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private partnerships</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: public private partnerships"> <meta name="keywords" content="public private partnerships"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="public private partnerships"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 6793</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: public private partnerships</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6793</span> A Study of the Costs and Benefits of Smart City Projects Including the Scenario of Public-Private Partnerships</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patrick%20T.%20I.%20Lam">Patrick T. I. Lam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wenjing%20Yang"> Wenjing Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A smart city project embraces benefits and costs which can be classified under direct and indirect categories. Externalities come into the picture, but they are often difficult to quantify. Despite this barrier, policy makers need to carry out cost-benefit analysis to justify the huge investments needed to make a city smart. The recent trend is towards the engagement of the private sector to utilize their resources and expertise, especially in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) areas, where innovations blossom. This study focuses on the identification of costs (on a life cycle basis) and benefits associated with smart city project developments based on a comprehensive literature review and case studies, where public-private partnerships would warrant consideration, the related costs and benefits are highlighted. The findings will be useful for policy makers of cities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20city%20projects" title="smart city projects">smart city projects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=costs%20and%20benefits" title=" costs and benefits"> costs and benefits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=identification" title=" identification"> identification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public-private%20partnerships" title=" public-private partnerships"> public-private partnerships</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71175/a-study-of-the-costs-and-benefits-of-smart-city-projects-including-the-scenario-of-public-private-partnerships" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71175.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">338</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6792</span> A Qualitative Study for Establishing Critical Success Factors for PPPs in Research Reactors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khalid%20Almarri">Khalid Almarri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The UAE is currently developing a peaceful nuclear energy program as part of its low Carbon energy strategy to meet future energy demands. Research of nuclear energy technologies is required to support nuclear energy generation projects and maximize their performance. Research of this type will require building an operating a research reactor (RR), a costly undertaking in most circumstances. Collaboration between government and private parties through public, private partnerships (PPP) can maximize the benefits expected from the adoption of an RR project. The aim of this research is to establish the critical success factors (CSF) for developing an RR project for newcomer countries, with the UAE taken as a case study, through the utilization of public, private partnerships (PPP). The results of this study were arrived at through the use of semi-structured interviews conducted with ten experts in the field of research reactors, using grounded theory method. Underutilization was identified as the main stumbling block that impairs the success of research reactors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20private%20partnerships" title="public private partnerships">public private partnerships</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=research%20reactors" title=" research reactors"> research reactors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grounded%20theory" title=" grounded theory"> grounded theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20success%20factors" title=" critical success factors"> critical success factors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56030/a-qualitative-study-for-establishing-critical-success-factors-for-ppps-in-research-reactors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56030.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">280</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6791</span> A Preliminary Comparative Study Between the United Kingdom and Taiwan: Public Private Collaboration and Cooperation in Tackling Large Scale Cyberattacks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chi-Hsuan%20Cheng">Chi-Hsuan Cheng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research aims to evaluate public-private partnerships against cyberattacks by comparing the UK and Taiwan. First, the study analyses major cyberattacks and factors influencing cybersecurity in both countries. Second, it assesses the effectiveness of current cyber defence strategies in combating cyberattacks by comparing the approaches taken in the UK and Taiwan, while also evaluating the cyber resilience of both nations. Lastly, the research evaluates existing public-private partnerships by comparing those in the UK and Taiwan, and proposes recommendations for enhancing cooperation and collaboration mechanisms in tackling cyberattacks. Grounded theory serves as the core research method. Theoretical sampling is used to recruit participants in both the UK and Taiwan, including investigators, police officers, and professionals from cybersecurity firms. Semi-structured interviews are conducted in English in the UK and Mandarin in Taiwan, recorded with consent, and pseudonymised for privacy. Data analysis involves open coding, grouping excerpts into codes, and categorising codes. Axial coding connects codes into categories, leading to the development of a codebook. The process continues iteratively until theoretical saturation is reached. Finally, selective coding identifies the core topic, evaluating public-private cooperation against cyberattacks and its implications for social and policing strategies in the UK and Taiwan, which highlights the current status of the cybersecurity industry, governmental plans for cybersecurity, and contributions to cybersecurity from both government sectors and cybersecurity firms, with a particular focus on public-private partnerships. In summary, this research aims to offer practical recommendations to law enforcement, private sectors, and academia for reflecting on current strategies and tailoring future approaches in cybersecurity <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cybersecurity" title="cybersecurity">cybersecurity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cybercrime" title=" cybercrime"> cybercrime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20private%20partnerships" title=" public private partnerships"> public private partnerships</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyberattack" title=" cyberattack"> cyberattack</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183472/a-preliminary-comparative-study-between-the-united-kingdom-and-taiwan-public-private-collaboration-and-cooperation-in-tackling-large-scale-cyberattacks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183472.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">75</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6790</span> A Comparative Study of Insurance Policies Worldwide in Public Private Partnerships</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guanqun%20Shi">Guanqun Shi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xueqing%20Zhang"> Xueqing Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The frequent occurrence of failures in PPP projects which caused great loss has raised attention from the government as well as the concessionaire. PPPs are complex arrangements for its long operation period and multiple players. Many types of risks in PPP projects may cause the project fail. The insurance is an important tool to transfer the risks. Through a comparison and analysis of international government PPP guidelines and contracts as well as the case studies worldwide, we have identified eight main insurance principles, discussed thirteen insurance types in different stages. An overall procedure would be established to improve the practices in PPP projects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20private%20partnerships" title="public private partnerships">public private partnerships</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insurance" title=" insurance"> insurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contract" title=" contract"> contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk" title=" risk"> risk</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75962/a-comparative-study-of-insurance-policies-worldwide-in-public-private-partnerships" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75962.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">284</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6789</span> Partnerships between Public Administration and Private Social Investment for Territorial Development: Lessons after 15 Brazilian Cases</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Graziela%20D.%20de%20Azevedo">Graziela D. de Azevedo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Livia%20M.%20Pagotto"> Livia M. Pagotto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mario%20P.%20Monzoni"> Mario P. Monzoni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neto"> Neto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article aims to discuss partnerships between public administration and private social investment aimed at territorial development. There has been some approximation in Brazil from private social investors with initiatives aiming at territorial development policies in highly vulnerable territories or in places where the business sector operates. This represents this paper’s major justification: on the advance of academic debate about how businesses, institutes, and foundations have been working alongside local governments, taking the territory as the reference for joint action. The research was based on the literature on governance and territorial development and adopted a mixed iterative approach (inductive and deductive) through an interpretative lens so as to develop an analysis structure that complements and expands knowledge about the contribution of public policies and private social investments for territorial development in Brazil. The analysis of 15 cases based on three distinct blocks (territorial development plans, articulation for education, and thematic approaches) has made it possible to identify common elements regarding the motivations of partnerships, the specific needs of the actors involved, and the priority drivers for stimulating development. Findings include discussion on the leading role of territories in their development paths, on the institutionalization and strengthening of capacities, and on long-term perspectives in development strategies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=private%20social%20investment" title="private social investment">private social investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20administration" title=" public administration"> public administration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=territorial%20governance" title=" territorial governance"> territorial governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=territorial%20development" title=" territorial development"> territorial development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138725/partnerships-between-public-administration-and-private-social-investment-for-territorial-development-lessons-after-15-brazilian-cases" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138725.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">213</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6788</span> Public Private Partnership for Infrastructure Projects: Mapping the Key Risks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julinda%20Ke%C3%A7i">Julinda Keçi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In many countries, governments have been promoting the involvement of private sector entities to enter into long-term agreements for the development and delivery of large infrastructure projects, with a focus on overcoming the limitations upon public fund of the traditional approach. The involvement of private sector through public-private partnerships (PPP) brings in new capital investments, value for money and additional risks to handle. Worldwide research studies have shown that an objective, systematic, reliable and user-oriented risk assessment process and an optimal allocation mechanism among different stakeholders is crucial to the successful completion. In this framework this paper, which is the first stage of a research study, aims to identify the main risks for the delivery of PPP projects. A review of cross-countries research projects and case studies was performed to map the key risks affecting PPP infrastructure delivery. The matrix of mapping offers a summary of the frequency of factors, clustered in eleven categories: Construction, Design, Economic, Legal, Market, Natural, Operation, Political, Project finance, Project selection and Relationship. Results will highlight the most critical risk factors, and will hopefully assist the project managers in directing the managerial attention in the further stages of risk allocation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction" title="construction">construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructure" title=" infrastructure"> infrastructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20private%20partnerships" title=" public private partnerships"> public private partnerships</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risks" title=" risks"> risks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33923/public-private-partnership-for-infrastructure-projects-mapping-the-key-risks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33923.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">438</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6787</span> A Comparative Study of School Choice: China and the United States</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huizi%20Zeng">Huizi Zeng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper delineates the historical retrospective and current status of school choice in China. Focusing on analyzing the similarities and differences in origin, evolution, public dispute, policy dynamics between China and the United States, the article depicts a panorama and explores possible causes. Both China and the United States continue to learn from historical legacy and invent new programs to perfect school choice policy but the outcomes are so different. On the one hand, the percentage of public schools in China remains high all along, while there is a considerably significant reduction in the United States. On the other hand, there is more governmental intervention in the United States with continuous and constant policy updates and adjustment. Finally, this article adopts public-private partnerships (PPP) to seek to provide insights into differences between the two countries and argue that school choice is not only the production of education marketization and corporation but also driven by political mechanism. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=United%20States" title=" United States"> United States</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=school%20choice" title=" school choice"> school choice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comparative%20analysis" title=" comparative analysis"> comparative analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=policy" title=" policy"> policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20private%20partnerships" title=" public private partnerships"> public private partnerships</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137632/a-comparative-study-of-school-choice-china-and-the-united-states" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137632.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">189</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6786</span> Non-Cooperative Game Theory Approach for Ensuring Community Satisfaction on Public-Private Partnership Projects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jason%20Salim">Jason Salim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhouyang%20Lu"> Zhouyang Lu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Private sector involvement in Public Private Partnership (PPP) projects may raise public suspicion, as PPP is often mistaken as merely a partnership between private and government agencies without consideration for greater “public” (community). This public marginalization is crucial to be dealt with because undermining opinion of majority may cause problems such as protests and/ or low demand. Game theory approach applied in this paper shows that probability of public acceptance towards a project is affected by overall public’s perception on Private sectors’ possible profit accumulation from the project. On the contrary, goodwill of the government and private coalition alone is not enough to minimize the probability of public opposition towards a PPP project. Additionally, the threat of loss or damage raised from public opposition does not affect the profit-maximization behavior of Private sectors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20satisfaction" title="community satisfaction">community satisfaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=game%20theory" title=" game theory"> game theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-cooperative" title=" non-cooperative"> non-cooperative</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PPP" title=" PPP"> PPP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20policy" title=" public policy"> public policy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60803/non-cooperative-game-theory-approach-for-ensuring-community-satisfaction-on-public-private-partnership-projects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60803.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">695</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6785</span> Realizing the National Disaster Management Policy of Sri Lanka through Public Private Partnerships</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20W.%20A.%20M.%20Kokila">K. W. A. M. Kokila</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matsui%20Kenichi"> Matsui Kenichi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sri Lanka’s disaster management policy aims to protect lives and developments in disaster affected areas by effectively using resources for disaster risk reduction, emergency management, and community awareness. However, funding for these action programs has posed a serious challenge to the country’s economy. This paper examines the extent to which private-public partnerships (PPPs) can facilitate and expedite disaster management works. In particular, it discusses the results of the questionnaire survey among policymakers, government administrators, NGOs, and private businesses. This questionnaire was conducted in 2017. All respondents were selected based on their experience in PPP projects in the past. The survey focused on clarifying the effectiveness of past PPP projects as well as their efficiency and transparency. The respondents also provided their own opinions and suggestions to improve the future PPP projects in Sri Lanka. The questionnaire was distributed to fifteen persons. The results show that almost all respondents think that PPP projects are beneficial and important for future disaster risk management in Sri Lanka. The respondents, however, showed some reservation about effectiveness and transparency of the PPP process. This paper also discusses the results on the respondents’ perceptions about their capacity regarding human resources and management. This paper, overall, sheds light on technological, financial and human resource management practices in developed countries as well as policy and legislation provisions regarding PPP projects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disaster%20management" title="disaster management">disaster management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=policy" title=" policy"> policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=private%20public%20partnership" title=" private public partnership"> private public partnership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=projects" title=" projects"> projects</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91079/realizing-the-national-disaster-management-policy-of-sri-lanka-through-public-private-partnerships" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91079.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">169</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6784</span> PPPs as Panacea to Delivery of Public Sector Construction Project in Zimbabwe</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ringisai%20Abigail%20Mawondo-Dhliwayo">Ringisai Abigail Mawondo-Dhliwayo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kahilu%20Kajimo-Shakantu"> Kahilu Kajimo-Shakantu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to financial challenges which governments in general face, it is becoming more difficult for many to continually use their limited resources to undertake infrastructural development. Governments increasingly now need other delivery approaches, in particular, the Public-Private Partnerships which make it possible for the public sector to achieve infrastructural development without incurring any/minimum cost. The literature reviewed outlined that benefits of PPPs include timely delivery of quality projects with cost limits. The methodology utilized for the empirical study comprised six interviews and sixty questionnaires which were undertaken and administered by construction consultants and government officials involved in PPPs projects. The results obtained showed that PPPs are not widely used in Zimbabwe although the need for their use exists. The study also found some challenges which prevent or derail the rate at which PPPs are utilized, of which the primary one was a political influence. It is concluded that despite limitations, PPPs remain the most effective and viable option for the delivery of government projects. The study recommends that policy and framework for the implementation of PPPs be developed. More useful information could have been obtained if final users of PPPs projects were included in the sample for data collection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20projects" title="construction projects">construction projects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=procurement" title=" procurement"> procurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20private%20partnerships" title=" public private partnerships"> public private partnerships</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20sector" title=" public sector"> public sector</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47370/ppps-as-panacea-to-delivery-of-public-sector-construction-project-in-zimbabwe" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47370.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">258</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6783</span> Risk Allocation in Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Projects for Wastewater Treatment Plants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samuel%20Capintero">Samuel Capintero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ole%20H.%20Petersen"> Ole H. Petersen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper examines the utilization of public-private partnerships for the building and operation of wastewater treatment plants. Our research focuses on risk allocation in this kind of projects. Our analysis builds on more than hundred wastewater treatment plants built and operated through PPP projects in Aragon (Spain). The paper illustrates the consequences of an inadequate management of construction risk and an unsuitable transfer of demand risk in wastewater treatment plants. It also shows that the involvement of many public bodies at local, regional and national level further increases the complexity of this kind of projects and make time delays more likely. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wastewater" title="wastewater">wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=treatment%20plants" title=" treatment plants"> treatment plants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PPP" title=" PPP"> PPP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction" title=" construction"> construction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25863/risk-allocation-in-public-private-partnership-ppp-projects-for-wastewater-treatment-plants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25863.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">649</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6782</span> Does Citizens’ Involvement Always Improve Outcomes: Procedures, Incentives and Comparative Advantages of Public and Private Law Enforcement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Avdasheva%20Svetlanaa">Avdasheva Svetlanaa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kryuchkova%20Polinab"> Kryuchkova Polinab </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Comparative social efficiency of private and public enforcement of law is debated. This question is not of academic interest only, it is also important for the development of the legal system and regulations. Generally, involvement of ‘common citizens’ in public law enforcement is considered to be beneficial, while involvement of interest groups representatives is not. Institutional economics as well as law and economics consider the difference between public and private enforcement to be rather mechanical. Actions of bureaucrats in government agencies are assumed to be driven by the incentives linked to social welfare (or other indicator of public interest) and their own benefits. In contrast, actions of participants in private enforcement are driven by their private benefits. However administrative law enforcement may be designed in such a way that it would become driven mainly by individual incentives of alleged victims. We refer to this system as reactive public enforcement. Citizens may prefer using reactive public enforcement even if private enforcement is available. However replacement of public enforcement by reactive version of public enforcement negatively affects deterrence and reduces social welfare. We illustrate the problem of private vs pure public and private vs reactive public enforcement models with the examples of three legislation subsystems in Russia – labor law, consumer protection law and competition law. While development of private enforcement instead of public (especially in reactive public model) is desirable, replacement of both public and private enforcement by reactive model is definitely not. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20enforcement" title="public enforcement">public enforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=private%20complaints" title=" private complaints"> private complaints</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20errors" title=" legal errors"> legal errors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=competition%20protection" title=" competition protection"> competition protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=labor%20law" title=" labor law"> labor law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=competition%20law" title=" competition law"> competition law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=russia" title=" russia"> russia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20957/does-citizens-involvement-always-improve-outcomes-procedures-incentives-and-comparative-advantages-of-public-and-private-law-enforcement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20957.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">494</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6781</span> Thriving Private-Community Partnerships in Ecotourism: Perspectives from Fiji’s Upper Navua Conservation Area</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeremy%20Schultz">Jeremy Schultz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kelly%20Bricker"> Kelly Bricker</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ecotourism has proven itself to be a forerunner in the advancement of environmental conservation all the while supporting cultural tradition, uniqueness, and pride among indigenous communities. Successful private-community partnerships associated with ecotourism operations are vital to the overall prosperity of both the businesses and the local communities. Such accomplishments can be seen through numerous livelihood goals including income, food security, health, reduced vulnerability, governance, and empowerment. Private-community partnerships also support global initiatives such as the sustainable development goals and sustainable development frameworks including those proposed by the United Nations World Tourism Organization (WTO). Understanding such partnerships assists not only large organizations such as the WTO, but it also benefits smaller ecotourism operators and entrepreneurs who are trying to achieve their sustainable tourism development goals. This study examined the partnership between an ecotourism company (Rivers Fiji) and two rural villages located in Fiji’s Upper Navua Conservation Area. Focus groups were conducted in each village. Observation journals were also used to record conversations outside of the focus groups. Data were thematically organized and analyzed to offer researcher interpretations and understandings. This research supported the notion that respectful and emboldening partnerships between communities and private enterprise are vital to the composition of successful ecotourism operations that support sustainable development protocol. Understanding these partnerships can assist in shaping future ecotourism development and re-molding existing businesses. This study has offered an example of a thriving partnership through community input and critical researcher analysis. Research has identified six contributing factors to successful ecotourism partnerships, and this study provides additional support to that framework. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20partnerships" title="community partnerships">community partnerships</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conservation%20areas" title=" conservation areas"> conservation areas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecotourism" title=" ecotourism"> ecotourism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fiji" title=" Fiji"> Fiji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107902/thriving-private-community-partnerships-in-ecotourism-perspectives-from-fijis-upper-navua-conservation-area" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107902.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6780</span> Evaluation of Critical Success Factors in Public-Private Partnership Projects Based on Structural Equation Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Medya%20Fathi">Medya Fathi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Today, success in the construction industry is not merely about project completion in a timely manner within an established budget and meeting required quality considerations. Management practices and partnerships need to be emphasized as well. In this regard, critical success factors (CSFs) cover necessary considerations for a successful project beyond the traditional success definition, which vary depending on project outcomes, delivery methods, project types, and partnering processes. Despite the extensive research on CSFs, there is a paucity of studies that examine CSFs for public-private partnership (PPP); the delivery method, which has gained increasing attention from researchers and practitioners over the last decade with a slow but growing adoption in the transportation infrastructure, particularly, highway industry. To fill this knowledge gap, data are collected through questionnaire surveys among private and public parties involved in PPP transportation projects in the United States. Then, the collected data are analyzed to explore the causality relationships between CSFs and PPP project success using structural equation model and provide a list of factors with the greatest influence. This study advocates adopting a critical success factor approach to enhance PPP success in the U.S. transportation industry and identify elements essential for public and private organizations to achieve this success. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=project%20success" title="project success">project success</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20success%20factors" title=" critical success factors"> critical success factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public-private%20partnership" title=" public-private partnership"> public-private partnership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transportation" title=" transportation"> transportation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160955/evaluation-of-critical-success-factors-in-public-private-partnership-projects-based-on-structural-equation-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160955.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">97</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6779</span> Balancing Rule of Law, Human Rights and Governance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Torkan%20Jabbariraad">Torkan Jabbariraad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study explores the role of private regulation as a mode of governance that engages non-state actors in establishing and implementing rules or standards for public goods or services. It examines the various forms, functions, and effects of private regulation on the rule of law and human rights and considers the role and duties of public authorities in monitoring and supporting private regulation. It contends that private regulation should be regarded as a beneficial supplement to public regulation rather than a substitute or rival and that public authorities should find a balance between acknowledging the independence and variety of private actors and securing their accountability and legitimacy. It also recommends that applying the principles and values of good governance to private regulation can improve its quality and efficiency. The study relies on various sources and viewpoints from the literature on governance theory, public law, and human rights and suggests further research and discussion on the topic of private regulation and its consequences for society. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=private%20regulation" title="private regulation">private regulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20authority" title=" public authority"> public authority</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=governance%20theory" title=" governance theory"> governance theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rule%20of%20law" title=" rule of law"> rule of law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20rights" title=" human rights"> human rights</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185985/balancing-rule-of-law-human-rights-and-governance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185985.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">40</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6778</span> Public and Private Spaces Producing Social Connectedness in Traditional Environment: A Study on Old Medina District of Casablanca</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asmaa%20Sokrat">Asmaa Sokrat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aykut%20Karaman"> Aykut Karaman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Public and private spaces are major components of the morphology of the city. This research aims to study the interactions between public and private domains in terms of urban space in Casablanca. The research focuses on a general vision of a socio-spatial issue. It plans to identify the public, private, and transition (semi-public, semi-private) spaces as the constituent of the urban space. Moreover, the study investigates the link between public and private spaces with the social dimensions. Additionally, the research argues that the public space is a place of social interaction; as a reflection, this interaction is the intersection between urban space and social connectedness. Besides, social interaction can be the key to distinguishing between the public and private spheres. The methodological approach of the research is based on the literature review and field study. The article is targeting a case study on the old Medina of Casablanca, from daily use of the public and private spaces, the urban tissue, and the urban space types. In conclusion, the research exhibits that a public space could influence the privacy of the residents of a local urban area; thus, this privacy is inverted on the social interaction. This social interaction is the link between the urban space and social connectedness. Hence, this equation affects the typology of the private space. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20sphere" title="public sphere">public sphere</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=private%20sphere" title=" private sphere"> private sphere</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20connectedness" title=" social connectedness"> social connectedness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=old%20Medina%20of%20Casablanca" title=" old Medina of Casablanca"> old Medina of Casablanca</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150246/public-and-private-spaces-producing-social-connectedness-in-traditional-environment-a-study-on-old-medina-district-of-casablanca" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150246.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6777</span> Private Decisions, Public Results: German Business Action in Response to the Refugee Crisis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20M.%20van%20den%20Broek">O. M. van den Broek</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article examines how large German companies have responded to the 2014 refugee crisis. It challenges the assumption that the historical legacy of implicit CSR in Germany would lead to low levels of business response through CSR channels. Instead, and building on institutional CSR and the converging forces of globalization, this article argues that the urgency of a humanitarian crisis creates incentives, in the absence of formal institutional arrangement, for explicit CSR responses. This explorative research encompasses the 53 German companies presented on 2015 Forbes2000. A qualitative content analysis of corporate websites was supplemented with inquiry e-mails. Results indicate considerable evidence for the main hypothesis, showing a vast majority of companies responding to the refugee crisis. Levels of engagement varied, depending on the phase of the crisis, from core-business activities to non-integrated action. The high level of partnerships with the state and other non-state actors indicates a quest for enhanced legitimacy in the face of an absent democratic mandate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20social%20responsibility%20%28CSR%29" title="corporate social responsibility (CSR)">corporate social responsibility (CSR)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=implicit%20versus%20explicit%20CSR" title=" implicit versus explicit CSR"> implicit versus explicit CSR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public-private%20partnerships" title=" public-private partnerships"> public-private partnerships</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=European%20refugee%20crisis" title=" European refugee crisis"> European refugee crisis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85031/private-decisions-public-results-german-business-action-in-response-to-the-refugee-crisis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85031.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">167</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6776</span> Trends of Public-Private Partnership Infrastructure in Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wasaporn%20Techapeeraparnich">Wasaporn Techapeeraparnich</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bringing private investor involving in providing public infrastructure have been increasingly used worldwide, and there is no exception for developing countries like Thailand. Recently, there is a huge investment opportunity for public-private partnership (PPP) in Thailand, especially in the transportation sector. This paper analyses the development of the PPP since the early beginning of PPP in different service sectors. It also summarizes the development of PPP and its application in terms of usage, opportunities and trends particularly in the transport sector. The results are aimed to draw some lessons learned for future development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=case%20study" title="case study">case study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public-private%20partnership" title=" public-private partnership"> public-private partnership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transportation" title=" transportation"> transportation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thailand" title=" Thailand"> Thailand</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54643/trends-of-public-private-partnership-infrastructure-in-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54643.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">434</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6775</span> Promoting Affordable Housing Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in Nigeria: Addressing Ethical Concerns in Construction and Exploring Solutions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shem%20Ikoojo%20Ayegba">Shem Ikoojo Ayegba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ye%20Qi"> Ye Qi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Public-private partnerships (PPPs) can potentially be a transformative mechanism for advancing affordable housing in Nigeria., considering the current housing deficit between 17 – 24 million. Nevertheless, their effectiveness is marred by persistent unethical practices such as corruption and the utilization of subpar materials. Through a comprehensive mixed-methods approach, this study delves into the ethical quandaries within Nigerian housing construction and their cascading effects on the success of PPPs. Semi-structured interviews encompassing seasoned construction professionals and an in-depth content analysis of ongoing housing policies and projects in Nigeria reveal a culture of corruption across the value chain. This malaise is exacerbated by glaring deficiencies in oversight and a lack of transparent practices. A robust statistical survey involving diverse professionals, including engineers, architects, and project managers, echoes these findings, emphasizing that a frail institutional framework facilitates the persistence of substandard material use, professional negligence, and rampant bribery. Such compromised construction standards place residents in potential jeopardy and impede the achievement of broader sustainability objectives. This study propounds a suite of policy interventions to pave the way for thriving affordable housing PPPs: initiating transparent bidding processes, establishing non-negotiable quality benchmarks for construction materials, and incorporating independent third-party audits throughout the building phase. Furthermore, cultivating a culture of professional integrity through targeted ethics training for all construction personnel is imperative. This research furnishes pragmatic strategies that can radically enhance the potency of housing PPPs, thereby ensuring safe, durable, and affordable housing solutions for Nigeria's underserved populace. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public-private%20partnerships" title="public-private partnerships">public-private partnerships</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=affordable%20housing" title=" affordable housing"> affordable housing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unethical%20practicies" title=" unethical practicies"> unethical practicies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=housing%20policies" title=" housing policies"> housing policies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20ethics" title=" construction ethics"> construction ethics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174704/promoting-affordable-housing-public-private-partnerships-ppps-in-nigeria-addressing-ethical-concerns-in-construction-and-exploring-solutions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174704.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">79</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6774</span> The Organizational Structure of the Special Purpose Vehicle in Public-Private Partnership Projects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samuel%20Capintero">Samuel Capintero</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Public-private partnerships (PPP) arrangements have emerged all around the world as a response to infrastructure deficits and the need to refurbish existing infrastructure. During the last decade, the Spanish companies have dominated the international market of PPP projects in Latin America, Western Europe and North America, particularly in the transportation sector. Arguably, one of the most influential factors has been the organizational structure of the concessionaire implemented by the Spanish consortiums. The model followed by most Spanish groups has been a bundled model, where the concessionaire integrates the functions of concessionaire, construction and operator companies. This paper examines this model and explores how it has provided the Spanish companies with a comparative advantage in the international PPP market. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PPP" title="PPP">PPP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=project%20management" title=" project management"> project management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concessionaire" title=" concessionaire"> concessionaire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concession" title=" concession"> concession</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructure" title=" infrastructure"> infrastructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction" title=" construction"> construction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25549/the-organizational-structure-of-the-special-purpose-vehicle-in-public-private-partnership-projects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25549.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">385</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6773</span> "Good" Discretion Among Private Sector Street Level Bureaucrats</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anna%20K.%20Wood">Anna K. Wood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Terri%20Friedline"> Terri Friedline</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In April and May 2020, the private banking industry approved over 1.7 million emergency small business loans, totaling over $650 billion in federal relief funds as part of the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). Since the program’s rollout, the extensive evidence of discriminatory lending and misuse of funds has been revealed by investigative journalism and academic studies. This study is based on 41 interviews with frontline banking industry professionals conducted during the days and weeks of the PPP rollout, presenting a real-time narrative of the program rollout through the eyes of those in the role of a street-level bureaucrat. We present two themes from this data about the conditions under which these frontline workers experienced the PPP: Exigent Timelines and Defaulting to Existing Workplace Norms and Practices. We analyze these themes using literature on street-level organizations, bureaucratic discretion, and the differences between public and private sector logic. The results of this study present new directions for theorizing sector-level differences in street-level bureaucratic discretion in the context of mixed-sector collaboration on public service delivery, particularly under conditions of crisis and urgency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=street%20level%20bureaucracy" title="street level bureaucracy">street level bureaucracy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20policy" title=" social policy"> social policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bureaucratic%20discretion" title=" bureaucratic discretion"> bureaucratic discretion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20private%20partnerships" title=" public private partnerships"> public private partnerships</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164103/good-discretion-among-private-sector-street-level-bureaucrats" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164103.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">104</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6772</span> Differential Item Functioning in the Vocabulary Test of Grade 7 Students in Public and Private Schools</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dave%20Kenneth%20Tayao%20Cayado">Dave Kenneth Tayao Cayado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carlo%20P.%20Magno"> Carlo P. Magno</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The most common source of bias detected are those of gender and socioeconomic status. The present study investigated the Differential Item Functioning (DIF) or item bias between public and private school students in a vocabulary test. Studies on DIF were expanded by using the type of school as a source of bias. There were 200 participants in this study. 100 came from a public secondary school and 100 came from a private secondary school. The vocabulary skills of students were measured using a standardized vocabulary test for grade 7 students. Using DIF, specifically the Rasch-Welch approach, it was found that out of 24 items, 12 were biased for a specific group. The vocabulary skills on the use of slang, idiomatic expression, personification, collocations, and partitive relations were biased for private schools while the use of slang and homonymous words were biased for public school students. The analysis debunked the trend that private school students are outperforming public school students in terms of academic achievement. It was revealed that there are some competencies that private school students are having difficulty and vice versa. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=differential%20item%20functioning" title="differential item functioning">differential item functioning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=item%20bias" title=" item bias"> item bias</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20school%20students" title=" public school students"> public school students</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=private%20school%20students" title=" private school students"> private school students</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vocabulary" title=" vocabulary"> vocabulary</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98866/differential-item-functioning-in-the-vocabulary-test-of-grade-7-students-in-public-and-private-schools" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98866.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">191</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6771</span> The Sectoral Differences in the Use of Construction Incentive</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qiuwen%20Ma">Qiuwen Ma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sai%20On%20Cheung"> Sai On Cheung</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Incentive contracting has been developed to push the agent team for extra effort. Generally, there are three types of incentive arrangement, namely incentive/penalty for super performance/underperformance, risk/reward sharing and future business opportunities. It is found that there are significant differences in the use of incentive arrangement in private and public projects. In Hong Kong, very few public projects have used future business as incentivizer whereas private developers often signal repeated business coupled with heavy penalty. This study was conducted to identify various attributes affecting the use of I/D in both private and public engineering sectors of Hong Kong. The diverging preferences were unveiled with reference to a literature review and semi-structured interviews with industry experts. The findings reveal the public/private sectors would consider the implementation issues regarding the various performance targets. The most deterministic factor for the public sector is about accountability. The private sector is in general skeptical about the need to provide extra for the contractors for what they have already contracted to perform. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20incentive" title="construction incentive">construction incentive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%2Fprivate%20projects" title=" public/private projects"> public/private projects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semi-structured%20interview" title=" semi-structured interview"> semi-structured interview</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hong%20kong" title=" hong kong"> hong kong</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171647/the-sectoral-differences-in-the-use-of-construction-incentive" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171647.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">102</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6770</span> The Types of Collaboration Models Driven by Public Art Establishment–Case Study of Taichung City</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cheng-Lung%20Yu">Cheng-Lung Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ying-His%20Liao"> Ying-His Liao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Some evidence show that public art accelerates local economic growth. Even local governments award the collaboration of public-private partnership to sustain the creation of public art for urban economic development. Through the public-private partnership of public art establishment it is obvious that public construction projects have been led by the governmental policy yet the private developers have played crucial roles to drive the innovative business models such as tourism investment, real estate value up and community participation. This study shows that the types of collaboration have been driven by Taichung city governmental policy from the regulation of public art establishment in the past three years. Through some cases empirical analyzes the authors discover the trends concerning the public art development to support local economic growth in Taiwan. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20art" title="public art">public art</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20art%20establishment%20regulation" title=" public art establishment regulation"> public art establishment regulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20management" title=" construction management"> construction management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20governance" title=" urban governance"> urban governance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188431/the-types-of-collaboration-models-driven-by-public-art-establishment-case-study-of-taichung-city" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188431.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">32</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6769</span> Functions of Public Policy in Private International Law</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fedorova%20Elena">Fedorova Elena</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this article, we draw a distinction between two important functions of public policy in private international law. The first function is widely recognized and relates to the prevention of application of foreign laws and enforcement of foreign court judgments whenever their effects are incompatible with the domestic legal system of the forum. This effectively protects sovereign rights of the forum state as it allows to resist against the undesirable effects of foreign law-making and law-enforcement policies. The second function is less obvious, but not less important. As the internal private legal relationships, international private relationships are usually governed by rules of public policy, to which the parties can not derogate by mutual agreement. Thefore, for international private law relations public policy has a different function than previously mentioned: in this case, the public policy acts as a defense against unacceptable effects of the party autonomy. Thus, this second function of public policy consists in the limitation of the party autonomy wich effects would be unacceptable for the local legal system. In the frame of this second function the author will analyse two types of public policy which can limit the party autonomy: « substantial » public policy (which regulates the substance of international legal relationship) and « conflictual » public policy (which regulates the party autonomy to choose the law applicable for the substance of relationship). The author provides an analysis of these functions of the public policy in the field of international contract law because of the important role of the principle of party autonomy for international contract relations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20policy" title="public policy">public policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=general%20theory%20of%20private%20international%20law" title=" general theory of private international law"> general theory of private international law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=substantial%20public%20policy" title=" substantial public policy"> substantial public policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conflictual%20public%20policy" title=" conflictual public policy"> conflictual public policy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24109/functions-of-public-policy-in-private-international-law" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24109.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">573</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6768</span> Deregulation of Turkish State Railways Based on Public-Private Partnership Approaches</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Shakibaei">S. Shakibaei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Alpkokin"> P. Alpkokin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The railway network is one of the major components of a transportation system in a country which may be an indicator of the country’s level of economic improvement. Since 2000s on, revival of national railways and development of High Speed Rail (HSR) lines are one of the most remarkable policies of Turkish government in railway sector. Within this trend, the railway age is to be revived and coming decades will be a golden opportunity. Indubitably, major infrastructures such as road and railway networks require sizeable investment capital, precise maintenance and reparation. Traditionally, governments are held responsible for funding, operating and maintaining these infrastructures. However, lack or shortage of financial resources, risk responsibilities (particularly cost and time overrun), and in some cases inefficacy in constructional, operational and management phases persuade governments to find alternative options. Financial power, efficient experiences and background of private sector are the factors convincing the governments to make a collaboration with private parties to develop infrastructures. Public-Private Partnerships (PPP or 3P or P3) and related regulatory issues are born considering these collaborations. In Turkey, PPP approaches have attracted attention particularly during last decade and these types of investments have been accelerated by government to overcome budget limitations and cope with inefficacy of public sector in improving transportation network and its operation. This study mainly tends to present a comprehensive overview of PPP concept, evaluate the regulatory procedure in Europe and propose a general framework for Turkish State Railways (TCDD) as an outlook on privatization, liberalization and deregulation of railway network. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deregulation" title="deregulation">deregulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-speed%20railway" title=" high-speed railway"> high-speed railway</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liberalization" title=" liberalization"> liberalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=privatization" title=" privatization"> privatization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public-private%20partnership" title=" public-private partnership"> public-private partnership</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68699/deregulation-of-turkish-state-railways-based-on-public-private-partnership-approaches" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68699.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">171</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6767</span> Perception of Agricultural Extension Agents of Private Sector Participation in Extension Services in Ogun State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20O.%20Fakoya">E. O. Fakoya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20G.%20Abiona"> B. G. Abiona</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20O.%20Soetan"> J. O. Soetan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study determined Perception of Agricultural Extension Agents of Private Sector Participation in Extension Services in Ogun State, Nigeria. Data were collected from 80 respondents with a well-structured questionnaire. The result of the findings showed that there is need for private sector participation in extension services (=4.313), private extension services has facilities than public extension services (=4.97). Private sector participated in extension services by: giving of loans and credits to farmers (=4.50). Major constraints identified by the respondents were: Transportation problem (=2.88) and lack of fund (=2.77) A significant relationship (P<0.05) exists between factors affecting public extension services(r = 0.641, p = 0.00) and private sector participation in extension services. It was concluded from the study that there is need for private sector to participate in extension service in order to improve productivity of the farmers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agricultural%20extension" title="agricultural extension">agricultural extension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extension%20agent" title=" extension agent"> extension agent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=private%20sector" title=" private sector"> private sector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perception" title=" perception"> perception</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12500/perception-of-agricultural-extension-agents-of-private-sector-participation-in-extension-services-in-ogun-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12500.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">588</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6766</span> The Initiation of Privatization, Market Structure, and Free Entry with Vertically Related Markets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hung-Yi%20Chen">Hung-Yi Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shih-Jye%20Wu"> Shih-Jye Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The existing literature provides little discussion on why a public monopolist gives up its market dominant position and allows private firms entering the market. We argue that the privatization of a public monopolist under a vertically related market may induce the entry of private firms. We develop a model of a mixed oligopoly with vertically related markets to explain the change in the market from a public monopolist to a mixed oligopoly and examine issues on privatizing the downstream public enterprise both in the short run and long run in the vertically related markets. We first show that the welfare-maximizing public monopoly firm is suboptimal in the vertically related markets. This is due to the fact that the privatization will reduce the input price charged by the upstream foreign monopolist. Further, the privatization will induce the entry of private firms since input price will decrease after privatization. Third, we demonstrate that the complete privatizing the public firm becomes a possible solution if the entry cost of private firm is low. Finally, we indicate that the public firm should partially privatize if the free-entry of private firms is allowed. JEL classification: F12, F14, L32, L33 <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20entry" title="free entry">free entry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20oligopoly" title=" mixed oligopoly"> mixed oligopoly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20monopoly" title=" public monopoly"> public monopoly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20initiation%20of%20privatization" title=" the initiation of privatization"> the initiation of privatization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vertically%20related%20markets" title=" vertically related markets"> vertically related markets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20oligopoly" title=" mixed oligopoly"> mixed oligopoly</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99094/the-initiation-of-privatization-market-structure-and-free-entry-with-vertically-related-markets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99094.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">137</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6765</span> A Comparative Study of Public and Private School Adolescent Girls on the Issues of Menstrual Hygiene and the Management Issues</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashok%20Pandey">Ashok Pandey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajan%20Adhikari"> Rajan Adhikari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Menstruation is part of the female reproductive cycle that starts when girls become sexually mature at the time of puberty. It is a phenomenon unique to the females. During a menstrual period, a woman bleeds from her uterus via the vagina. For decades, in many countries, academic school ‘type,’ private or public, as a predictor of or factor in future academic success has been researched and debated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The comparative study was carried out with adolescent girls studying in both public and private schools of Kathmandu valley. A total of 100 girls participated in the survey, and out of them 21 participated in the FGD and 5 in the in- depth interview. Quantitative data from the survey was analyzed using SPSS 16.0 software. Informed verbal consent with the respective head of school and the respondents were taken before data collection. Results:The age of the respondents ranges from 11 to 18 years, with mean age of menarche being 12.37 years in both school adolescent girls. 70 percent of the public school adolescent girls and 72 percent of the private school adolescent girls are feeling upset and tension during menarche. There is a statistically significant difference on take rest during the period and good hygienic practice during menstruation of public/private school, at α=0. 05 level of significance. There is a statistically significant difference on overall score of practice during menstruation between public and private adolescent girls. Conclusion: Private schools children are more knowledgeable and maintain hygiene as compere to public school even though, it can be said that among the adolescent school girls both in public and private school, menstrual knowledge and perceptions are poor and practices often not optimal for proper hygiene. Often ignored issues of privacy affect the hygienic practices and daily lives. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Comparison" title="Comparison">Comparison</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Menstruation" title=" Menstruation"> Menstruation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Private%20school" title="Private school">Private school</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Public%20School" title=" Public School"> Public School</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20379/a-comparative-study-of-public-and-private-school-adolescent-girls-on-the-issues-of-menstrual-hygiene-and-the-management-issues" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20379.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">441</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6764</span> Infrastructure Investment Law Formulation to Ensure Low Transaction Cost at Policy Level: Case Study of Public Private Partnership Project at the Ministry of Public Works and Housing of the Republic of Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yolanda%20Indah%20Permatasari">Yolanda Indah Permatasari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sudarsono%20Hardjosoekarto"> Sudarsono Hardjosoekarto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Public private partnership (PPP) scheme was considered as an alternative source of funding for infrastructure provision. However, the performance of PPP scheme and interest of private sector to participate in the provision of infrastructure was still practically low. This phenomenon motivates the research to reconstruct the form of collaborative governance at the policy level from the perspective of transaction cost of the PPP scheme. Soft-system methodology (SSM)-based action research was used as this research methodology. The result of this study concludes that the emergence of transaction cost sources at the policy level is caused by the absence of a law that governs infrastructure investment, especially the implementation of PPP scheme. This absence is causing the imbalance in risk allocation and risk mitigation between the public and private sector. Thus, this research recommended the formulation of infrastructure investment law that aims to minimize asymmetry information, to anticipate the principal-principal problems, and to provide legal basis that ensures risk certainty and guarantee fair risk allocation between public and private sector. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20governance" title="public governance">public governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20private%20partnership" title=" public private partnership"> public private partnership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20system%20methodology" title=" soft system methodology"> soft system methodology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transaction%20cost" title=" transaction cost"> transaction cost</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104441/infrastructure-investment-law-formulation-to-ensure-low-transaction-cost-at-policy-level-case-study-of-public-private-partnership-project-at-the-ministry-of-public-works-and-housing-of-the-republic-of-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104441.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">140</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20private%20partnerships&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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