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id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Official status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Official status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_other_Tibeto-Burman_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_other_Tibeto-Burman_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relationship with other Tibeto-Burman languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_other_Tibeto-Burman_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History and development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History and development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licchavi_Dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licchavi_Dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Licchavi Dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Licchavi_Dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Medieval era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dark_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dark_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Dark age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dark_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal_Bhasa_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal_Bhasa_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span><i>Nepal Bhasa</i> movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal_Bhasa_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Renaissance era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Newar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Newar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Modern Newar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Newar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jail_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jail_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.1</span> <span>Jail years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jail_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>The 1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_dark_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_dark_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.1</span> <span>Second dark age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_dark_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-1990_People's_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-1990_People's_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.2</span> <span>Post-1990 People's Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-1990_People's_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-2006_People's_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-2006_People's_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.3</span> <span>Post-2006 People's Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-2006_People's_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Nepal_Mandala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Nepal_Mandala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Outside Nepal Mandala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_Nepal_Mandala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Drama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prose_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prose_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Prose fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prose_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Story" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Story"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Story</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Story-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Diphthongs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Writing systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ranjana_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranjana_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Ranjana alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranjana_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonant-free_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant-free_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.3</span> <span>Consonant-free vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant-free_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.4</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devanagari_orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devanagari_orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Devanagari orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devanagari_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complex/compound_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complex/compound_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.3</span> <span>Complex/compound consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complex/compound_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.4</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Romanization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noun_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Noun cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sentence_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sentence_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sentence structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sentence_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Affixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-Aryan_loanwords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Aryan_loanwords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Indo-Aryan loanwords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Aryan_loanwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Newar_language_and_the_Newar_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Newar_language_and_the_Newar_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>The Newar language and the Newar community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Newar_language_and_the_Newar_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Newar language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newari" title="Newari – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Newari" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%94%E1%8D%93%E1%88%8D_%E1%89%A3%E1%88%B3" title="ኔፓል ባሳ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኔፓል ባሳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa" title="Nepal Bhasa – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Nepal Bhasa" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة النيوارية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة النيوارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेपालभाषा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="नेपालभाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevar_dili" title="Nevar dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nevar dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="নেপাল ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নেপাল ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newar-g%C3%AD" title="Newar-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Newar-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Nepal" title="Basa Nepal – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Basa Nepal" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Неварская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Неварская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нэварская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нэварская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेपाल भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newareg" title="Newareg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Newareg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa" title="Nepal Bhasa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nepal Bhasa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9v%C3%A1r%C5%A1tina" title="Névárština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Névárština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newari" title="Newari – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Newari" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेपाल भाषा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Νεβάρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεβάρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_nevar%C3%AD" title="Idioma nevarí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma nevarí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevara_lingvo" title="Nevara lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nevara lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان نپال بهاسایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان نپال بهاسایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalbhasha" title="Nepalbhasha – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nepalbhasha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_N%C3%A9amharais" title="An Néamharais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Néamharais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newarish" title="Newarish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Newarish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_newari" title="Lingua newari – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua newari" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="નેપાલ ભાષા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નેપાલ ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newar-ng%C3%AE" title="Newar-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Newar-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EC%99%80%EB%A5%B4%EC%96%B4" title="네와르어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네와르어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेपालभाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नेपालभाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newar_jezik" title="Newar jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Newar jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Nepal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Newar" title="Bahasa Newar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Newar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa" title="Nepal Bhasa – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nepal Bhasa" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Nepal_Bhasa" title="Lingua Nepal Bhasa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua Nepal Bhasa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%94" title="נפאל בהאסה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נפאל בהאסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_N%C3%A9war" title="Basa Néwar – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Néwar" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ನೇವಾರ್ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೇವಾರ್ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinewar" title="Kinewar – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kinewar" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Невар кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Невар кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Newari" title="Lingua Newari – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Newari" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevaru_valoda" title="Nevaru valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nevaru valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevar%C5%B3_kalba" title="Nevarų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nevarų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेपाल भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Неварски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Неварски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_newari" title="Fiteny newari – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny newari" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="നേവരി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നേവരി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेपाळ भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नेपाळ भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="النيواريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="النيواريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Nepali_Bhasa" title="Bahasa Nepali Bhasa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Nepali Bhasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newaars" title="Newaars – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Newaars" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेवारी भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नेवारी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D" title="नेपाः भाय् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नेपाः भाय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%82%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="ネパール・バサ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネパール・バサ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Неваройн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Неваройн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_bhasa" title="Nepal bhasa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nepal bhasa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newari" title="Newari – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Newari" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BF_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="ନେପାଳି ଭାଷା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନେପାଳି ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevar_tili" title="Nevar tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nevar tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਨੇਪਾਲ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੇਪਾਲ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेपाल भाषा – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نیوار بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیوار بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Newar" title="Lenga Newar – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Newar" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_newarski" title="Język newarski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język newarski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_neuari" title="Língua neuari – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua neuari" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwari_simi" title="Niwari simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Niwari simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Неварский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неварский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेपालभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नेपालभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Newar language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Неварски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Неварски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa" title="Nepal Bhasa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nepal Bhasa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_N%C3%A9pal" title="Basa Népal – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Népal" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newari" title="Newari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Newari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newari" title="Newari – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Newari" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE" title="நேபால் பாசா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நேபால் பாசா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษาเนวาร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเนวาร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Неварська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Неварська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%91%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نیواڑی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیواڑی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Sino-Tibetan language of central-eastern Nepal</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Nepal Bhasa" redirects here. 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The specific problem is: <b>This article needs to be cleaned up and copyedited.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Newar_language" title="Special:EditPage/Newar language">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Newar</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;"><span title="Newar-language text"><span lang="new"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1009413895">.mw-parser-output .script-Newa{font-family:"Noto Sans Newa"}</style><span class="script-Newa" style="font-size: 100%;">𑐣𑐾𑐥𑐵𑐮 𑐨𑐵𑐳𑐵</span>‎</span></span>, <span title="Newar-language romanization"><i lang="new-Latn">Nepal Bhasa</i></span><br /><span title="Newar-language text"><span lang="new"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009413895"><span class="script-Newa" style="font-size: 100%;">𑐣𑐾𑐰𑐵𑑅 𑐨𑐵𑐫𑑂</span>‎</span></span>, <span title="Newar-language romanization"><i lang="new-Latn">Nevāh Bhāy</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NepalBhasa_word_in_Ranjana%26Prachalit_script2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/NepalBhasa_word_in_Ranjana%26Prachalit_script2.gif/200px-NepalBhasa_word_in_Ranjana%26Prachalit_script2.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/NepalBhasa_word_in_Ranjana%26Prachalit_script2.gif/300px-NepalBhasa_word_in_Ranjana%26Prachalit_script2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/NepalBhasa_word_in_Ranjana%26Prachalit_script2.gif/400px-NepalBhasa_word_in_Ranjana%26Prachalit_script2.gif 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="383" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">"Nepal Bhasa" written in the <a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana script</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prachalit_Nepal_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Prachalit Nepal script">Prachalit Nepal script</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[newaː<span class="wrap"> </span>bʱæː]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Mandala" title="Nepal Mandala">Nepal Mandala</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1.3 million <a href="/wiki/Newars" class="mw-redirect" title="Newars">Newars</a> (2021 census)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">880,000 (2021 census)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Newaric_languages" title="Newaric languages">Newaric</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Newar</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Newar" title="Classical Newar">Classical Newar</a> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolakhae_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolakhae dialect">Dolakhae</a></li> <li>Sindhupalchok</li> <li>Kathmandu</li> <li>Lalitpur</li> <li>Bhaktapur</li> <li>Panauti</li> <li>Banepa</li> <li>Hetauda</li> <li>Dhulikhel</li> <li>Chitlang</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> (additional)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagmati_Province" title="Bagmati Province">Bagmati Province</a> (additional)</li></ul> <p><b>Historical</b>: <br /><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a> </p> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tuladhar_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuladhar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa_Academy" title="Nepal Bhasa Academy">Nepal Bhasa Academy</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=323">new</a></span></code> Nepal Bhasa, Newari</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Variously:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/new" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:new">new</a></code> – Newari<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nwx" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:nwx">nwx</a></code> – Middle Newar<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/phj" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:phj">phj</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Pahari_Newar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahari Newar">Pahari Newar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/new">new</a></code> Newari</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> </th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/nwx">nwx</a></code> Middle Newar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/newa1247">newa1247</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepal_ethnic_groups.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nepal_ethnic_groups.png/320px-Nepal_ethnic_groups.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nepal_ethnic_groups.png/480px-Nepal_ethnic_groups.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nepal_ethnic_groups.png/640px-Nepal_ethnic_groups.png 2x" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="934" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Language map of Nepal (including Newar):<br />red = Newar language is the majority spoken language<br /> red with yellow stripes = Newar language is spoken along with <a href="/wiki/Pahari_language" title="Pahari language">Pahari language</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Newar</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <span title="Newar-language text"><span lang="new"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009413895"><span class="script-Newa" style="font-size: 100%;">𑐣𑐾𑐥𑐵𑐮 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵</span>‎</span></span>, <span title="Newar-language romanization"><i lang="new-Latn">nepāla bhāṣā</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan language</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Newar_people" title="Newar people">Newar people</a>, the indigenous inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Mandala" title="Nepal Mandala">Nepal Mandala</a>, which consists of the <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a> and surrounding regions in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. The language is known officialy in Nepal as <b>Nepal Bhasa,</b> a name that has been historically used for the language.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "<b>Newari</b>" is also used to refer to the language, although the Indic <i>-i</i> suffix is considered inappropriate by some Newar speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-newari_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newari-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language served as the official language of Nepal during the <a href="/wiki/Malla_dynasty_(Nepal)" title="Malla dynasty (Nepal)">Malla dynasty</a> since the 14th century till the end of dynasty in 1769 during which the language was referred as "Nepal Bhasa", a term which literally means "Nepalese Language".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuladhar20009_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuladhar20009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the language is not the same as <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a> and the current official language of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, which only got the name Nepali in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Newar_literature" title="Newar literature">Literature in Newar</a> is one of the oldest in Nepal, dating back to at least 600 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the start of the <a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana dynasty</a> in the 1840s until <a href="/wiki/2006_democracy_movement_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 democracy movement in Nepal">democratisation</a>, Newar suffered from official suppression.<sup id="cite_ref-tumbahang2010_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tumbahang2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1952 to 1991, the percentage of Newar speakers in the Kathmandu Valley dropped from 75% to 44%<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and today Newar culture and language are under threat.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language has been listed as "<a href="/wiki/Definitely_endangered_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Definitely endangered language">Definitely endangered</a>" by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 May 2024, Newar, along with <a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> was declared as the official language of <a href="/wiki/Bagmati_Province" title="Bagmati Province">Bagmati Province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Newar is given official status in several city governments of Nepal including <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Use_of_Nepal_Bhasa_in_an_inscription_from_1706.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Use_of_Nepal_Bhasa_in_an_inscription_from_1706.jpg/220px-Use_of_Nepal_Bhasa_in_an_inscription_from_1706.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Use_of_Nepal_Bhasa_in_an_inscription_from_1706.jpg/330px-Use_of_Nepal_Bhasa_in_an_inscription_from_1706.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Use_of_Nepal_Bhasa_in_an_inscription_from_1706.jpg/440px-Use_of_Nepal_Bhasa_in_an_inscription_from_1706.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>A line from an <a href="/wiki/Stone_inscriptions_in_the_Kathmandu_Valley" title="Stone inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley">inscription</a> dated 1706 using the term "<i>Nepāla Bhāṣā</i>" in <a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit script</a> to refer to the language.</figcaption></figure> <p>The official and historical name of the language, <b>Nepal Bhasa</b>, which literally means <i>Nepal Language</i>, originates from <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Nepal" title="Name of Nepal">Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dambar_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dambar-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kashinath1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kashinath1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, <i>Nepal</i> was only used to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a> and its surroundings, where the language was native to.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuladhar-Douglas200724_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuladhar-Douglas200724-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-celestialadvice_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celestialadvice-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A larger region surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">valley</a> is known as <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Mandala" title="Nepal Mandala">Nepal Mandala</a>. Therefore, the language spoken in <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Mandala" title="Nepal Mandala">Nepal Mandala</a> became known as Nepal Bhasa.<sup id="cite_ref-kashinath1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kashinath1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "Nepal Bhasa" is ubiquitous in sources from the <a href="/wiki/Malla_dynasty_(Nepal)" title="Malla dynasty (Nepal)">Malla dynasty</a> to refer to the language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuladhar20009_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuladhar20009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest occurrences of the name <i>Nepālabhāṣā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanāgarī</a>: नेपालभाषा) or <i>Nepālavāc</i> (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanāgarī</a>: नेपालवाच) used to refer to the language, can be found in the manuscripts of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.ngmcp.uni-hamburg.de/wiki/A_1160-6_%28M%C4%81navadharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra%29N%C4%81radasa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81">a commentary to the <i>Nāradasaṃhitā</i></a>, dated 1380, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-01698/1">a commentary to the <i>Amarkośa</i></a>, dated 1386.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuladhar200010_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuladhar200010-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some inscriptions from the <a href="/wiki/Malla_dynasty_(Nepal)" title="Malla dynasty (Nepal)">Malla Dynasty</a> refer to the language as <i>deśabhāṣā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit Script</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009413895"><span class="script-Newa" style="font-size: 100%;">𑐡𑐾𑐱𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵</span>‎ , <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">language of the country</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and <i>svadeśabhāṣā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit Script</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009413895"><span class="script-Newa" style="font-size: 100%;">𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐡𑐾𑐱𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵</span>‎, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">language of one's own country</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuladhar20009_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuladhar20009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Father Cassiano da Macerata, a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchin missionary</a> who visited Nepal in the 1740s referred to the language as Nepalese.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Newari" as a name for the language was coined by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Houghton_Hodgson" title="Brian Houghton Hodgson">Brian Hodgson</a> in 1847 and since then used by most western scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGenetti200710_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGenetti200710-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Newari" is considered by many <a href="/wiki/Newar_people" title="Newar people">Newars</a> to be inappropriate as it is the <a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation_(linguistics)" title="Sanskritisation (linguistics)">Sanskritisation</a> of "Newar".<sup id="cite_ref-newari_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newari-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Newar" is generally believed to be related to the word "Nepal", possibly derived by the replacement of the 'la' sound with a 'ra' sound, a common practice in historical documents from Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuladhar-Douglas200751_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuladhar-Douglas200751-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the term "Newar" itself was rarely used, only finding use in the travelogue of some of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchin</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> who visited Nepal during the <a href="/wiki/Malla_dynasty_(Nepal)" title="Malla dynasty (Nepal)">Malla dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only two sources from the <a href="/wiki/Malla_dynasty_(Nepal)" title="Malla dynasty (Nepal)">Malla dynasty</a> use the term "Newar" to refer to the language or its script; the <a href="/wiki/Stone_inscriptions_in_the_Kathmandu_Valley#Multilingual_inscriptions" title="Stone inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley">multilingual stone inscription</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pratap_Malla" title="Pratap Malla">Pratap Malla</a> uses "<i>nevāra ākhara</i>" ("newar alphabet") to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit script</a> and another stone inscription set up by <a href="/wiki/Pratap_Malla" title="Pratap Malla">Pratap Malla</a> in 1652 uses the term <i>nevārabhāṣā</i> ("newar language") to refer to the language.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1920s, the language known as Khas Kura,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gorkhali or Parbatiya<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was renamed to <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_3_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_3-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rajendramaharjan2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rajendramaharjan2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, the term Gorkhali in the former <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a> entitled "Shreeman Gambhir" was changed to Nepali in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Gorkha Bhasa Prakashini Samiti</i> (Gorkha Language Publishing Committee), a government institution established in 1913 (B.S. 1970) for advancement of Gorkha Bhasa, renamed itself as <i>Nepali Bhasa Prakashini Samiti</i> (Nepali Language Publishing Committee) in 1933 (B.S. 1990), which is currently known as <i>Sajha Prakashan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-sajhaprakashan_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sajhaprakashan-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 September 1995, the cabinet of ministers decided to use "Nepala Bhasa" instead of "Newari".<sup id="cite_ref-kapalilangname_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kapalilangname-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 November 1998, the Minister of Information and Communication issued another directive to use the name Nepal Bhasa instead of Newari.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Central Bureau of Statistics has not been doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A colloquial term is <i>Newa Bhaay</i> (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanāgarī</a>: नेवा: भाय्, <a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>: Nevāḥ Bhāy) is also used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Classical_Newar_Stone_Inscription_from_Bhaktapur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Classical_Newar_Stone_Inscription_from_Bhaktapur.jpg/199px-Classical_Newar_Stone_Inscription_from_Bhaktapur.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Classical_Newar_Stone_Inscription_from_Bhaktapur.jpg/299px-Classical_Newar_Stone_Inscription_from_Bhaktapur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Classical_Newar_Stone_Inscription_from_Bhaktapur.jpg/399px-Classical_Newar_Stone_Inscription_from_Bhaktapur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2871" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption>A stone inscription in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Newar" title="Classical Newar">Classical Newar</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bhaktapur" title="Bhaktapur">Bhaktapur</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepal_lipi_inscription_1952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nepal_lipi_inscription_1952.jpg/200px-Nepal_lipi_inscription_1952.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nepal_lipi_inscription_1952.jpg/300px-Nepal_lipi_inscription_1952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nepal_lipi_inscription_1952.jpg/400px-Nepal_lipi_inscription_1952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="1318" /></a><figcaption>Copper plate inscription at <a href="/wiki/Swayambhunath" title="Swayambhunath">Swayambhunath</a>, dated <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Sambat</a> 1072 (1952 AD)</figcaption></figure> <p>Newar is spoken by over a million people in Nepal according to the 2001 census. </p> <ul><li>In Nepal: <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patan,_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patan, Nepal">Lalitpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhaktapur" title="Bhaktapur">Bhaktapur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhyapur_Thimi" title="Madhyapur Thimi">Madhyapur Thimi</a> municipalities), <a href="/wiki/Dolakha_District" title="Dolakha District">Dolakha District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banepa" title="Banepa">Banepa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhulikhel" title="Dhulikhel">Dhulikhel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandipur">Bandipur</a>, Bhimphedi (Makwanpur), <a href="/wiki/Panauti" title="Panauti">Panauti</a>, Palpa, Trishuli, Nuwakot, Bhojpur, Chitlang, <a href="/wiki/Narayangarh,_Chitwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayangarh, Chitwan">Narayangarh, Chitwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In India: <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> & <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Tibet: <a href="/wiki/Zhangmu" title="Zhangmu">Lhasa</a></li></ul> <p>With an increase in emigration, various bodies and societies of Newar-speaking people have emerged in countries such as the US, the UK, Australia, and Japan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_status">Official status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Official status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal">Nepal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newar was <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Mandala" title="Nepal Mandala">Nepal Mandala</a>'s (then only known as Nepal) administrative language from the 14th to the late 18th century. The continued official use of Newari into the <a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah dynasty</a> is shown by the 1775 treaty with <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, which was written in the language, but it was gradually replaced in official use by Gorkhali.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELienhard19923_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELienhard19923-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the early 20th century until <a href="/wiki/2006_democracy_movement_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 democracy movement in Nepal">democratization</a>, Newar suffered from official suppression.<sup id="cite_ref-tumbahang2010_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tumbahang2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, the use of the language for business and literary purposes was declared illegal, and Newar authors were fined or imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELienhard19924_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELienhard19924-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Language_Commission_(Nepal)" title="Language Commission (Nepal)">Language Commission of Nepal</a> recommended <a href="/wiki/Bagmati_Province" title="Bagmati Province">Bagmati Province</a> to provide Nepal Bhasa (Newar) the status of official language, alongside <a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a>. The commission also recommends Nepal Bhasa (Newar) for official status in specific areas and purposes in <a href="/wiki/Province_No._1" class="mw-redirect" title="Province No. 1">Province No. 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gandaki_Province" title="Gandaki Province">Gandaki Province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-langcomreport_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langcomreport-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At local levels, Nepal Bhasa (Newar) has official status in <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Metropolitan_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathmandu Metropolitan City">Kathmandu Metropolitan City</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-kathmandu_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kathmandu-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lalitpur Metropolitan City<sup id="cite_ref-kapali1142_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kapali1142-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Kirtipur Municipality<sup id="cite_ref-kirtipur_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirtipur-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chandragiri_Municipality" title="Chandragiri Municipality">Chandragiri Municipality</a>, Shankharapur Municipality, Tarkeshwor Municipality of Kathmandu district; <a href="/wiki/Banepa_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Banepa Municipality">Banepa Municipality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhulikhel_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhulikhel Municipality">Dhulikhel Municipality</a> of Kavre district; Godavari Municipality of Lalitpur district; and <a href="/wiki/Bhaktapur_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktapur Municipality">Bhaktapur Municipality</a>, Madhyapur Thimi Municipality of Bhaktapur district have recognized Nepal Bhasa in some ways. Similarly, Bhimeshor Municipality has recognized and made policy-level decisions for Dolakha Nepal Bhasa.<sup id="cite_ref-kapali1142_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kapali1142-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newar is an additional official language in <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> for the purpose of preservation of culture and tradition in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-sikkimgov_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sikkimgov-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official weekly publication <i>Sikkim Herald</i> has a Newar Edition.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Information & Public Relations Department also broadcasts news bulletin in Newar.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nepal Bhasa is included as elective mother tongue subject in schools by Curriculum Development Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tribhuvan University offers Bachelors, Masters, Mphil and PhD degree in Nepal Bhasa.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expatriates<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2023)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> can study Nepal Bhasa at Bishwa Bhasa Campus in Kathmandu.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kathmandu Metropolitan City and Kirtipur Municipality are teaching Nepal Bhasa as a local language.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newar is taught in schools of Sikkim.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_other_Tibeto-Burman_languages">Relationship with other Tibeto-Burman languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relationship with other Tibeto-Burman languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exact placement of Newar within the Tibeto-Burman language family has been a source of controversies and confusion. Robert Shafer classified Newar as part of his Bodic division of Sino-Tibetan.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George Van Driem classified Newar within the <a href="/wiki/Mahakiranti_languages" title="Mahakiranti languages">Mahakiranti grouping</a> but he later retracted his hypothesis in 2003. Moreover, he proposed a new grouping called "Maha-Newari" which possibly includes <a href="/wiki/Baram%E2%80%93Thangmi_languages" title="Baram–Thangmi languages">Baram–Thangmi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Turin2004_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turin2004-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>T. R. Kansakar attributes the difficulty about the placement of Newar to the inability of scholars to connect it with the migration patterns of the Tibeto-Burman speakers. Since Newar separated from rest of the family very early in history, it is difficult or at least arbitrary to reconstruct the basic stratum that contributed to present day Newar speech. He underscored the point that the language evolved from mixed racial/linguistic influences that do not lend easily to a neat classification.<sup id="cite_ref-thlib_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thlib-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A classification (based on Glover's<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) indicating a percentage of shared vocabulary within the labeled branch and an approximate time of split:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table border="0" style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">SINO‑TIBETAN?   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Non Bodic divisions   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Example: <a href="/wiki/Karen_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen languages">Karen</a> etc </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap">Bodic Division  (<span style="font-size:80%;color:Gray;">13%</span>, <span style="font-size:80%;color:Green;">5000BC</span>)<span style="font-size:100%;color:OrangeRed;">ɫ</span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">East Himalayish Subdivision   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Example: <a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunwar</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap">Bodic Subdivision  (<span style="font-size:80%;color:Gray;">19%</span>, <span style="font-size:80%;color:Green;">3200BC</span>)</div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Bodish Section   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manang_language" title="Manang language">Manang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thakali_language" title="Thakali language">Thakali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaike_language" title="Kaike language">Kaike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan languages">Tibetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Kiranti Section   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Examples: <a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap">West Central Himalayish Section <span style="font-size:100%;color:OrangeRed;">ɞ</span> (<span style="font-size:80%;color:Gray;">28%</span>, <span style="font-size:80%;color:Green;">2200BC</span>)</div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chepang_language" title="Chepang language">Chepang</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap">Maha Newari  <span style="font-size:100%;color:OrangeRed;">ʌ</span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="width:auto;font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:1px dashed;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid midnightblue;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid midnightblue;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Baram%E2%80%93Thangmi_languages" title="Baram–Thangmi languages">Baram–Thangmi</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid midnightblue;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>Pahri or Pahari (unrelated to other <a href="/wiki/Pahari_language_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahari language (name)">"Pahari"</a> languages of the region) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid midnightblue;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dolakhae_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolakhae dialect">Dolkha Newari</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid midnightblue;border-bottom:2px solid midnightblue;border-top:0;"> <p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal Bhasa">Nepal Bhasa</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td> <td><div style="position:relative;margin-top:0.742em;height:10.6em;width:0em"> <div style="position:absolute;top:10.72em;color:midnightblue;white-space:nowrap"><i>Indo-Aryanized (~50–60% lexicons)</i></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="color:red;">ɫ </span>"%" indicates lexical similarity/common vocabulary between Newar and the other languages in the branch. The date indicates an approximate time when the language diverged.<br /> <span style="color:red;">ɞ </span>Van Driem labelled this branch as "Parakiranti" and included it together with Kiranti branch to form Maha Kiranti group. However, he would later drop this hypothesis.<br /> <span style="color:red;">ʌ </span>All languages within this branch have extensive Indo-Aryan vocabulary. It is hypothesised that either ancient IndoAryan admixture happened before Newar-Thangmi-Baram split or that Thangmi-Baram borrowed through Newari.<sup id="cite_ref-Turin2004_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turin2004-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_0qbeivx15wwg66sgjkjqvltfxyvexhq"></map><img usemap="#timeline_0qbeivx15wwg66sgjkjqvltfxyvexhq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/0qbeivx15wwg66sgjkjqvltfxyvexhq.png" /></div><p>According to the Linguist Glover, Newar and <a href="/wiki/Chepang_language" title="Chepang language">Chepang language</a> must have diverged around 2200 BC. It is estimated that Newar shares 28% of its vocabulary with Chepang. At the same time, a very large and significant proportion of Newari vocabulary is Indo-European in origin, by one estimate more than 50%, indicating an influence of at least 1,600 years from Indo-European languages, first from Sanskrit, Maithili, Persian, and Urdu and today from Hindi, Nepali and English.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Licchavi_Dynasty">Licchavi Dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Licchavi Dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit language</a> stone inscriptions of the <a href="/wiki/Licchavis_of_Nepal" title="Licchavis of Nepal">Licchavi period</a> (approximately 400–750) contains frequent use of <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> words especially for proper nouns.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost 80 percent of the names of places, taxes and merchandise used in the inscriptions are <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a> in origin.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:p1_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:p1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuladhar200019_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuladhar200019-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It suggests that Newar existed as a vernacular language since at least the <a href="/wiki/Licchavis_of_Nepal" title="Licchavis of Nepal">Lichhavi Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Gopal_Raj_Vamshavali" title="Gopal Raj Vamshavali">Gopal Raj Vamshavali</a>, a 14th century Newar language history book, before the <a href="/wiki/Licchavis_of_Vaishali" title="Licchavis of Vaishali">Licchavis of Vaishali</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Mandala" title="Nepal Mandala">Nepal</a>, it was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Kirata" title="Kirata">Kirata</a> and the language they spoke, which is referred by historians such as Shrestha as Kiranti, is believed to be the old form of the Newar language.<sup id="cite_ref-:p1_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:p1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, in an inscription from 594 located in present day <a href="/wiki/Bhaktapur" title="Bhaktapur">Bhaktapur</a>, the area is referred as <i>khopṛiṅa</i> which closely resmbles the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Newar" title="Classical Newar">classical</a> and modern Newar name for the <a href="/wiki/Bhaktapur" title="Bhaktapur">city</a>, <i>khopa.<sup id="cite_ref-:p2_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:p2-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_era">Medieval era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Medieval era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classical_Newar" title="Classical Newar">Classical Newar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MS_Indic_1936,_Appeasement_of_the_Grahas_Wellcome_L0031358.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/MS_Indic_1936%2C_Appeasement_of_the_Grahas_Wellcome_L0031358.jpg/220px-MS_Indic_1936%2C_Appeasement_of_the_Grahas_Wellcome_L0031358.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/MS_Indic_1936%2C_Appeasement_of_the_Grahas_Wellcome_L0031358.jpg/330px-MS_Indic_1936%2C_Appeasement_of_the_Grahas_Wellcome_L0031358.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/MS_Indic_1936%2C_Appeasement_of_the_Grahas_Wellcome_L0031358.jpg/440px-MS_Indic_1936%2C_Appeasement_of_the_Grahas_Wellcome_L0031358.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3716" data-file-height="2872" /></a><figcaption>A page from a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_astrology" title="Hindu astrology">Astrology</a> book from 1480 written in Newar.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Nepalese_Expenditure_Book_from_1681.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/A_Nepalese_Expenditure_Book_from_1681.jpg/220px-A_Nepalese_Expenditure_Book_from_1681.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/A_Nepalese_Expenditure_Book_from_1681.jpg/330px-A_Nepalese_Expenditure_Book_from_1681.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/A_Nepalese_Expenditure_Book_from_1681.jpg/440px-A_Nepalese_Expenditure_Book_from_1681.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>A expenditure book written in the Newar Language from 1681.</figcaption></figure> <p>It is during this period that the earliest dated document written entirely in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Newar" title="Classical Newar">Newar</a> was written, a <a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">palm-leaf manuscript</a> preserved in Uku Bāhā, a <a href="/wiki/Bahal,_Nepal" title="Bahal, Nepal">Buddhist monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lalitpur,_Nepal" title="Lalitpur, Nepal">Lalitpur</a>, which dates from 1114.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following is a line from the document which mostly deals with business transaction.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <th>Original </th> <th>English Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>chīna ḍhākō tr̥saṃghaṣa paribhōga, chu pulēṃga kītya bipāra vastra <p>bivu mikhā tivu maduguna chu sāta duguna valhe </p> </td> <td>The community should keep an eye on what remains and <p>replace for what is lost, with a remaining object or gift rightly sold out, give some clothes. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first inscription written entirely in Newar set up by the royal family also dates from this period; a stone inscription from <a href="/wiki/Bajrayogini_Temple" title="Bajrayogini Temple">Bajrayogini Temple</a> of Rudra Malla from 1127 (<a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">NS</a> 293).<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Newar language of the Medieval era (879 to 1769 CE) is referred as <a href="/wiki/Classical_Newar" title="Classical Newar">Classical Newar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is further classified into Early Classical Newar, used from 879 to 1482, when the <a href="/wiki/Malla_dynasty_(Nepal)#Period_of_three_kingdoms" title="Malla dynasty (Nepal)">period of three kingdom started</a> and Late Classical Newar, from 1482 to 1769, when the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhaktapur" title="Battle of Bhaktapur">Malla dynasty ended</a>. </p><p>In the 14th century, Newar was given the status of national language by <a href="/wiki/Jayasthiti_Malla" title="Jayasthiti Malla">Jayasthiti Malla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, most of royal decrees, official proclamations and public notices set up by the monarchs appeared in Newar.<sup id="cite_ref-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_3_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_3-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jayasthiti_Malla" title="Jayasthiti Malla">Jayasthiti Malla</a> himself commissioned many works in Newar like the <a href="/wiki/Gopal_Raj_Vamshavali" title="Gopal Raj Vamshavali">Gopal Raj Vamshavali</a>, a manuscript about the history of Nepal dating to 1389.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 14th century onwards, an overwhelming number of <a href="/wiki/Stone_inscriptions_in_the_Kathmandu_Valley" title="Stone inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley">stone inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley</a>, where they are a ubiquitous element at heritage sites, are in Newar.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period from 1428 to 1769 is considered a Golden Age for <a href="/wiki/Newar_literature" title="Newar literature">Newar Literature</a>. Many monarchs of the Malla dynasty themselves started composing hymns and dramas in Newar. Noted royal writers include <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Malla" title="Mahendra Malla">Mahindra Malla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siddhi_Narasimha_Malla" title="Siddhi Narasimha Malla">Siddhi Narsingh Malla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ranajit_Malla" title="Ranajit Malla">Ranajit Malla</a>. Still, there are numerous works of literature from this period with anonymous authors. Some non royal authors include Keshav Udās, Brisabhānanda and Biladātāsingha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaidya2002180_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaidya2002180-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some notable women who wrote literature in Newar during this period include, Jagatakeshari from <a href="/wiki/Banepa" title="Banepa">Banepa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Briddhi_Lakshmi" title="Briddhi Lakshmi">Briddhi Lakshmi</a> (queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bhaktapur" title="Kingdom of Bhaktapur">Bhaktapur</a>), Riddhi Lakshmi (mother of <a href="/wiki/Bhupalendra_Malla" title="Bhupalendra Malla">Bhupalendra Malla</a>), Jaya Lakshmi (queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Narendra_Malla" title="Yoga Narendra Malla">Yoga Narendra Malla</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaidya2002189_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaidya2002189-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among them, Riddhi Lakshmi is considered to be the first woman to publish literature in Nepal as her poems are the earliest dated literature in Nepal authored by a woman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaidya2002119_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaidya2002119-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of the language used during this period is provided by the following lines from a poem written by <a href="/wiki/Briddhi_Lakshmi" title="Briddhi Lakshmi">Briddhi Lakshmi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaidya2002124_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaidya2002124-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <th>Original<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaidya2002124_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaidya2002124-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>English Translation<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>kokila kokha o tī bhatu gilakhā va ati uti dhaka thva jugasa jula</i> <p><i>dukha hāṅā hāṅā parabata jina lhvaneṅa maphuta,</i> <i>madata vipatiyā udhāra</i> </p> </td> <td>This is the age, where the crow and cuckoo are considered equal, where the owl and the parrot are considered the same <p>I can no longer bear the mountain of grief; there is no salvation for the grieved </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dark_age">Dark age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dark age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newar began to be sidelined after the <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha</a> conquest of Nepal and the ouster of the <a href="/wiki/Malla_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malla (Nepal)">Malla dynasty</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah dynasty</a> in the late 18th century. Since then, its history has been one of constant suppression and struggle against official disapproval.<sup id="cite_ref-Shrestha_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shrestha-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the advent of the Shahs, the Gorkhali language became the court language,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Newar was replaced as the language of administration.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Newar continued to remain in official use for a time as shown by the 1775 treaty with Tibet which was written in it.<sup id="cite_ref-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_3_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_3-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few of the new rulers cultivated the language. Kings <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rana_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Rana Bahadur">Rana Bahadur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Bikram_Shah" title="Rajendra Bikram Shah">Rajendra Bikram Shah</a> composed poetry and wrote plays in it. </p><p>Newar suffered heavily under the repressive policy of the <a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana dynasty</a> (1846–1951 AD) when the regime attempted to wipe it out.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1906, legal documents written in Newar were declared unenforceable, and any evidence in the language was declared null and void.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rulers forbade literature in Newar, and writers were sent to jail.<sup id="cite_ref-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_4_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_4-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944, Buddhist monks who wrote in the language were expelled from the country.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, hostility towards the language from neighbours grew following massive migration into the Kathmandu Valley leading to the indigenous Newars becoming a minority.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period 1952 to 1991, the percentage of the valley population speaking Newar dropped from 74.95% to 43.93%.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa_movement" title="Nepal Bhasa movement">Nepal Bhasa movement</a> arose as an effort to save the language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal_Bhasa_movement"><i>Nepal Bhasa</i> movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nepal Bhasa movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_day_sit-in_2013_June_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Black_day_sit-in_2013_June_1.jpg/200px-Black_day_sit-in_2013_June_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Black_day_sit-in_2013_June_1.jpg/300px-Black_day_sit-in_2013_June_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Black_day_sit-in_2013_June_1.jpg/400px-Black_day_sit-in_2013_June_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Sit-in outside the prime minister's residence to mark Black Day on 1 June 2013.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa_movement" title="Nepal Bhasa movement">Nepal Bhasa movement</a></div> <p>Newars have been fighting to save their language in the face of opposition from the government and hostile neighbours from the time of the repressive <a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana regime</a> till today.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoek,_Bert_van_den_and_Shrestha,_Balgopal_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoek,_Bert_van_den_and_Shrestha,_Balgopal-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement arose against the suppression of the language that began with the rise of the Shah dynasty in 1768 AD, and intensified during the Rana regime (1846–1951) and <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat</a> system (1960–1990).<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At various times, the government has forbidden literature in Newar, banned the official use and removed it from the media and the educational system.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opponents have even petitioned the Supreme Court to have its use barred. </p><p>Activism has taken the form of publication of books and periodicals to public meets and protest rallies. Writers and language workers have been jailed or expelled from the country, and they have continued the movement abroad. The struggle for <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_rights" title="Linguistic rights">linguistic rights</a> has sometimes combined with the movement for religious and political freedom in Nepal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_era">Renaissance era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Renaissance era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_dharma_magazine_cover_1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Buddha_dharma_magazine_cover_1929.jpg/200px-Buddha_dharma_magazine_cover_1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Buddha_dharma_magazine_cover_1929.jpg/300px-Buddha_dharma_magazine_cover_1929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Buddha_dharma_magazine_cover_1929.jpg/400px-Buddha_dharma_magazine_cover_1929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Cover of <i>Buddha Dharma wa Nepal Bhasa</i> ("Buddhism and Nepalese") magazine dated 1929.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aesop_book_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Aesop_book_cover.jpg/200px-Aesop_book_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Aesop_book_cover.jpg/300px-Aesop_book_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Aesop_book_cover.jpg/400px-Aesop_book_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2102" /></a><figcaption>'<a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">Aesop's Fables</a>' in Newar by Jagat Sundar Malla, first published in 1915.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa_renaissance" title="Nepal Bhasa renaissance">Nepal Bhasa renaissance</a></div> <p>The period between 1909 and 1941 is considered as the renaissance era of Newar.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, a few authors braved official disapproval and started writing, translating, educating and restructuring the language. Writers <a href="/wiki/Nisthananda_Bajracharya" title="Nisthananda Bajracharya">Nisthananda Bajracharya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siddhidas_Mahaju" title="Siddhidas Mahaju">Siddhidas Mahaju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagat_Sundar_Malla" title="Jagat Sundar Malla">Jagat Sundar Malla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yogbir_Singh_Kansakar" title="Yogbir Singh Kansakar">Yogbir Singh Kansakar</a> are honored as the <a href="/wiki/Four_Pillars_of_Nepal_Bhasa" title="Four Pillars of Nepal Bhasa">Four Pillars of Nepal Bhasa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shukraraj_Shastri" title="Shukraraj Shastri">Shukraraj Shastri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dharmaditya_Dharmacharya" title="Dharmaditya Dharmacharya">Dharmaditya Dharmacharya</a> were also at the forefront of the Renaissance. </p><p>In 1909, Bajracharya published the first printed book using movable type. Shastri wrote a grammar of the language entitled <i>Nepal Bhasa Vyakaran</i>, the first one in modern times. It was published from <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> in 1928. His other works include <i>Nepal Bhasa Reader</i>, Books 1 and 2 (1933) and an alphabet book <i>Nepali Varnamala</i> (1933).<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahaju's translation of the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayan</a> and books on morals and ethics, Malla's endeavours to impart education in the native language and other literary activities marked the renaissance. Dharmacharya published the first magazine in Newar <i><a href="/wiki/Buddha_Dharma_wa_Nepal_Bhasa" title="Buddha Dharma wa Nepal Bhasa">Buddha Dharma wa Nepal Bhasa</a></i> ("Buddhism and Nepalese") from <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> in 1925. Also, the Renaissance marked the beginning of the movement to get official recognition for the name "Nepal Bhasa" in place of the <a href="/wiki/Khas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khas">Khas</a> imposed term "Newari". </p><p>Some of the lines of Mahaju read as follows: </p> <blockquote> <dl><dd>सज्जन मनुष्या संगतनं मूर्ख नापं भिना वै</dd> <dd>sajjana manuṣyā saṃgatanaṃ mūrkha nāpaṃ bhinā vai</dd> <dd>पलेला लपते ल वंसा म्वति थें ल सना वै</dd> <dd>palēlā lapatē la vaṃsā mvati thēṃ la sanā vai</dd></dl> </blockquote> <p>The verse states that even a moron can improve with the company of good people just like a drop of water appears like a pearl when it descends upon the leaves of a lotus plant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Newar">Modern Newar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern Newar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jail_years">Jail years</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Jail years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The years 1941–1945 are known as the jail years for the large number of authors who were imprisoned for their literary or political activities. It was a productive period and resulted in an outpouring of literary works. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chittadhar_Hridaya" title="Chittadhar Hridaya">Chittadhar Hridaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siddhicharan_Shrestha" title="Siddhicharan Shrestha">Siddhicharan Shrestha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phatte_Bahadur_Singh" title="Phatte Bahadur Singh">Phatte Bahadur Singh</a> were among the prominent writers of the period who were jailed for their writings. While in prison, Hridaya produced his greatest work <a href="/wiki/Sugata_Saurabha_(epic)" title="Sugata Saurabha (epic)"><i>Sugata Saurabha</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an epic poem on the life of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_4_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_4-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shrestha wrote a collection of poems entitled <i>Seeswan</i> ("Wax Flower", published in 1948) among other works. Singh (1902–1983) was sentenced to life imprisonment for editing and publishing an anthology of poems by various poets entitled <i>Nepali Bihar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The efforts of Newar authors coincided with the revival of <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhism in Nepal, which the rulers disliked equally. In 1946, the monks who had been exiled by the Ranas in 1944 for teaching <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and writing in Newar were allowed to return following international pressure. Restrictions on publication were relaxed, and books could be published after being censored. The monks wrote wide-ranging books on Buddhism and greatly enriched the corpus of religious literature.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside the <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a> in the 1940s, poets like <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Lal_Shrestha" title="Ganesh Lal Shrestha">Ganesh Lal Shrestha</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hetauda" title="Hetauda">Hetauda</a> composed songs and put on performances during festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_1950s">The 1950s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepal_bhasa_patrika_fp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Nepal_bhasa_patrika_fp.jpg/200px-Nepal_bhasa_patrika_fp.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Nepal_bhasa_patrika_fp.jpg/300px-Nepal_bhasa_patrika_fp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Nepal_bhasa_patrika_fp.jpg/400px-Nepal_bhasa_patrika_fp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><i>Nepal Bhasa Patrika</i> daily newspaper dated 5 November 1960.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana dynasty</a> and the advent of democracy in 1951, restrictions on publication in Newar were removed. Books, magazines and newspapers appeared. A daily newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa_Patrika" title="Nepal Bhasa Patrika">Nepal Bhasa Patrika</a></i> began publication in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Textbooks were published and Newar was included in the curriculum. Nepal Rastriya Vidhyapitha recognised Newar as an alternative medium of instruction in the schools and colleges affiliated to it. </p><p>Literary societies like Nepal Bhasa Parisad were formed and Chwasa: Pasa returned from exile.<sup id="cite_ref-Shrestha_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shrestha-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, Kathmandu Municipality passed a resolution that it would accept applications and publish major decisions in Newar in addition to the Nepali language.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_dark_age">Second dark age</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Second dark age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Democracy lasted for a brief period, and Newar and other languages of Nepal entered a second Dark Age with the dissolution of parliament and the imposition of the <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat</a> system in 1960. Under its policy of "one nation, one language", only the Nepali language was promoted, and all the other languages of Nepal were suppressed as "ethnic" or "local" languages.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963, Kathmandu Municipality's decision to recognize Newar was revoked. In 1965, the language was also banned from being broadcast over Radio Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who protested against the ban were put in prison, including Buddhist monk <a href="/wiki/Sudarshan_Mahasthavir" title="Sudarshan Mahasthavir">Sudarshan Mahasthavir</a>. </p><p>The New Education System Plan brought out in 1971 eased out Nepal's other languages from the schools in a bid to diminish the country's multi-lingual traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students were discouraged from choosing their native language as an elective subject because it was lumped with technical subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoek,_Bert_van_den_and_Shrestha,_Balgopal_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoek,_Bert_van_den_and_Shrestha,_Balgopal-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nepal's various languages began to stagnate as the population could not use them for official, educational, employment or legal purposes. </p><p>Birat Nepal Bhasa Sahitya Sammelan Guthi (Grand Nepal Bhasa Literary Conference Trust), formed in 1962 in Bhaktapur, and <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa_Manka_Khala" title="Nepal Bhasa Manka Khala">Nepal Bhasa Manka Khala</a>, founded in 1979 in Kathmandu, are some of the prominent organizations that emerged during this period to struggle for language rights. The names of these organizations also annoyed the government which, on one occasion in 1979, changed the name of Brihat Nepal Bhasa Sahitya Sammelan Guthi in official media reports.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some lines by the famous poet <a href="/wiki/Durga_Lal_Shrestha" title="Durga Lal Shrestha">Durga Lal Shrestha</a> of this era are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <dl><dd>घाः जुयाः जक ख्वइगु खः झी</dd> <dd>स्याःगुलिं सः तइगु खः</dd> <dd>झी मसीनि ! झी मसीनि !</dd> <dd>धइगु चिं जक ब्वैगु खः</dd></dl> <dl><dd>We are crying because we are wounded</dd> <dd>We are shouting because of the pain</dd> <dd>All in all, we are demonstrating</dd> <dd>That we are not dead yet.</dd></dl> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-1990_People's_Movement"><span id="Post-1990_People.27s_Movement"></span>Post-1990 People's Movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Post-1990 People's Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/1990_People%27s_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 People's Movement">1990 People's Movement</a> that brought the Panchayat system to an end, the languages of Nepal enjoyed greater freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1990 constitution recognized Nepal as a multiethnic and multilingual country. The Nepali language in the Devanagari script was declared the language of the nation and the official language. Meanwhile, all the languages spoken as native languages in Nepal were named national languages.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Metropolitan_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathmandu Metropolitan City">Kathmandu Metropolitan City</a> declared that its policy to officially recognize Nepal Bhasa would be revived. The rest of the city governments in the Kathmandu Valley announced that they too would recognize it. However, critics petitioned the Supreme Court to have the policy annulled, and in 1999, the Supreme Court quashed the decision of the local bodies as being unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-2006_People's_Movement"><span id="Post-2006_People.27s_Movement"></span>Post-2006 People's Movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Post-2006 People's Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A second People's Movement in 2006 ousted the Shah dynasty and Nepal became a republic which gave the people greater linguistic freedom. The 2007 Interim Constitution states that the use of one's native language in a local body or office shall not be barred.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this has not happened in practice. Organizations with names in Newar are not registered, and municipality officials refuse to accept applications written in the language.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The restoration of democracy has been marked by the privatization of the media. Various people and organizations are working for the development of Newar. Newar has several newspapers, a primary level curriculum, several schools, several FM stations (selected time for Newar programs), regular TV programs and news (on Image TV Channel), Nepal Bhasa Music Award (a part of Image Award) and several websites (including a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> in Nepal Bhasa<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>The number of schools teaching Newar has increased, and Newar is also being offered in schools outside the Kathmandu Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_Nepal_Mandala">Outside Nepal Mandala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Outside Nepal Mandala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inscriptions written in Newar occur across <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Mandala" title="Nepal Mandala">Nepal Mandala</a> and outside. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_District" title="Gorkha District">Gorkha</a>, the Bhairav Temple at Pokharithok Bazaar contains an inscription dated <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Sambat</a> 704 (1584 AD), which is 185 years before the conquest of the Kathmandu Valley by the <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a>. The Palanchowk Bhagawati Temple situated to the east of Kathmandu contains an inscription recording a land donation dated Nepal Sambat 861 (1741 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bhojpur,_Nepal" title="Bhojpur, Nepal">Bhojpur</a> in east Nepal, an inscription at the Bidyadhari Ajima Temple dated Nepal Sambat 1011 (1891 AD) records the donation of a door and <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a>. The Bindhyabasini Temple in <a href="/wiki/Bandipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandipur">Bandipur</a> in west Nepal contains an inscription dated Nepal Sambat 950 (1830 AD) about the donation of a tympanum.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside Nepal, Newar has been used in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. Official documents and inscriptions recording votive offerings made by <a href="/wiki/Newar" class="mw-redirect" title="Newar">Newar</a> traders have been found in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A copper plate dated Nepal Sambat 781 (1661 AD) recording the donation of a tympanum is installed at the shrine of Chhwaskamini Ajima (Tibetan: <a href="/wiki/Palden_Lhamo" title="Palden Lhamo">Palden Lhamo</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a> Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Newari_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Newari literature">Newari literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poem_written_in_Newar_by_Briddhi_Lakshmi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Poem_written_in_Newar_by_Briddhi_Lakshmi.svg/220px-Poem_written_in_Newar_by_Briddhi_Lakshmi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Poem_written_in_Newar_by_Briddhi_Lakshmi.svg/330px-Poem_written_in_Newar_by_Briddhi_Lakshmi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Poem_written_in_Newar_by_Briddhi_Lakshmi.svg/440px-Poem_written_in_Newar_by_Briddhi_Lakshmi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="234" /></a><figcaption><i>ka kha yā mye</i> ("a song of <a href="/wiki/Ka_(Indic)" title="Ka (Indic)"><i>ka</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Kha_(Indic)" title="Kha (Indic)"><i>kha</i></a>"), a Newar language poem written by <a href="/wiki/Briddhi_Lakshmi" title="Briddhi Lakshmi">Briddhi Lakhmi</a>, the queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Bhaktapur" title="Bhaktapur">Bhaktapur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuladhar200064_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuladhar200064-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grahas_(Seizers),_Six_Folios_From_a_Book_of_Charms_LACMA_M.82.169.11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Grahas_%28Seizers%29%2C_Six_Folios_From_a_Book_of_Charms_LACMA_M.82.169.11.jpg/220px-Grahas_%28Seizers%29%2C_Six_Folios_From_a_Book_of_Charms_LACMA_M.82.169.11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Grahas_%28Seizers%29%2C_Six_Folios_From_a_Book_of_Charms_LACMA_M.82.169.11.jpg/330px-Grahas_%28Seizers%29%2C_Six_Folios_From_a_Book_of_Charms_LACMA_M.82.169.11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Grahas_%28Seizers%29%2C_Six_Folios_From_a_Book_of_Charms_LACMA_M.82.169.11.jpg/440px-Grahas_%28Seizers%29%2C_Six_Folios_From_a_Book_of_Charms_LACMA_M.82.169.11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1826" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>A folio from a Book of Charms written in the <a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol script</a> from the 16th century. </figcaption></figure> <p>Newar literature has a long history. It has one of the oldest literatures of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a> (together with Chinese, Tibetan, Tangut, Burmese, Yi, etc.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drama">Drama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Drama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Dramas</a> are traditionally performed in open Dabu (stage). Most of the traditional dramas are tales related to deities and demons. Masked characters and music are central elements to such dramas. Most of them are narrated with the help of songs sung at intervals. Such dramas resemble dance in many cases. The theme of most dramas is the creation of a social well-being with morals illustrating the rise, turbulence, and fall of evil. There is fixed dates in the <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Sambat</a> (Nepal Era) calendar for the performance of specific drama. Most of the dramas are performed by specific <a href="/wiki/Guthi" title="Guthi">Guthis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a> writing constituted a splendid part of medieval Malla aristocracy. Many of the kings were well-renowned poets. <a href="/wiki/Siddhidas_Mahaju" title="Siddhidas Mahaju">Siddhidas Mahaju</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chittadhar_Hridaya" title="Chittadhar Hridaya">Chittadhar Hridaya</a> are two great poets in the language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prose_fiction">Prose fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Prose fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prose <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> in Newar is a relatively new field of literature compared to other fields. Most fiction was written in poetry form until the medieval era. Consequently, almost all prose fiction belongs to the modern Newar era. Collections of short stories in Newar are more popular than novels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Story">Story</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Story"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The art of verbal <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">storytelling</a> is very old in Newar. There are a variety of mythical and social stories that have aided in establishing the norm of Kathmandu valley. Stories ranging from the origin of Kathmandu valley to the temples of the valley and the important monuments have been passed down verbally in Newar and very few exist in written form. However, with an increase in the literacy rate and an awareness among the people, folklore stories are being written down. Stories on other topics are also becoming popular. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kansakar (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recognizes three main Newar dialect clusters. </p> <ul><li>Western: Tansen (Palpa), Butwal, Nepalgunj, Old Pokhara, Dumre, Bandipur, Ridhi (Gulmi), Baglung, Dotili / Silgadi</li> <li><b>Central</b>: <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lalitpur_District,_Nepal" title="Lalitpur District, Nepal">Lalitpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhaktapur" title="Bhaktapur">Bhaktapur</a>, Thimi, Kirtipur, Chitlang, Lele, Balaju, Tokha, Pharping, Thankot, Dadikot, Balami, Gopali, Bungamati, <a href="/wiki/Badegaon" title="Badegaon">Badegaon</a>, Pyangaon, Chapagaon, Lubhu, Sankhu, Chakhunti, Gamtsa Gorkha, Badikhel (Pahari), <a href="/wiki/Kavrepalanchok_District" title="Kavrepalanchok District">Kavrepalanchok District</a> dialects (Banepa, Nala, Sangaa, Chaukot, Panauti, Dhulikhel, Duti), Khampu, Khopasi</li> <li><b>Eastern</b>: Chainpur, Dharan, <a href="/wiki/Dolakhae_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolakhae dialect">Dolakha</a>, Sindhupalchok, Taplejung, Terhathum, Bhojpur, Dhankuta, Narayangadh, Jhapa, Ilam</li></ul> <p>Kansakar (2011) also gives the following classification of Newar dialects based on verb conjugation morphology. </p> <ul><li>Central <ul><li>Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Kirtipur, Chitlang, Lele</li> <li>Bhaktapur, Thimi</li></ul></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li>Dolakha, Tauthali, Jethal, Listikot, Doti</li> <li>Pahari (Badikhel)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Kapali (1141 <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">N.S.</a>) gives the following classification of Nepal Bhasa dialects based on mutual intelligibility.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Nepa Valley (Kathmandu Valley) <ul><li>Eastern – includes the region of Bhaktapur, Sakwa and seven villages of Kavre.</li> <li>Western – includes Kathmandu and Lalitpur</li></ul></li> <li>Dwalkha- includes Dolakha and Charikot of Dolakha district, Tauthali and Jethal of Sindupalchok district, and Duti of Kavre district.</li> <li>Smaller dialects based on locality <ul><li>Pyang gaan, a village in Lalitpur</li></ul></li> <li>Smaller dialects based on caste group <ul><li>Gopali</li> <li>Balami</li> <li>Pahari</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Other ways Nepal Bhasa is classified are as follows:- </p> <dl><dt>Bhaktapur</dt> <dd>Also known as <i>Khwapey Bhāy</i> <span title="Newar-language text"><span lang="new">ख्वपय् भाय्</span></span>, this dialect is more archaic than the standard. Variations exist in the use of this form of language in Bhaktapur, Banepa, Panauti, and Dhulikhel.</dd> <dt>Chitlang</dt> <dd>This dialect is used in <a href="/wiki/Chitlang" title="Chitlang">Chitlang</a>, a place south of Kathmandu valley in Makawanpur district. This is one of the biggest Newar bastions at Chitlang. Balami caste predominates there.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Dolakha_Newar_language" title="Dolakha Newar language">Dolakha</a></dt> <dd>This is the most preserved form of the language and resembles the old Newar.</dd> <dt>Kathmandu-Lalitpur</dt> <dd>Kathmandu dialect, also known as <i>Yenmi Bhāy</i> <span title="Newar-language text"><span lang="new">येँमि भाय्</span></span>, is one of the dominant forms of the language and very close to the standard form of the language used in academia and media. It is also the most widely used dialect. It is spoken especially in <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>. Lalitpur dialect, also known as <i>Yeley Bhāy</i> <span title="Newar-language text"><span lang="new">यलय् भाय्</span></span>, is the most dominant form of language and is the standard form of language used in academics and media. It is also very widely used dialect. It is especially spoken in <a href="/wiki/Lalitpur_District,_Nepal" title="Lalitpur District, Nepal">Lalitpur</a>. Due to the similarity between Kathmandu and Lalitpur dialects, it is often grouped as one. Almost 95% of Nepal Bhasa publications are in this dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Pahari</dt> <dd>Pahari variation of Nepal Bhasa is spoken among the Pahari caste.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Pyangaan</dt> <dd>A variation of Nepal Bhasa spoken in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyaangaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyaangaan (page does not exist)">Pyaangaan</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Lalitpur_District,_Nepal" title="Lalitpur District, Nepal">Lalitpur district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religions</a> play a <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">register</a>-like role in dialectical diversity though they are minor. It has been recorded from the <a href="/wiki/Malla_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Malla period">Malla period</a>. There are some vocabulary differences used among Newar Hindus and Buddhists but the dialects of Patan and Kathmandu are similar. <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> were present at that age and few words in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> of Newar differs. With the recent growth of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, other religions, and <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> in Nepal, the diversity in the speech registers regarding religious terminology has become more extended, such as omitting the word <i>dyaḥ</i> (<span title="Newar-language text"><span lang="new">द्यः</span></span>, '<a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">god</a>') after the name of a deity by many people whereas it is retained in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th>(<a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo</a>-)<a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant"><br />palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">murmured</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">mʱ</a></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">nʱ</a></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span><sup>2</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a></span><sup>2</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tɕʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span><sup>2</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">murmured</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">bʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">dʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɖʱ</a></span><sup>2</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">dʑʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɡʱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a>]</span><sup>2</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">murmured</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɾʱ</a>]</span><sup>2</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɽʱ</a>]</span><sup>2</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">murmured</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">wʱ</a></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">lʱ</a></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">jʱ</a></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>Only in Kathmandu Newar.</li> <li>Only in Dolakha Newar.</li></ol> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <ul><li>Marginal phonemes are in parentheses.</li> <li>Allophonic variants are in Square brackets.</li> <li>Tap consonants mainly occur as word-medial alternates of /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span>/, /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d</span>/, /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dʱ</span>/ or /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɖ</span>/ (in Dolakha only).</li> <li>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span>/ can be heard as [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɕ</span>] when occurring before front vowels/glide /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i,<span class="wrap"> </span>e,<span class="wrap"> </span>j</span>/.</li> <li>In Kathmandu Newar, /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋ</span>/ only occurs as word-final.</li> <li>Affricates /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tɕ,<span class="wrap"> </span>dʑ</span>/ can also shift to retracted sounds [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t̠s̠,<span class="wrap"> </span>d̠z̠</span>] when occurring before back vowels.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>short</small> </th> <th><small>long</small> </th> <th><small>nasal</small> </th> <th><small>short</small> </th> <th><small>long</small> </th> <th><small>nasal</small> </th> <th><small>short</small> </th> <th><small>long</small> </th> <th><small>nasal</small> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ũ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ẽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span>) </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">əː</a></span>) </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ə̃</a></span>) </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɑ̃</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃</a></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">æ̃</a></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>Only in Kathmandu Newar.</li></ol> <ul><li>In Kathmandu Newar, the back vowel sounds /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ~ɑ</span>/ occur as [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span>], [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span>], or [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑ</span>].</li> <li>In Dolakha Newar, the back vowel sounds /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ~ɑ</span>/, can occur [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑ</span>], [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʌ</span>], or [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span>].<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o,<span class="wrap"> </span>oː</span>/ and /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span>/ can also be heard as [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔː</span>], and [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊ</span>].</li> <li>The following nasal vowels can also be distinguished in vowel length as /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ĩː<span class="wrap"> </span>ẽː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ̃ː<span class="wrap"> </span>ãː<span class="wrap"> </span>õː<span class="wrap"> </span>ũː</span>/.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Diphthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>oral</small> </th> <th><small>nasal</small> </th> <th><small>oral</small> </th> <th><small>nasal</small> </th> <th><small>oral</small> </th> <th><small>nasal</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthong</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ui</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uĩ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ei</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eĩ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔi</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔĩ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔu</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔũ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ai</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aĩ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">au</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aũ</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pratap_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pratap_inscription.jpg/200px-Pratap_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pratap_inscription.jpg/300px-Pratap_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pratap_inscription.jpg/400px-Pratap_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Detail of King Pratap Malla's inscription at Kathmandu Durbar Square of 1654 AD written in Nepal Lipi.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_prayer_wheels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ranjana_prayer_wheels.jpg/200px-Ranjana_prayer_wheels.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ranjana_prayer_wheels.jpg/300px-Ranjana_prayer_wheels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ranjana_prayer_wheels.jpg/400px-Ranjana_prayer_wheels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Prayer wheels with the mantra "Om Mani Padme Hum" in Ranjana script at Swayambhu, Kathmandu.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nepal_alphabets" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal alphabets">Nepal alphabets</a></div> <p>Nepal Bhasa is currently written in Nepal Lipi, Ranjana Lipi and Devanagari script. The script originally used, <i>Nepal Lipi</i> or "Nepalese script", fell into disuse at the beginning of the 20th century when writing in the language and the script was banned, which resulted in emergence of Devanagari script.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuladhar200014_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuladhar200014-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in past decades attempts are being made for revival.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nepal Lipi, also known as <i>Nepal Akha</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emerged in the 10th century. Over the centuries, a number of variants of Nepali Lipi have appeared. </p><p>Nepal has been written in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> scripts: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutila">Kutila script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prachalit_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Prachalit script">Prachalit script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhujimol">Bhujinmol script</a></li> <li>Kunmol script</li> <li>Kwenmol script</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litumol_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Litumol script">Litumol script</a></li> <li>Hinmol script</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol script</a></li> <li>Pachumol script</li> <li>Devanagari script</li></ul> <p>Devanagari is the most widely used script at present, as it is common in Nepal and India. <a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana script</a> was the most widely used script to write Classical Nepalese in ancient times. It is experiencing a revival due to the recent rise of cultural awareness. The <a href="/wiki/Prachalit_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Prachalit script">Prachalit script</a> is also in use. All used to write Nepal but Devanagari are descended from a script called the <a href="/wiki/Nepal_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal script">Nepal script</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ranjana_alphabet">Ranjana alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ranjana alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Classical Nepalese materials written in Ranjana can be found in present-day Nepal, East Asia, and Central Asia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonants_2">Consonants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Special consonant in Nepal omitted. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_k.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ranjana_k.svg/24px-Ranjana_k.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ranjana_k.svg/36px-Ranjana_k.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ranjana_k.svg/48px-Ranjana_k.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> k क</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_kh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ranjana_kh.svg/24px-Ranjana_kh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ranjana_kh.svg/36px-Ranjana_kh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ranjana_kh.svg/48px-Ranjana_kh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> kʰ ख</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_g.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ranjana_g.svg/24px-Ranjana_g.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ranjana_g.svg/36px-Ranjana_g.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ranjana_g.svg/48px-Ranjana_g.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> g ग</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_gh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ranjana_gh.svg/24px-Ranjana_gh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ranjana_gh.svg/36px-Ranjana_gh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ranjana_gh.svg/48px-Ranjana_gh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> gʱ घ</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_ng.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ranjana_ng.svg/24px-Ranjana_ng.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ranjana_ng.svg/36px-Ranjana_ng.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ranjana_ng.svg/48px-Ranjana_ng.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> ŋ ङ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_c.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ranjana_c.svg/24px-Ranjana_c.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ranjana_c.svg/36px-Ranjana_c.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ranjana_c.svg/48px-Ranjana_c.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> t͡ɕ च</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_ch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ranjana_ch.svg/24px-Ranjana_ch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ranjana_ch.svg/36px-Ranjana_ch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ranjana_ch.svg/48px-Ranjana_ch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> t͡ɕʰ छ</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_j.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ranjana_j.svg/24px-Ranjana_j.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ranjana_j.svg/36px-Ranjana_j.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ranjana_j.svg/48px-Ranjana_j.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> d͡ʑ ज</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_jh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ranjana_jh.svg/24px-Ranjana_jh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ranjana_jh.svg/36px-Ranjana_jh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ranjana_jh.svg/48px-Ranjana_jh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> d͡ʑʱ झ</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_ny.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ranjana_ny.svg/24px-Ranjana_ny.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ranjana_ny.svg/36px-Ranjana_ny.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ranjana_ny.svg/48px-Ranjana_ny.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> ɲ ञ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_tt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ranjana_tt.svg/24px-Ranjana_tt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ranjana_tt.svg/36px-Ranjana_tt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ranjana_tt.svg/48px-Ranjana_tt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> ʈ ट</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_tth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ranjana_tth.svg/24px-Ranjana_tth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ranjana_tth.svg/36px-Ranjana_tth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ranjana_tth.svg/48px-Ranjana_tth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> ʈʰ ठ</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_dd.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ranjana_dd.svg/24px-Ranjana_dd.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ranjana_dd.svg/36px-Ranjana_dd.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ranjana_dd.svg/48px-Ranjana_dd.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> ɖ ड</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_ddh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ranjana_ddh.svg/24px-Ranjana_ddh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ranjana_ddh.svg/36px-Ranjana_ddh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ranjana_ddh.svg/48px-Ranjana_ddh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> ɖʱ ढ</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_nn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ranjana_nn.svg/24px-Ranjana_nn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ranjana_nn.svg/36px-Ranjana_nn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ranjana_nn.svg/48px-Ranjana_nn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> ɳ ण </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_t.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ranjana_t.svg/24px-Ranjana_t.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ranjana_t.svg/36px-Ranjana_t.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ranjana_t.svg/48px-Ranjana_t.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> t त</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_th.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ranjana_th.svg/24px-Ranjana_th.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ranjana_th.svg/36px-Ranjana_th.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ranjana_th.svg/48px-Ranjana_th.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> tʰ थ</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_d.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ranjana_d.svg/24px-Ranjana_d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ranjana_d.svg/36px-Ranjana_d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ranjana_d.svg/48px-Ranjana_d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> d द</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_dh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ranjana_dh.svg/24px-Ranjana_dh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ranjana_dh.svg/36px-Ranjana_dh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ranjana_dh.svg/48px-Ranjana_dh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> dʱ ध</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_n.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ranjana_n.svg/24px-Ranjana_n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ranjana_n.svg/36px-Ranjana_n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ranjana_n.svg/48px-Ranjana_n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> n न </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ranjana_p.svg/24px-Ranjana_p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ranjana_p.svg/36px-Ranjana_p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ranjana_p.svg/48px-Ranjana_p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> p प</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_ph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ranjana_ph.svg/24px-Ranjana_ph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ranjana_ph.svg/36px-Ranjana_ph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ranjana_ph.svg/48px-Ranjana_ph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> pʰ फ</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_b.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ranjana_b.svg/24px-Ranjana_b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ranjana_b.svg/36px-Ranjana_b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ranjana_b.svg/48px-Ranjana_b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> b ब</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_bh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ranjana_bh.svg/24px-Ranjana_bh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ranjana_bh.svg/36px-Ranjana_bh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ranjana_bh.svg/48px-Ranjana_bh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> bʱ भ</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_m.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ranjana_m.svg/24px-Ranjana_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ranjana_m.svg/36px-Ranjana_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ranjana_m.svg/48px-Ranjana_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> m म </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_y.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ranjana_y.svg/24px-Ranjana_y.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ranjana_y.svg/36px-Ranjana_y.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ranjana_y.svg/48px-Ranjana_y.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> y य</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_r.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ranjana_r.svg/24px-Ranjana_r.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ranjana_r.svg/36px-Ranjana_r.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ranjana_r.svg/48px-Ranjana_r.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> r र</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_l.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ranjana_l.svg/24px-Ranjana_l.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ranjana_l.svg/36px-Ranjana_l.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ranjana_l.svg/48px-Ranjana_l.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> l ल</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_v.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ranjana_v.svg/24px-Ranjana_v.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ranjana_v.svg/36px-Ranjana_v.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ranjana_v.svg/48px-Ranjana_v.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> w व</td> <td style="background:#dddddd;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_sh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ranjana_sh.svg/24px-Ranjana_sh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ranjana_sh.svg/36px-Ranjana_sh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ranjana_sh.svg/48px-Ranjana_sh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> ɕ श</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_ss.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ranjana_ss.svg/24px-Ranjana_ss.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ranjana_ss.svg/36px-Ranjana_ss.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ranjana_ss.svg/48px-Ranjana_ss.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> ʂ ष</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_s.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ranjana_s.svg/24px-Ranjana_s.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ranjana_s.svg/36px-Ranjana_s.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ranjana_s.svg/48px-Ranjana_s.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> s̪ स</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_h.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ranjana_h.svg/24px-Ranjana_h.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ranjana_h.svg/36px-Ranjana_h.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ranjana_h.svg/48px-Ranjana_h.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> h ह</td> <td style="background:#dddddd;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_ksh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ranjana_ksh.svg/24px-Ranjana_ksh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ranjana_ksh.svg/36px-Ranjana_ksh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ranjana_ksh.svg/48px-Ranjana_ksh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> kʂ क्ष</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_tr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ranjana_tr.svg/24px-Ranjana_tr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ranjana_tr.svg/36px-Ranjana_tr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ranjana_tr.svg/48px-Ranjana_tr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> t̪r त्र</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_jny.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ranjana_jny.svg/24px-Ranjana_jny.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ranjana_jny.svg/36px-Ranjana_jny.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ranjana_jny.svg/48px-Ranjana_jny.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> d͡ʑɲ ज्ञ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowels_2">Vowels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:822px;max-width:822px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kakaa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kakaa.JPG/270px-Kakaa.JPG" decoding="async" width="270" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kakaa.JPG/405px-Kakaa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kakaa.JPG/540px-Kakaa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Vowel diacritics applied to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kə]</span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gagaa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gagaa.JPG/270px-Gagaa.JPG" decoding="async" width="270" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gagaa.JPG/405px-Gagaa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gagaa.JPG/540px-Gagaa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="277" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Vowel diacritics applied to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡə]</span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Babaa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Babaa.JPG/270px-Babaa.JPG" decoding="async" width="270" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Babaa.JPG/405px-Babaa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Babaa.JPG/540px-Babaa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="276" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Vowel diacritics applied to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bə]</span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>There are 3 series of vowel diacritics – the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kə]</span>-like system, the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡə]</span>-like system, and the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bə]</span>-like system. </p> <ul><li>Use the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kə]</span>-like system when applying to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʑə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mʱə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hʲə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʂə]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʑɲə]</span></li> <li>Use the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡə]</span>-like system when applying to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʈʰə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɳə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʱə]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕə]</span></li> <li>Use the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bə]</span>-like system when applying to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡʱə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ɕə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ɕʰə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʑʱə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʈə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɖə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɖʱə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[də]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nʱə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bʱə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[rə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hʳə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lʱə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wʱə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʂə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[trə]</span></li></ul> <p>Note that many of the consonants mentioned above (e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bʱə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɖʱə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡʱə]</span>, etc.) occur only in loan words and mantras. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonant-free_vowels">Consonant-free vowels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Consonant-free vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Numerals">Numerals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Newar_numerals" title="Newar numerals">Newar numerals</a></div> <ul><li>The numerals used in Ranjana script are as follows (from 0 to 9):</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ranjana_0.svg/24px-Ranjana_0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ranjana_0.svg/36px-Ranjana_0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ranjana_0.svg/48px-Ranjana_0.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> 0</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ranjana_1.svg/24px-Ranjana_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ranjana_1.svg/36px-Ranjana_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ranjana_1.svg/48px-Ranjana_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> 1</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ranjana_2.svg/24px-Ranjana_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ranjana_2.svg/36px-Ranjana_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ranjana_2.svg/48px-Ranjana_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> 2</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ranjana_3.svg/24px-Ranjana_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ranjana_3.svg/36px-Ranjana_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ranjana_3.svg/48px-Ranjana_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> 3</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ranjana_4.svg/24px-Ranjana_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ranjana_4.svg/36px-Ranjana_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ranjana_4.svg/48px-Ranjana_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> 4</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ranjana_5.svg/24px-Ranjana_5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ranjana_5.svg/36px-Ranjana_5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ranjana_5.svg/48px-Ranjana_5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> 5</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ranjana_6.svg/24px-Ranjana_6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ranjana_6.svg/36px-Ranjana_6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ranjana_6.svg/48px-Ranjana_6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> 6</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ranjana_7.svg/24px-Ranjana_7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ranjana_7.svg/36px-Ranjana_7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ranjana_7.svg/48px-Ranjana_7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> 7</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ranjana_8.svg/24px-Ranjana_8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ranjana_8.svg/36px-Ranjana_8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ranjana_8.svg/48px-Ranjana_8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> 8</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjana_9.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ranjana_9.svg/24px-Ranjana_9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ranjana_9.svg/36px-Ranjana_9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ranjana_9.svg/48px-Ranjana_9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> 9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devanagari_orthography">Devanagari orthography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Devanagari orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern Newar is written generally with the Devanagari script, although formerly it was written in the Ranjana and other scripts. The letters of the Nagari alphabet are traditionally listed in the order <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> (monophthongs and <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>), <a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasals</a>) (starting in the back of the mouth and moving forward), and finally the <a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid consonants">liquids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a> as follows (see the tables below for details): </p> <dl><dd>a ā i ī u ū ṛ ṝ ḷ ḹ; e ai o au</dd> <dd>ṃ ḥ</dd> <dd>k kh g gh ṅ; c ch j jh ñ; ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ; t th d dh n; p ph b bh m</dd> <dd>y r l v; ś ṣ s h</dd></dl> <p>Kathmandu Newar does not use ñ for the palatal nasal but instead writes this sound with the ligature <span class="nowrap">⟨ny⟩</span> as for example in the word <i>nyā</i> 'five'. Orthographic vowel length (i vs ī and u vs ū) represents a difference of vowel length while the vowels with no orthographic length (a and ā) is indicated with the visarga (e.g. <i>khāḥ</i> (<b>IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰaː/</span></b>) 'is'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowels_3">Vowels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vowels, called <i>mā ākha</i> (माआखः), meaning "mother letters", used in Newar are: </p> <table border="2" class="wikitable" align="center" width="550"> <tbody><tr> <th>Orthography</th> <th>अ</th> <th>अः</th> <th>आ</th> <th>आः</th> <th>इ</th> <th>ई</th> <th>उ</th> <th>ऊ</th> <th>ऋ</th> <th>ॠ</th> <th>ऌ</th> <th>ॡ</th> <th>ए</th> <th>ऐ</th> <th>ओ</th> <th>औ</th> <th>अँ</th> <th>अं</th> <th>अय्</th> <th>आय्</th> <th>एय् </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Roman</td> <td>a</td> <td>a:</td> <td>aa</td> <td>aa:</td> <td>i</td> <td>ii</td> <td>u</td> <td>uu</td> <td>ri</td> <td>rii</td> <td>lri</td> <td>lrii</td> <td>e</td> <td>ai</td> <td>o</td> <td>au</td> <td>an</td> <td>aN</td> <td>ay</td> <td>aay</td> <td>ey </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Even though ऋ, ॠ, ऌ, ॡ are present in Newar, they are rarely used. Instead, some experts suggest including अय् (ay) and आय् (aay) in the list of vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonants_3">Consonants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consonants, called <i>bā ākha</i> (बाआखः), meaning "father letters", used in Newar are: </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center" width="250"> <tbody><tr> <th>क</th> <th>ख</th> <th>ग</th> <th>घ</th> <th>ङ</th> <th>ङ्ह </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gʱə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋʱə/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>च</th> <th>छ</th> <th>ज</th> <th>झ</th> <th>ञ</th> <th>ञ्ह </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ɕə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ɕʰə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʑə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʑʱə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲʱə/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ट</th> <th>ठ</th> <th>ड</th> <th>ढ</th> <th>ण</th> <th>ण्ह </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈʰə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖʱə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɳə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɳʱə/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>त</th> <th>थ</th> <th>द</th> <th>ध</th> <th>न</th> <th>न्ह </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/də/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʱə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nʱə/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>प</th> <th>फ</th> <th>ब</th> <th>भ</th> <th>म</th> <th>म्ह </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bʱə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mʱə/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>य</th> <th>ह्य</th> <th>र</th> <th>ह्र</th> <th>ल</th> <th>ल्ह</th> <th>व</th> <th>व्ह </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hjə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hrə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lʱə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wʱə/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>श</th> <th>ष</th> <th>स</th> <th>ह</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɕə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʂə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hə/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>क्ष</th> <th>त्र</th> <th>ज्ञ</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʂə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̪rə/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʑɲə/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>ङ्ह, ञ्ह, ण्ह, न्ह, म्ह, ह्य, ह्र, ल्ह and व्ह are sometimes included in the list of consonants as they have a specific identity in Nepal. </p><p>The use of ङ and ञ was very common in the old form of language. However, in the new form, especially in writing, the use of these characters has diminished. The use of ण, त, थ, द, ध, न, श, ष, क्ष, त्र, ज्ञ is limited by the new grammar books to the loan words only. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Complex/compound_consonants"><span id="Complex.2Fcompound_consonants"></span>Complex/compound consonants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Complex/compound consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides the consonants mentioned above, combined consonants called <i>chinā ākha</i> (चिना आखः) are used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Numerals_2">Numerals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Newari_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Newari numerals">Newari numerals</a></div> <ul><li>The same numerals in Devanagari are:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <caption><b>In Devanāgarī</b> </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size:14pt;"> <td>०</td> <td>१</td> <td>२</td> <td>३</td> <td>४ </td> <td>५</td> <td>६</td> <td>७</td> <td>८</td> <td>९ </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4 </td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanization">Romanization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Romanization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Nepala Bhasa Roman Transliteration (NBRT)</b> was introduced in 2021, with some modifications to <a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nbrt_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbrt-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>This section may need to be rewritten.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Newar_language" title="Special:EditPage/Newar language">improve this section</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Newar language is one of the few Tibeto-Burman languages with a <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">clusivity</a> distinction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun_cases">Noun cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Noun cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Noun cases in Newar have six cases and are differentiated based on whether the term in question is animate or inanimate. The following charts provides case endings that can be affixed on the end of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives in IAST transliteration for contemporary and old (or "classical") Newar. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Noun Case Endings in Contemporary Newar<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td><i>Inanimate</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>Animate/non-honourific</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>Animate/honourific</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Case</b> </td> <td><b>Singular</b> </td> <td><b>Singular</b> </td> <td><b>Plural</b> </td> <td><b>Singular</b> </td> <td><b>Plural</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">Ergative</a></b> </td> <td>-ṃ, -ḥṃ </td> <td>-ṃ, -ḥṃ </td> <td>(-sa-) -ṃ, <p>-ḥṃ, </p> </td> <td>-ṃ, -ḥṃ </td> <td>-pisaṃ, <p>-pisaḥṃ </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">Absolutive</a></b> </td> <td>-ø </td> <td>-ø </td> <td>-ta </td> <td>-ø </td> <td>-pīṃ </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Sociative_case" title="Sociative case">Sociative</a></b> </td> <td>X </td> <td>-yāke, -ike </td> <td>-tayke </td> <td>-yāke, -ike </td> <td>-pīṃke </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a></b> </td> <td>-yāta </td> <td>-yāta, -ta </td> <td>-tayta, -ita </td> <td>-yāta </td> <td>-pīṃta </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a></b> </td> <td>-yā </td> <td>-yā </td> <td>-tay </td> <td>-yā </td> <td>-pini </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a></b> </td> <td>-e, -ay, -ī </td> <td>X </td> <td>X </td> <td>X </td> <td>X </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Noun Case Endings in Old Newar<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td><i>Inanimate</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>Animate/non-honourific</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>Animate/honourific</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Case</b> </td> <td><b>Singular</b> </td> <td><b>Singular</b> </td> <td><b>Plural</b> </td> <td><b>Singular</b> </td> <td><b>Plural</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Instrumental/Ergative</b> </td> <td>-n </td> <td>-n </td> <td>-taseṃ </td> <td>-n, -seṃ </td> <td>-paniseṃ </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Absolutive</b> </td> <td>-ø </td> <td>-ø </td> <td>-ta, -to </td> <td>-ø </td> <td>-pani </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Sociative</b> </td> <td>-va </td> <td>-va </td> <td>-mis(a)va </td> <td>-va </td> <td>-panis(a)va </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Dative</b> </td> <td>-taṃ, -yātā </td> <td>-taṃ, -yātaṃ </td> <td>-mistaṃ </td> <td>-yātaṃ </td> <td>-panistaṃ </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Genitive</b> </td> <td>-yā </td> <td>-yā </td> <td>-tas, -mis </td> <td>-yā </td> <td>-panis </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Locative</b> </td> <td>-s </td> <td>-(s)ke, -yāke </td> <td>X </td> <td>-(s)ke, -yāke </td> <td>-paniske </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sentence_structure">Sentence structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Sentence structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Statement sentence-<br /> This language is a <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">SOV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a>) language. For instance, "My name is Bilat (Birat)" is "Jigu Na'aa Bilat Khaa'a " which word by word translation becomes, "My (Jigu) Name (Na'aa) Bilat is (Khaa'a)". </p><p>Interrogative sentence-<br /> Wh-question:<br /> In the case of Newar language, Wh-questions are rather "G-questions" with "when/which" being replaced by "Gublay/Gugu" respectively. There is an additional "Guli" which is used for "How much/How many". A S-word "Soo" is used for "who". "Chhoo/Schoo (with a silent 's')" is used for "What", and "Gathey" is used for "How". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affixes">Affixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Affixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Suffix</i>- "<i>Chaa</i>" and "<i>Ju</i>" are two popular suffixes. "<i>Chaa</i>" is added to signify "<i>junior</i>" or "<i>lesser</i>". But when added to a name, it is used derogatorily. For example, <i>kya'ah-chaa</i> means nephew where "<i>chaa</i>" is being added to <i>kya'ah(son)</i>. When added to name like <i>Birat</i> for "<i>Birat-chaa</i>", it is being used derogatorily. The suffix "<i>ju</i>" is added to show respect. For example, "<i>Baa-ju</i>" means "<i>father-in-law</i>" where "<i>ju</i>" is added to "<i>Baa(father)</i>". Unlike "<i>chaa</i>", "<i>ju</i>" is not added to a first/last name directly. Instead, honorific terms like "<i>Bhaaju</i>" is added for males and "<i>Mayju</i>" for females. Example, "<i>Birat bhaaju</i>" for a male name (<i>Birat</i>) and "<i>Suja Mayju</i>" for a female name (<i>Suja</i>). </p><p><i>Prefix</i> – "<i>Tap'ah</i>" is added to denote "remote" or "distant" relative ('distance' in relationship irrespective of spatial extent). A distant (younger) brother (<i>kija</i>) becomes "<i>tap'ah-kija</i>". "<i>Tuh</i>" is added to denote "higher". Father (<i>baa</i>)'s senior brother is referred to as "<i>Tuh-baa</i>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indo-Aryan_loanwords">Indo-Aryan loanwords</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Indo-Aryan loanwords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newar is one of the most Aryanized Sino-Tibetan languages. Below are some basic words borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Words </th> <th>Origin (orig. word) </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>Abu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> </td> <td>Father </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ākha <p>(आख) </p> </td> <td>Sanskrit <p>(Akshara) </p> </td> <td>Letter </td></tr> <tr> <td>La:h (ल:) </td> <td>Sanskrit (Jala:h) </td> <td>Water </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaa:sa </td> <td>Sanskrit </td> <td>Bronze </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ka:h </td> <td>Pali (Kana) </td> <td>Blind (Original meaning in Pali was "one-eyed") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ka:n <p>(कं) </p> </td> <td>Sanskrit <p>(Kantaka:h) </p> </td> <td>Thorn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaji </td> <td>Arabic </td> <td>leader </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kimi (कीमी) </td> <td>Sanskrit (Krmi) </td> <td>Hookworm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Khaapaa (खापा) </td> <td>Pali </td> <td>Door (Original meaning in Pali was "door panel") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Khicha: (खिचा) </td> <td>Sanskrit (Kukkura:h) </td> <td>Dog </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ga:n <p>(गं) </p> </td> <td>Sanskrit <p>(Ghanta) </p> </td> <td>Bell </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dya:h </td> <td>Sanskrit (Dev) </td> <td>Deity </td></tr> <tr> <td>Naa:n </td> <td>Sanskrit <p>(Nām) </p> </td> <td>Name </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nhya:h </td> <td>Sanskrit (Na:sika) </td> <td>Nose </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bhay <p>(भाय्) </p> </td> <td>Sanskrit <p>(Bhasha) </p> </td> <td>Language </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dey (देय) </td> <td>Sanskrit <p>(Desh) </p> </td> <td>country </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bhukha </td> <td>Sanskrit <p>(Bhukampa) </p> </td> <td>Earthquake </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manu </td> <td>Sanskrit <p>(Manusya) </p> </td> <td>Person </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manda:h <p>(मन्द) </p> </td> <td>Sanskrit <p>(Mandala) </p> </td> <td>Circle </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mhu:tu </td> <td>Sanskrit (Mukh) </td> <td>Mouth </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gha:h </td> <td>Sanskrit <p>(Ghata:h) </p> </td> <td>Water pot </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dekhā </td> <td>Sanskrit <p>(Dikshā) </p> </td> <td>Initiation </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pukhuri </td> <td>Sanskrit <p>(Pukhkarini) </p> </td> <td>Pool </td></tr> <tr> <td>Niga:h </td> <td>Sanskrit <p>(Nagar) </p> </td> <td>City </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gām </td> <td>Sanskrit <p>(Grām) </p> </td> <td>Village </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lhā </td> <td>Sanskrit <p>(Hasta) </p> </td> <td>Hand </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Newar_language_and_the_Newar_community">The Newar language and the Newar community</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: The Newar language and the Newar community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newapolitics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Newapolitics.jpg/200px-Newapolitics.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Newapolitics.jpg/300px-Newapolitics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Newapolitics.jpg/400px-Newapolitics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A wall slogan of Maoists using Nepal Bhasa</figcaption></figure> <p>Nepal Bhasa is the native language of Newars. Newars form a very diverse community with people from Sino-Tibetan, ASI and ANI origin.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newars follow Hinduism and Buddhism, and are subdivided into 64 castes. The language, therefore, plays a central unifying role in the existence and perpetuation of the Newar community. The poet Siddhidas Mahaju concluded that the Newar community and its rich culture can only survive if the Newar language survives (भाषा म्वासा जाति म्वाइ). </p><p>The Newars enjoyed promotions in various areas since Kathmandu become the capital of the country as they rose in ranks throughout the government, royal courts and businesses. </p><p>Newar faced a decline during the Shah era when this language was replaced by Khas Kura (later renamed Nepali) as the national language and after the introduction of the "One nation, one language" policy of King Mahendra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-newari-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newari_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newari_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>"The Newars themselves, some of whom find the term 'Newar' to be an oppressive reminder of their colonization by the Gorkhas in the 18th century."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuladhar-Douglas200725_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuladhar-Douglas200725-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Some people in the Newar community, including some prominent Newar linguists, consider the derivational suffix -i found in the term Newari to constitute an 'Indianization' of the language name. These people thus hold the opinion that the term Newari is non-respectful of Newar culture."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGenetti200710_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGenetti200710-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <i>Nepa Valley</i> is still used among the native <a href="/wiki/Newar_people" title="Newar people">Newar</a> population<sup id="cite_ref-savenepavalley_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-savenepavalley-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rukshanakapali_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rukshanakapali-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bhaktarai_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhaktarai-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bkhabar_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bkhabar-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and local governments<sup id="cite_ref-bktmun_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bktmun-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a> while senior citizens still tend to refer the valley as <i>Nepal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-dambar2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dambar2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A government report from 1961 describes the valley being grouped as <i>Kathmandu District</i>, which is different from today's <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_District" title="Kathmandu District">Kathmandu District</a>, marks the commencement of referring the valley as Kathmandu Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-2013district_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013district-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rajendramaharjan_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rajendramaharjan-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/new">Newar</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nwx">Middle Newar</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/phj">Pahari Newar</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuladhar-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuladhar_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Nepal Bhasa Sahityaya Itihas: History of Nepalbhasa Literature.</i>Tuladhar, Prem Shanti (2000). Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Academy. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99933-56-00-X" title="Special:BookSources/99933-56-00-X">99933-56-00-X</a>. Page 37: "The early new rulers cultivated Newari language. Kings Prithvi Narayan Shah, Rana Bahadur and Rajendra Bikram Shah composed poetry and wrote many plays in Newari".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levy, Robert I. (1990) <i>Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal.</i> Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1038-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1038-4">81-208-1038-4</a>. Page 15:"Following the advent of the Shahs, the Gorkhali language became the court language, and Newari was replaced as the language of administration".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malla, kamal. History of the Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: Rolwaling press. p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Newar" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Newar">"Newar"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Newar&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DNewar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaharjan,_Resha2018" class="citation book cs1">Maharjan, Resha (2018). <i>The Journey of Nepal Bhasa: From Decline to Revitalization (M.Phil. thesis)</i>. UIT The Arctic University of Norway.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journey+of+Nepal+Bhasa%3A+From+Decline+to+Revitalization+%28M.Phil.+thesis%29&rft.pub=UIT+The+Arctic+University+of+Norway&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Maharjan%2C+Resha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaidya1994" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Vaidya, Dr. Janak Lal (4 November 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nepalbhashasahityayaitihascompiledbyjanaklalvaidya/mode/1up">"nepāla bhāṣā sāhityayā dhāḥ"</a> [The Literature of Nepal Bhasa]. <i>Kheluita</i> (in Newari). Vol. 16. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kheluita&rft.atitle=nep%C4%81la+bh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3%C4%81+s%C4%81hityay%C4%81+dh%C4%81%E1%B8%A5&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=58&rft.date=1994-11-04&rft.aulast=Vaidya&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Janak+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnepalbhashasahityayaitihascompiledbyjanaklalvaidya%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuladhar-Douglas200725-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuladhar-Douglas200725_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuladhar-Douglas2007">Tuladhar-Douglas 2007</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGenetti200710-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGenetti200710_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGenetti200710_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGenetti2007">Genetti 2007</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuladhar20009-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuladhar20009_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuladhar20009_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuladhar20009_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuladhar2000">Tuladhar 2000</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegmi2007" class="citation book cs1">Regmi, DR (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dokumen.pub/medieval-nepal-volume-ii-a-history-of-the-three-kingdoms-1520-ad-to-1768-ad-second-edition-9788129110985-8129110989.html"><i>Medieval Nepal Part II</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>: Rupa and Co. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8129110985" title="Special:BookSources/978-8129110985"><bdi>978-8129110985</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Nepal+Part+II&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=Rupa+and+Co&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8129110985&rft.aulast=Regmi&rft.aufirst=DR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdokumen.pub%2Fmedieval-nepal-volume-ii-a-history-of-the-three-kingdoms-1520-ad-to-1768-ad-second-edition-9788129110985-8129110989.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurghart1984" class="citation journal cs1">Burghart, Richard (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2056748">"The Formation of the Concept of Nation-State in Nepal"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 101–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2056748">10.2307/2056748</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Formation+of+the+Concept+of+Nation-State+in+Nepal&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=101-125&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2056748&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft.aulast=Burghart&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2056748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajracharya2019" class="citation web cs1">Bajracharya, Srizu (23 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathmandupost.com/art-culture/2019/11/23/newar-flavours-in-the-3rd-nepal-bhasa-literature-festival">"Newar flavours in the 3rd Nepal Bhasa Literature Festival"</a>. <i>The Kathmandu Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Kathmandu+Post&rft.atitle=Newar+flavours+in+the+3rd+Nepal+Bhasa+Literature+Festival&rft.date=2019-11-23&rft.aulast=Bajracharya&rft.aufirst=Srizu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.com%2Fart-culture%2F2019%2F11%2F23%2Fnewar-flavours-in-the-3rd-nepal-bhasa-literature-festival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tumbahang2010-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tumbahang2010_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tumbahang2010_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTumbahang2010" class="citation journal cs1">Tumbahang, Govinda Bahadur (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/contributions/pdf/CNAS_37_01_04.pdf">"Marginalization of Indigenous Languages of Nepal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Contributions to Nepalese Studies</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 73–74. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140727004834/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/contributions/pdf/CNAS_37_01_04.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contributions+to+Nepalese+Studies&rft.atitle=Marginalization+of+Indigenous+Languages+of+Nepal&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-74&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Tumbahang&rft.aufirst=Govinda+Bahadur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fcontributions%2Fpdf%2FCNAS_37_01_04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVajracharya2014" class="citation journal cs1">Vajracharya, Suwarn (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56661529.pdf">"Language Politics and State Policy in Nepal: A Newar Perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Tsukuba</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Tsukuba&rft.atitle=Language+Politics+and+State+Policy+in+Nepal%3A+A+Newar+Perspective&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Vajracharya&rft.aufirst=Suwarn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F56661529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalla" class="citation web cs1">Malla, Kamal P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160108161716/http://www.kpmalla.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/the-occupation-of-the-kathmandu..pdf/">"The Occupation of the Kathmandu Valley and its Fallout"</a>. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kpmalla.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/the-occupation-of-the-kathmandu..pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Occupation+of+the+Kathmandu+Valley+and+its+Fallout&rft.pages=3&rft.aulast=Malla&rft.aufirst=Kamal+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kpmalla.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F11%2Fthe-occupation-of-the-kathmandu..pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandin" class="citation web cs1">Grandin, Ingemar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socant.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.85287.1334740225!/menu/standard/file/Transnationell_migration_Ingemar_Grandin_18apr.pdf">"Between the market and Comrade Mao: Newar cultural activism and ethnic/political movements (Nepal)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930162022/https://www.socant.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.85287.1334740225!/menu/standard/file/Transnationell_migration_Ingemar_Grandin_18apr.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php?hl=en&page=atlasmap&lid=1117">the original</a> on 27 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages+in+Danger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Flanguages-atlas%2Findex.php%3Fhl%3Den%26page%3Datlasmap%26lid%3D1117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-3/2024/04/24/nepali-tamang-nepal-bhasha-official-languages-of-bagmati">"Nepali, Tamang, Nepal Bhasha official languages of Bagmati"</a>. <i>kathmandupost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kathmandupost.com&rft.atitle=Nepal+Bhasa+as+official+language+in+metropolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.com%2Fvalley%2F2017%2F06%2F22%2Fnepal-bhasa-as-official-language-in-metropolis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dambar-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dambar_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhatiwada" class="citation web cs1">Khatiwada, Dambar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2021/10/1024571">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'राजधानी प्रदेश' र 'नेवा राज्य' : केही भ्रमको खण्डन"</a>. <i>Online Khabar</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115000/https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2021/10/1024571">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Khabar&rft.atitle=%27%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%27+%E0%A4%B0+%27%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%27+%3A+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8&rft.aulast=Khatiwada&rft.aufirst=Dambar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlinekhabar.com%2F2021%2F10%2F1024571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span>उनले भनेका थिए– ‘तिब्बतको दक्षिणमा ‘नेपाल’ छ, त्यसका बासिन्दालाई ‘नेवार’ भनिन्छ ।’ यो सन्दर्भलाई पत्याउने हो भने त्यतिखेर ‘नेपाल’ काठमाडौं वरिपरि मात्र भएको देशको नाम थियो र अहिले ‘नेपाली’ भनिए जस्तो त्यो ‘नेपाल’ देशका बासिन्दालाई ‘नेवार’ भनिन्थ्यो । उनीहरूले बोल्ने भाषालाई ‘नेपाल भाषा’ भनिन्थ्यो । यसको गहिरो अर्थ छ– ‘नेवार’ कुनै जात, जाति वा नश्ल समुुदाय हैन, एक ऐतिहासिक राष्ट्र वा राष्ट्रियता हो ।</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kashinath1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kashinath1_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kashinath1_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamot2006" class="citation book cs1">Tamot, Kashinath (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NepalmandalKashinathTamot_201712/"><i>नेपालमण्डल</i></a>. Nepal Mandal Anusandhan Guthi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99946-987-5-3" title="Special:BookSources/99946-987-5-3"><bdi>99946-987-5-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2&rft.pub=Nepal+Mandal+Anusandhan+Guthi&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=99946-987-5-3&rft.aulast=Tamot&rft.aufirst=Kashinath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FNepalmandalKashinathTamot_201712%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-savenepavalley-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-savenepavalley_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.savenepavalley.org/index.html">"Save Nepa Valley Movement Homepage"</a>. <i>Save Nepa Valley</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115002/https://www.savenepavalley.org/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Save+Nepa+Valley&rft.atitle=Save+Nepa+Valley+Movement+Homepage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.savenepavalley.org%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rukshanakapali-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rukshanakapali_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapali2018" class="citation web cs1">Kapali, Rukshana (31 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bizshala.com/story/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-1">"बाहिरी चक्रपथ र स्याटलाइट शहर: विकासको नाममा आत्महत्या !"</a>. <i>Bizshala</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115004/https://www.bizshala.com/story/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-1">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bizshala&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A5+%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%3A+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%21&rft.date=2018-05-31&rft.aulast=Kapali&rft.aufirst=Rukshana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizshala.com%2Fstory%2F%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2580-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span>हाल काठमाडौँ उपत्यका भनेर चिनिएको, पहिले नेपाल खाल्डो(नेपाः गाः) भनेर परिचित नेपाः उपत्यका, राजधानी यस्तो छ, यस्तो हुनुपर्छ, विकास यो हो, त्यो हो भन्ने आम जनमानसमा एउटा मानसिकता नै छ।</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhaktarai-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bhaktarai_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRai" class="citation web cs1">Rai, Bhakta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nepalnews.com/life-arts/2766-2019-06-30-03-55-15">"रञ्जनाको साैन्दर्यमा युवा मुग्ध"</a>. <i>Nepal News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nepal+News&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7&rft.aulast=Rai&rft.aufirst=Bhakta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nepalnews.com%2Flife-arts%2F2766-2019-06-30-03-55-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span>लिपि नखःकै कार्यक्रममा 'सेभ नेपाः भ्याली' अभियन्ताहरू पनि रञ्जना लिपिमा आफ्नो उपस्थिति देखाए। काठमाडाैं उपत्यकामा विकासका नाममा सम्पदा मासिँदै गएपछि काठमाडाैं उपत्यका (नेपाः भ्याली) बचाउन लागिपरेका हुन्, उनीहरू।</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bkhabar-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bkhabar_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blastkhabar.com/news/2017/03/28/37352.html">"नेवार जाति र वर्तमान अवस्था"</a>. <i>Blastkhabar</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115007/https://www.blastkhabar.com/news/2017/03/28/37352.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blastkhabar&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blastkhabar.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F03%2F28%2F37352.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span>नेपाः देश आजको काठमाडौँ उपत्यका हो ।</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bktmun-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bktmun_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bhaktapurmun.gov.np/sites/bhaktapurmun.gov.np/files/documents/Pahichan_book_Class%206.pdf"><i>भक्तपुर नगरपालिका स्थानीय पाठ्यक्रम २०७५</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bhaktapur: Bhaktapur Municipality. 2018. p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115012/https://bhaktapurmun.gov.np/sites/bhaktapurmun.gov.np/files/documents/Pahichan_book_Class%206.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AB&rft.place=Bhaktapur&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Bhaktapur+Municipality&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbhaktapurmun.gov.np%2Fsites%2Fbhaktapurmun.gov.np%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FPahichan_book_Class%25206.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dambar2-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dambar2_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhatiwada" class="citation web cs1">Khatiwada, Dambar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2021/10/1024571">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'राजधानी प्रदेश' र 'नेवा राज्य' : केही भ्रमको खण्डन"</a>. <i>Online Khabar</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115000/https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2021/10/1024571">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Khabar&rft.atitle=%27%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%27+%E0%A4%B0+%27%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%27+%3A+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8&rft.aulast=Khatiwada&rft.aufirst=Dambar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlinekhabar.com%2F2021%2F10%2F1024571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span>यो कुनै तर्क हैन, एक ऐतिहासिक सत्य हो । यसलाई पुष्टि गर्न डेशीदेरी जस्तो कुनै विदेशी विद्वानको सहारा लिइरहनु पर्दैन । हाम्रो पुस्ता बाल्यकालमा हुँदासम्म बूढो पुस्ताले काठमाडौं जानुलाई ‘नेपाल जानु’ भन्थे । ‘तीन शहर नेपाल’ भन्ने गीत खुबै चलेको थियो । स्वयं मेरी हजुरआमाले मलाई ‘नेपाल भ्रमणको संस्मरण’ सुनाएको सम्झना छ । मेरा हजुरबा आफूलाई ‘माझ किरातको बाहुन हुँ’ भन्ने गर्नुहुन्थ्यो । ‘माझ किरात’ बाट ‘नेपाल’ गए/आएको २२ दिनको पैदलयात्राको कथा हजुरआमाले बेलीविस्तार सुनाउँदा म मन्त्रमुग्ध भई सुनिरहन्थें ।</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2013district-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2013district_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180907050855/http://moga.gov.np/uploads/documentFiles/8277_9b6dca51899ce235fed73faa3278ea77_1488389319__.pdf">"नेपालको जिल्ला प्रशासन पुनर्गठनको रिपोर्ट २०१३"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ministry Federal Affairs & General Administration</i>. Government of Nepal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moga.gov.np/uploads/documentFiles/8277_9b6dca51899ce235fed73faa3278ea77_1488389319__.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+Federal+Affairs+%26+General+Administration&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moga.gov.np%2Fuploads%2FdocumentFiles%2F8277_9b6dca51899ce235fed73faa3278ea77_1488389319__.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rajendramaharjan-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rajendramaharjan_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaharjan" class="citation web cs1">Maharjan, Rajendra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2021/06/15/162372365631162234.html">"एकल राष्ट्र–राज्यको धङधङी"</a>. <i>EKantipur</i>. Kantipur Publication Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115001/https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2021/06/15/162372365631162234.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EKantipur&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E2%80%93%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%99%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%80&rft.aulast=Maharjan&rft.aufirst=Rajendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fekantipur.com%2Fopinion%2F2021%2F06%2F15%2F162372365631162234.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiddess2013" class="citation book cs1">Widdess, Professor Richard (2 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QWcIzK4VHusC"><i>Dāphā: Sacred Singing in a South Asian City: Music, Performance and Meaning in Bhaktapur, Nepal</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-6601-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-6601-7"><bdi>978-1-4094-6601-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C4%81ph%C4%81%3A+Sacred+Singing+in+a+South+Asian+City%3A+Music%2C+Performance+and+Meaning+in+Bhaktapur%2C+Nepal&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2013-12-02&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-6601-7&rft.aulast=Widdess&rft.aufirst=Professor+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQWcIzK4VHusC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPal1974" class="citation book cs1">Pal, Pratapaditya (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T88UAAAAIAAJ"><i>The arts of Nepal II.: Painting</i></a>. Brill Archive. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05750-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05750-0"><bdi>978-90-04-05750-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+arts+of+Nepal+II.%3A+Painting.&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-90-04-05750-0&rft.aulast=Pal&rft.aufirst=Pratapaditya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT88UAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuladhar-Douglas200724-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuladhar-Douglas200724_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuladhar-Douglas2007">Tuladhar-Douglas 2007</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-celestialadvice-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-celestialadvice_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/dibbaya-upadesh-of-prithivi-narayan-shah.pdf">"Celestial Advice"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nepal Law Commission</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220101044326/https://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/dibbaya-upadesh-of-prithivi-narayan-shah.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nepal+Law+Commission&rft.atitle=Celestial+Advice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawcommission.gov.np%2Fen%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F09%2Fdibbaya-upadesh-of-prithivi-narayan-shah.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span>When we were on the top of Chandragiri Mountain, I asked them- "Which one is Nepal?" They helped me to recognize Bhadgaun (Now Bhaktapur), Patan and Kathmandu. My heart, at that time, felt to be the King of those Three Cities.....also to see the Kathmandu Valley (the then Nepal).....Not to be recognized and arrested by the King of Nepal (Kathmandu) I was using Sayakhu( Woolen Blanket)....We may not conquer Nepal (Kathmandu) without sufficient human resource like in Kurukshetra...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuladhar200010-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuladhar200010_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuladhar2000">Tuladhar 2000</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kpmalla.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Classical-Newari-Literature.pdf">"Classical Newari Literature"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013121520/http://www.kpmalla.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Classical-Newari-Literature.pdf/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classical+Newari+Literature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kpmalla.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F11%2FClassical-Newari-Literature.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span> Page 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlsop2021" class="citation journal cs1">Alsop, Ian (11 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220521122555/https://www.asianart.com/articles/capuchins/index.html">"Christians at the Malla Court: The Capuchin 'piccolo libro'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Asian Art</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asianart.com/articles/capuchins/index.html">the original</a> on 21 May 2022. <q>When the king saw the figure under which it was written with their characters the above-mentioned text translated in Nepalese language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Art&rft.atitle=Christians+at+the+Malla+Court%3A+The+Capuchin+%27piccolo+libro%27&rft.date=2021-03-11&rft.aulast=Alsop&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianart.com%2Farticles%2Fcapuchins%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuladhar-Douglas200751-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuladhar-Douglas200751_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuladhar-Douglas2007">Tuladhar-Douglas 2007</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoudel2023" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Poudel, Nayanath (17 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240521132515/https://gorkhapatraonline.com/news/67977">"nevāra śabdako prācīnatā"</a> [Historicity of the term "Newar"]. <i><a href="/wiki/Gorkhapatra" title="Gorkhapatra">Gorkhapatra</a></i> (in Nepali). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gorkhapatraonline.com/news/67977">the original</a> on 21 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gorkhapatra&rft.atitle=nev%C4%81ra+%C5%9Babdako+pr%C4%81c%C4%ABnat%C4%81&rft.date=2023-06-17&rft.aulast=Poudel&rft.aufirst=Nayanath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgorkhapatraonline.com%2Fnews%2F67977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapa2013" class="citation news cs1">Thapa, Lekh Bahadur (1 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102122616/http://epaper.ekantipur.com/ktpost/showtext.aspx?boxid=15456593&parentid=25991&issuedate=1112013">"Roots: A Khas story"</a>. <i>The Kathmandu Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epaper.ekantipur.com/ktpost/showtext.aspx?boxid=15456593&parentid=25991&issuedate=1112013">the original</a> on 2 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kathmandu+Post&rft.atitle=Roots%3A+A+Khas+story&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft.aulast=Thapa&rft.aufirst=Lekh+Bahadur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepaper.ekantipur.com%2Fktpost%2Fshowtext.aspx%3Fboxid%3D15456593%26parentid%3D25991%26issuedate%3D1112013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson1841" class="citation web cs1">Hodgson, B. H. (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/illustrationsofl00hodg/illustrationsofl00hodg_djvu.txt">"Illustrations of the literature and religion of the Buddhists"</a>. Serampore<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Illustrations+of+the+literature+and+religion+of+the+Buddhists&rft.pub=Serampore&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=B.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fillustrationsofl00hodg%2Fillustrationsofl00hodg_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_3-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_3_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_3_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_3_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lienhard, Siegfried (1992). <i>Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns.</i> New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0963-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0963-7">81-208-0963-7</a>. Page 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rajendramaharjan2-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rajendramaharjan2_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaharjan" class="citation web cs1">Maharjan, Rajendra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2021/06/15/162372365631162234.html">"एकल राष्ट्र–राज्यको धङधङी"</a>. <i>EKantipur</i>. Kantipur Publication Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115001/https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2021/06/15/162372365631162234.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EKantipur&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E2%80%93%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%99%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%80&rft.aulast=Maharjan&rft.aufirst=Rajendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fekantipur.com%2Fopinion%2F2021%2F06%2F15%2F162372365631162234.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span>आजभन्दा करिब नौ दशकअघि मात्रै देशको नाम ‘नेपाल’ का रूपमा स्विकारिएको हो भने, पहिले खस–पर्वते–गोर्खाली भनिने भाषालाई ‘नेपाली’ नामकरण गरिएको हो ।</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1973" class="citation book cs1">Clark, T. W. (1973). "Nepali and Pahari". <i>Current Trends in Linguistics</i>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 252.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nepali+and+Pahari&rft.btitle=Current+Trends+in+Linguistics&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=T.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025182216/http://www.himalmag.com/component/content/article/4214-.html">"The kings song"</a>. <i>Himal Southasian</i>. June 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.himalmag.com/component/content/article/4214-.html">the original</a> on 25 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Himal+Southasian&rft.atitle=The+kings+song&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.himalmag.com%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F4214-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sajhaprakashan-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sajhaprakashan_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sajha.org.np/chinari/28/">"साझा प्रकाशन एक झलक"</a>. <i>Sajha Prakashan</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115002/https://sajha.org.np/chinari/28/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sajha+Prakashan&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsajha.org.np%2Fchinari%2F28%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kapalilangname-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kapalilangname_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapali2022" class="citation book cs1">Kapali, Rukshana (5 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/978-9937-1-1498-1/"><i>नेपाल भाषा नामको औपचारिक पुनःस्थापना सम्बन्धी सूचनाको हकद्वारा प्राप्त मन्त्रीपरिषद्‌को निर्णय (व्यक्तिगत अभिलेखको उतार)</i></a>. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9937-1-1498-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9937-1-1498-1"><bdi>978-9937-1-1498-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AF+%28%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%29&rft.pages=96&rft.date=2022-03-05&rft.isbn=978-9937-1-1498-1&rft.aulast=Kapali&rft.aufirst=Rukshana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F978-9937-1-1498-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trn-9sept-1995">"It's Nepal Bhasa"</a>. <i>The Rising Nepal</i>. 9 September 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Rising+Nepal&rft.atitle=It%27s+Nepal+Bhasa&rft.date=1995-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrn-9sept-1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gopa-2052-5-24">"अबदेखि "नेपाल भाषा"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Gorkhapatra</i>. 9 September 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gorkhapatra&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF+%22%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%22&rft.date=1995-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgopa-2052-5-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trn-14nov-1998">"Mass media directed to use Nepal Bhasa"</a>. <i>The Rising Nepal</i>. 14 November 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Rising+Nepal&rft.atitle=Mass+media+directed+to+use+Nepal+Bhasa&rft.date=1998-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrn-14nov-1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gopa-2055-7-28">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'नेपाल भाषा' शब्दको प्रयोग गर्न निर्देशन"</a>. <i>Gorkhapatra</i>. 14 November 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gorkhapatra&rft.atitle=%27%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%27+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97+%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8&rft.date=1998-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgopa-2055-7-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130717170017/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Major-Finding.pdf">"Major highlights"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Central Bureau of Statistics. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Major-Finding.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+highlights&rft.pub=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbs.gov.np%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F11%2FMajor-Finding.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrestha2005" class="citation news cs1">Shrestha, Bal Gopal (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_2005_01_03.pdf">"Ritual and Identity in the Diaspora: The Newars in Sikkim"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletin of Tibetology</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007095553/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_2005_01_03.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Tibetology&rft.atitle=Ritual+and+Identity+in+the+Diaspora%3A+The+Newars+in+Sikkim&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Shrestha&rft.aufirst=Bal+Gopal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fbot%2Fpdf%2Fbot_2005_01_03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span> Page 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053921/http://epaper.himalayadarpan.com/PUBLICATIONS/HD/HD/2013/09/19/ArticleHtmls/19092013008024.shtml?Mode=1">"Himalaya Darpan"</a>. <i>Himalaya Darpan</i>. 20 September 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epaper.himalayadarpan.com/PUBLICATIONS/HD/HD/2013/09/19/ArticleHtmls/19092013008024.shtml?Mode=1">the original</a> on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Himalaya+Darpan&rft.atitle=Himalaya+Darpan&rft.date=2013-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepaper.himalayadarpan.com%2FPUBLICATIONS%2FHD%2FHD%2F2013%2F09%2F19%2FArticleHtmls%2F19092013008024.shtml%3FMode%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=new">"Newar"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607182318/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=new">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Newar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Dnew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELienhard19923-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELienhard19923_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLienhard1992">Lienhard 1992</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELienhard19924-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELienhard19924_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLienhard1992">Lienhard 1992</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-langcomreport-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-langcomreport_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://languagecommission.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE.pdf">"सरकारी कामकाजको भाषाका आधारहरूको निर्धारण तथा भाषासम्बन्धी सिफारिसहरू (पञ्चवर्षीय प्रतिवेदन- साराांश) २०७८"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Language Commission</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210906171816/https://languagecommission.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Language+Commission&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82+%28%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8-+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%29+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flanguagecommission.gov.np%2Ffiles%2F%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B8%2520%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25A3%2520%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2580%2520%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258B%2520%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kathmandu-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kathmandu_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOjha2017" class="citation news cs1">Ojha, Anup (22 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2017/06/22/nepal-bhasa-as-official-language-in-metropolis">"Nepal Bhasa as official language in metropolis"</a>. The Kathmandu Post. The Kathmandu Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029094649/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2017/06/22/nepal-bhasa-as-official-language-in-metropolis">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nepal+Bhasa+as+official+language+in+metropolis&rft.date=2017-06-22&rft.aulast=Ojha&rft.aufirst=Anup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.com%2Fvalley%2F2017%2F06%2F22%2Fnepal-bhasa-as-official-language-in-metropolis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kapali1142-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kapali1142_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kapali1142_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapali2021" class="citation book cs1">Kapali, Rukshana (November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/978-9937-0-9816-8"><i>स्थानीय तहमा नेपालभाषा सम्बन्धी सूचनाको हकद्वारा प्राप्त सूचनाको संगालो (व्यक्तिगत अभिलेखको उतार)</i></a>. pp. 93, 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9937-0-9816-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9937-0-9816-8"><bdi>978-9937-0-9816-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B+%28%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%29&rft.pages=93%2C+94&rft.date=2021-11&rft.isbn=978-9937-0-9816-8&rft.aulast=Kapali&rft.aufirst=Rukshana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F978-9937-0-9816-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kirtipur-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kirtipur_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kirtipurmun.gov.np/sites/kirtipurmun.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A8.pdf">"कीर्तिपुर नगर साँस्कृतिक संरक्षित क्षेत्र सम्बन्धमा व्यवस्था गर्न बनेको ऐन, २०७८"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Kirtipur Municipality</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030100216/https://kirtipurmun.gov.np/sites/kirtipurmun.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A8.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kirtipur+Municipality&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A8%2C+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkirtipurmun.gov.np%2Fsites%2Fkirtipurmun.gov.np%2Ffiles%2F%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%2520%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B0%2520%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A4%25B0%2520%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2581%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2583%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595%2520%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25A4%2520%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%2520%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE%2520%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A5%25E0%25A4%25BE%2520%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A8%2520%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258B%2520%25E0%25A4%2590%25E0%25A4%25A8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sikkimgov-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sikkimgov_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sikkimtourism.gov.in/Public/ExperienceSikkim/history">"About Sikkim"</a>. <i>Sikkim Tourism</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211101134953/https://www.sikkimtourism.gov.in/Public/ExperienceSikkim/history">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sikkim+Tourism&rft.atitle=About+Sikkim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikkimtourism.gov.in%2FPublic%2FExperienceSikkim%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sikkim.gov.in/uploads/SikkimHerald/Newa_22Oct_0_20211028.pdf">"𑐳𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐎𑐶𑐩 𑐴𑐾𑐬𑐮𑑂𑐜"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Government of Sikkim</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211101134952/https://sikkim.gov.in/uploads/SikkimHerald/Newa_22Oct_0_20211028.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Sikkim&rft.atitle=%F0%91%90%B3%F0%91%90%B6%F0%91%90%8E%F0%91%91%82%F0%91%90%8E%F0%91%90%B6%F0%91%90%A9+%F0%91%90%B4%F0%91%90%BE%F0%91%90%AC%F0%91%90%AE%F0%91%91%82%F0%91%90%9C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsikkim.gov.in%2Fuploads%2FSikkimHerald%2FNewa_22Oct_0_20211028.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.facebook.com/Sikkimorganic/videos/ipr-departments-enews-bulletin-in-newar-language-as-on-7092021-staysafe-ipr/1024112581706278/">"IPR department's eNEWS bulletin in Newar language"</a>. <i>Facebook</i>. Government of Sikkim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323054449/https://m.facebook.com/login.php?next=https%3A%2F%2Fm.facebook.com%2FSikkimorganic%2Fvideos%2Fipr-departments-enews-bulletin-in-newar-language-as-on-7092021-staysafe-ipr%2F1024112581706278%2F&refsrc=deprecated&_rdr">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Curriculum+Development+Centre+%28CDC%29&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F202.45.146.138%2Fcatalog%2Fopac_css%2Findex.php%3Flvl%3Detagere_see%26id%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://risingnepaldaily.com/nation/tu-introduces-mphil-phd-in-nepal-bhasa">"TU Introduces MPhil, PhD In Nepal Bhasa"</a>. <i>The Rising Nepal</i>. 28 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216135734/https://risingnepaldaily.com/nation/tu-introduces-mphil-phd-in-nepal-bhasa">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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My Republica. 1 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401050035/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/three-out-of-11-local-levels-of-kathmandu-yet-to-implement-local-curriculum/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eight+local+levels+in+Kathmandu+implement+local+curriculum&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmyrepublica.nagariknetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fthree-out-of-11-local-levels-of-kathmandu-yet-to-implement-local-curriculum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sikkim-asks-schools-to-introduce-11-local-languages-in-curriculum/articleshow/80565090.cms">"Sikkim asks schools to introduce 11 local languages in curriculum"</a>. The Economic Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216135728/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sikkim-asks-schools-to-introduce-11-local-languages-in-curriculum/articleshow/80565090.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sikkim+asks+schools+to+introduce+11+local+languages+in+curriculum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fsikkim-asks-schools-to-introduce-11-local-languages-in-curriculum%2Farticleshow%2F80565090.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafer1955" class="citation journal cs1">Shafer, Robert (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1955.11659552">"Classification of the Sino-Tibetan languages"</a>. <i>Word (Journal of the Linguistic Circle of New York)</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 94–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1955.11659552">10.1080/00437956.1955.11659552</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Word+%28Journal+of+the+Linguistic+Circle+of+New+York%29&rft.atitle=Classification+of+the+Sino-Tibetan+languages&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=94-111&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1955.11659552&rft.aulast=Shafer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00437956.1955.11659552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turin2004-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turin2004_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turin2004_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurin2004" class="citation journal cs1">Turin, Mark (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/projectteam/turin/downloads/JAAS_68.pdf">"Newar-Thangmi Lexical Correspondences and the Linguistic Classification of Thangmi"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Asian and African Studies</i>. <b>68</b>: 97–120. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160129235401/http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/projectteam/turin/downloads/JAAS_68.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Newar-Thangmi+Lexical+Correspondences+and+the+Linguistic+Classification+of+Thangmi&rft.volume=68&rft.pages=97-120&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Turin&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalhimalaya.com%2Fprojectteam%2Fturin%2Fdownloads%2FJAAS_68.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thlib-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thlib_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTej_R._Kansakar1981" class="citation journal cs1">Tej R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNAS+Journal&rft.atitle=Newari+Language+and+Linguistics%3A+Conspectus&rft.volume=VIII&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1981-06&rft.au=Tej+R.+Kansakar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fstatic%2Freprints%2Fcontributions%2FCNAS_08_02_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlover1970" class="citation book cs1">Glover, Warren W. (1970). "Cognate counts via the Swadesh list in some Tibeto-Burman languages of Nepal". In Hale, Austin; Pike, Kenneth L. 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Gellner (1986). <i>Language, caste, religion and territory: Newar identity ancient and modern</i>, European Journal of Sociology, p.102-148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevyRājopādhyāya1990" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Robert Isaac; Rājopādhyāya, Kedar Rāj (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ngacsMPGJPcC"><i>Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06911-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06911-4"><bdi>978-0-520-06911-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesocosm%3A+Hinduism+and+the+Organization+of+a+Traditional+Newar+City+in+Nepal&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06911-4&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Robert+Isaac&rft.au=R%C4%81jop%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya%2C+Kedar+R%C4%81j&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DngacsMPGJPcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:p1-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:p1_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:p1_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrestha2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shrestha, Purushottam Lochan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TripurRaYuthunimamRajkulPurushottamLochanShrestha"><i>Tripura ra Yuthunimama Durbara</i></a> [<i>The Royal Houses of Tripura and Yuthunimama</i>] (in Nepali). 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Bhaktapur Offset Prints. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99933-622-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/99933-622-0-4"><bdi>99933-622-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tripura+ra+Yuthunimama+Durbara&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Bhaktapur+Offset+Prints&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=99933-622-0-4&rft.aulast=Shrestha&rft.aufirst=Purushottam+Lochan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTripurRaYuthunimamRajkulPurushottamLochanShrestha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalla" class="citation news cs1">Malla, Kamal P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160108161716/http://www.kpmalla.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/kailash_16_0102_02.pdf/">"The Earliest Dated Document in Newari: The Palmleaf from Uku Bahah NS 234/AD 1114"</a>. <i>Kailash</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kpmalla.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/kailash_16_0102_02.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kailash&rft.atitle=The+Earliest+Dated+Document+in+Newari%3A+The+Palmleaf+from+Uku+Bahah+NS+234%2FAD+1114&rft.aulast=Malla&rft.aufirst=Kamal+P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kpmalla.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2009%2F08%2Fkailash_16_0102_02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span> Pages 15–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurin2000" class="citation journal cs1">Turin, Mark (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03083397/document">"Shared words, shared history? The case of Thangmi and Late Classical Newar"</a>. <i>The Journal of Newar Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (9–17). Newâh Vijñâna.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Newar+Studies&rft.atitle=Shared+words%2C+shared+history%3F+The+case+of+Thangmi+and+Late+Classical+Newar&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=9%E2%80%9317&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Turin&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshs.hal.science%2Fhalshs-03083397%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVajracaryaMalla1985" class="citation book cs1">Vajracarya, Dhanavajra; Malla, Kamal P. 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Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GMBH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-04349-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-04349-7"><bdi>3-515-04349-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gopalarajavamsavali&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag+Wiesbaden+GMBH&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=3-515-04349-7&rft.aulast=Vajracarya&rft.aufirst=Dhanavajra&rft.au=Malla%2C+Kamal+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGopalarajaVamsavaliDhanavajraVajracaryaAndKamalP..Malla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutschow1997" class="citation book cs1">Gutschow, Niels (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IQp_957RRtAC&q=The+Nepalese+Caitya:"><i>The Nepalese Caitya: 1500 Years of Buddhist Votive Architecture in the Kathmandu Valley</i></a>. Edition Axel Menges. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783930698752" title="Special:BookSources/9783930698752"><bdi>9783930698752</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323054535/https://books.google.com/books?id=IQp_957RRtAC&q=The+Nepalese+Caitya:">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Kathmandu: Kashinath Tamot for Nepal Bhasa Study and Research Centre.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaidya2002180-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaidya2002180_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaidya2002">Vaidya 2002</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaidya2002189-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaidya2002189_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaidya2002">Vaidya 2002</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaidya2002119-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaidya2002119_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaidya2002">Vaidya 2002</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaidya2002124-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaidya2002124_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaidya2002124_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaidya2002">Vaidya 2002</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhaubhadel2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dhaubhadel, Om Prasad (September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bhaktapurmun.gov.np/sites/bhaktapurmun.gov.np/files/documents/BKT-286%20A.pdf">"<i>Ranajita Malla ra satbahale rajkumara haru</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bhaktapur</i> (in Nepali). 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Bhaktapur Municipality. pp. 33–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bhaktapur&rft.atitle=Ranajita+Malla+ra+satbahale+rajkumara+haru&rft.volume=286&rft.pages=33-38&rft.date=2020-09&rft.aulast=Dhaubhadel&rft.aufirst=Om+Prasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhaktapurmun.gov.np%2Fsites%2Fbhaktapurmun.gov.np%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FBKT-286%2520A.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shrestha-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shrestha_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shrestha_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrestha1999" class="citation news cs1">Shrestha, Bal Gopal (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/contributions/CNAS_26_01_04.pdf">"The Newars: The Indigenous Population of the Kathmandu Valley in the Modern State of Nepal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CNAS Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054744/http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/contributions/CNAS_26_01_04.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1990) <i>Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal.</i> Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1038-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1038-4">81-208-1038-4</a>. Page 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Los Angeles County Museum of Art and Pal, Pratapaditya (1985) <i>Art of Nepal: A Catalogue of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art Collection.</i> University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05407-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05407-3">978-0-520-05407-3</a>. Page 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1979" class="citation news cs1">Singh, Phatte Bahadur (September 1979). 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Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Sahitya Pala, Tri-Chandra Campus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jaa&rft.atitle=Nepali+Biharya+Aitihasik+Pristabhumi+%28%22Historical+Background+of+Nepali+Bihar%22%29&rft.date=1979-09&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Phatte+Bahadur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span> Page 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutt1986" class="citation news cs1">Hutt, Michael (December 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/contributions/CNAS_14_01_01.pdf">"Diversity and Change in the Languages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CNAS Journal</i>. Tribhuvan University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728105255/http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/contributions/CNAS_14_01_01.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNAS+Journal&rft.atitle=Diversity+and+Change+in+the+Languages&rft.date=1986-12&rft.aulast=Hutt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fstatic%2Freprints%2Fcontributions%2FCNAS_14_01_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span> Page 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTumbahang2009" class="citation news cs1">Tumbahang, Govinda Bahadur (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724190136/http://tujournal.edu.np/index.php/TUJ/article/viewFile/18/16">"Process of Democratization and Linguistic (Human) Rights in Nepal"</a>. <i>Tribhuvan University Journal</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tribhuvan+University+Journal&rft.atitle=Process+of+Democratization+and+Linguistic+%28Human%29+Rights+in+Nepal&rft.date=2009-09&rft.aulast=Tumbahang&rft.aufirst=Govinda+Bahadur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftujournal.edu.np%2Findex.php%2FTUJ%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F18%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span> Page 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_4-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_4_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_4_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lienhard, Siegfried (1992). <i>Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns.</i> New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0963-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0963-7">81-208-0963-7</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Occupation+of+the+Kathmandu+Valley+and+its+Fallout&rft.pages=3&rft.aulast=Malla&rft.aufirst=Kamal+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kpmalla.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F11%2Fthe-occupation-of-the-kathmandu..pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoek,_Bert_van_den_and_Shrestha,_Balgopal-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoek,_Bert_van_den_and_Shrestha,_Balgopal_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoek,_Bert_van_den_and_Shrestha,_Balgopal_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoek,_Bert_van_denShrestha,_Balgopal1995" class="citation news cs1">Hoek, Bert van den & Shrestha, Balgopal (January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/contributions/CNAS_22_01_06.pdf">"Education in the Mother Tongue: The Case of Nepal Bhasa (Newari)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CNAS Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110322193940/http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/contributions/CNAS_22_01_06.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNAS+Journal&rft.atitle=Education+in+the+Mother+Tongue%3A+The+Case+of+Nepal+Bhasa+%28Newari%29&rft.date=1995-01&rft.au=Hoek%2C+Bert+van+den&rft.au=Shrestha%2C+Balgopal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fstatic%2Freprints%2Fcontributions%2FCNAS_22_01_06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span> Page 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrestha1999" class="citation news cs1">Shrestha, Bal Gopal (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/contributions/CNAS_26_01_04.pdf">"The Newars: The Indigenous Population of the Kathmandu Valley in the Modern State of Nepal)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CNAS Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054744/http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/contributions/CNAS_26_01_04.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Himal&rft.atitle=What+is+Nepali+Music%3F&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1993-11%2F1993-12&rft.aulast=Gurung&rft.aufirst=Kishor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fhimal%2Fpdf%2FHimal_6_6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">शुक्रराज अस्पताल स्मारिका २०५७, Page 52, नेपालभाषाको पुनर्जागरणमा शुक्रराज शास्त्री by सह-प्रा. प्रेमशान्ति तुलाधर</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bajracharya, Phanindra Ratna (2003). <i>Who's Who in Nepal Bhasha.</i> Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Academy. Page 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisTuladhar2009" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Todd T.; Tuladhar, Subarna Man (13 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/religion/9780195341829/toc.html"><i>Sugata Saurabha: An Epic Poem from Nepal on the Life of the Buddha by Chittadhar Hridaya</i></a>. Oxford Scholarship Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195341829.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341829.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199866816" title="Special:BookSources/9780199866816"><bdi>9780199866816</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715030935/http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/religion/9780195341829/toc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Page 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LeVine, Sarah and Gellner, David N. (2005). <i>Rebuilding Buddhism: The Theravada Movement in Twentieth-Century Nepal.</i> Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01908-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01908-3">0-674-01908-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01908-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01908-9">978-0-674-01908-9</a>. Pages 47–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTewari1983" class="citation web cs1">Tewari, Ramesh Chandra (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3A-D1GwWzwnb0J%3Aarchiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fjiabs%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F8607%2F2514+ven+aniruddha+nepal&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi7UvGTqtWcxhGkkXX0xYcBDKBG7i9cWlbDEc0A3Q37914n_D60UF3BGD69oA-lM4ITV9uiU7nFvR_RR_wOrOZalFzx7PONG1_9tZ_WkVbGZQlS0l2-9lB7yESd7JGJngX1_MRx&sig=AHIEtbTPapjCajNSZPIauHNVQ7QpgBWI4w">"Socio-Cultural Aspects of Theravada Buddhism in Nepal"</a>. <i>The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005064552/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3A-D1GwWzwnb0J%3Aarchiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fjiabs%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F8607%2F2514+ven+aniruddha+nepal&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi7UvGTqtWcxhGkkXX0xYcBDKBG7i9cWlbDEc0A3Q37914n_D60UF3BGD69oA-lM4ITV9uiU7nFvR_RR_wOrOZalFzx7PONG1_9tZ_WkVbGZQlS0l2-9lB7yESd7JGJngX1_MRx&sig=AHIEtbTPapjCajNSZPIauHNVQ7QpgBWI4w">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+International+Association+of+Buddhist+Studies&rft.atitle=Socio-Cultural+Aspects+of+Theravada+Buddhism+in+Nepal&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Tewari&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fviewer%3Fa%3Dv%26q%3Dcache%253A-D1GwWzwnb0J%253Aarchiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%252Fojs%252Findex.php%252Fjiabs%252Farticle%252Fdownload%252F8607%252F2514%2Bven%2Baniruddha%2Bnepal%26hl%3Den%26pid%3Dbl%26srcid%3DADGEESi7UvGTqtWcxhGkkXX0xYcBDKBG7i9cWlbDEc0A3Q37914n_D60UF3BGD69oA-lM4ITV9uiU7nFvR_RR_wOrOZalFzx7PONG1_9tZ_WkVbGZQlS0l2-9lB7yESd7JGJngX1_MRx%26sig%3DAHIEtbTPapjCajNSZPIauHNVQ7QpgBWI4w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span> Pages 89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bajracharya, Phanindra Ratna (2003). <i>Who's Who in Nepal Bhasha.</i> Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Academy. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99933-560-0-X" title="Special:BookSources/99933-560-0-X">99933-560-0-X</a>. Page 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npi10month.blogspot.com/2010/02/history-of-nepali-journalism.html">"History of Nepali Journalism"</a>. Nepal Press Institute. 15 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180809032149/http://npi10month.blogspot.com/2010/02/history-of-nepali-journalism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Nepali+Journalism&rft.pub=Nepal+Press+Institute&rft.date=2010-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnpi10month.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F02%2Fhistory-of-nepali-journalism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Sandhya Times". <i>Sandhya Times</i>. 1 July 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sandhya+Times&rft.atitle=Sandhya+Times&rft.date=1997-07-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelpton2005" class="citation book cs1">Whelpton, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KoNT6tjk9mQC&q=1946"><i>A History of Nepal</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE&rft.pub=Ratna+Printing+Press&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Tulasi+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnepalbhashayapyangabhashikatulasilalsingh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenetti2003" class="citation book cs1">Genetti, Carol (2003). <i>Dolakhā Newār</i>. The Sino-Tibetan Languages: London & New York: Routledge. pp. 353–370.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dolakh%C4%81+New%C4%81r&rft.place=The+Sino-Tibetan+Languages&rft.pages=353-370&rft.pub=London+%26+New+York%3A+Routledge.&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Genetti&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargreaves2003" class="citation book cs1">Hargreaves, David (2003). <i>Kathmandu Newar (Nepāl Bhāśā)</i>. The Sino-Tibetan Languages: London & New York: Routledge. pp. 371–384.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kathmandu+Newar+%28Nep%C4%81l+Bh%C4%81%C5%9B%C4%81%29&rft.place=The+Sino-Tibetan+Languages&rft.pages=371-384&rft.pub=London+%26+New+York%3A+Routledge.&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hargreaves&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaleShrestha2006" class="citation book cs1">Hale, Austin; Shrestha, Kedar P. (2006). <i>Newār (Nepāl Bhāsā)</i>. Languages of the World/Materials. Vol. 256. München: LINCOM. pp. 1–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New%C4%81r+%28Nep%C4%81l+Bh%C4%81s%C4%81%29&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.series=Languages+of+the+World%2FMaterials&rft.pages=1-22&rft.pub=LINCOM&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Austin&rft.au=Shrestha%2C+Kedar+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuladhar200014-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuladhar200014_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuladhar2000">Tuladhar 2000</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajracharya" class="citation news cs1">Bajracharya, Srizu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathmandupost.com/art-culture/2019/07/28/after-being-largely-replaced-by-devanagari-nepal-bhasa-scripts-are-making-a-comeback">"After being largely replaced by Devanagari, Nepal Bhasa scripts are making a comeback"</a>. The Kathmandu Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216134306/https://kathmandupost.com/art-culture/2019/07/28/after-being-largely-replaced-by-devanagari-nepal-bhasa-scripts-are-making-a-comeback">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=After+being+largely+replaced+by+Devanagari%2C+Nepal+Bhasa+scripts+are+making+a+comeback&rft.aulast=Bajracharya&rft.aufirst=Srizu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.com%2Fart-culture%2F2019%2F07%2F28%2Fafter-being-largely-replaced-by-devanagari-nepal-bhasa-scripts-are-making-a-comeback&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Lienhard" title="Siegfried Lienhard">Lienhard, Siegfried</a> (1992). <i>Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns.</i> New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0963-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0963-7">81-208-0963-7</a>. Page 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Nepal Bhasa Wyaakarana</i> (page 2) by Tuyubahadur Maharjan, published by Nepal Bhasa Academy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbrt-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nbrt_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapali2021" class="citation book cs1">Kapali, Rukshana (13 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/978-9937-1-1040-2/"><i>Nepala Bhasa Roman Transliteration (NBRT)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9937-1-1040-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9937-1-1040-2"><bdi>978-9937-1-1040-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nepala+Bhasa+Roman+Transliteration+%28NBRT%29&rft.date=2021-12-13&rft.isbn=978-9937-1-1040-2&rft.aulast=Kapali&rft.aufirst=Rukshana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F978-9937-1-1040-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalla1985" class="citation book cs1">Malla, Kamal P. (1985). <i>The Newar Language: A Working Outline</i>. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. pp. 31–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Newar+Language%3A+A+Working+Outline&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=31-32&rft.pub=Institute+for+the+Study+of+Languages+and+Cultures+of+Asia+and+Africa&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Malla&rft.aufirst=Kamal+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaleShrestha2006" class="citation book cs1">Hale, Austin; Shrestha, Kedār (2006). <i>Newar (Nepāl Bhāsā)</i>. Münich: Lincom Europa. pp. 23–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newar+%28Nep%C4%81l+Bh%C4%81s%C4%81%29&rft.place=M%C3%BCnich&rft.pages=23-36&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Austin&rft.au=Shrestha%2C+Ked%C4%81r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtter2021" class="citation book cs1">Otter, Felix (2021). <i>A Course in Reading Classical Newari: Selections from the Vetālapañcaviṃśati</i>. Heidelberg: xasia eBooks. pp. 11–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-946742-94-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-946742-94-4"><bdi>978-3-946742-94-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Course+in+Reading+Classical+Newari%3A+Selections+from+the+Vet%C4%81lapa%C3%B1cavi%E1%B9%83%C5%9Bati&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pages=11-28&rft.pub=xasia+eBooks&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-946742-94-4&rft.aulast=Otter&rft.aufirst=Felix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the review article on "Dictionary of classical Newari compiled from manuscript sources." With the financial support of Toyota Foundation, Japan, Nepal Bhasa Dictionary Committee. Cwasā Pāsā. Kathmandu: Modern Printing Press, Jamal 2000, pp. XXXV, 530. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99933-31-60-0" title="Special:BookSources/99933-31-60-0">99933-31-60-0</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetspalu2011" class="citation journal cs1">Metspalu, Mait (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234374">"Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia"</a>. <i>American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>89</b> (6): 731–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2011.11.010">10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234374">3234374</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22152676">22152676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Shared+and+Unique+Components+of+Human+Population+Structure+and+Genome-Wide+Signals+of+Positive+Selection+in+South+Asia&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=731-44&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3234374%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22152676&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2011.11.010&rft.aulast=Metspalu&rft.aufirst=Mait&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3234374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenetti2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Genetti" title="Carol Genetti">Genetti, Carol</a> (2007). <i>A Grammar of Dolakha Newar</i>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019303-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019303-9"><bdi>978-3-11-019303-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Dolakha+Newar&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019303-9&rft.aulast=Genetti&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLienhard1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Lienhard" title="Siegfried Lienhard">Lienhard, Siegfried</a> (1992). <i>Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns</i>. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F23034">10125/23034</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0963-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0963-7"><bdi>81-208-0963-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+of+Nepal%3A+An+Anthology+of+Nevar+Folksongs+and+Hymns&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidas&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F23034&rft.isbn=81-208-0963-7&rft.aulast=Lienhard&rft.aufirst=Siegfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuladhar-Douglas2007" class="citation book cs1">Tuladhar-Douglas, Will (24 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ILl-AgAAQBAJ"><i>Remaking Buddhism for Medieval Nepal: The Fifteenth-Century Reformation of Newar Buddhism</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-24195-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-24195-8"><bdi>978-1-134-24195-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remaking+Buddhism+for+Medieval+Nepal%3A+The+Fifteenth-Century+Reformation+of+Newar+Buddhism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-01-24&rft.isbn=978-1-134-24195-8&rft.aulast=Tuladhar-Douglas&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DILl-AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuladhar2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Tuladhar, Premshanti (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NepalbhashaSahityayaItihasPremShantiTuladhar_201712"><i>Nepal Bhasa Sahityaya Itihasa</i></a> [<i>The History of Nepal Bhasa Literature</i>] (in Newari). Lalitpur, Nepal: <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa_Academy" title="Nepal Bhasa Academy">Nepal Bhasa Academy</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99933560-0-X" title="Special:BookSources/99933560-0-X"><bdi>99933560-0-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nepal+Bhasa+Sahityaya+Itihasa&rft.place=Lalitpur%2C+Nepal&rft.pub=Nepal+Bhasa+Academy&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=99933560-0-X&rft.aulast=Tuladhar&rft.aufirst=Premshanti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FNepalbhashaSahityayaItihasPremShantiTuladhar_201712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaidya2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Vaidya, Dr. Janak Lal (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nepalbhashaya-prachin-kavya-sirjana-by-janak-lal-vaidya"><i>nepalbhasaya prachin kavya srijana</i></a> [<i>Poetry Composition in Nepal Bhasa</i>] (in Newari). Kathmandu: <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy" title="Nepal Academy">Nepal Academy</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99933-50-32-X" title="Special:BookSources/99933-50-32-X"><bdi>99933-50-32-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=nepalbhasaya+prachin+kavya+srijana&rft.place=Kathmandu&rft.pub=Nepal+Academy&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=99933-50-32-X&rft.aulast=Vaidya&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Janak+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnepalbhashaya-prachin-kavya-sirjana-by-janak-lal-vaidya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bendix, E. (1974) ‘Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman contact as seen through Nepali and Newari verb tenses’, International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics 3.1: 42–59.</li> <li>—— (1992) ‘The grammaticalization of responsibility and evidence: the interactional potential of evidential categories in Newari’, in J. Hill and J.T. Irvine (eds) Responsibility and Evidence in Oral Discourse, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Driem, G. van (1993) ‘The Newar verb in Tibeto-Burman perspective’, Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 26: 23–43.</li> <li>Genetti, C. (1988) ‘A syntactic correlate of topicality in Newari narrative’, in S. Thompson and J. Haiman (eds) Clause Combining in Grammar and Discourse, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.</li> <li>—— (1994) ‘A descriptive and historical account of the Dolakha Newari dialect’, Monumenta Serindica 24, Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.</li> <li>Hale, A. (1973) ‘On the form of the verbal basis in Newari’, in Braj Kachru et al. (eds) Issues in Linguistics: Papers in Honor of Henry and Renee Kahane, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.</li> <li>—— (1980) ‘Person markers: finite conjunct and disjunct forms in Newari’, in R. Trail (ed.) Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics 7 (Pacific Linguistics Series A, no. 53), Canberra: Australian National University.</li> <li>—— (1985) ‘Noun phrase form and cohesive function in Newari’, in U. Piepel and G. Stickel (eds.) Studia Linguistica Diachronica et Synchronica, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</li> <li>—— (1986) ‘Users’ guide to the Newari dictionary’, in T. Manandhar (ed.) Newari–English Dictionary, Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan.</li> <li>—— (1994) ‘Entailed kin reference and Newari -mha’, paper presented to the 27th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, Paris, France.</li> <li>Hale, A. and Mahandhar, T. (1980) ‘Case and role in Newari’, in R. Trail (ed.) Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics 7 (Pacific Linguistics Series A, no. 53), Canberra: Australian National University.</li> <li>Hargreaves, D. (1986) ‘Independent verbs and auxiliary functions in Newari’ Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 12: 401–12.</li> <li>—— (1991) ‘The conceptual structure of intentional action: data from Kathmandu Newari’, Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 17: 379–89.</li> <li>—— (1996) ‘From interrogation to topicalization: PTB *la in Kathmandu Newar’, Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 19.2: 31–44.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargreaves2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hargreaves, David (13 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5070%2Fh91224531">"Review: Newār (Nepāl Bhāsā)"</a>. <i>Himalayan Linguistics</i>. <b>1</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5070%2Fh91224531">10.5070/h91224531</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1544-7502">1544-7502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Himalayan+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Review%3A+New%C4%81r+%28Nep%C4%81l+Bh%C4%81s%C4%81%29&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5070%2Fh91224531&rft.issn=1544-7502&rft.aulast=Hargreaves&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5070%252Fh91224531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewar+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jørgenson, H. (1931) ‘A dictionary of the Classical Newari’, Det. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Historisk-filologiske Meddelelser 23.1.</li> <li>—— (1941) ‘A grammar of the Classical Newari’, Det. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Historisk-filologiske Meddelelser 27.3.</li> <li>Jos, L. K. (1992) [NS 1112] ‘Nep%l bh%M%y% bh%M%vaijñ%nika vyakaraNa’ (A linguistic grammar of nep%l bh%Ma (Newar)), Kathmandu: Lacoul Publications.</li> <li>Kansakar, T. R. (1982) ‘Morphophonemics of the Newari verb’, in T.R. Kansakar (ed.) Occasional Papers in Nepalese Linguistics 12–29. Linguistic Society of Nepal Publication No.1, Lalitpur, Nepal.</li> <li>—— (1997) ‘The Newar language: a profile’, New%h Vijñ%na: Journal of Newar Studies 1.1: 11–28.</li> <li>Kölver, U. (1976) ‘Satztypen und verbsubcategorisierung der Newari’, Structura 10, Munich: Fink Verlag.</li> <li>—— (1977) ‘Nominalization and lexicalization in Newari’, Arbeiten des Kölner Universalen-Projekts 30.</li> <li>Kölver, U. and Shresthacarya, I. (1994) A Dictionary of Contemporary Newari, Bonn: VGH Wissenschaftsverlag.</li> <li>Manandhar, T. (1986) Newari-English Dictionary, Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan.</li> <li>Malla, K. P. (1982) Classical Newari Literature: A Sketch, Kathmandu: Educational Enterprise Pvt. Ltd.</li> <li>—— (1985) ‘The Newari language: a working outline’, Monumenta Serindica No. 14., Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.</li> <li>Shakya, D. R. (1992) ‘Nominal and verbal morphology in six dialects of Newari’, unpublished masters thesis, University of Oregon.</li> <li>Shrestha, Uma (1990) ‘Social networks and code-switching in the Newar community of Kathmandu City’, unpublished PhD dissertation, Ball State University.</li> <li>Shresthacharya, I. (1976) ‘Some types of reduplication in the Newari verb phrase’, Contributions to Nepalese Studies 3.1: 117–27.</li> <li>—— (1981) ‘Newari root verbs’, Bibliotheca Himalayica 2.1, Kathmandu: <a href="/wiki/Ratna_Pustak_Bhandar" title="Ratna Pustak Bhandar">Ratna Pustak Bhandar</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="new:"> Newari edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Nepal Bhasa">Nepal Bhasa</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Newar_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Newar language">Category:Newar language</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Newar_lemmas" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Newar lemmas">List of Newar words</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary</li> <li>Michael Noonan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwm.edu/~noonan/Recent%20Language%20Contact.pdf">Recent Language Contact in the Nepal Himalaya (PDF)</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ranjana.htm">Newari/Ranjana script page on Omniglot</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nepalbhasa.org">Online Nepalbhasa Dictionary and Learning Tools nepalbhasa.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120822144418/http://www2.pair.com/webart/mysqllex/ntr_sword.html">Online Nepal Bhasa dictionary</a> (archived 22 August 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.cafedeweb.com/">type in Nepali Unicode and Nepal bhasha</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yen_Yala_Kyepu_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yen Yala Kyepu dialect (page does not exist)">Yen Yala Kyepu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwapa_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khwapa dialect (page does not exist)">Khwapa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahari_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pahari dialect (page does not exist)">Pahari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwalkha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dwalkha dialect (page does not exist)">Dwalkha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chitlang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chitlang dialect (page does not exist)">Chitlang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tistung_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tistung dialect (page does not exist)">Tistung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baglung_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baglung dialect (page does not exist)">Baglung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palpa_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palpa dialect (page does not exist)">Palpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nepal_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal script">Script</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmī script">Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhujimol">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prachalit_Nepal_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Prachalit Nepal script">Prachalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devnagari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golmol" class="mw-redirect" title="Golmol">Golmol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa_renaissance" title="Nepal Bhasa renaissance">Nepal Bhasa renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa_movement" title="Nepal Bhasa movement">Nepal Bhasa movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal Bhasa literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepal_Bhasa_media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nepal Bhasa media (page does not exist)">Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topics_of_Newar_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Newar" title="Template:Newar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Newar" title="Template talk:Newar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Newar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Newar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Topics_of_Newar_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Newar" title="Category:Newar">Topics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Newar_people" title="Newar people">Newar people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Newa_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Newa music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunla_Bajan" title="Gunla Bajan">Gunla Bajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimay" title="Dhimay">Dhimay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaa" title="Dhaa">Dhaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhusyah" title="Bhusyah">Bhusyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Newa_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Newa cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newar_people#Cuisine" title="Newar people">Ailaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momo_(dumpling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Momo (dumpling)">Momo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baji_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baji (food)">Baji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chataamari" title="Chataamari">Chataamari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuchumari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chuchumari (page does not exist)">Chuchumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yomari" title="Yomari">Yomari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choila" title="Choila">Choila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaa_(Newa_cuisine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaa (Newa cuisine)">Jaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachilaa" title="Kachilaa">Kachilaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhamari" title="Lakhamari">Lakhamari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takha" title="Takha">Takha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanyaa" title="Sanyaa">Sanyaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanyaakhunya" title="Sanyaakhunya">Sanyaakhunya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thwon" title="Thwon">Thwon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Newar_festivals" title="Newar festivals">Festival</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunla" title="Gunla">Gunla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Paru" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Paru">Sa Paru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenya">Yenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohani" title="Mohani">Mohani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanti_(festival)" title="Swanti (festival)">Swanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahan_Charhe" title="Pahan Charhe">Pahan Charhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairab_Naach" title="Bhairab Naach">Bhairab Naach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyak" title="Samyak">Samyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jana_Baha_Dyah_Jatra" title="Jana Baha Dyah Jatra">Jana Baha Dyah Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunga_Dyah_Jatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunga Dyah Jatra">Bunga Dyah Jatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ihi" title="Ihi">Ihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahra_ceremony" title="Bahra ceremony">Bahra ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankwa" title="Jankwa">Jankwa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaa_Nakigu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaa Nakigu (page does not exist)">Jaa Nakigu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iihipaa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iihipaa (page does not exist)">Iihipaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagan_(ceremony)" title="Sagan (ceremony)">Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mha_Puja" title="Mha Puja">Mha Puja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Newar_architecture" title="Newar architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vihara">Vihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitya" title="Chaitya">Chaitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_window" title="Newar window">Newar window</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newar_literature" title="Newar literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa_renaissance" title="Nepal Bhasa renaissance">Nepal Bhasa renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa_movement" title="Nepal Bhasa movement">Nepal Bhasa movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swayambhunath" title="Swayambhunath">Swayambhunath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupati" title="Pashupati">Pashupati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Lokeshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhey" title="Lakhey">Lakhey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majipa_Lakhey" title="Majipa Lakhey">Majipa Lakhey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajima" title="Ajima">Ajima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumari_(goddess)" title="Kumari (goddess)">Kumari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Castes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newar_caste_system" title="Newar caste system">Newar caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrestha" title="Shrestha">Shrestha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitrakar" title="Chitrakar">Chitrakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharjan" title="Maharjan">Maharjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjitkar" title="Ranjitkar">Ranjitkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuladhar" title="Tuladhar">Tuladhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthapit" title="Sthapit">Sthapit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansakar" title="Kansakar">Kansakar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newa_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Newa dance">Newa dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Sambat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patan,_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patan, Nepal">Patan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktapur" title="Bhaktapur">Bhaktapur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Hinduism" title="Newar Hinduism">Newar Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Newar" title="Category:Newar">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sino-Tibetan_branches" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template talk:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sino-Tibetan_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> branches</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">West Himalayish</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newaric_languages" title="Newaric languages">Newaric</a> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baram%E2%80%93Thangmi_languages" title="Baram–Thangmi languages">Baram–Thangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimalish_languages" title="Dhimalish languages">Dhimalish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimal_language" title="Dhimal language">Dhimal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toto_language" title="Toto language">Toto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Magaric" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magaric_languages" title="Greater Magaric languages">Greater Magaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kham language">Kham</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepangic_languages" title="Chepangic languages">Chepangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chepang_language" title="Chepang language">Chepang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhujel_language" title="Bhujel language">Bhujel</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji%E2%80%93Raute_languages" title="Raji–Raute languages">Raji–Raute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dura_language" title="Dura language">Dura</a></i>–<i><a href="/wiki/Tandrange_language" title="Tandrange language">Tandrange</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages"><img alt="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/200px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/300px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/400px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="2792" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam_language" title="Nam language">Nam</a></i>?</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCOle_language" title="ʼOle language">ʼOle</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo_languages" title="Chamdo languages">Chamdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and Indo-<br />Burmese border</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mruic_languages" title="Mruic languages">Mruic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anu-Hkongso_language" title="Anu-Hkongso language">Hkongso</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan)">Pyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Myanmar)" title="Taman language (Myanmar)">Taman</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Naga_languages" title="Naga languages">Naga</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_languages" title="Ao languages">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami%E2%80%93Pochuri_languages" title="Angami–Pochuri languages">Angami–Pochuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhulic_languages" title="Tangkhulic languages">Tangkhulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro%E2%80%93Garo_languages" title="Boro–Garo languages">Boro–Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_languages" title="Konyak languages">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpho%E2%80%93Luish_languages" title="Jingpho–Luish languages">Jingpho–Luish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Nungish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karenic_languages" title="Karenic languages">Karenic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gong_language" title="Gong language">Gong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai–Long</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burmo-Qiangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmo-Qiangic_languages" title="Burmo-Qiangic languages">Burmo-Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrongic_languages" title="Gyalrongic languages">Gyalrongic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersuic_languages" title="Ersuic languages">Ersuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naic_languages" title="Naic languages">Naic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Dubious</a> (possible<br /><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hruso_language" title="Hruso language">Hruso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju–Meyor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songlin_language" title="Songlin language">Songlin</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Siangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(India)" title="Koro language (India)">Koro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milang_language" title="Milang language">Milang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Idu–Taraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Central Tibeto-Burman languages">Central Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin%E2%80%93Naga_languages" title="Kuki-Chin–Naga languages">Kuki-Chin–Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakiranti_languages" title="Mahakiranti languages">Mahakiranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rung_languages" title="Rung languages">Rung</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan_language" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan language">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman_language" title="Proto-Tibeto-Burman language">Proto-Tibeto-Burman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Loloish_language" title="Proto-Loloish language">Proto-Loloish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Karenic_language" title="Proto-Karenic language">Proto-Karenic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239009302"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Nepal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Nepal" title="Template:Languages of Nepal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Nepal" title="Template talk:Languages of Nepal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Nepal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Nepal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Nepal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Languages of Nepal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/34px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nepal" title="Portal:Nepal">Nepal portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahing_language" title="Bahing language">Bahing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantawa_language" title="Bantawa language">Bantawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belhare_language" title="Belhare language">Belhare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamling_language" title="Chamling language">Chamling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumi_language" title="Dumi language">Dumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampang_language" title="Sampang language">Sampang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulung_language" title="Thulung language">Thulung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_language" title="Vayu language">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waling_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Waling language">Waling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakkha_language" title="Yakkha language">Yakkha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujel_language" title="Bhujel language">Bhujel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepang_language" title="Chepang language">Chepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dura_language" title="Dura language">Dura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kham language">Kham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chantyal_language" title="Chantyal language">Chantyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manang_language" title="Manang language">Manang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jirel_language" title="Jirel language">Jirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagate_language" title="Kagate language">Kagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyirong_language" title="Kyirong language">Kyirong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugom_dialect" title="Mugom dialect">Mugomt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naapa_language" title="Naapa language">Naapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubri_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubri (language)">Nubri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolmo_language" title="Yolmo language">Yolmo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baram_language" title="Baram language">Baram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimal_language" title="Dhimal language">Dhimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaike_language" title="Kaike language">Kaike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji_language" title="Raji language">Raji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raute_language" title="Raute language">Raute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangmi_language" title="Thangmi language">Thangmi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Angika language">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danwar_language" title="Danwar language">Danwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doteli_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Doteli language">Doteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhi_language" title="Majhi language">Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kochila_Tharu" title="Kochila Tharu">Kochila</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghandruk_Sign_Language" title="Ghandruk Sign Language">Ghandruk Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhankot_Sign_Language" title="Jhankot Sign Language">Jhankot Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumla_Sign_Language" title="Jumla Sign Language">Jumla Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maunabudhuk%E2%80%93Bodhe_Sign_Language" title="Maunabudhuk–Bodhe Sign Language">Maunabudhuk–Bodhe Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Sign_Language" title="Nepali Sign Language">Nepali Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhwar_language" title="Majhwar language">Majhwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Bhutan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Template:Languages of Bhutan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Template talk:Languages of Bhutan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Bhutan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Bhutan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Languages of Bhutan">Languages of Bhutan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bodish" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Ngalong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laya_dialect" title="Laya dialect">Laya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokkat_language" title="Brokkat language">Brokkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokpa_language" title="Brokpa language">Brokpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocangaca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocangaca language">Chocangacakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakha_language" title="Lakha language">Lakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumthang_language" title="Bumthang language">Bumthang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kheng_language" title="Kheng language">Kheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt%C3%B6p_language" title="Kurtöp language">Kurtöp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupbi_language" title="Nupbi language">Nupbikha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali_language" title="Chali language">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakpa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakpa language">Dakpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzala_language" title="Dzala language">Dzala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyen_language" title="Nyen language">Nyenkha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla (Sharchop)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a> <ul><li>including <a href="/wiki/Chamling_language" title="Chamling language">Chamling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCOle_language" title="ʼOle language">'Ole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Sign_Language" title="Bhutanese Sign Language">Bhutanese Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Sign_Language" title="Nepali Sign Language">Nepali Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Northeast_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Northeast_India" title="Template:Languages of Northeast India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Northeast_India" title="Template talk:Languages of Northeast India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Northeast_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Northeast India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Northeast_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India#Languages" title="Northeast India">Languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Arunachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal<br />Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deori_language" title="Deori language">Deori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocte_language" title="Nocte language">Nocte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singpho_dialect" title="Singpho dialect">Singpho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangsa_language" title="Tangsa language">Tangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutsa_language" title="Tutsa language">Tutsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi language">Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatani_language" title="Apatani language">Apatani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bori_language" title="Bori language">Bori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallong_language" title="Gallong language">Gallong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi_language" title="Nishi language">Nishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangam_language" title="Tangam language">Tangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yano_language" title="Yano language">Yano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milang_language" title="Milang language">Milang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefamese" title="Nefamese">Nefamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puimei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Puimei language">Puimei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Assam">Assam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amri_language" title="Amri language">Amri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawm_language" title="Bawm language">Bawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biate_language" title="Biate language">Biate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiru_language" title="Chiru language">Chiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangte_language" title="Gangte language">Gangte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmar_language" title="Hmar language">Hmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrangkhol_language" title="Hrangkhol language">Hrangkhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paite_language" title="Paite language">Paite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranglong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranglong language">Ranglong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saihriem_language" title="Saihriem language">Saihriem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakachep_language" title="Sakachep language">Sakachep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaiphei_language" title="Vaiphei language">Vaiphei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barman_language" title="Barman language">Barman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo language">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deori_language" title="Deori language">Deori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_language" title="Dimasa language">Dimasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachari_language" title="Kachari language">Kachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_language" title="Koch language">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moran_language" title="Moran language">Moran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocte_language" title="Nocte language">Nocte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabha_language" title="Rabha language">Rabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singpho_dialect" title="Singpho dialect">Singpho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangsa_language" title="Tangsa language">Tangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwa_language_(India)" title="Tiwa language (India)">Tiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turung_language" title="Turung language">Turung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutsa_language" title="Tutsa language">Tutsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi language">Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangni-Tagin_language" title="Bangni-Tagin language">Bangni-Tagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokar_language" title="Bokar language">Bokar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Miri_dialect" title="Hill Miri dialect">Hill Miri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_language" title="Mising language">Mising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_dialect" title="Na dialect">Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi_language" title="Nishi language">Nishi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zeme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inpui_language" title="Inpui language">Inpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoirao_language" title="Khoirao language">Khoirao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maram_language" title="Maram language">Maram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongmei_language" title="Rongmei language">Rongmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeme_language" title="Zeme language">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra-Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_language" title="Ahom language">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_language" title="Khamti language">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamyang_language" title="Khamyang language">Khamyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiton_language" title="Aiton language">Tai Aiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Phake_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Phake language">Tai Phake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Manipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Manipur">Manipur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal language">Anal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biate_language" title="Biate language">Biate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiru_language" title="Chiru language">Chiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chothe_language" title="Chothe language">Chothe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangte_language" title="Gangte language">Gangte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrangkhol_language" title="Hrangkhol language">Hrangkhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kom_language_(India)" title="Kom language (India)">Kom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamkang_language" title="Lamkang language">Lamkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyon_language" title="Moyon language">Moyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paite_language" title="Paite language">Paite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purum_language" title="Purum language">Purum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralte_language" title="Ralte language">Ralte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simte_language" title="Simte language">Simte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadou_language" title="Thadou language">Thadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaiphei_language" title="Vaiphei language">Vaiphei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_language" title="Zou language">Zou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmar_language" title="Hmar language">Hmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsang_language" title="Monsang language">Monsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakachep_language" title="Sakachep language">Sakachep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbung_language" title="Sorbung language">Sorbung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarao_language" title="Tarao language">Tarao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zeme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inpui_language" title="Inpui language">Inpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoirao_language" title="Khoirao language">Khoirao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maram_language" title="Maram language">Maram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puimei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Puimei language">Puimei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongmei_language" title="Rongmei language">Rongmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeme_language" title="Zeme language">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairel_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairel language">Chairel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maring_language_(India)" title="Maring language (India)">Maring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uipo_language" title="Uipo language">Uipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopvoma_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopvoma language">Sopvoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_language" title="Tangkhul language">Tangkhul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Meghalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amri_language" title="Amri language">Amri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biate_language" title="Biate language">Biate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangte_language" title="Gangte language">Gangte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakachep_language" title="Sakachep language">Khelma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaiphei_language" title="Vaiphei language">Vaiphei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khasic_languages" title="Khasic languages">Khasic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyngngam_language" title="Lyngngam language">Lyngngam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnar_language" title="Pnar language">Pnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_language" title="War language">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atong_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Atong language (Sino-Tibetan)">Atong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_language" title="Koch language">Koch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mizoram" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biate_language" title="Biate language">Biate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falam_language" title="Falam language">Falam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakha_Chin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakha Chin language">Hakha Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmar_language" title="Hmar language">Hmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakachep_language" title="Sakachep language">Khelma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_language" title="Mara language">Mara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nga_La_language" title="Nga La language">Nga La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranglong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranglong language">Ranglong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paite_language" title="Paite language">Paite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralte_language" title="Ralte language">Ralte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedim_language" title="Tedim language">Tedim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyphe_language" title="Zyphe language">Zyphe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nagaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Nagaland">Nagaland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-<br />Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angami%E2%80%93Pochuri_languages" title="Angami–Pochuri languages">Angami-<br />Pochuri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angami_language" title="Angami language">Angami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokri_language" title="Chokri language">Chokri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzhami_language" title="Kuzhami language">Kuzhami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyon_language" title="Moyon language">Moyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntenyi_language" title="Ntenyi language">Ntenyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pochuri_language" title="Pochuri language">Pochuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rengma_language" title="Rengma language">Rengma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumi language">Sema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopvoma_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopvoma language">Sopvoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ao_languages" title="Ao languages">Ao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_language" title="Ao language">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotha_language" title="Lotha language">Lotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongsen_Ao_language" title="Mongsen Ao language">Mongsen Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangtam_language" title="Sangtam language">Sangtam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wui_language" title="Wui language">Wui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yimkhiungr%C3%BC_language" title="Yimkhiungrü language">Yimchungrü</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang_language" title="Chang language">Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_language" title="Dimasa language">Dimasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamniungan_language" title="Khiamniungan language">Khiamniungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_language" title="Konyak language">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocte_language" title="Nocte language">Nocte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phom_language" title="Phom language">Phom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zeme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inpui_language" title="Inpui language">Inpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamkang_language" title="Lamkang language">Lamkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mzieme_language" title="Mzieme language">Mzieme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongmei_language" title="Rongmei language">Rongmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeme_language" title="Zeme language">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiru_language" title="Chiru language">Chiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chothe_language" title="Chothe language">Chothe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakachep_language" title="Sakachep language">Khelma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makury_language" title="Makury language">Makury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_language" title="Tangkhul language">Tangkhul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagamese_creole" title="Nagamese creole">Nagamese creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sikkim" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newar‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunwar‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakkha_language" title="Yakkha language">Yakkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolmo_language" title="Yolmo language">Yolmo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tripura" title="Languages of Tripura">Tripura</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawm_language" title="Bawm language">Bawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlong_language" title="Darlong language">Darlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_language" title="Koch language">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paite_language" title="Paite language">Paite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralte_language" title="Ralte language">Ralte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranglong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranglong language">Ranglong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_language" title="Tangkhul language">Tangkhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadou_language" title="Thadou language">Thadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaiphei_language" title="Vaiphei language">Vaiphei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeme_language" title="Zeme language">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link 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class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85091532">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Newari (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948668w">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Newari (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948668w">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="jazyk newari"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph213326&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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