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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Insignia (disambiguation)">Insignia (disambiguation)</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Insigne" redirects here. For the Italian association football player, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lorenzo_Insigne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lorenzo Insigne">Lorenzo Insigne</a>. </div> <p>An <b>insignia</b> (from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> insignia</i>, plural of <i>insigne</i> 'emblem, symbol, ensign') is a sign or mark distinguishing a group, grade, rank, or function. It can be a symbol of personal power or that of an official group or governing body.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:SP-10_Capitan_General.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/SP-10_Capitan_General.svg/220px-SP-10_Capitan_General.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/SP-10_Capitan_General.svg/330px-SP-10_Capitan_General.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/SP-10_Capitan_General.svg/440px-SP-10_Capitan_General.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="121"></a> <figcaption> Military insignia of the Capitán General del Ejército de Tierra español. </figcaption> </figure> <p>An insignia, which is typically made of metal or fabric, is a standalone symbol of a particular or general authority. Together, insignias form a <b>decoration</b> with the different elements of a rank, grade, or dignity.</p> <p>There are many types of insignia, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_decoration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil decoration">civil</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_decoration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Military decoration">military decorations</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crown_(heraldry)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crown (heraldry)">crowns</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emblem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emblem">emblems</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coats_of_arms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Coats of arms">coats of arms</a>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Singular/plural"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Singular/plural</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ancient_Greece"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient Greece</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Persia"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Persia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ancient_Rome"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient Rome</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Middle_Ages"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Middle Ages</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Modern_era"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Modern era</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Singular/plural"><span id="Singular.2Fplural"></span>Singular/plural</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Insignia&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Singular/plural" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>"Insignia" can be used either as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plurale_tantum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plurale tantum">plurale tantum</a> word, i.e. unchanged for both singular and plural, or it can take the plural form "insignias", both equally valid options. The singular "insigne" is rarely used.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Insignia&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>The use of insignias predates history, both for personal and group (especially military) use. When the insignia was meant to be seen, it was placed at top of a pole or the head of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spear?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spear">spear</a>. The Persians used a golden eagle as an insignia, the Assyrians a dove, and the Armenians a lion. The eagle came to serve a more important function as the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">aquila</i></span>, the insignia of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_legion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman legion">Roman legions</a>, around 100 years BCE.</p> <p>At the earliest times, military insignias were very simple. Tree branches, mauled birds, heads of beasts, or a handful of dry grass, were placed on top of a pole or long stick, so that the combatants could recognize themselves in the fight, or to signpost a meeting place in retreat or defeat. But as the arts of war were refined, sturdier and brighter insignias were designed, and everyone wanted theirs to use characteristic symbols.</p> <p>Among the Jews, each of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">twelve Tribes of Israel</a> had an insignia of a distinctive colour, on which was a figure or symbol that designated the tribe, according to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blessing_of_Jacob?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blessing of Jacob">Blessing of Jacob</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scripture mentions the lion as the symbol of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tribe of Judah">Tribe of Judah</a>, the ship that of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribe_of_Zebulun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tribe of Zebulun">Tribe of Zebulun</a>, the stars and firmament that of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribe_of_Issachar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tribe of Issachar">Tribe of Issachar</a>, and so on.</p> <p>Idolatrous peoples had images of their gods or symbols of their princes on their insignias. The Egyptians chose the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parrot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parrot">parrot</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crocodile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crocodile">crocodile</a>, among others; the Assyrians and Babylonians had doves, as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeremiah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> records in chapters XXV and XLVI of his prophecies; because the name "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Semiramis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Semiramis">Semiramis</a>", originally "Chemirmor", means "dove".</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Insignia&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In Heroic times, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shield">shield</a>, helmet, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuirass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cuirass">cuirass</a> on a spearhead were the military insignias of the Greeks. Nevertheless, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homer">Homer</a> records that at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siege_of_Troy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Troy">Siege of Troy</a> Agamemnon used a purple cloth to mark the meeting-point for his troops.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Little by little, insignias were used on swords and shields. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_Athens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classical Athens">Athenians</a> had <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Athena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Athena">Athena</a>, the olive tree and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Owl_of_Athena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Owl of Athena">owl</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Corinth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinthians</a> adopted a winged-horse,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thebans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebans">Thebans</a> a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sphinx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sphinx">sphinx</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Messinia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ancient Messinia (page does not exist)">Messinians</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Laconia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Laconia">Laconians</a> used the initial letter of their name.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Persia">Persia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Insignia&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Persia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The principal insignia of the Persians was a golden eagle on the end of a pike, placed on a wagon guarded by two of the most distinguished officers. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xenophon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> assumes that this insignia was used by all the kings of Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Among the ancient armies, sometimes raising a mantle of purple (or any other color) was all that was needed to make an announcement or give the order to attack.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Insignia&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Roman_Standards.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Roman_Standards.jpg/220px-Roman_Standards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1331" data-file-height="1538"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 254px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Roman_Standards.jpg/220px-Roman_Standards.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="254" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Roman_Standards.jpg/330px-Roman_Standards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Roman_Standards.jpg/440px-Roman_Standards.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Roman standards </figcaption> </figure> <p>At first, the Romans had nothing more than a handful of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hay">hay</a> as an insignia, placed at the top of a pole like most others. Over time they took the figures of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wolf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wolf">wolf</a>, a horse, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Boar">boar</a>, and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minotaur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minotaur">minotaur</a> until, according to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, in the second year of his consulate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaius_Marius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a> replaced them all with the eagle, which became the standard insignia for the legions.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each legion, or at least the first, carried a silver eagle with wings extended, on a sculptural base and placed at the top of a pike. The eagle was entrusted to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centurion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Centurion">centurions</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Triarii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Triarii">Triarii</a>.</p> <p>In the age of the Emperors, the armies were often identified by a silver hand with an open palm (manus), known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maniple_(military_unit)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maniple (military unit)">Signum manipuli</a>, as a symbol of loyalty.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The insignia was carried by an officer called the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">signifer</i></span>. Many examples are seen on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a>, for which the preliminary plans had it topped with a bird, probably an eagle.</p> <p>Monuments surviving from antiquity usually are adorned with the insignia of crowns and small shields called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">clypei</i></span>, on which probably would be portraits of gods or Roman heroes, with other emblems representing each legion. Some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battlement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battlement">battlements</a> are adorned with insignias as trophies of war.</p> <p>When <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanicus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a> died, many blamed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gnaeus_Calpurnius_Piso_(consul_7_BC)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (consul 7 BC)">Piso</a> and the legions removed all mention of him from their insignia.</p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/200px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="280" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="343"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 280px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/200px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png" data-width="200" data-height="280" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/300px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/400px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Vexilloid of the Roman Empire </figcaption> </figure> <p>An eagle is visible on the top of an insignia on Trajan's Column, on a small <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vexillum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vexillum">vexillum</a></i></span> or standard. According to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vegetius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vegetius">Vegetius</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_cohort?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman cohort">Roman cohorts</a> and centurions wrote their names in the middle of their shields, so that every soldier would know his own.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the centuries before Vegetius, only maniples had insignia: cohorts did not. Sometimes only the <i>vexillum</i> in purple, and the insignia of the unit, were put atop a pike with no further adornment.</p> <p>The insignias below the eagle were composed of medallions, placed one above the other and nailed to the spear rod. These medallions bore the letters <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SPQR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></i>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Senatus Populusque Romanus</i></span>, and a portrait of the Emperor.</p> <p>Each maniple and each <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centuria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Military" title="Centuria">centuria</a> had an insignia of the same colour, on which the name of the legion and number of the centuria was embroidered in gold.</p> <p>The <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labarum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labarum">labarum</a></i>, a standard in which <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantine_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> placed a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christogram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christogram">Christogram</a>, differed from the <i>vexillum</i> in that it was flat and retained its square shape, as seen in the medals of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodosius_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodosius the Great">Theodosius the Great</a> and others. The <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vexillum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vexillum">vexillum</a></i>, which appears often on Trajan's Column, was not protected but at the top.</p> <p>Vegetius records that in his time the banners in the form of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dragons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragons">dragons</a> served as insignia to the barbarians. When these came under control of the Romans, they would probably retain their military insignia, which could be confused with the eagles of the Roman legions.</p> <p>Officers of the Roman legions responsible for carrying the insignia, called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">insigniferos</i></span>, be they <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infantry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infantry">infantry</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cavalry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> would cover their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Armor">armor</a> with the pelt of a bear, lion, or other ferocious animal, to indicate the courage and tenacity with which they would defend it.</p> <p>In times of peace the legions that were stood down deposited their insignias in the public treasury under the custody of the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quaestor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quaestor">quaestores</a></i></span>, who would withdraw them and take them to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Campus_Martius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Campus Martius">Campus Martius</a> when the troops were mobilized, as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Livy">Livy</a> says: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Signa quaestores ex cerario ferre</i></span> ("The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quartermaster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quartermaster">quartermasters</a> must dispense the signs from their stores").</p> <p>Insignias of the Ancient <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> and other barbarians represented several animals, including the bull, the lion, and the bear. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a> had a sword as the characteristic symbol in their insignia, which among them represented the God of war; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sicambri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a> a head of an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ox?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ox">ox</a>, which, according to Beneton, meant the god <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apis_(deity)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apis (deity)">Apis</a>, an Egyptian deity, from which country they were supposedly descendants; the first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franks">Frankish</a> kings had a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toad">toad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Insignia&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Middle Ages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Jacques_de_Molay_Grand_Maitre_de_l_Ordre_du_Temple_prend_Jerusalem_1299_detail_flag_corr.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Jacques_de_Molay_Grand_Maitre_de_l_Ordre_du_Temple_prend_Jerusalem_1299_detail_flag_corr.jpg/220px-Jacques_de_Molay_Grand_Maitre_de_l_Ordre_du_Temple_prend_Jerusalem_1299_detail_flag_corr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1884" data-file-height="2748"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 321px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Jacques_de_Molay_Grand_Maitre_de_l_Ordre_du_Temple_prend_Jerusalem_1299_detail_flag_corr.jpg/220px-Jacques_de_Molay_Grand_Maitre_de_l_Ordre_du_Temple_prend_Jerusalem_1299_detail_flag_corr.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="321" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Jacques_de_Molay_Grand_Maitre_de_l_Ordre_du_Temple_prend_Jerusalem_1299_detail_flag_corr.jpg/330px-Jacques_de_Molay_Grand_Maitre_de_l_Ordre_du_Temple_prend_Jerusalem_1299_detail_flag_corr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Jacques_de_Molay_Grand_Maitre_de_l_Ordre_du_Temple_prend_Jerusalem_1299_detail_flag_corr.jpg/440px-Jacques_de_Molay_Grand_Maitre_de_l_Ordre_du_Temple_prend_Jerusalem_1299_detail_flag_corr.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <i>The capture of Jerusalem by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacques_de_Molay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacques de Molay">Jacques de Molay</a></i> in 1299<i>. Counterfactual scene with the Templar Grand Master carrying the Order's insignia.</i> </figcaption> </figure> <p>During <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Crusades?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Crusades">the Crusades</a>, all the crusaders that went to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palestine_(region)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> put the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_cross?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian cross">Christian cross</a> on their banners, often a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maltese_cross?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maltese cross">Maltese cross</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerusalem_cross?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerusalem cross">Jerusalem cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In the Middle Ages each town or village's crest was carried in the militia, for recognition, but also reverence: the settlement's patron saint was painted on the crest, and prayed to for protection. The patron saint of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Feudal_lord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal lord">feudal lord</a> was also put thereon, and on swords and shields. When fixed and permanent troops were established, the princes gave them flags adorned with their swords and shields, or those of the leaders of each body. Some particulars of the military units were also shown on them. Soon the great and the good were pleased to lend their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coats_of_arms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Coats of arms">coats of arms</a> to favored units.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Insignia&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Modern era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The standards and insignias of the Turks were generally of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silk">silk</a> cloth of various colors, with a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scimitar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scimitar">scimitar</a> embroidered with gold and various Arabic characters. At the spearhead was a golden knob, topped by a silver half moon.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, they also used to hang some ponytails or large bundles of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horsehair?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horsehair">horsehair</a>, whose number indicated the dignity of the general or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pasha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pasha">pasha</a> commanding the army. When the chief lord commanded in person or was in the army, the flag or main banner bore seven ponytails (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">tug</i>).</p> <p>The most important standard for the Turks is that of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muhammad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, considered the most precious safeguard. It is usually kept in a golden ark, along with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quran">Quran</a>. It is only removed in the direst circumstances.</p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Battle_of_Otumba_(Conquest_of_Mexico)_Painting.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Battle_of_Otumba_%28Conquest_of_Mexico%29_Painting.jpg/340px-Battle_of_Otumba_%28Conquest_of_Mexico%29_Painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2984" data-file-height="1935"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 340px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Battle_of_Otumba_%28Conquest_of_Mexico%29_Painting.jpg/340px-Battle_of_Otumba_%28Conquest_of_Mexico%29_Painting.jpg" data-width="340" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Battle_of_Otumba_%28Conquest_of_Mexico%29_Painting.jpg/510px-Battle_of_Otumba_%28Conquest_of_Mexico%29_Painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Battle_of_Otumba_%28Conquest_of_Mexico%29_Painting.jpg/680px-Battle_of_Otumba_%28Conquest_of_Mexico%29_Painting.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Battle of Otumba </figcaption> </figure> <p>The Royal Standard of the Mexicans, as Solís calls it (the standard seized by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Otumba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Otumba">Battle of Otumba</a>) was a filigree of solid gold hanging from a pike, with many colored feathers, which would distinguish it from lesser insignia. This standard was never removed except under the greatest duress,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was never entrusted to same general in chief. Its loss prefigured a loss in battle, so Hernán Cortés fought to the end to seize it, and this decided the battle.</p> <p>In antiquity, the animate and inanimate objects that were used on insignia derived ultimately from deities and were revered for that reason. With the rise of Christianity in the Middle Ages, those objects were replaced with the Christian cross and the emblems of patron saints, so that insignias were respected even more than they had been before. Even in modern times, loss of an insignia or standard is seen as a profoundly dishonorable misfortune.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Insignia&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_colours,_standards_and_guidons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Military colours, standards and guidons">Military colours, standards and guidons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emblem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emblem">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coat_of_arms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Logo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Logo">Logo</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Insignia&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jlife.jdate.com/the-flags-of-the-tribes/">"The Flags of the Tribes"</a>. <i>JLife</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2019</span>. <q>By Divine order, the Israelites encamped "each person by his flag, according to the insignia of his ancestor's house, at a distance surrounding the Tent of Meeting shall they encamp" (Numbers 2:2). According to the Midrash Rabbah Numbers 2:7, this meant that each tribe had a specific color and emblem</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JLife&rft.atitle=The+Flags+of+the+Tribes&rft_id=%2F%2Fjlife.jdate.com%2Fthe-flags-of-the-tribes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsignia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910044108/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/h/homer/h8ip/complete.html"><i>The Iliad of Homer, translated by Alexander Pope</i></a>. Vol. VIII. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/h/homer/h8ip/complete.html">the original</a> on 10 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2019</span>. <q>His purple robe, bright ensign of command</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iliad+of+Homer%2C+translated+by+Alexander+Pope&rft_id=%2F%2Febooks.adelaide.edu.au%2Fh%2Fhomer%2Fh8ip%2Fcomplete.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsignia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/derafs">"DERAFŠ"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. 21 November 2011 [15 December 1994]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=DERAF%C5%A0&rft.date=2011-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fderafs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsignia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacques2018" class="citation book cs1">Jacques, Susan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dk7dTDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DPliny%2BGaius%2BMarius%26pg%3DPR13-IA89"><i>The Caesar of Paris: Napoleon Bonaparte, Rome and the Artistic Obsession</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 89. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1681778693?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1681778693"><bdi>978-1681778693</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2019</span>. <q>According to Pliny, Consul Gaius Marius designated the eagle the exclusive military standard of the Roman legion, replacing the wolf, ox with a man's head, horse and boar</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caesar+of+Paris%3A+Napoleon+Bonaparte%2C+Rome+and+the+Artistic+Obsession&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1681778693&rft.aulast=Jacques&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk7dTDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DPliny%2BGaius%2BMarius%26pg%3DPR13-IA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsignia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuthors2015" class="citation book cs1">Authors, Several (17 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DOLQ2CwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsignifer%2Bopen%2Bhand%26pg%3DPT1066"><i>History of the Roman Legions</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2019</span>. <q>He was standard-bearer for the centurial signum, a spear shaft decorated with medallions and topped with an open hand to signify loyalty</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Roman+Legions&rft.date=2015-12-17&rft.aulast=Authors&rft.aufirst=Several&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOLQ2CwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsignifer%2Bopen%2Bhand%26pg%3DPT1066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsignia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilner2001" class="citation book cs1">Milner, N. P. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DaPK7xjchZFUC%26pg%3DPA50"><i>Vegetuis' Epitome of Military Science</i></a>. Liverpool University Press. p. 50. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85323-910-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-85323-910-X"><bdi>0-85323-910-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2019</span>. <q>18. The names and ranks of soldiers are to be written on the names of their shields</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vegetuis%27+Epitome+of+Military+Science&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-85323-910-X&rft.aulast=Milner&rft.aufirst=N.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaPK7xjchZFUC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsignia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrebleAsnis1917" class="citation web cs1">Preble, George Henry; Asnis, Charles Edward (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/originhistoryofa01preb/page/102">"Origin and history of the American Flag"</a>. Philadelphia: Nicholas S. Brown. p. 102<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2019</span>. <q>The emblems of the barbarian hordes which, rushing upon the Roman Colossus, over-run and subdued Gaul, and established themselves in place of the aboriginal inhabitants, are so numerous and diverse, it is impossible to determine with precision the ensigns of each. To the Franks are ascribed the half-moon, toads, serpents, and the lion; the last is supposed to be the parent of the seventeen Belgic lions. According to many authorities, the Sicambri bore a bull's head; the Suevi, a bear; the Alani, a cat, the Saxons, a horse; the Cimbri and most of the Celts, a bull. The military ensign of the Goths was a cock</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origin+and+history+of+the+American+Flag&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Nicholas+S.+Brown&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Preble&rft.aufirst=George+Henry&rft.au=Asnis%2C+Charles+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginhistoryofa01preb%2Fpage%2F102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsignia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.maltauncovered.com/malta-history/maltese-cross/">"The Maltese Cross: Its origin and importance to Malta"</a>. <i>Malta Uncovered</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2019</span>. <q>The Maltese Cross formally adopted by the Knights Hospitallers of St. John in 1126, stylistically owes its origins to the crosses used in the crusades, when it was identified as the symbol of the "Christian warrior"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Malta+Uncovered&rft.atitle=The+Maltese+Cross%3A+Its+origin+and+importance+to+Malta&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.maltauncovered.com%2Fmalta-history%2Fmaltese-cross%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsignia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.catholicfaithstore.com/daily-bread/history-significance-jerusalem-cross/">"The History and Significance of the Jerusalem Cross"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2019</span>. <q>Also known as the Crusader cross, the Jerusalem cross dates back to the 11th and 12th century when the Crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Significance+of+the+Jerusalem+Cross&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.catholicfaithstore.com%2Fdaily-bread%2Fhistory-significance-jerusalem-cross%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsignia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2017" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, C. Edmund, ed. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DCAokDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dturk%2Bstandards%2Bsilk%2Bcloth%26pg%3DPT250"><i>The Turks in the Early Islamic World</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351880879?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351880879"><bdi>978-1351880879</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2019</span>. <q>The standard in silk, cloth of gold, a base-colour of violet blue with a (half)-moon at the top</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turks+in+the+Early+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1351880879&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCAokDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dturk%2Bstandards%2Bsilk%2Bcloth%26pg%3DPT250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsignia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake1768" class="citation book cs1">Drake, Edmund Cavendish (1768). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DEs-a4ISg0UMC%26q%3DRoyal%2BStandard%2Bof%2Bthe%2BMexicans%26pg%3DPA216"><i>A New Universal Collection of Authentic Voyages and Travels</i></a>. London: J. Cooke. p. 216<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2019</span>. <q>Near him was the royal standard of Mexico, which was never brought into the field but on the most urgent occasions: it was a net of masly gold, crowned with a plume of variegated feathers, and fastened to a pike</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Universal+Collection+of+Authentic+Voyages+and+Travels&rft.place=London&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=J.+Cooke&rft.date=1768&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Edmund+Cavendish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEs-a4ISg0UMC%26q%3DRoyal%2BStandard%2Bof%2Bthe%2BMexicans%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsignia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nobili.es/">the original</a> on 2 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobili+Militaria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobili.es%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsignia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://espanamedieval.splinder.com/post/20872539/las-insignias-espanolas-en-la-edad-media">"Las insignias españolas en la Edad Media"</a> [Spanish insignias in the Middle Ages] (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Las+insignias+espa%C3%B1olas+en+la+Edad+Media.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fespanamedieval.splinder.com%2Fpost%2F20872539%2Flas-insignias-espanolas-en-la-edad-media&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsignia" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DInsignia%26oldid%3D1254649900">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insignia&oldid=1254649900</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Insignia&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Monkbot" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1730421190"> <span>Last edited on 1 November 2024, at 00:33</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small 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data-title="Інсігніі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Инсигния – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Инсигния" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ins%25C3%25ADgnia" title="Insígnia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Insígnia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insignie" title="Insignie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Insignie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insignie" title="Insignie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Insignie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insigne" title="Insigne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Insigne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insiignia" title="Insiignia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Insiignia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insignia" title="Insignia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Insignia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insigno" title="Insigno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Insigno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insigne" title="Insigne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Insigne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insignia" title="Insignia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Insignia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%2591%259C%25EC%259E%25A5" title="표장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="표장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flago" title="Flago – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Flago" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insegna" title="Insegna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Insegna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insignija" title="Insignija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Insignija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B6%25D1%2598%25D0%25B5" title="Обележје – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Обележје" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2587" title="شاره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شاره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insignia" title="Insignia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Insignia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insigne" title="Insigne – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Insigne" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insignier" title="Insignier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Insignier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insignium" title="Insignium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Insignium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insygnia" title="Insygnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Insygnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ins%25C3%25ADgnia" title="Insígnia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Insígnia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8" title="Инсигнии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инсигнии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insignia" title="Insignia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Insignia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ins%25C3%25ADgnia" title="Insígnia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Insígnia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insignija" title="Insignija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Insignija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insignija" title="Insignija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Insignija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insignia" title="Insignia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Insignia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insignier" title="Insignier – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Insignier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insigniya" title="Insigniya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Insigniya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B7%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%25AB%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A2" title="เครื่องหมาย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครื่องหมาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2586%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D1%2597" title="Інсигнії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інсигнії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img 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