CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134f976c9c4ce55',cH: '97liKPpgIxCtSMo6LO_Pn5a2beDFIN_IrdqMFJQMrnk-1739786888-1.2.1.1-s4Pz3u2JfnRlKAB3z0mtWn5_7seujeLDjnem9RWb2gA6gRZgJJTbWV_jOnTfHggi',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=beta%20carotene&__cf_chl_tk=65WLfobbZFmFvkBNjVbu81DMGioiu5tlOWAKEOSVigc-1739786888-1.0.1.1-ziAOf7DmQctV58hnydPSQngFHUd3lR9AFMnLee7c0Hc",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739786888',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=beta%20carotene&__cf_chl_f_tk=65WLfobbZFmFvkBNjVbu81DMGioiu5tlOWAKEOSVigc-1739786888-1.0.1.1-ziAOf7DmQctV58hnydPSQngFHUd3lR9AFMnLee7c0Hc",md: "TPiCE7swR8rXXMqbFj_Y01_WuuxkRlR0BQ0EH8sqi5E-1739786888-1.2.1.1-ZWSgZOlmEpnWu_topdp3xDUxS3TUQq.dIikR5UH_pLakiQZfIYzGoPnzUYyMd8V6hrcjx27D5ZhUorRzQMHdjF1k7XolKkbspESt2P9BsN.TXccfPtZkfObk8fFDFcKyn7sP_44IZpmrPEzYJ7b6MlDh63akjKETpIsFlfGDhUHDYm_1cE71ohYNYtHCXRX6Hh_3.fUQdPt18F1VYrE9FnKda4d3vbAUKCuCdj50Z0nh2sH2nd0YgVoOzhfZPRHAJzBudZyd4gOoRTWs3gTNzZYTKIxjbTO81rv_V7BATyy.c3TekB.mMAqaAMRGMIuTO_k2qALLpQwHtBR5oApjZ3_E8JjpEG26O2njZRXYmghlhG8nuvafLLJzC3BmEIKGvSQ7Fb2jAa5u6PU6qLqlHTrNa.Fra_mowkwZLUHvK00Q793H0Iq91jzjzWEqz9N50hDpAIHUk2rFGOhVw883QpkU_H8i..pbLFwVII4bqglbBPOnaGNb_MLJWGe9QoP4B6mAJgqiHS0DDC6.GYd3OPIV9n1esNxuNz1OzcVphInTF.OskAyZiMPsOXwO261ruD3XQfa5ToLaGv9bDGVAGERYgZLyBZTgW3F21bKznp6uyyzQbXofbmGAZmO9M4RoKeYNcb2QL8kuVJD.v6PVJ5gVhdUE348ndQRblTeQVKJjiIIp06o5S_Dt8d5rF95oZWpSetYeeZo76WLdah1RI8nbqtP.m7tRCAFicysB9MdrfeiFRO9cykE_Eu.1m0R0cJNQGXXty2aOp0FqBW9k2KNhkXyFoaUrPw9R06U5kLKeEN4gFFgJ0IAQuxmjk3JZzgDRWIxutANDdd8iDP3WX1r2CgW6wfRHWLjpDtwiR65w3fA87FbI0y_SGGmuZsgIEE1ZBlHgSjyyEufLzQCbvPpH8w3U5abUYyoQJ..UanvV7JurVOUDRnxlhqYsYXMMPhg0PTBeal6Ich.zJ8QN2ClscHo.RqqhekNevqSGctnLojYsYur5HLxalYCgBdWjGLy.QSSu27e_9e6zu4PJferf_TA_8xK7pdEGyIKNGH9jlDiH5eXrAOzl6XtKlQmuFWloWK6ijBESAeYtSHOndh3glyqqqCEJwg5ncRKW3GjYKzeQucrvoE.k_HLnAcQbudqc44Y4dhUOjQ5VhCdTFaCNb.TEN5DTV_ptQbRDbiL7tMzklDfN_q78NmmhQPNsZ2aBiu79IauBGguIE5J9PnhkI_ARYu2efPLtcku0fnkesGeryH1X6uRpTMNDUheceKpwcj4lWqjC3TasYTsZiwCSeolL5Zj9zWBhkkkjniqwVOHj8QjPqCZ40C29oOBAgboKhGkX.wiO6WWPhPUpl2TQw_bNV7HrdD0YGgdyIRZKA0A7wSxiUCE2uWPUNfym3ce4TYEoBN4YfWpv9HTTC7l.7t_6Fu91a5kDiogA3Ov.hjzADqLj6OgxUVRta4SKDXImNfotDPMHFJOgiJNGDLuesRZ6fQBCmsi0mHCJYaXmPkaLGx38RGXPpP_ABxxYs2l6pORwgvwc7eoJdSh_scQ1RM011acwu9xrIpnohEU7C9Sx3jo1CyXg50uiIDEwZpeRFAZcpN_dvUV2zIpXy0zyv8Yr7kvqRcev5ZYdUtFpKX8yzXoEXV6jVTYereVciZQVr42w.9CD3vqJgbSlHzbCgBJkrLsC6UvMpnC1eyaCfh528DDNY99zrwc2f5mx5ZNR8o2vx4W5lqm53a6ENqhvPHFFJLnqOCf44jwmoIVJdGKfqs4EGGvr1fBb5i4ovtza6FJAD_i4mGrRdP_2U3crkNoQhRzH8j5RDfyFXAVzfA3kvVGCv9dnAJ8HdKKUqr_7YV9AgEgeYWz2zI02GE0vHhZcC4Cw3mBfdptKkGR1H_rJK8vtht9U6yG8sw05wD7qsmoH97IoO5r91FnoNwqP81adnTnruXwa4.N3ufI",mdrd: "lmvBhd1mj0lvpCG9mQmEVFe3yOPmVJmzoCBufyb1jbg-1739786888-1.2.1.1-bSBrcmD4h0gF5mShSxRGst8pRZwJikIkP4RaH6PZ9GVUHvfx_zWUMBVVypgtz30Kr66hEZ1vH4X3DxPDrhAPV17klvUk1b61kYTclsATtIZMO1H_lXgzYv20.K9LEctRpy_m2fOf.n0zXFHLGQhM_evtpI5qiSZhf7TMdVZj_g_j4URbRF0DknlLmfAWXgUEMwoRDg1PpEWAmmNQCr5IexMABur0UNFhz1x.W7ToUacVe6Jx183o6AiYQlzgf1wL_raVi9hRPxp_DZKj_nDOMAOpsneBmyGLyoXon0ai.FUIKh.9WJBo_B0esSXlHafo4L..fd6pJH3TgEDNgrlFnVobv7sZUcoKFP2hKYsCMqAzfSnGD1ZgINkFE6jTFC5qZ54NR9DzuOBYfXZgPODSN3lOEN2pI1EX2nf4oUXQBEN9I.Pb3rDsg4gt1B8P4jXFSgOsJLROz97JuSPza8o8ARq.BWQlsiJU7ZetCHXihuWKV4hJ8.p7QEGd18DEURA.KZ1u1LK8s3fEvJZbyvM_6rJuhWJICOiF8vK8LBaCLS8ejl_.v1X7LaQJNat7wbRxQvMs2b7aHbigVK2fF5oepm1YP9f5YfRbGXH.7jTmQAqfS_z73NmaVprUOrSI.nMeULtNytKJJN6zRYRoiCwAg3yhbvzvUCCd3oTYFVYZj4XGa9wNA.KtVF_ayA7OLR3pF.AdiD2asGVxxAGdeihuath_c_H4LfqNflPGQB61TYd_HVVc60EqUKrarBgJUAgNdxI_kXXJgKgP9.6MB4wD.rLN0oWYlXsJFMErC_ce.e.ITg2ZYKZCHXPjTS6nv_7m.PJyIwlsrZifVU0R809fu1fj16qB1EQxzNQwl_cfLzhczHDvMXDbntWCUi5Fo4yOdPGEo5htRFJHGwFdvL6kS4f.6xwOISILOzE1bHqMOd8DCjwF9V0.LRWOAc9rfgG6yj.SwJZwh7xmGhnOiVt6rvRsI3KGnLtHEc25EAxdHJPLTdsc33KQIdpLM_RSDrExCoDcPvosdDr_k5jUSeCwkVQJmWeQJ6mQX_C7.d4p5HaN5cbAs_2PaQRRybKnpOVGnrWamWT0dKL4SmUSNyQ9HTuj7K.6TEdv9LPJqVFgzE37Nmry8MyeRRsRALXmOGSDCJ5LDmnvmFL3FDUW_RkmRQHWiYQF1Ly2cmOakLMDR1Gx7VR2hjMggWUAqFSoNKUetWr8UUZBqip1fLPeNClETnlE.8uqeG9VB2Hhy1V69eNiJZLXfDfcZXKJOt44TXyd.KDN5sg9ndd1h_Uicc_PICkDOuQIivyFpZf4znzjud3hDWZ7xSOpZzrxpKv2Qlq0aBChSgikgisH0E1vw4xfs1BOGCLk6IEZJu5Buvwm57vwJSNSbDJTw5OFPTrpfmtWupXcEoAYtJH.fIYAX3LmUVIWC1CVDCfcS0971Fm1rM8QgI32M8Rh00cUHYDsITtYVeYCpw85PUEajIlWLRM8mXCbUK1FgCQgKqqo3Smx5A8gJ8yIhU0KquneGalj5DVNu_nTNyI7oxBUskcnqY4m5bc4ErBnDzCpR8qdKXP9hUmQ9O1YwgzWzSK1Aou21hVb29dp6q.MobiayWf8O_ts5wonQlPoaQkzp2jg0.5C4fyljDwvBC..iRESpTPvZQe3Lt0b1h1PlF5EO2PsLeQO2bpNdnXpwTbFGWgEw1AJxNhoic1yCip.bWSMzlDWDFPCelV45uWuzYJ0s9Qqw8xoiWq98lVdVHgXVf.apugLalqi0nKW.Y_5kNNe2w_cVTP_3uEgDjHlSR5K3OwWDV9vcKQFBhxf94wFTk3BecMprAV9OLTfhXoVpCas2kzkLXV1Q.jEprPWRiZNpcoDjk2i1Yd66a_sape2KAuoMvbzqxrVMl2IMYdOy5qUfWN0aqP0m5QkmMFuNSKTtVPfs0GiiztSxP4YMQQN2rOiS.Q0qUI"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134f976c9c4ce55';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=beta%20carotene&__cf_chl_rt_tk=65WLfobbZFmFvkBNjVbu81DMGioiu5tlOWAKEOSVigc-1739786888-1.0.1.1-ziAOf7DmQctV58hnydPSQngFHUd3lR9AFMnLee7c0Hc" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>