Revolution</a>. Routledge. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317870807" title="Special:BookSources/9781317870807"><bdi>9781317870807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Longman+Companion+to+the+French+Revolution&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317870807&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxcXKAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulmer201712–13-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulmer201712–13_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBulmer2017">Bulmer 2017</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulmer201713-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulmer201713_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulmer201713_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulmer201713_13-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBulmer2017">Bulmer 2017</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1987402-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1987402_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson1987">Watson 1987</a>, p. 402. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoe_Contreras1993" class="citation news cs1">Joe Contreras (28 November 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/apartheid-ash-heap-191424">"Apartheid on the Ash Heap"</a>. Newsweek. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Apartheid+on+the+Ash+Heap&rft.date=1993-11-28&rft.au=Joe+Contreras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fapartheid-ash-heap-191424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2017" class="citation journal cs1">Shaw, Jessie (2017). "Indigenous Veto Power in Bolivia". Peace Review. 29 (2): 231–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10402659.2017.1308737">10.1080/10402659.2017.1308737</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149072601">149072601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peace+Review&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Veto+Power+in+Bolivia&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=231-238&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10402659.2017.1308737&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149072601%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Jessie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2004" class="citation book cs1">Garner, Bryan, ed. 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International Journal of Constitutional Law. 5 (4): 639–669. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmom030">10.1093/icon/mom030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Constitutional+Law&rft.atitle=A+tale+of+three+constitutions%3A+Ethnicity+and+politics+in+Fiji&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=639-669&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmom030&rft.aulast=Ghai&rft.aufirst=Yash&rft.au=Cottrell%2C+Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficon%252Fmom030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin2009" class="citation book cs1">Tobin, Greg (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eBZFL5fzwawC&pg=PA35">Selecting the Pope: Uncovering the Mysteries of Papal Elections</a>. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402729546" title="Special:BookSources/9781402729546"><bdi>9781402729546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selecting+the+Pope%3A+Uncovering+the+Mysteries+of+Papal+Elections&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781402729546&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeBZFL5fzwawC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeung2021" class="citation news cs1">Leung, Christy (14 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3141117/hong-kong-electoral-changes-powerful-vetting-committee-will">"Hong Kong electoral changes: powerful vetting committee that will review hopefuls in coming polls holds first meeting"</a>. 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If a permanent member does not fully agree with a proposed resolution but does not wish to cast a veto, it may choose to abstain, thus allowing the resolution to be adopted if it obtains the required number of nine favourable votes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voting+System&rft.pub=United+Nations+Security+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fsecuritycouncil%2Fcontent%2Fvoting-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.23">"Twenty-Third Meeting"</a>. United Nations. 16 February 1946. 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Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EURACTIV.com&rft.atitle=Bulgaria+sets+3+conditions+for+lifting+North+Macedonia+veto&rft.date=2022-06-09&rft.au=Krassen+Nikolov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Fpolitics%2Fshort_news%2Fbulgaria-sets-3-conditions-for-lifting-north-macedonia-veto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlapin2011" class="citation book cs1">Slapin, Jonathan B. (2011). "Exit Threats, Veto Rights, and Integration". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5nfq">Veto Power: Institutional Design in the European Union</a>. University of Michigan Press. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt1qv5nfq">10.2307/j.ctt1qv5nfq</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472117932" title="Special:BookSources/9780472117932"><bdi>9780472117932</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5nfq">j.ctt1qv5nfq</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exit+Threats%2C+Veto+Rights%2C+and+Integration&rft.btitle=Veto+Power%3A+Institutional+Design+in+the+European+Union&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1qv5nfq%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt1qv5nfq&rft.isbn=9780472117932&rft.aulast=Slapin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1qv5nfq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12008E290:en:HTML">"Article 290"</a>. 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The Modern Law Review. 74 (5): 661–693. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2230.2011.00866.x">10.1111/j.1468-2230.2011.00866.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41302774">41302774</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219376667">219376667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Law+Review&rft.atitle=%27Delegated%27+Legislation+in+the+%28new%29+European+Union%3A+A+Constitutional+Analysis&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=661-693&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219376667%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41302774%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2230.2011.00866.x&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCtze&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41302774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dearth-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dearth_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dearth_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaedingStack2016" class="citation web cs1">Kaeding, Michael K.; Stack, Kevin M. 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Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+dearth+of+legislative+vetoes%3A+Why+the+Council+and+Parliament+have+been+reluctant+to+veto+Commission+legislation&rft.date=2016-10-25&rft.aulast=Kaeding&rft.aufirst=Michael+K.&rft.au=Stack%2C+Kevin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lse.ac.uk%2Feuroppblog%2F2016%2F10%2F25%2Fa-dearth-of-legislative-vetoes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulmer201719-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulmer201719_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulmer201719_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBulmer2017">Bulmer 2017</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-benin-57-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benin-57_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-benin-57_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-benin-57_39-2">c</a> Article 57 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Benin" title="Constitution of Benin">Constitution of Benin</a> (1990) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulmer201733-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulmer201733_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBulmer2017">Bulmer 2017</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-dcc08-171-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dcc08-171_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcc08-171_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstitutional_Court_of_Benin2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Constitutional Court of Benin (4 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courconstitutionnellebenin.bj/old/upload/decision/DCC08-171.pdf">"DCC08-171"</a> (PDF) (in French). 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Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+Sir%2C+the+president+does+not+have+the+power+to+veto+the+Copyright+Bill&rft.date=2019-11-20&rft.au=Pierre+de+Vos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymaverick.co.za%2Fopinionista%2F2019-11-21-no-sir-the-president-does-not-have-the-power-to-veto-the-copyright-bill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-south-africa-79-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-south-africa-79_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-south-africa-79_46-1">b</a> Article 79 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">Constitution of South Africa</a> (2012) </li> <li id="cite_note-uganda-91-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uganda-91_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-uganda-91_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-uganda-91_47-2">c</a> Article 91 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Uganda" title="Constitution of Uganda">Constitution of Uganda</a> (2017) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.ug/kadaga-income-tax-amendment-bill-now-law/">"KADAGA: Income Tax Amendment Bill is now law"</a>. The Independent. Uganda. 22 December 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=KADAGA%3A+Income+Tax+Amendment+Bill+is+now+law&rft.date=2016-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.ug%2Fkadaga-income-tax-amendment-bill-now-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTitriku" class="citation book cs1">Titriku, Agnes. "Interaction Between MPs and Civil Society Is Needed". In R. Stapenhurst; et al. (eds.). 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National Congress of Brazil. Accessed 15 October 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Article 53 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a> (1867) </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Jackson, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/bastedo_frank_lindsay_1886-1973.html">"Bastedo, Frank Lindsay (1886–1973)"</a>. Encyclopedia of Saskatachewan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524112727/http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/bastedo_frank_lindsay_1886-1973.html">Archived</a> 24 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. </li> <li id="cite_note-dr-102-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dr-102_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dr-102_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dr-102_56-2">c</a> Article 102 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Constitution of the Dominican Republic">Constitution of the Dominican Republic</a> (2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelisAlemán2005406-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsebelisAlemán2005406_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsebelisAlemán2005406_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsebelisAlemán2005406_57-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsebelisAlemán2005">Tsebelis & Alemán 2005</a>, p. 406. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasabe-Serrano2020" class="citation journal cs1">Basabe-Serrano, Santiago; Huertas-Hernández, Sergio (2020). 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Retrieved 11 June 2022. <q>Every state constitution empowers the governor to veto an entire bill passed by the legislature.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Separation+of+Powers+%E2%80%93+Executive+Veto+Powers&rft.au=National+Conference+of+State+Legislatures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncsl.org%2Fresearch%2Fabout-state-legislatures%2Fseparation-of-powers-executive-veto-powers.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNCSL1998" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncsl.org/documents/legismgt/ilp/98tab6pt3.pdf">"The Veto Process"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/inside-the-legislative-process.aspx#GenlProcedures">Inside the Legislative Process</a>. National Conference of State Legislatures. 1998. pp. 6–31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100115021825/https://www.ncsl.org/documents/legismgt/ilp/98tab6pt3.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Veto+Process&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Legislative+Process&rft.pages=6-31&rft.pub=National+Conference+of+State+Legislatures&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncsl.org%2Fdocuments%2Flegismgt%2Filp%2F98tab6pt3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-china-qa-65"><a href="#cite_ref-china-qa_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChina_Internet_Information_Center" class="citation web cs1">China Internet Information Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Q&A/161688.htm">"China Questions and Answers -- china.org.cn"</a>. Retrieved 11 June 2022. <q>Administrative regulations shall not contravene laws adopted by the NPC, local regulations shall not contravene laws and administrative regulations, and the NPC has the power to annul administrative regulations and local regulations that contravene the laws it has made.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+Questions+and+Answers+--+china.org.cn&rft.au=China+Internet+Information+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Ffeatures%2FQ%26A%2F161688.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-georgia-46-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-georgia-46_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-georgia-46_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-georgia-46_66-2">c</a> Article 46 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Constitution of Georgia (country)</a> (2018) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelisRizova20071179-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsebelisRizova20071179_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsebelisRizova2007">Tsebelis & Rizova 2007</a>, p. 1179. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Article 111 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-intro_india-69"><a href="#cite_ref-intro_india_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma,_B.k.2007" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, B.k. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srDytmFE3KMC&pg=PA145">Introduction to the Constitution of India</a>. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-203-3246-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-203-3246-1"><bdi>978-81-203-3246-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Constitution+of+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall+of+India+Learning+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-203-3246-1&rft.au=Sharma%2C+B.k.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsrDytmFE3KMC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-india_times-70"><a href="#cite_ref-india_times_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta,_V._P.2002" class="citation news cs1">Gupta, V. P. (26 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/The-Presidents-role/articleshow/20154333.cms">"The President's role"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120616231317/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-08-26/education/27323497_1_powers-impeachment-resolution">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=The+President%27s+role&rft.date=2002-08-26&rft.au=Gupta%2C+V.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fhome%2Feducation%2FThe-Presidents-role%2Farticleshow%2F20154333.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtLindsey2008" class="citation journal cs1">Butt, Simon; Lindsey, Tim (2008). "Economic Reform when the Constitution Matters: Indonesia's Constitutional Court and Article 33". Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies. 44 (2): 239–262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00074910802169004">10.1080/00074910802169004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154149905">154149905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Indonesian+Economic+Studies&rft.atitle=Economic+Reform+when+the+Constitution+Matters%3A+Indonesia%27s+Constitutional+Court+and+Article+33&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=239-262&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00074910802169004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154149905%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Butt&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Lindsey%2C+Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-setiawan-2022-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-setiawan-2022_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-setiawan-2022_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetiawanTomsa2022" class="citation book cs1">Setiawan, Ken M.P; Tomsa, Dirk (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6h9iEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT42">Politics in Contemporary Indonesia: Institutional Change, Policy Challenges and Democratic Decline</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429860935" title="Special:BookSources/9780429860935"><bdi>9780429860935</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+in+Contemporary+Indonesia%3A+Institutional+Change%2C+Policy+Challenges+and+Democratic+Decline&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780429860935&rft.aulast=Setiawan&rft.aufirst=Ken+M.P&rft.au=Tomsa%2C+Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6h9iEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indonesia-22-73"><a href="#cite_ref-indonesia-22_73-0">^</a> Article 22 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">Constitution of Indonesia</a> (2022) </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSri_Wiyanti2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sri Wiyanti (10 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merdeka.com/politik/adakah-hak-veto-presiden-dalam-sistem-ketatanegaraan.html">"Adakah hak veto presiden dalam sistem ketatanegaraan?"</a>. merdeka.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=merdeka.com&rft.atitle=Adakah+hak+veto+presiden+dalam+sistem+ketatanegaraan%3F&rft.date=2014-10-10&rft.au=Sri+Wiyanti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merdeka.com%2Fpolitik%2Fadakah-hak-veto-presiden-dalam-sistem-ketatanegaraan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iran-portal-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iran-portal_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iran-portal_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irandataportal.syr.edu/the-guardian-council">"The Guardian Council"</a>. Iran Social Science Data Portal. Retrieved 11 June 2022. <q>The Guardian Council has three constitutional mandates: a) it has veto power over legislation passed by the parliament (Majles);</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iran+Social+Science+Data+Portal&rft.atitle=The+Guardian+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firandataportal.syr.edu%2Fthe-guardian-council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Article 94, 96 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">Constitution of Iran</a> (1989) </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Article 7 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution of Japan</a> (1947) </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzog1951" class="citation journal cs1">Herzog, Peter J. (1951). "Political Theories in the Japanese Constitution". Monumenta Nipponica. 7 (1/2): 11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2382947">10.2307/2382947</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2382947">2382947</a>. <q>There is no veto power against the legislature-unless at some future time the Emperor's "non-governmental" ceremonial functions enumerated in Article 7 were construed as discretionary.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Nipponica&rft.atitle=Political+Theories+in+the+Japanese+Constitution&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2382947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2382947%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Herzog&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjaminGrant2022" class="citation web cs1">Benjamin, Seth B.; Grant, Jason (29 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icma.org/articles/article/japan-local-autonomy-central-tenet-good-governance">"Japan: Local Autonomy Is a Central Tenet to Good Governance"</a>. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan%3A+Local+Autonomy+Is+a+Central+Tenet+to+Good+Governance&rft.date=2022-03-29&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Seth+B.&rft.au=Grant%2C+Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficma.org%2Farticles%2Farticle%2Fjapan-local-autonomy-central-tenet-good-governance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shimizutani-2010-80"><a href="#cite_ref-shimizutani-2010_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimizutani2010" class="citation journal cs1">Shimizutani, Satoshi (2010). "Local Government in Japan: New Directions in Governance toward Citizens' Autonomy". Asia-Pacific Review. 17 (2): 114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13439006.2010.531115">10.1080/13439006.2010.531115</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154999192">154999192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia-Pacific+Review&rft.atitle=Local+Government+in+Japan%3A+New+Directions+in+Governance+toward+Citizens%27+Autonomy&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=114&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13439006.2010.531115&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154999192%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shimizutani&rft.aufirst=Satoshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Article 53, Section 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Korea" title="Constitution of South Korea">Constitution of South Korea</a> (1987) </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Article 53, Section 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Korea" title="Constitution of South Korea">Constitution of South Korea</a> (1987) </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Article 53, Section 4 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Korea" title="Constitution of South Korea">Constitution of South Korea</a> (1987) </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung_Whan_Kihl2015" class="citation book cs1">Young Whan Kihl (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IWqsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA305">Transforming Korean Politics: Democracy, Reform, and Culture</a>. Routledge. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317453321" title="Special:BookSources/9781317453321"><bdi>9781317453321</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transforming+Korean+Politics%3A+Democracy%2C+Reform%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317453321&rft.au=Young+Whan+Kihl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIWqsBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rose-ackerman-2011-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rose-ackerman-2011_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rose-ackerman-2011_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose-AckermanDesiertoVolosin2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rose-Ackerman, Susan; Desierto, Diane A.; Volosin, Natalia (2011). "Hyper-Presidentialism: Separation of Powers without Checks and Balances in Argentina and Philippines". Berkeley Journal of International Law. 29: 282.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berkeley+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Hyper-Presidentialism%3A+Separation+of+Powers+without+Checks+and+Balances+in+Argentina+and+Philippines&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=282&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Rose-Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Desierto%2C+Diane+A.&rft.au=Volosin%2C+Natalia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Article VI, Section 27 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution of the Philippines</a> (1987) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelisRizova20071166-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsebelisRizova20071166_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsebelisRizova20071166_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsebelisRizova20071166_87-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsebelisRizova2007">Tsebelis & Rizova 2007</a>, p. 1166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelisRizova20071166,_1181-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsebelisRizova20071166,_1181_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsebelisRizova2007">Tsebelis & Rizova 2007</a>, pp. 1166, 1181. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Article 84 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Uzbekistan" title="Constitution of Uzbekistan">Constitution of Uzbekistan</a> (1992) </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrieden2009" class="citation journal cs1">Frieden, Luc (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmop021">"Luxembourg: Parliament abolishes royal confirmation of laws"</a>. International Journal of Constitutional Law. 7 (3): 539–543. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmop021">10.1093/icon/mop021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Constitutional+Law&rft.atitle=Luxembourg%3A+Parliament+abolishes+royal+confirmation+of+laws&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=539-543&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmop021&rft.aulast=Frieden&rft.aufirst=Luc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficon%252Fmop021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-estonia-107-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-estonia-107_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estonia-107_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estonia-107_91-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estonia-107_91-3">d</a> Article 107 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia" title="Constitution of Estonia">Constitution of Estonia</a> (2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöker2015158-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöker2015158_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöker2015">Köker 2015</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöker2015157-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöker2015157_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöker2015">Köker 2015</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöker201586,_88-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöker201586,_88_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöker2015">Köker 2015</a>, pp. 86, 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaloheimo2003" class="citation journal cs1">Paloheimo, Heikki (2003). 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Retrieved 2 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Hasskriminalit%C3%A4t%3A+Gesetz+gegen+Onlinehetze+tritt+Ostern+in+Kraft&rft.date=2021-04-01&rft.issn=2195-1349&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fnetzwelt%2Fnetzpolitik%2Fhasskriminalitaet-gesetz-gegen-online-hetze-tritt-ostern-in-kraft-a-30ed56dc-5a72-4bef-bd77-84eb66994da7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Article 6 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hungary" title="Constitution of Hungary">Constitution of Hungary</a> (2016) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsebelisRizova20071164-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsebelisRizova20071164_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsebelisRizova2007">Tsebelis & Rizova 2007</a>, p. 1164. </li> <li id="cite_note-grimsson-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grimsson_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grimsson_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icelandreview.com/news/olafur-ragnar-grimsson-will-not-run-again-president-iceland/">"Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson Will not Run Again for President of Iceland"</a>. 1 January 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2022. <q>He was the first president to use the presidential veto power he has according to the constitution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%93lafur+Ragnar+Gr%C3%ADmsson+Will+not+Run+Again+for+President+of+Iceland&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icelandreview.com%2Fnews%2Folafur-ragnar-grimsson-will-not-run-again-president-iceland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElgie2012" class="citation journal cs1">Elgie, Robert (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doras.dcu.ie/20743/1/President_in_Comparative_Perspective_Elgie_final.pdf">"The President of Ireland in Comparative Perspective"</a> (PDF). 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Comparative Political Studies. 46 (7): 823–850. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0010414012463883">10.1177/0010414012463883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Calculus+of+Consensus+Democracy&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=823-850&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0010414012463883&rft.aulast=McGann&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.&rft.au=Latner%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F0010414012463883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeto" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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