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process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impregnation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impregnation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Impregnation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impregnation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cooking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recovery_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recovery_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Recovery process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recovery_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Blowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Screening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Screening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Screening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Washing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Washing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Washing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Washing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bleaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bleaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Bleaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bleaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process_chemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process_chemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Process chemicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process_chemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_other_pulping_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_other_pulping_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Comparison with other pulping processes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_pulping_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byproducts_and_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byproducts_and_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Byproducts and emissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byproducts_and_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kraft process</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proc%C3%A9s_Kraft" title="Procés Kraft – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Procés Kraft" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatverfahren_(Papierherstellung)" title="Sulfatverfahren (Papierherstellung) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sulfatverfahren (Papierherstellung)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Θειική μέθοδος πολτοποίησης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θειική μέθοδος πολτοποίησης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceso_Kraft" title="Proceso Kraft – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proceso Kraft" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proc%C3%A9d%C3%A9_kraft" title="Procédé kraft – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Procédé kraft" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3iseas_kraft" title="Próiseas kraft – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Próiseas kraft" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%9D%BC%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EB%B2%95" title="크라프트법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크라프트법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatni_postupak" title="Sulfatni postupak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sulfatni postupak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proses_kraft" title="Proses kraft – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proses kraft" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processo_Kraft" title="Processo Kraft – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Processo Kraft" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%83%97" title="クラフトパルプ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クラフトパルプ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatprosessen" title="Sulfatprosessen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sulfatprosessen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81" title="Сульфатный процесс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сульфатный процесс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfaattimenetelm%C3%A4" title="Sulfaattimenetelmä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sulfaattimenetelmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatprocessen" title="Sulfatprocessen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sulfatprocessen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process of converting wood into wood pulp</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:InternationalPaper6413.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/InternationalPaper6413.jpg/220px-InternationalPaper6413.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/InternationalPaper6413.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/International_Paper" title="International Paper">International Paper</a>: Kraft paper mill</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodchips_for_paper_production.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Woodchips_for_paper_production.jpg/220px-Woodchips_for_paper_production.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Woodchips_for_paper_production.jpg/330px-Woodchips_for_paper_production.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Woodchips_for_paper_production.jpg/440px-Woodchips_for_paper_production.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Woodchips for paper production</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>kraft process</b> (also known as <b>kraft pulping</b> or <b>sulfate process</b>) is a process for conversion of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> into <a href="/wiki/Wood_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pulp">wood pulp</a>, which consists of almost pure <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> fibres, the main component of <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>. The kraft process involves treatment of wood chips with a hot mixture of water, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a> (NaOH), and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfide" title="Sodium sulfide">sodium sulfide</a> (Na<sub>2</sub>S), known as <a href="/wiki/White_liquor" title="White liquor">white liquor</a>, that breaks the bonds that link <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">hemicellulose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>. The technology entails several steps, both mechanical and chemical. It is the dominant method for producing paper. In some situations, the process has been controversial because kraft plants can release odorous products and in some situations produce substantial liquid <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">wastes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process name is derived from the German word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kraft#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Kraft">Kraft</a></i>, meaning "strength" in this context, due to the strength of the <a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">kraft paper</a> produced using this process.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraft_process&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papelparamolde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Papelparamolde.jpg/220px-Papelparamolde.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Papelparamolde.jpg/330px-Papelparamolde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Papelparamolde.jpg/440px-Papelparamolde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>A roll of kraft paper</figcaption></figure> <p>A precursor of the kraft process was used during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> in England.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kraft process was invented by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_F._Dahl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl F. Dahl (page does not exist)">Carl F. Dahl</a> in 1879 in <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Danzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>. <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US296935">U.S. patent 296,935</a></span> was issued in 1884, and a pulp mill using this technology began in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-bier_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bier-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invention of the <a href="/wiki/Recovery_boiler" title="Recovery boiler">recovery boiler</a> by G. H. Tomlinson in the early 1930s was a milestone in the advancement of the kraft process.<sup id="cite_ref-eero_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eero-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It enabled the recovery and reuse of the inorganic pulping chemicals such that a kraft mill is a nearly closed-cycle process with respect to inorganic chemicals, apart from those used in the bleaching process. For this reason, in the 1940s, the kraft process superseded the <a href="/wiki/Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">sulfite process</a> as the dominant method for producing wood pulp.<sup id="cite_ref-bier_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bier-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_process">The process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraft_process&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impregnation">Impregnation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraft_process&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Impregnation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common <a href="/wiki/Wood_chips" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood chips">wood chips</a> used in pulp production are 12–25 millimetres (0.47–0.98 in) long and 2–10 millimetres (0.079–0.394 in) thick. The chips normally first enter the <i>presteaming</i> where they are wetted and preheated with <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a>. Cavities inside fresh wood chips are partly filled with liquid and partly with air. The steam treatment causes the air to expand and about 25% of the air to be expelled from the chips. The next step is to saturate the chips with <a href="/wiki/Black_liquor" title="Black liquor">black</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_liquor" title="White liquor">white liquor</a>. Air remaining in chips at the beginning of liquor impregnation is trapped within the chips. The impregnation can be done before or after the chips enter the digester and is normally done below 100 °C (212 °F). The cooking liquors consist of a mixture of white liquor, water in chips, condensed steam and weak black liquor. In the impregnation, cooking liquor penetrates into the capillary structure of the chips and low temperature chemical reactions with the wood begin. A good impregnation is important to get a homogeneous cook and low rejects. About 40–60% of all alkali consumption, in the continuous process, occurs in the impregnation zone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooking">Cooking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraft_process&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cooking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wood chips are then cooked in pressurized digesters. Some digesters operate in a batch manner and some in a continuous process. Digesters producing 1,000 tonnes or more of pulp per day are common, with the largest producing more than 3,500 tonnes per day.<sup id="cite_ref-epa_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, delignification requires around two hours<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at 170 to 176 °C (338 to 349 °F). Under digesting conditions, lignin and <a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">hemicellulose</a> degrade to give fragments that are soluble in the strongly basic liquid. The solid pulp (about 50% by weight of the dry wood chips) is collected and washed. At this point the pulp is known as <i>brown stock</i> because of its color. The combined liquids, known as black liquor (because of its color), contain lignin fragments, <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> from the breakdown of hemicellulose, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfate" title="Sodium sulfate">sodium sulfate</a> and other inorganic salts. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KraftEq.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/KraftEq.png/250px-KraftEq.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/KraftEq.png/375px-KraftEq.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/KraftEq.png/500px-KraftEq.png 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>net reaction in depolymerization of lignin by SH<sup>−</sup> (Ar = <a href="/wiki/Aromaticity" title="Aromaticity">aryl</a>, R = <a href="/wiki/Alkyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl">alkyl</a> groups).</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the main chemical reactions that underpin the kraft process is the scission of ether bonds by the <a href="/wiki/Nucleophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleophilic">nucleophilic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfide</a> (S<sup>2−</sup>) or <a href="/wiki/Bisulfide" title="Bisulfide">bisulfide</a> (HS<sup>−</sup>) ions.<sup id="cite_ref-eero_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eero-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recovery_process">Recovery process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraft_process&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recovery process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The excess black liquor contains about 15% solids and is concentrated in a <a href="/wiki/Multiple-effect_evaporator" title="Multiple-effect evaporator">multiple effect evaporator</a>. After the first step the black liquor has about 20–30% solids. At this concentration the <a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">rosin</a> soap rises to the surface and is <a href="/wiki/Skimmer_(machine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skimmer (machine)">skimmed</a> off. The collected soap is further processed to <a href="/wiki/Tall_oil" title="Tall oil">tall oil</a>. Removal of the soap improves the evaporation operation of the later effects. </p><p>The weak black liquor is further evaporated to 65% or even 80% solids ("heavy black liquor"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and burned in the <a href="/wiki/Recovery_boiler" title="Recovery boiler">recovery boiler</a> to recover the inorganic chemicals for reuse in the pulping process. Higher solids in the concentrated black liquor increases the energy and chemical efficiency of the recovery cycle, but also gives higher viscosity and precipitation of solids (plugging and fouling of equipment).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During combustion, sodium sulfate is <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduced</a> to sodium sulfide by the organic carbon in the mixture: </p> <dl><dd>1. Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + 2 C → Na<sub>2</sub>S + 2 CO<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>This reaction is similar to <a href="/wiki/Thermochemical_sulfate_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermochemical sulfate reduction">thermochemical sulfate reduction</a> in geochemistry. </p><p>The molten salts ("smelt") from the recovery boiler are dissolved in a process water known as "weak wash". This process water, also known as "weak white liquor" is composed of all liquors used to wash lime mud and <a href="/wiki/Green_liquor" title="Green liquor">green liquor</a> precipitates. The resulting solution of sodium carbonate and sodium sulfide is known as "green liquor". The green liquor's eponymous green colour arises from the presence of colloidal iron sulfide.<sup id="cite_ref-Pump_Handbook_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pump_Handbook-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This liquid is then mixed with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">calcium oxide</a>, which becomes <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a> in solution, to regenerate the white liquor used in the pulping process through an equilibrium reaction (Na<sub>2</sub>S is shown since it is part of the green liquor, but does not participate in the reaction): </p> <dl><dd>2. Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> ←→ 2 NaOH + CaCO<sub>3</sub></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">Calcium carbonate</a> precipitates from the white liquor and is recovered and heated in a <a href="/wiki/Lime_kiln" title="Lime kiln">lime kiln</a> where it is converted to <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">calcium oxide</a> (lime). </p> <dl><dd>3. CaCO<sub>3</sub> → CaO + CO<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>Calcium oxide (lime) is reacted with water to regenerate the calcium hydroxide used in Reaction 2: </p> <dl><dd>4. CaO + H<sub>2</sub>O → Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>The combination of reactions 1 through 4 form a closed cycle with respect to sodium, sulfur and calcium and is the main concept of the so-called recausticizing process where <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a> is reacted to regenerate <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a>. </p><p>The recovery boiler also generates high pressure steam which is fed to turbogenerators, reducing the steam pressure for the mill use and generating <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>. A modern kraft pulp mill is more than self-sufficient in its electrical generation and normally will provide a net flow of energy which can be used by an associated paper mill or sold to neighboring industries or communities through to the local electrical grid.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, bark and wood residues are often burned in a separate power boiler to generate steam. </p><p>Although recovery boilers using G.H. Tomlinson's invention have been in general use since the early 1930s, attempts have been made to find a more efficient process for the recovery of cooking chemicals. <a href="/wiki/Weyerhaeuser" title="Weyerhaeuser">Weyerhaeuser</a> has operated a <a href="/wiki/Chemrec" title="Chemrec">Chemrec</a> first generation <a href="/wiki/Black_liquor" title="Black liquor">black liquor</a> <a href="/wiki/Gasification" title="Gasification">entrained flow gasifier</a> successfully at its <a href="/wiki/New_Bern" class="mw-redirect" title="New Bern">New Bern</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, while a second generation plant is run in pilot scale at <a href="/wiki/Smurfit_Kappa" class="mw-redirect" title="Smurfit Kappa">Smurfit Kappa's</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/Pite%C3%A5" title="Piteå">Piteå</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blowing">Blowing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraft_process&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Blowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The finished cooked wood chips are blown to a collection tank called a blow tank that operates at atmospheric pressure. This releases a lot of steam and volatiles. The volatiles are condensed and collected; in the case of northern <a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">softwoods</a> this consists mainly of raw <a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">turpentine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Screening">Screening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraft_process&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Screening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Screening of the pulp after pulping is a process whereby the pulp is separated from large <a href="/wiki/Shives_(papermaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shives (papermaking)">shives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knots_(papermaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Knots (papermaking)">knots</a>, dirt and other debris. The <i>accept</i> is the pulp. The material separated from the pulp is called <i>reject</i>. </p><p>The screening section consists of different types of <a href="/wiki/Sieve" title="Sieve">sieves</a> (screens) and centrifugal cleaning. The sieves are normally set up in a multistage cascade operation because considerable amounts of good fibres can go to the reject stream when trying to achieve maximum purity in the accept flow. </p><p>The fiber containing shives and knots are separated from the rest of the reject and reprocessed either in a refiner or is sent back to the digester. The content of knots is typically 0.5–3.0% of the digester output, while the shives content is about 0.1–1.0%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Washing">Washing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraft_process&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Washing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The brownstock from the blowing goes to the washing stages where the used cooking liquors are separated from the cellulose fibers. Normally a pulp mill has 3-5 washing stages in series. Washing stages are also placed after oxygen delignification and between the bleaching stages as well. Pulp washers use <a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Countercurrent flow">countercurrent flow</a> between the stages such that the pulp moves in the opposite direction to the flow of washing waters. Several processes are involved: <a href="/wiki/Thickening" class="mw-redirect" title="Thickening">thickening</a> / <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">dilution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(fluid)" title="Displacement (fluid)">displacement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a>. The <b>dilution factor</b> is the measure of the amount of water used in washing compared with the theoretical amount required to displace the liquor from the thickened pulp. Lower dilution factor reduces energy consumption, while higher dilution factor normally gives cleaner pulp. Thorough washing of the pulp reduces the chemical oxygen demand (<a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand" title="Chemical oxygen demand">COD</a>). </p><p>Several types of washing equipment are in use: </p> <ul><li>Pressure diffusers</li> <li>Atmospheric diffusers</li> <li>Vacuum drum washers</li> <li>Drum displacers</li> <li>Wash presses</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bleaching">Bleaching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraft_process&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bleaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">Bleaching of wood pulp</a></div> <p>In a modern mill, brownstock (cellulose fibers containing approximately 5% residual lignin) produced by the pulping is first washed to remove some of the dissolved organic material and then further delignified by a variety of <a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">bleaching</a> stages.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of a plant designed to produce pulp to make brown sack paper or linerboard for boxes and packaging, the pulp does not always need to be bleached to a high brightness. Bleaching decreases the mass of pulp produced by about 5%, decreases the strength of the fibers and adds to the cost of manufacture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Process_chemicals">Process chemicals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraft_process&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Process chemicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Process chemicals are added to improve the production process: </p> <ul><li>Impregnation aids. <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">Surfactants</a> may be used to improve impregnation of the wood chips with the cooking liquors.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthraquinone" title="Anthraquinone">Anthraquinone</a> is used as a digester additive. It works as a <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">redox</a> <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a> by oxidizing <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> and reducing <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a>. This protects the cellulose from degradation and makes the lignin more water-soluble.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Flocculant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flocculant">emulsion breaker</a> can be added in the soap separation to speed up and improve the separation of soap from the used cooking liquors by flocculation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defoamer" title="Defoamer">Defoamers</a> remove foam and speed up the production process. Drainage of washing equipment is improved and gives cleaner pulp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersing_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispersing agent">Dispersing agents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detackifier" title="Detackifier">detackifiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Complexing_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Complexing agent">complexing agents</a> keep the system cleaner and reduce the need for maintenance stops.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixation_agent" title="Fixation agent">Fixation agents</a> fix finely dispersed potential deposits to the fibers and thereby transport them out of the process.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_other_pulping_processes">Comparison with other pulping processes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraft_process&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Comparison with other pulping processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pulp produced by the kraft process is stronger than that made by other <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#Pulping" title="Pulp (paper)">pulping processes</a> and maintains a high effective sulfur ratio (sulfidity), an important determiner of the strength of the paper. Acidic <a href="/wiki/Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">sulfite processes</a> degrade cellulose more than the kraft process, which leads to weaker fibers. Kraft pulping removes most of the lignin present originally in the wood whereas mechanical pulping processes leave most of the <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> in the fibers. The <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a> nature of lignin<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> interferes with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bonds">hydrogen bonds</a> between cellulose (and hemicellulose) in the fibers needed for the strength of paper<sup id="cite_ref-bier_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bier-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (strength refers to <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a> and resistance to tearing). </p><p>Kraft pulp is darker than other wood pulps, but it can be bleached to make very white pulp. Fully bleached kraft pulp is used to make high-quality paper where strength, whiteness, and resistance to yellowing are important. </p><p>The kraft process can use a wider range of fiber sources than most other pulping processes. All types of wood, including very resinous types like southern <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and non-wood species like <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenaf" title="Kenaf">kenaf</a> can be used in the kraft process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Byproducts_and_emissions">Byproducts and emissions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraft_process&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Byproducts and emissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paper" title="Environmental impact of paper">Environmental impact of paper</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forchem_Rauma_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Forchem_Rauma_2.jpg/220px-Forchem_Rauma_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Forchem_Rauma_2.jpg/330px-Forchem_Rauma_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Forchem_Rauma_2.jpg/440px-Forchem_Rauma_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5005" data-file-height="3460" /></a><figcaption>Forchem tall oil refinery in <a href="/wiki/Rauma,_Finland" title="Rauma, Finland">Rauma</a>, Finland.</figcaption></figure> <p>The main byproducts of kraft pulping are crude sulfate <a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">turpentine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tall_oil" title="Tall oil">tall oil</a> soap. The availability of these is strongly dependent on wood species, growth conditions, storage time of logs and chips, and the mill's process.<sup id="cite_ref-woodchem_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodchem-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pines</a> are the most extractive-rich woods. The raw turpentine is <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatile</a> and is distilled off the digester, while the raw <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a> is separated from the spent <a href="/wiki/Black_liquor" title="Black liquor">black liquor</a> by <a href="/wiki/Decantation" title="Decantation">decantation</a> of the soap layer formed on top of the liquor storage tanks. From pines the average yield of turpentine is 5–10 kg/t pulp and of crude tall oil is 30–50 kg/t pulp.<sup id="cite_ref-woodchem_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodchem-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various byproducts containing <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyl_mercaptan" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl mercaptan">methyl mercaptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfide" title="Dimethyl sulfide">dimethyl sulfide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_disulfide" title="Dimethyl disulfide">dimethyl disulfide</a>, and other volatile <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> compounds are the cause of the malodorous air emissions characteristic for <a href="/wiki/Pulp_mill" title="Pulp mill">pulp mills</a> utilizing the kraft process.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> emissions of kraft-pulp mills are much lower than those from sulfite mills. In the ambient air outside a typical modern kraft-pulp mill, the sulfur-dioxide odour is perceivable only during disturbance situations, for example when the mill is shut down for a maintenance break, or when an extended power outage occurs. Control of odours is achieved through the collection and burning of these odorous gases in the recovery boiler alongside the black liquor. In modern mills, where well-dried solids are burned in the recovery boiler, hardly any <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> leaves the boiler. At high boiler temperatures, the sodium released from the black liquor droplets reacts with sulfur dioxide, thereby effectively scavenging it by forming odourless <a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfate" title="Sodium sulfate">sodium sulfate</a> crystals. </p><p>Pulp mills are almost always located near large bodies of water due to their substantial demand for water. Delignification of chemical pulps releases considerable amounts of organic material into the environment, particularly into rivers or lakes. The wastewater effluent can also be a major source of pollution, containing lignins from the trees, high <a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">biological oxygen demand</a> (BOD) and <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_organic_carbon" title="Dissolved organic carbon">dissolved organic carbon</a> (DOC), along with <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorate" title="Chlorate">chlorates</a>, heavy metals, and <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">chelating</a> agents. The process effluents can be treated in a biological <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">effluent treatment plant</a>, which can substantially reduce their toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraft_process&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H-factor" title="H-factor">H-factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Richter_(inventor)" title="Johan Richter (inventor)">Johan Richter</a> – Inventor of the continuous process for digesting wood pulp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">Kappa number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organosolv" title="Organosolv">Organosolv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_chemicals" title="Paper chemicals">Paper chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_mill" title="Pulp mill">Pulp mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_pulping" title="Soda pulping">Soda pulping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pulp">Wood pulp</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraft_process&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoffman, E., Lyons, J., Boxall, J., Robertson, C., Lake, C. B., & Walker, T. R. (2017). Spatiotemporal assessment (quarter century) of pulp mill metal (loid) contaminated sediment to inform remediation decisions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(6), 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoffman, E., Bernier, M., Blotnicky, B., Golden, P. G., Janes, J., Kader, A., ... & Walker, T. R. (2015). Assessment of public perception and environmental compliance at a pulp and paper facility: a Canadian case study. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(12), 766.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudolf Patt et al. "Paper and Pulp" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a18_545.pub4">10.1002/14356007.a18_545.pub4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both capitalized and lowercase spelling ("Kraft process" and "kraft process") appear in the literature, but "kraft" is most commonly used in the <a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper industry</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoint_Textbook_Committee_of_the_Paper_Industry1969" class="citation book cs1">Joint Textbook Committee of the Paper Industry (1969). Macdonald, Ronald Gordon; Franklin, John N. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIdtAAAAIAAJ&q=England+Sulphur"><i>Pulp and Paper Manufacture, vol. 1 : The Pulping of Wood</i></a>. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/McGraw_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw Hill">McGraw Hill</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/867778880">867778880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pulp+and+Paper+Manufacture%2C+vol.+1+%3A+The+Pulping+of+Wood&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F867778880&rft.au=Joint+Textbook+Committee+of+the+Paper+Industry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfIdtAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DEngland%2BSulphur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKraft+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bier-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bier_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bier_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bier_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiermann1993" class="citation book cs1">Biermann, Christopher J. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialsofpulp0000bier"><i>Essentials of Pulping and Papermaking</i></a></span>. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-097360-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-097360-X"><bdi>0-12-097360-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Pulping+and+Papermaking&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Academic+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-12-097360-X&rft.aulast=Biermann&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessentialsofpulp0000bier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKraft+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eero-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eero_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eero_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Sjöström1993" class="citation book cs1">E. Sjöström (1993). <i>Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications</i>. <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-647480-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-647480-X"><bdi>0-12-647480-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wood+Chemistry%3A+Fundamentals+and+Applications&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-12-647480-X&rft.au=E.+Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKraft+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epa-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-epa_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodman1993" class="citation web cs1">Woodman, Jocelyn (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=9100PTP2.txt">"Pollution Prevention Technologies for the Bleached Kraft Segment of the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry"</a>. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. p. 66<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Tennessee Knoxville - Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biorefinery.utk.edu/technical_reviews/Basics%20of%20Kraft%20Pulping.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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R., Walker, T. R., Kim, J. S., Sherren, K., & Andreou, P. (2017). Pilot study investigating ambient air toxics emissions near a Canadian kraft pulp and paper facility in Pictou County, Nova Scotia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(25), 20685-20698.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoffman, E., Bernier, M., Blotnicky, B., Golden, P. G., Janes, J., Kader, A., ... & Walker, T. R. (2015). Assessment of public perception and environmental compliance at a pulp and paper facility: a Canadian case study. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 187(12), 766.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoffman, E., Lyons, J., Boxall, J., Robertson, C., Lake, C. B., & Walker, T. R. (2017). Spatiotemporal assessment (quarter century) of pulp mill metal (loid) contaminated sediment to inform remediation decisions. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 189(6), 257.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraft_process&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGullichsenCarl-Johan_Fogelholm2000" class="citation book cs1">Gullichsen, Johan; Carl-Johan Fogelholm (2000). <i>Papermaking science and Technology: 6. Chemical Pulping</i>. Finland: Tappi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/952-5216-06-3" title="Special:BookSources/952-5216-06-3"><bdi>952-5216-06-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papermaking+science+and+Technology%3A+6.+Chemical+Pulping&rft.place=Finland&rft.pub=Tappi+Press.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=952-5216-06-3&rft.aulast=Gullichsen&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft.au=Carl-Johan+Fogelholm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKraft+process" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraft_process&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kraft_process" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kraft process">Kraft process</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090706192109/http://pulpandpapercircle.com/">Pulp and Paper Circle provides industry-related information (especially kraft mills) to pulp and paper engineers and technologists.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch10/final/c10s02.pdf">US EPA article on kraft pulping</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070621152420/http://eippcb.jrc.es/pages/FActivities.htm">Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in Pulp and Paper Industry by European Commission, 2001</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paper" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paper" title="Template:Paper"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paper" title="Template talk:Paper"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paper" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paper"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paper" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_engineering" title="Paper engineering">Paper engineering</a> / <a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper" title="History of paper">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missal_of_Silos" title="Missal of Silos">Missal of Silos</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Originators" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Originators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Lun" title="Cai Lun">Cai Lun</a> (Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso Tzǔ-yi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damjing" title="Damjing">Damjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Koops" title="Matthias Koops">Matthias Koops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlob_Keller" title="Friedrich Gottlob Keller">Friedrich Gottlob Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fenerty" title="Charles Fenerty">Charles Fenerty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Carter" title="Thomas Francis Carter">Thomas Francis Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dard_Hunter" title="Dard Hunter">Dard Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsien_Tsuen-hsuin" title="Tsien Tsuen-hsuin">Tsien Tsuen-hsuin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid-free_paper" title="Acid-free paper">Acid-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-laid_paper" title="Air-laid paper">Air-laid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amate" title="Amate">Amate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituminous_waterproofing#Roofing_felt" title="Bituminous waterproofing">Asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_paper" title="Banana paper">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blotting_paper" title="Blotting paper">Blotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_paper" title="Bond paper">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_board" title="Bristol board">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_paper" title="Carbon paper">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Card_stock" title="Card stock">Cardstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartridge_paper" title="Cartridge paper">Cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_paper" title="Construction paper">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_paper" title="Contact paper">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_fine_paper#Copy_paper" title="Special fine paper">Copy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonless_copy_paper" title="Carbonless copy paper">Carbonless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correction_paper" title="Correction paper">Correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_paper" title="Cotton paper">Cotton (rag)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_paper" title="Crêpe paper">Crêpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_board" title="Display board">Display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3_paper" title="Dó paper">Dó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation_paper" title="Electrical insulation paper">Electrical insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">Filteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_y%C5%8Dshi" title="Genkō yōshi">Genkō yōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassine" title="Glassine">Glassine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_paper" title="Graph paper">Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greaseproof_paper" title="Greaseproof paper">Greaseproof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_paper" title="Hemp paper">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_paper" title="India paper">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkjet_paper" title="Inkjet paper">Inkjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingres_paper" title="Ingres paper">Ingres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_paper" title="Korean paper">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butcher_paper" title="Butcher paper">Butcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laid_paper" title="Laid paper">Laid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokta_paper" title="Lokta paper">Lokta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_paper" title="Manila paper">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_paper" title="Mummy paper">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">Newsprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onionskin" title="Onionskin">Onionskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami_paper" title="Origami paper">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchment_paper" title="Parchment paper">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_paper" title="Photographic paper">Photographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">Plastic-coated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_rosin_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Red rosin paper">Red rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_paper" title="Rice paper">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">Rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Scritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_paper" title="Security paper">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_paper" title="Seed paper">Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_paper" title="Stone paper">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_paper" title="Tar paper">Tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_paper" title="Thermal paper">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracing_paper" title="Tracing paper">Tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_paper" title="Transfer paper">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree-free_paper" title="Tree-free paper">Tree-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washi" title="Washi">Washi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasli" title="Wasli">Wasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterproof_paper" title="Waterproof paper">Waterproof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Wax paper">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-free_paper" title="Wood-free paper">Wood-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wove_paper" title="Wove paper">Wove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_and_writing_paper" title="Printing and writing paper">Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuan_paper" title="Xuan paper">Xuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">China clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Fiber crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_chemicals" title="Paper chemicals">Paper chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Wood pulp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paper#Types,_thickness_and_weight" title="Paper">Specifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_density" title="Paper density">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammage" title="Grammage">Grammage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry_of_paper" title="Surface chemistry of paper">Surface chemistry of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_of_paper_quantity" title="Units of paper quantity">Units of paper quantity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_strength" title="Wet strength">Wet strength</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacture<br />and process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">Bleaching of wood pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conical_refiner" title="Conical refiner">Conical refiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinking" title="Deinking">Deinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_chlorine_free" title="Elemental chlorine free">Elemental chlorine free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paper" title="Environmental impact of paper">Environmental impact of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking#Manual_papermaking" title="Papermaking">Handmade paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollander_beater" title="Hollander beater">Hollander beater</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kraft process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organosolv" title="Organosolv">Organosolv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_machine" title="Paper machine">Paper machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_pulping" title="Soda pulping">Soda pulping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">Sulfite process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">Paper industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Canada" title="Pulp and paper industry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Europe" title="Pulp and paper industry in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Pulp and paper industry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Japan" title="Pulp and paper industry in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Pulp and paper industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">Paper mill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paper_mills" title="List of paper mills">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lined_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Lined paper">Lined paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_towel" title="Paper towel">Paper towels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">Papier-mâché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_clothing" title="Paper clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watercolor_paper" title="Watercolor paper">Watercolor paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper money">Paper money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverage_carton" 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