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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%85_(SQL)" title="ادغام (SQL) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادغام (SQL)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merge_(SQL)" title="Merge (SQL) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Merge (SQL)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merge_(SQL)" title="Merge (SQL) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Merge (SQL)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merge_(database)" title="Merge (database) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Merge (database)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merge_(SQL)" title="Merge (SQL) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Merge (SQL)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merge_(SQL)" title="Merge (SQL) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Merge (SQL)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MERGE</code> (also called <i>upsert</i>) statements to <code><a href="/wiki/Insert_(SQL)" title="Insert (SQL)">INSERT</a></code> new records or <code><a href="/wiki/Update_(SQL)" title="Update (SQL)">UPDATE</a></code> or <code><a href="/wiki/Delete_(SQL)" title="Delete (SQL)">DELETE</a></code> existing records depending on whether <a href="/wiki/Condition_(SQL)" title="Condition (SQL)">condition</a> matches. It was officially introduced in the <a href="/wiki/SQL:2003" title="SQL:2003">SQL:2003</a> standard, and expanded<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in the <a href="/wiki/SQL:2008" title="SQL:2008">SQL:2008</a> standard. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merge_(SQL)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-tsql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">MERGE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">INTO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tablename</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">table_reference</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">condition</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHEN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MATCHED</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">THEN</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">UPDATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SET</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">column1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">, column2 = value2 ...</span><span class="o">]</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHEN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">NOT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MATCHED</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">THEN</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">INSERT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">column1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">, column2 ...</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">VALUES</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">, value2 ...</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">);</span> </pre></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Join_(SQL)#Right_outer_join" title="Join (SQL)">right join</a> is employed over the Target (the INTO table) and the Source (the USING table / view / sub-query)--where Target is the left table and Source is the right one. The four possible combinations yield these rules: </p> <ul><li>If the ON field(s) in the Source matches the ON field(s) in the Target, then UPDATE</li> <li>If the ON field(s) in the Source does not match the ON field(s) in the Target, then INSERT</li> <li>If the ON field(s) does not exist in the Source but does exist in the Target, then no action is performed.</li> <li>If the ON field(s) does not exist in either the Source or Target, then no action is performed.</li></ul> <p>If multiple Source rows match a given Target row, an error is mandated by SQL:2003 standards. You cannot update a Target row multiple times with a MERGE statement </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merge_(SQL)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Database management systems <a href="/wiki/PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle Database</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_Db2" title="IBM Db2">IBM Db2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teradata" title="Teradata">Teradata</a>, <a href="/wiki/EXASOL" class="mw-redirect" title="EXASOL">EXASOL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firebird_(database_server)" title="Firebird (database server)">Firebird</a>, <a href="/wiki/CUBRID" title="CUBRID">CUBRID</a>, <a href="/wiki/H2_(DBMS)" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 (DBMS)">H2</a>, <a href="/wiki/HSQLDB" title="HSQLDB">HSQLDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/MS_SQL" class="mw-redirect" title="MS SQL">MS SQL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vectorwise" class="mw-redirect" title="Vectorwise">Vectorwise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apache_Derby" title="Apache Derby">Apache Derby</a> support the standard syntax. Some also add non-standard SQL extensions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synonymous"><span class="anchor" id="upsert"></span> Synonymous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merge_(SQL)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Synonymous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some database implementations adopted the term <i><b>upsert</b></i> (a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of <i>update</i> and <i>insert</i>) to a <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> statement, or combination of statements, that inserts a record to a table in a database if the record does not exist or, if the record already exists, updates the existing record. This synonym is used in <a href="/wiki/PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> (v9.5+)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite">SQLite</a> (v3.24+).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used to abbreviate the "MERGE" equivalent pseudo-code. </p><p>It is used in <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure_SQL_Database" title="Microsoft Azure SQL Database">Microsoft Azure SQL Database</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_non-standard_implementations">Other non-standard implementations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merge_(SQL)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other non-standard implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some other database management systems support this, or very similar behavior, through their own, non-standard SQL extensions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a>, for example, supports the use of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-mysql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="k">INSERT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">DUPLICATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">KEY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">UPDATE</span></code> syntax<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can be used to achieve a similar effect with the limitation that the join between target and source has to be made only on PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraints, which is not required in the ANSI/ISO standard. It also supports <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">>REPLACE INTO</code> syntax,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which first attempts an insert, and if that fails, deletes the row, if exists, and then inserts the new one. There is also an <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IGNORE</code> clause for the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INSERT</code> statement,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which tells the server to ignore "duplicate key" errors and go on (existing rows will not be inserted or updated, but all new rows will be inserted). </p><p><a href="/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite">SQLite</a>'s <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="k">INSERT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">OR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">REPLACE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">INTO</span></code> works similarly. It also supports <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">REPLACE INTO</code> as an alias for compatibility with MySQL.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Firebird_(database_server)" title="Firebird (database server)">Firebird</a> supports <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MERGE INTO</code> though fails to throw an error when there are multiple Source data rows. Additionally there is a single-row version, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="k">UPDATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">OR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">INSERT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">INTO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tablename</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">VALUES</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">values</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">MATCHING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">)]</span></code>, but the latter does not give you the option to take different actions on insert versus update (e.g. setting a new sequence value only for new rows, not for existing ones.) </p><p><a href="/wiki/IBM_Db2" title="IBM Db2">IBM Db2</a> extends the syntax with multiple <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WHEN MATCHED</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WHEN NOT MATCHED</code> clauses, distinguishing them with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">... AND some-condition</code> <a href="/wiki/Guard_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guard (computing)">guards</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server">Microsoft SQL Server</a> extends with supporting guards and also with supporting Left Join via <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-tsql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="k">WHEN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">NOT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MATCHED</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">BY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SOURCE</span></code> clauses. </p><p><a href="/wiki/PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> supports merge since version 15 but previously supported merging via <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-postgresql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="k">INSERT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">INTO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">CONFLICT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">conflict_target</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">conflict_action</span></code>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/CUBRID" title="CUBRID">CUBRID</a> supports <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MERGE INTO</code><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> statement. And supports the use of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-mysql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="k">INSERT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">DUPLICATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">KEY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">UPDATE</span></code> syntax.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also supports <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">REPLACE INTO</code> for compatibility with MySQL.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Apache_Phoenix" title="Apache Phoenix">Apache Phoenix</a> supports <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">UPSERT VALUES</code><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <code>UPSERT SELECT</code><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> syntax. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Apache_Spark#Spark_SQL" title="Apache Spark">Spark SQL</a> supports <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">UPDATE SET *</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INSERT *</code> clauses in actions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Apache_Impala" title="Apache Impala">Apache Impala</a> supports <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">UPSERT INTO ... SELECT</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_in_NoSQL">Usage in NoSQL</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merge_(SQL)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Usage in NoSQL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A similar concept is applied in some <a href="/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a> databases. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a> the fields in a value associated with a key can be updated with an <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">update</code> operation. The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">update</code> raises an error if the key is not found. In the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">update</code> operation it is possible to set the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">upsert</code> flag: in this case a new value is stored associated to the given key if it does not exist, otherwise the whole value is replaced. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Redis" title="Redis">Redis</a> the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SET</code> operations sets the value associated with a given key. Redis does not know any detail of the internal structure of the value, so an <i>update</i> would have no meaning. So the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SET</code> operation has always a <i>set or replace</i> semantics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merge_(SQL)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Join in particular: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Join_(SQL)" title="Join (SQL)">Join (SQL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Join_(Unix)" title="Join (Unix)">join (Unix)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merge_(SQL)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/15/release-15.html">"E.1. Release 15"</a>. <i>PostgreSQL Documentation</i>. 13 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013141239/https://www.postgresql.org/docs/15/release-15.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PostgreSQL+Documentation&rft.atitle=E.1.+Release+15&rft.date=2022-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.postgresql.org%2Fdocs%2F15%2Frelease-15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerge+%28SQL%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postgresqltutorial.com/postgresql-upsert/">"PostgreSQL Upsert Using INSERT ON CONFLICT statement"</a>. <i>PostgreSQL Tutorial</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128173803/https://www.postgresqltutorial.com/postgresql-tutorial/postgresql-upsert/">Archived</a> from the original on Nov 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PostgreSQL+Tutorial&rft.atitle=PostgreSQL+Upsert+Using+INSERT+ON+CONFLICT+statement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.postgresqltutorial.com%2Fpostgresql-upsert%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerge+%28SQL%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sqlite.org/lang_UPSERT.html">upsert</a>", SQLite, visited 6-6-2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb510625.aspx">"MERGE (Transact-SQL)"</a>. <i>Transact-SQL Reference (Database Engine)</i>. Microsoft Learn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624122818/https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb510625.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on Jun 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transact-SQL+Reference+%28Database+Engine%29&rft.atitle=MERGE+%28Transact-SQL%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fbb510625.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerge+%28SQL%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/insert-on-duplicate.html">MySQL :: MySQL 5.1 Reference Manual :: 12.2.4.3 INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE Syntax</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/replace.html">MySQL 5.1 Reference Manual: 11.2.6 REPLACE Syntax</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/insert.html">"MySQL 5.5 Reference Manual :: 13.2.5 INSERT Syntax"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MySQL+5.5+Reference+Manual+%3A%3A+13.2.5+INSERT+Syntax&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdev.mysql.com%2Fdoc%2Frefman%2F5.5%2Fen%2Finsert.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerge+%28SQL%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sqlite.org/lang_insert.html">"SQL As Understood By SQLite: INSERT"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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CUBRID Official Blog. 2012-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+CUBRID+9.0.0&rft.pub=CUBRID+Official+Blog&rft.date=2012-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cubrid.org%2Fblog%2Fnews%2Fannouncing-cubrid-9-0-with-3x-performance-increase-and-sharding-support&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerge+%28SQL%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cubrid.org/manual/10_0/en/sql/query/insert.html#on-duplicate-key-update-clause">CUBRID :: Data Manipulation Statements :: Insert :: ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE Clause</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cubrid.org/manual/10_0/en/sql/function/string_fn.html#replace">CUBRID :: Data Manipulation Statements :: Replace</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phoenix.apache.org/language/#upsert_values">"UPSERT VALUES"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UPSERT+VALUES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphoenix.apache.org%2Flanguage%2F%23upsert_values&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerge+%28SQL%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phoenix.apache.org/language/#upsert_select">"UPSERT SELECT"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UPSERT+SELECT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphoenix.apache.org%2Flanguage%2F%23upsert_select&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerge+%28SQL%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.databricks.com/spark/latest/spark-sql/language-manual/delta-merge-into.html">"MERGE INTO (Delta Lake on Databricks)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MERGE+INTO+%28Delta+Lake+on+Databricks%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.databricks.com%2Fspark%2Flatest%2Fspark-sql%2Flanguage-manual%2Fdelta-merge-into.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerge+%28SQL%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://impala.apache.org/docs/build/html/topics/impala_upsert.html">"UPSERT Statement (Apache Impala Documentation)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UPSERT+Statement+%28Apache+Impala+Documentation%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimpala.apache.org%2Fdocs%2Fbuild%2Fhtml%2Ftopics%2Fimpala_upsert.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerge+%28SQL%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHsuObe2008" class="citation web cs1">Hsu, Leo; Obe, Regina (May 18, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postgresonline.com/journal/archives/51-Cross-Compare-of-SQL-Server,-MySQL,-and-PostgreSQL.html">"Cross Compare of SQL Server, MySQL, and PostgreSQL"</a>. <i>Postgres OnLine Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Postgres+OnLine+Journal&rft.atitle=Cross+Compare+of+SQL+Server%2C+MySQL%2C+and+PostgreSQL&rft.date=2008-05-18&rft.aulast=Hsu&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft.au=Obe%2C+Regina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.postgresonline.com%2Fjournal%2Farchives%2F51-Cross-Compare-of-SQL-Server%2C-MySQL%2C-and-PostgreSQL.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerge+%28SQL%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChodorowMike_Dirolf2010" class="citation book cs1">Chodorow, Kristina; Mike Dirolf (September 2010). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=MongoDB:_The_Definitive_Guide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MongoDB: The Definitive Guide (page does not exist)">MongoDB: The Definitive Guide</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" 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href="http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/server.112/e41084/statements_9016.htm#SQLRF01606">Oracle 11g Release 2 documentation</a> on <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MERGE</code></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firebirdsql.org/refdocs/langrefupd21-merge.html">Firebird 2.1 documentation</a> on <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MERGE</code></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSEPGG_9.7.0/com.ibm.db2.luw.sql.ref.doc/doc/r0010873.html">DB2 v9 MERGE statement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb510625.aspx">Microsoft SQL Server documentation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/guide/dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_merge_statement">HSQLdb 2.0 Data Change Statements</a></li> <li><a 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