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<main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul of Samosata</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A" title="بولس السميساطي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بولس السميساطي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Павел Самосатски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Павел Самосатски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paol_Samosata" title="Paol Samosata – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Paol Samosata" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pau_de_Sam%C3%B2sata" title="Pau de Samòsata – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pau de Samòsata" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_ze_Samosaty" title="Pavel ze Samosaty – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pavel ze Samosaty" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Samosata" title="Paul von Samosata – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul von Samosata" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samosata_Paulus" title="Samosata Paulus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Samosata Paulus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_(%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82)" title="Παύλος Αντιοχείας (Σαμοσατέας) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παύλος Αντιοχείας (Σαμοσατέας)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_de_Sam%C3%B3sata" title="Pablo de Samósata – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pablo de Samósata" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%ADlo_el_Samosata" title="Paŭlo el Samosata – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paŭlo el Samosata" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="پولس سام‌شادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پولس سام‌شادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_de_Samosate" title="Paul de Samosate – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul de Samosate" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%AA%A8%EC%82%AC%ED%83%80%EC%9D%98_%ED%8C%8C%EC%9A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="사모사타의 파울로스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사모사타의 파울로스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_dari_Samosata" title="Paulus dari Samosata – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paulus dari Samosata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_di_Samosata" title="Paolo di Samosata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paolo di Samosata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l_antiochiai_p%C3%A1tri%C3%A1rka" title="Pál antiochiai pátriárka – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pál antiochiai pátriárka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="സമോസതായിലെ പൗലോസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സമോസതായിലെ പൗലോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%89" title="بولس السميساطى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بولس السميساطى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_van_Samosata" title="Paulus van Samosata – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paulus van Samosata" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_av_Samosata" title="Paulus av Samosata – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paulus av Samosata" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_z_Samosaty" title="Paweł z Samosaty – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paweł z Samosaty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_de_Sam%C3%B3sata" title="Paulo de Samósata – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paulo de Samósata" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Павел Самосатский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Павел Самосатский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavol_zo_Samosaty" title="Pavol zo Samosaty – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pavol zo Samosaty" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Samosatski" title="Pavel Samosatski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pavel Samosatski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Павле Самосатски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Павле Самосатски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavle_Samosatski" title="Pavle Samosatski – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pavle Samosatski" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_fr%C3%A5n_Samosata" title="Paulus från Samosata – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paulus från Samosata" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsatl%C4%B1_Pavlus" title="Samsatlı Pavlus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Samsatlı Pavlus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Павло Самосатський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Павло Самосатський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%92%92%E6%91%A9%E6%92%92%E4%BB%96%E7%9A%84%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85" title="撒摩撒他的保羅 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="撒摩撒他的保羅" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q357771#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PaulusVanSamosataLuyken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/PaulusVanSamosataLuyken.jpg/220px-PaulusVanSamosataLuyken.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/PaulusVanSamosataLuyken.jpg/330px-PaulusVanSamosataLuyken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/PaulusVanSamosataLuyken.jpg/440px-PaulusVanSamosataLuyken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5016" data-file-height="4242" /></a><figcaption>Paul of Samosata preaches from the pulpit.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Paul of Samosata</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Παῦλος ὁ Σαμοσατεύς</span>, lived from 200 to 275 AD) was <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">Bishop of Antioch</a> from 260 to 268 and the originator of the <a href="/wiki/Paulicianism#Etymology" title="Paulicianism">Paulianist</a> heresy named after him. He was a believer in <a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">monarchianism</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nontrinitarian">nontrinitarian</a> doctrine; his teachings reflect <a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">adoptionism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_of_Samosata&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paul was born at <a href="/wiki/Samosata" class="mw-redirect" title="Samosata">Samosata</a> into a family of humble origin. He was elected bishop of <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> in 260. He held the civil office of Procurator ducenarius.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His <a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianist</a> teachings aroused strong opposition in the church. He was also accused of corruption on a grand scale. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> describes him as follows: </p> <blockquote> <p>The wealth of that prelate was a sufficient evidence of his guilt, since it was neither derived from the inheritance of his fathers, nor acquired by the arts of honest industry. But Paul considered the service of the church as a very lucrative profession. His ecclesiastical jurisdiction was venal and rapacious; he extorted frequent contributions from the most opulent of the faithful, and converted to his own use a considerable part of the public revenue. By his pride and luxury the Christian religion was rendered odious in the eyes of the Gentiles. His council chamber and his throne, the splendour with which he appeared in public, the suppliant crowd who solicited his attention, the multitude of letters and petitions to which he dictated his answers, and the perpetual hurry of business in which he was involved, were circumstances much better suited to the state of a civil magistrate than to the humility of a primitive bishop. When he harangued his people from the pulpit, Paul affected the figurative style and the theatrical gestures of an Asiatic sophist, while the cathedral resounded with the loudest and most extravagant acclamations in the praise of his divine eloquence. Against those who resisted his power, or refused to flatter his vanity, the prelate of Antioch was arrogant, rigid, and inexorable; but he relaxed the discipline, and lavished the treasures of the church on his dependent clergy, who were permitted to imitate their master in the gratification of every sensual appetite. For Paul indulged himself very freely in the pleasures of the table, and he had received into the episcopal palace two young and beautiful women, as the constant companions of his leisure moments.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>In 269, seventy bishops, priests and deacons assembled at Antioch as a Pre-Ecumenical synod or council called the <a href="/wiki/Synods_of_Antioch" title="Synods of Antioch">Synods of Antioch</a>. </p> <blockquote><p> From Egypt to the Euxine Sea, the bishops were in arms and in motion. Several councils were held, confutations were published, ex-communications were pronounced, ambiguous explanations were by turns accepted and refused, treaties were concluded and violated.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>The synod deposed Paul as bishop and elected Dominus as his successor. They also wrote an encyclical letter to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Maximus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Maximus of Alexandria">Maximus</a>, bishops of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> respectively. This letter is the only indisputably contemporary document concerning him and was preserved in <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Ecclesiastical History</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, because the synod had acted without consulting the clergy or the people, its authority was in question,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enabling Paul to claim continued possession of his bishopric. Since he had friendly relations<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a>, the separatist queen of <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> ruling in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, he maintained his occupancy of the bishop's house in Antioch for another four years. Late in 272, however, when the emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> defeated Zenobia, Paul lost her protection. Aurelian allowed the two parties, for and against Paul, to present their cases before his own tribunal. Aurelian was not a Christian and had no interest in the doctrinal issues of the Church. Wishing only to restore order, he relied on the judgment of the bishops of Italy and Rome. The unanimous verdict was for Paul to relinquish his position as bishop. </p><p>The ruling of Aurelian occurred during the "<a href="/wiki/Little_Peace_of_the_Church" title="Little Peace of the Church">Little Peace of the Church</a>", a roughly 40-year period when Christianity flourished without official sanctions from the central government. It was the first time the Church had sought the emperor's intervention in an internal dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teachings">Teachings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_of_Samosata&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Teachings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paul's teaching is a form of <a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianism</a>, which emphasized the oneness of God. Paul taught that Jesus was born a mere man, but that he was infused with the divine <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a> or word of God. Hence, Jesus was seen not as God-become-man but as man-become-God. In his Discourses to <a href="/wiki/Sabinus_(3rd_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabinus (3rd century)">Sabinus</a>, of which only fragments are preserved in a book against heresies ascribed to Anastasius, Paul writes: </p> <ul><li>"Having been anointed by the Holy Spirit he received the title of the anointed (i.e. Christos), suffering in accordance with his nature, working wonders in accordance with grace. For in fixity and resoluteness of character he likened himself to God; and having kept himself free from sin was united with God, and was empowered to grasp as it were the power and authority of wonders. By these he was shown to possess over and above the will, one and the same activity (with God), and won the title of Redeemer and Saviour of our race."</li> <li>"The Saviour became holy and just; and by struggle and hard work overcame the sins of our forefather. By these means he succeeded in perfecting himself, and was through his moral excellence united with God; having attained to unity and sameness of will and energy (i.e. activity) with Him through his advances in the path of good deeds. This will be preserved inseparable (from the Divine), and so inherited the name which is above all names, the prize of love and affection vouchsafed in grace to him."</li> <li>"We do not award praise to beings which submit merely in virtue of their nature; but we do award high praise to beings which submit because their attitude is one of love; and so submitting because their inspiring motive is one and the same, they are confirmed and strengthened by one and the same indwelling power, of which the force ever grows, so that it never ceases to stir. It was in virtue of this love that the Saviour coalesced with God, so as to admit of no divorce from Him, but for all ages to retain one and the same will and activity with Him, an activity perpetually at work in the manifestation of good."</li> <li>"Wonder not that the Saviour had one will with God. For as nature manifests the substance of the many to subsist as one and the same, so the attitude of love produces in the many a unity and a sameness of will which is manifested by unity and sameness of approval and well-pleasingness."</li></ul> <p>Paul was an early forerunner of <a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a>. It was suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicians</a> of Armenia adhered to his teachings, and received their name from him. However, historical records show that the Paulicians were bitterly persecuted more for their <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">gnostic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclastic</a> views than for their adherence to Adoptionism. </p><p>Paul's pupil <a href="/wiki/Lucian_of_Antioch" title="Lucian of Antioch">Lucian of Antioch</a> is considered to have had a major influence on <a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a> the founder of <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eusebius'_account"><span id="Eusebius.27_account"></span>Eusebius' account</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_of_Samosata&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Eusebius' account"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another major source of information we have of Paul of Samosata comes from Eusebius of Caesarea, who described some of the doctrines and practices Paul displayed openly, which included: </p> <ul><li>Receiving money for his religious services,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as paying others to preach his doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Preferring to be called an imperial procurator of queen Zenobia, rather than bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>He stopped the production of psalms to Christ, and trained women to sing psalms to himself<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as an angel come down from heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Likewise, Eusebius hints to the fact that Paul was "too familiar" with his women followers,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whom he called "subintroductae".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_of_Samosata&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canon 19 of the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> dealt with the Paulianists: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Concerning the Paulianists who have flown for refuge to the Catholic Church, it has been decreed that they must by all means be rebaptized; and if any of them who in past time have been numbered among their clergy should be found blameless and without reproach, let them be rebaptized and ordained by the Bishop of the Catholic Church; but if the examination should discover them to be unfit, they ought to be deposed. Likewise in the case of their deaconesses, and generally in the case of those who have been enrolled among their clergy, let the same form be observed. And we mean by deaconesses such as have assumed the habit, but who, since they have no imposition of hands, are to be numbered only among the laity.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a> explained that despite the fact that the followers of Paul of Samosata baptised in the name of the Trinity, they did not make it in the orthodox sense, making their baptism invalid.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Paulianists seemed to have disappeared soon after the council, although the <a href="/wiki/Paulicianists" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulicianists">Paulicianists</a>, a 7th-century dualistic sect, were often misidentified as being one and the same.<sup id="cite_ref-L'Huillier1996_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L'Huillier1996-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_of_Samosata&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Athinganoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemon" title="Artemon">Artemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryllus_of_Bostra" title="Beryllus of Bostra">Beryllus of Bostra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodotus_of_Byzantium" title="Theodotus of Byzantium">Theodotus of Byzantium</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_of_Samosata&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Paul of Samosata"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Paul_of_Samosata">"Paul of Samosata" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul+of+Samosata&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+of+Samosata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbon, Edward, <a href="/wiki/The_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a>, Vol. 1, Ch. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbon, Edward, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 1, Ch. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, <i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Ecclesiastical History</a></i>, Book 7, chapter 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1934" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Philip (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchurch0001phil/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater&q=zenobia"><i>A History of the Church</i></a>. Vol. 1. New York: Sheed & Ward. p. 134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Sheed+%26+Ward&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofchurch0001phil%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater%26q%3Dzenobia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+of+Samosata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin Butcher, <i>Roman Syria and the Near East</i> (Getty Publications, 2003), p. 378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius of Caesarea, <i>Ecclesiastical History</i>, Book vii. Chapter xxx. Section 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius of Caesarea, <i>Ecclesiastical History</i>, Book vii. Chapter xxx. Section 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius of Caesarea, <i>Ecclesiastical History</i>, Book vii. Chapter xxx. Section 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius of Caesarea, <i>Ecclesiastical History</i>, Book vii. Chapter xxx. Section 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius of Caesarea, <i>Ecclesiastical History</i>, Book vii. Chapter xxx. Section 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius of Caesarea, <i>Ecclesiastical History</i>, Book vii. Chapter xxx. Section 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3801.htm">"CHURCH FATHERS: First Council of Nicaea (A.D. 325)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHURCH+FATHERS%3A+First+Council+of+Nicaea+%28A.D.+325%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F3801.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+of+Samosata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Schaff, Philip</a>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_II/Volume_IV/Against_the_Arians/Against_the_Arians/Discourse_II/Chapter_5"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_II/Volume_IV/Against_the_Arians/Against_the_Arians/Discourse_II/Chapter_5"><i>Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series II, Volume IV. Against the Arians, Discourse II, 42-43</i> </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers%2C+Series+II%2C+Volume+IV.+Against+the+Arians%2C+Discourse+II%2C+42-43&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+of+Samosata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L'Huillier1996-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-L'Huillier1996_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_L'Huillier1996" class="citation book cs1">Peter L'Huillier (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Umse6CFnt3MC&pg=PA80"><i>The Church of the Ancient Councils: The Disciplinary Work of the First Four Ecumenical Councils</i></a>. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. pp. 80–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-007-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-007-5"><bdi>978-0-88141-007-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+Ancient+Councils%3A+The+Disciplinary+Work+of+the+First+Four+Ecumenical+Councils&rft.pages=80-81&rft.pub=St+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-88141-007-5&rft.au=Peter+L%27Huillier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUmse6CFnt3MC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+of+Samosata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_of_Samosata&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Paul_of_Samosata" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Paul of Samosata">Paul of Samosata</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul+of+Samosata&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+of+Samosata" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Clifton, Chas S. (1992) :Encyclopedia of Heresies and Heretics, ABC-CLIO Books.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Titles of the Great Christian Church</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Demetrius_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Demetrius of Antioch (page does not exist)">Demetrius</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Patriarchs_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Patriarchs of Antioch">Patriarch of Antioch</a> </b><br />260–268 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Domnus_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Domnus of Antioch">Domnus I</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriarchs_of_Antioch" title="Template:Patriarchs of Antioch"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriarchs_of_Antioch" title="Template talk:Patriarchs of Antioch"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarchs_of_Antioch" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarchs of Antioch"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_Patriarchs_of_Antioch" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Patriarchs_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Patriarchs of Antioch">List</a> of <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">Patriarchs of Antioch</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Church of Antioch</a> before 518</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter I</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 37</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 53</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evodius" title="Evodius">Evodius</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 53</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 69</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 70</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 107</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodion_of_Antioch" title="Herodion of Antioch">Herodion</a> (107–127)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_of_Antioch" title="Cornelius of Antioch">Cornelius</a> (127–154)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros_of_Antioch" title="Eros of Antioch">Eros</a> (154–169)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 169</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 182</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_of_Antioch" title="Maximus of Antioch">Maximus I</a> (182–191)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serapion_of_Antioch" title="Serapion of Antioch">Serapion</a> (191–211)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepiades_of_Antioch" title="Asclepiades of Antioch">Ascelpiades</a> (211–220)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philetus_of_Antioch" title="Philetus of Antioch">Philetus</a> (220–231)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebinnus_of_Antioch" title="Zebinnus of Antioch">Zebinnus</a> (231–237)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylas_of_Antioch" title="Babylas of Antioch">Babylas</a> (237–ca. 250)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabius_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabius of Antioch (page does not exist)">Fabius</a> (253–256)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Antioch" title="Demetrius of Antioch">Demetrius</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 256</span>–?)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul of Samosata</a> (260–268)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Domnus I">Domnus I</a> (268–273)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timaeus_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timaeus of Antioch (page does not exist)">Timaeus</a> (273–282)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyril_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyril of Antioch (page does not exist)">Cyril I</a> (283–303)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyrannus_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyrannus of Antioch (page does not exist)">Tyrannus</a> (304–314)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitalis_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitalis of Antioch (page does not exist)">Vitalis</a> (314–320)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philogonus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philogonus (page does not exist)">Philogonus</a> (320–323)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Antioch" title="Eustathius of Antioch">Eustathius</a> (324–330)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulinus_I_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paulinus I of Antioch (page does not exist)">Paulinus I</a> (330)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eulalius_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eulalius of Antioch (page does not exist)">Eulalius</a> (331–332)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphronius_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euphronius of Antioch (page does not exist)">Euphronius</a> (332–333)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flacillus_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flacillus of Antioch (page does not exist)">Flacillus</a> (333–342)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Antioch" title="Stephen I of Antioch">Stephen I</a> (342–344)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leontius_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leontius of Antioch (page does not exist)">Leontius</a> (344–358)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxius_of_Antioch" title="Eudoxius of Antioch">Eudoxius</a> (358–359)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annanios_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annanios of Antioch (page does not exist)">Annanios</a> (359)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meletius_of_Antioch" title="Meletius of Antioch">Meletius</a> (360–361)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Homoian group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Euzoius (361–378)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorotheus_of_Antioch" title="Dorotheus of Antioch">Dorotheus</a> (378–381)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meletian group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meletius_of_Antioch" title="Meletius of Antioch">Meletius</a> (362–381)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_I_of_Antioch" title="Flavian I of Antioch">Flavian I</a> (381–404)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyrus_of_Antioch" title="Porphyrus of Antioch">Porphyrus</a> (404–412)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander of Antioch (page does not exist)">Alexander</a> (412–417)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Antioch" title="Eustathius of Antioch">Eustathian group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Antioch" title="Paulinus II of Antioch">Paulinus II</a> (362–388)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evagrius_of_Antioch" title="Evagrius of Antioch">Evagrius</a> (388–393)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apollinaris_of_Laodicea" title="Apollinaris of Laodicea">Apollonarist group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Vitalis (376–?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodotus_of_Antioch" title="Theodotus of Antioch">Theodotus</a> (417–428)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Antioch" title="John I of Antioch">John I</a> (428–442)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnus_II_of_Antioch" title="Domnus II of Antioch">Domnus II</a> (442–449)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_II_of_Antioch" title="Maximus II of Antioch">Maximus II</a> (449–455)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basil_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basil of Antioch (page does not exist)">Basil</a> (456–458)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acacius_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acacius of Antioch (page does not exist)">Acacius</a> (458–461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrius_of_Antioch" title="Martyrius of Antioch">Martyrius</a> (461–469)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Fuller" title="Peter the Fuller">Peter II</a> (469–471)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(Chalcedonian_patriarch_of_Antioch)" title="Julian (Chalcedonian patriarch of Antioch)">Julian</a> (471–476)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Fuller" title="Peter the Fuller">Peter II</a> (476)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_II_Codonatus_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John II Codonatus of Antioch (page does not exist)">John II Codonatus</a> (476–477)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_II_of_Antioch" title="Stephen II of Antioch">Stephen II</a> (477–479)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendion" title="Calendion">Callandion</a> (479–485)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Fuller" title="Peter the Fuller">Peter II</a> (485–488)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarch_Palladius_of_Antioch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriarch Palladius of Antioch (page does not exist)">Palladius</a> (488–498)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_II_of_Antioch" title="Flavian II of Antioch">Flavian II</a> (498–512)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch" title="Severus of Antioch">Severus I</a> (512–518)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357771#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357771#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357771#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000432445653">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/284217582">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1157523177227030717">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5048159477964127990001">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/348160668346203560001">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/280938102">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/216273729">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/222167803166417771994">7</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1840492/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcGj3RfHpwpMd8B3hQQbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11878997X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2006106905">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14600102q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14600102q">BnF 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href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058619196206706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11878997X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11878997X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/117894710">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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