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cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the opera. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Carmen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Carmen (disambiguation)">Carmen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Carmen (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kaʁmɛn]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/40\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Mecanautes-Carmen.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Mecanautes-Carmen.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-Mecanautes-Carmen.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Mecanautes-Carmen.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Mecanautes-Carmen.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Mecanautes-Carmen.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-Mecanautes-Carmen.wav">ⓘ</a>) is an opera in four acts by the French composer <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Georges Bizet</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> was written by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Meilhac" title="Henri Meilhac">Henri Meilhac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludovic_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Ludovic Halévy">Ludovic Halévy</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Carmen_(novella)" title="Carmen (novella)">novella of the same title</a> by <a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Prosper Mérimée</a>. The opera was first performed by the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a> in Paris on 3 March 1875, where its breaking of conventions shocked and scandalised its first audiences. Bizet died suddenly after the 33rd performance, unaware that the work would achieve international acclaim within the following ten years. Carmen has since become one of the most popular and frequently performed operas in the classical <a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">canon</a>; the "<a href="/wiki/Habanera_(aria)" title="Habanera (aria)">Habanera</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Seguidilla#The_'Seguidilla'_in_opera" title="Seguidilla">Seguidilla</a>" from act 1 and the "<a href="/wiki/Toreador_Song" title="Toreador Song">Toreador Song</a>" from act 2 are among the best known of all operatic arias. <table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-style: italic;">Carmen</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a> by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Georges Bizet</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Prudent-Louis_Leray_-_Poster_for_the_premi%C3%A8re_of_Georges_Bizet%27s_Carmen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Prudent-Louis_Leray_-_Poster_for_the_premi%C3%A8re_of_Georges_Bizet%27s_Carmen.jpg/290px-Prudent-Louis_Leray_-_Poster_for_the_premi%C3%A8re_of_Georges_Bizet%27s_Carmen.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Prudent-Louis_Leray_-_Poster_for_the_premi%C3%A8re_of_Georges_Bizet%27s_Carmen.jpg/435px-Prudent-Louis_Leray_-_Poster_for_the_premi%C3%A8re_of_Georges_Bizet%27s_Carmen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Prudent-Louis_Leray_-_Poster_for_the_premi%C3%A8re_of_Georges_Bizet%27s_Carmen.jpg/580px-Prudent-Louis_Leray_-_Poster_for_the_premi%C3%A8re_of_Georges_Bizet%27s_Carmen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6536" data-file-height="8944"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Poster from the 1875 première</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Librettist</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludovic_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Ludovic Halévy">Ludovic Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Meilhac" title="Henri Meilhac">Henri Meilhac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Based on</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carmen_(novella)" title="Carmen (novella)">Carmen</a> by <a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Prosper Mérimée</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Premiere</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline;" class="vevent">3 March 1875 (1875-03-03) <div style="display:inline;" class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a>, Paris</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The opera is written in the genre of <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">opéra comique</a> with musical numbers separated by dialogue. It is set in southern Spain and tells the story of the downfall of Don José, a naïve soldier who is seduced by the wiles of the fiery <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">gypsy</a> Carmen. José abandons his childhood sweetheart and deserts from his military duties, yet loses Carmen's love to the glamorous <a href="/wiki/Torero" class="mw-redirect" title="Torero">torero</a> Escamillo, after which José kills her in a jealous rage. The depictions of proletarian life, immorality, and lawlessness, and the tragic death of the main character on stage, broke new ground in French opera and were highly controversial. After the premiere, most reviews were critical, and the French public was generally indifferent. Carmen initially gained its reputation through a series of productions outside France, and was not revived in Paris until 1883. Thereafter, it rapidly acquired popularity at home and abroad. Later commentators have asserted that Carmen forms the bridge between the tradition of opéra comique and the <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Verismo" title="Verismo">verismo</a> that characterised late 19th-century Italian opera. The music of Carmen has since been widely acclaimed for brilliance of melody, harmony, atmosphere, and orchestration, and for the skill with which the emotions and suffering of the characters are represented. At his death Bizet was still in the midst of revising his score and because of other later changes (notably the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitatives</a> composed by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Guiraud" title="Ernest Guiraud">Ernest Guiraud</a> in place of the original dialogue) there is still no definitive edition of the opera. The opera has been recorded many times since the first <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record#78_rpm_disc_developments" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">acoustical</a> recording in 1908, and the story has been the subject of many screen and stage adaptations. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background">1 Background</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Roles">2 Roles</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Instrumentation">3 Instrumentation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Synopsis">4 Synopsis</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Act_1">4.1 Act 1</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Act_2">4.2 Act 2</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Act_3">4.3 Act 3</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Act_4">4.4 Act 4</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Creation">5 Creation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Writing_history">5.1 Writing history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Characterisation">5.2 Characterisation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Performance_history">6 Performance history</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Assembling_the_cast">6.1 Assembling the cast</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Premiere_and_initial_run">6.2 Premiere and initial run</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Early_revivals">6.3 Early revivals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Worldwide_success">6.4 Worldwide success</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Music">7 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Musical_numbers">8 Musical numbers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Recordings">9 Recordings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Adaptations">10 Adaptations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References">11 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Notes">11.1 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Citations">11.2 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Sources">11.3 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merimee_sketch_001.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Merimee_sketch_001.png/170px-Merimee_sketch_001.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 265px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Merimee_sketch_001.png/170px-Merimee_sketch_001.png" data-width="170" data-height="265" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Merimee_sketch_001.png/255px-Merimee_sketch_001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Merimee_sketch_001.png/340px-Merimee_sketch_001.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Prosper Mérimée, whose novella Carmen (1845) inspired the opera</figcaption></figure> In the Paris of the 1860s, despite being a <a href="/wiki/Prix_de_Rome" title="Prix de Rome">Prix de Rome</a> laureate, Bizet struggled to get his stage works performed. The capital's two main state-funded opera houses—<a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera" title="Paris Opera">the Opéra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a>—followed conservative repertoires that restricted opportunities for young native talent.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Bizet's professional relationship with <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Carvalho" title="Léon Carvalho">Léon Carvalho</a>, manager of the independent <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Lyrique" title="Théâtre Lyrique">Théâtre Lyrique</a> company, enabled him to bring to the stage two full-scale operas, <a href="/wiki/Les_p%C3%AAcheurs_de_perles" title="Les pêcheurs de perles">Les pêcheurs de perles</a> (1863) and <a href="/wiki/La_jolie_fille_de_Perth" title="La jolie fille de Perth">La jolie fille de Perth</a> (1867), but neither enjoyed much public success.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> When artistic life in Paris resumed after the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870–71, Bizet found wider opportunities for the performance of his works; his one-act opera <a href="/wiki/Djamileh" title="Djamileh">Djamileh</a> opened at the Opéra-Comique in May 1872. Although this failed and was withdrawn after 11 performances,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> it led to a further commission from the theatre, this time for a full-length opera for which <a href="/wiki/Henri_Meilhac" title="Henri Meilhac">Henri Meilhac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludovic_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Ludovic Halévy">Ludovic Halévy</a> would provide the libretto.<a href="#cite_note-D100-5">[5]</a> Halévy, who had written the text for Bizet's student opera <a href="/wiki/Le_docteur_Miracle" title="Le docteur Miracle">Le docteur Miracle</a> (1856), was a cousin of Bizet's wife, <a href="/wiki/Genevi%C3%A8ve_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Geneviève Halévy">Geneviève</a>;<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> he and Meilhac had a solid reputation as the librettists of many of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Jacques Offenbach</a>'s operettas.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Bizet was delighted with the Opéra-Comique commission, and expressed to his friend Edmund Galabert his satisfaction in "the absolute certainty of having found my path".<a href="#cite_note-D100-5">[5]</a> The subject of the projected work was a matter of discussion between composer, librettists and the Opéra-Comique management; <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_de_Leuven" title="Adolphe de Leuven">Adolphe de Leuven</a>, on behalf of the theatre, made several suggestions that were politely rejected. It was Bizet who first proposed an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Prosper Mérimée</a>'s novella <a href="/wiki/Carmen_(novella)" title="Carmen (novella)">Carmen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Mérimée's story is a blend of travelogue and adventure yarn, possibly inspired by the writer's lengthy travels in Spain in 1830, and had originally been published in 1845 in the journal <a href="/wiki/Revue_des_deux_Mondes" title="Revue des deux Mondes">Revue des deux Mondes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia-9">[9]</a> It may have been influenced in part by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a>'s 1824 poem "<a href="/wiki/The_Gypsies_(poem)" title="The Gypsies (poem)">The Gypsies</a>",<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> a work Mérimée had translated into French;<a href="#cite_note-12">[n 1]</a> it has also been suggested that the story was developed from an incident told to Mérimée by his friend the Countess Montijo.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia-9">[9]</a> Bizet may first have encountered the story during his Rome sojourn of 1858–60, since his journals record Mérimée as one of the writers whose works he absorbed in those years.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atelier_Nadar_-_Galli-Mari%C3%A9_in_Bizet%27s_Carmen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Atelier_Nadar_-_Galli-Mari%C3%A9_in_Bizet%27s_Carmen.jpg/250px-Atelier_Nadar_-_Galli-Mari%C3%A9_in_Bizet%27s_Carmen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="3209"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 301px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Atelier_Nadar_-_Galli-Mari%C3%A9_in_Bizet%27s_Carmen.jpg/250px-Atelier_Nadar_-_Galli-Mari%C3%A9_in_Bizet%27s_Carmen.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="301" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Atelier_Nadar_-_Galli-Mari%C3%A9_in_Bizet%27s_Carmen.jpg/330px-Atelier_Nadar_-_Galli-Mari%C3%A9_in_Bizet%27s_Carmen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Atelier_Nadar_-_Galli-Mari%C3%A9_in_Bizet%27s_Carmen.jpg/500px-Atelier_Nadar_-_Galli-Mari%C3%A9_in_Bizet%27s_Carmen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9lestine_Galli-Mari%C3%A9" title="Célestine Galli-Marié">Célestine Galli-Marié</a> as Carmen</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style>Roles, voice types, premiere cast </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Role </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a><a href="#cite_note-OMO2-14">[13]</a> </th> <th scope="col">Premiere cast, 3 March 1875 Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Deloffre" title="Adolphe Deloffre">Adolphe Deloffre</a><a href="#cite_note-D112-15">[14]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Carmen, A Gypsy Girl </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9lestine_Galli-Mari%C3%A9" title="Célestine Galli-Marié">Célestine Galli-Marié</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Don José, Corporal of Dragoons </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lh%C3%A9rie" title="Paul Lhérie">Paul Lhérie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Escamillo, Toreador </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">bass-baritone</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[n 2]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bouhy" title="Jacques Bouhy">Jacques Bouhy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Micaëla, A Village Maiden </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Chapuy" title="Marguerite Chapuy">Marguerite Chapuy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Zuniga, Lieutenant of Dragoons </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Dufriche" title="Eugène Dufriche">Eugène Dufriche</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Le Dancaïre, smuggler </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> </td> <td>Pierre-Armand Potel </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Le Remendado, smuggler </th> <td>tenor </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barnolt" title="Barnolt">Barnolt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Mercédès, Companion of Carmen </th> <td>mezzo-soprano </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Esther_Chevalier" title="Esther Chevalier">Esther Chevalier</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Frasquita, Companion of Carmen </th> <td>soprano </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alice_Ducasse" title="Alice Ducasse">Alice Ducasse</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Moralès, Corporal of Dragoons </th> <td>baritone </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Duvernoy" title="Edmond Duvernoy">Edmond Duvernoy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lillas Pastia, an innkeeper </th> <td>spoken </td> <td>M. Nathan </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">A guide </th> <td>spoken </td> <td>M. Teste </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Chorus: Soldiers, young men, cigarette factory girls, Escamillo's supporters, Gypsies, merchants and orange sellers, police, bullfighters, people, urchins. </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Cast details are as provided by Curtiss<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> from the original piano and vocal score. The stage designs are credited to Charles Ponchard.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Instrumentation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The orchestration consists of two <a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">flutes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Voicing_(music)#Doubling" title="Voicing (music)">doubling</a> <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a>), two <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboes</a> (the second doubling <a href="/wiki/Cor_anglais" title="Cor anglais">cor anglais</a>), two <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinets</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoons</a>, four <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">horns</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">strings</a>. The percussion section consists of <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">timpani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">side drum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">triangle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castanets" title="Castanets">castanets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eulenberg-19">[17]</a> The orchestral complement for the premiere run was 62 or 57 musicians in total (depending on whether the pit trumpet and trombone players doubled off-stage music).<a href="#cite_note-ASO-20">[18]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Synopsis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <dl><dd>Place: <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, Spain, and surrounding hills</dd> <dd>Time: Around 1820</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_1">Act 1</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Act 1" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A square, in Seville. On the right, a door to the tobacco factory. At the back, a bridge. On the left, a guardhouse. A group of soldiers relax in the square, waiting for the changing of the guard and commenting on the passers-by ("Sur la place, chacun passe"). Micaëla appears, seeking José. Moralès tells her that "José is not yet on duty" and invites her to wait with them. She declines, saying she will return later. José arrives with the new guard, which is greeted and imitated by a crowd of urchins ("Avec la garde montante"). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carmen_1875_Act1_lithograph_Lamy_NGO1p736.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Carmen_1875_Act1_lithograph_Lamy_NGO1p736.jpg/330px-Carmen_1875_Act1_lithograph_Lamy_NGO1p736.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2378" data-file-height="1651"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 201px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Carmen_1875_Act1_lithograph_Lamy_NGO1p736.jpg/330px-Carmen_1875_Act1_lithograph_Lamy_NGO1p736.jpg" data-width="290" data-height="201" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Carmen_1875_Act1_lithograph_Lamy_NGO1p736.jpg/500px-Carmen_1875_Act1_lithograph_Lamy_NGO1p736.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Carmen_1875_Act1_lithograph_Lamy_NGO1p736.jpg/960px-Carmen_1875_Act1_lithograph_Lamy_NGO1p736.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lithograph of act 1 in the premiere performance, by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Lamy" title="Pierre-Auguste Lamy">Pierre-Auguste Lamy</a>, 1875</figcaption></figure> As the factory bell rings, the cigarette girls emerge and exchange banter with young men in the crowd ("La cloche a sonné"). Carmen enters and sings her provocative <a href="/wiki/Habanera_(aria)" title="Habanera (aria)">habanera</a> on the untameable nature of love ("L'amour est un oiseau rebelle"). The men plead with her to choose a lover, and after some teasing she throws a flower to Don José, who thus far has been ignoring her but is now annoyed by her insolence. As the women go back to the factory, Micaëla returns and gives José a letter and a kiss from his mother ("Parle-moi de ma mère!"). He reads that his mother wants him to return home and marry Micaëla, who retreats in shy embarrassment on learning this. Just as José declares that he is ready to heed his mother's wishes, the women stream from the factory in great agitation. Zuniga, the officer of the guard, learns that Carmen has attacked a woman with a knife. When challenged, Carmen answers with mocking defiance ("Tra la la ... Coupe-moi, brûle-moi"); Zuniga orders José to tie her hands while he prepares the prison warrant. Left alone with José, Carmen beguiles him with a <a href="/wiki/Seguidilla" title="Seguidilla">seguidilla</a>, in which she sings of a night of dancing and passion with her lover—whoever that may be—in Lillas Pastia's tavern. Confused yet mesmerised, José agrees to free her hands; as she is led away she pushes her escort to the ground and runs off laughing. José is arrested for dereliction of duty. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_2">Act 2</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Act 2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Lillas Pastia's Inn Two months have passed. Carmen and her friends Frasquita and Mercédès are entertaining Zuniga and other officers ("Les tringles des sistres tintaient") in Pastia's inn. Carmen is delighted to learn of José's release from two months' detention. Outside, a chorus and procession announces the arrival of the toreador Escamillo ("Vivat, vivat le Toréro"). Invited inside, he introduces himself with the "<a href="/wiki/Toreador_Song" title="Toreador Song">Toreador Song</a>" ("Votre toast, je peux vous le rendre") and sets his sights on Carmen, who brushes him aside. Lillas Pastia hustles the crowds and the soldiers away. When only Carmen, Frasquita and Mercédès remain, smugglers Dancaïre and Remendado arrive and reveal their plans to dispose of some recently acquired contraband ("Nous avons en tête une affaire"). Frasquita and Mercédès are keen to help them, but Carmen refuses, since she wishes to wait for José. After the smugglers leave, José arrives. Carmen treats him to a private exotic dance ("Je vais danser en votre honneur ... La la la"), but her song is joined by a distant bugle call from the barracks. When José says he must return to duty, she mocks him, and he answers by showing her the flower that she threw to him in the square ("La fleur que tu m'avais jetée"). Unconvinced, Carmen demands he show his love by leaving with her. José refuses to desert, but as he prepares to depart, Zuniga enters looking for Carmen. He and José fight. Carmen summons her gypsy comrades, who restrain Zuniga. Having attacked a superior officer, José now has no choice but to join Carmen and the smugglers ("Suis-nous à travers la campagne"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_3">Act 3</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Act 3" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salzburger_Festspiele_2012_-_Carmen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Salzburger_Festspiele_2012_-_Carmen.jpg/170px-Salzburger_Festspiele_2012_-_Carmen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="2395"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 197px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Salzburger_Festspiele_2012_-_Carmen.jpg/170px-Salzburger_Festspiele_2012_-_Carmen.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="197" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Salzburger_Festspiele_2012_-_Carmen.jpg/255px-Salzburger_Festspiele_2012_-_Carmen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Salzburger_Festspiele_2012_-_Carmen.jpg/340px-Salzburger_Festspiele_2012_-_Carmen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Ko%C5%BEen%C3%A1" title="Magdalena Kožená">Magdalena Kožená</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Kaufmann" title="Jonas Kaufmann">Jonas Kaufmann</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Salzburg_Festival" title="Salzburg Festival">Salzburg Festival</a> 2012</figcaption></figure> A wild spot in the mountains Carmen and José enter with the smugglers and their booty ("Écoute, écoute, compagnon"); Carmen has now become bored with José and tells him scornfully that he should go back to his mother. Frasquita and Mercédès amuse themselves by reading their fortunes from the cards; Carmen joins them and finds that the cards are foretelling her death, and José's. The smugglers depart to transport their goods while the women distract the local customs officers. José is left behind on guard duty. Micaëla enters with a guide, seeking José and determined to rescue him from Carmen ("Je dis que rien ne m'épouvante"). On hearing a gunshot she hides in fear; it is José, who has fired at an intruder who proves to be Escamillo. José's pleasure at meeting the bullfighter turns to anger when Escamillo declares his infatuation with Carmen. The pair fight ("Je suis Escamillo, toréro de Grenade"), but are interrupted by the returning smugglers and girls ("Holà, holà José"). As Escamillo leaves he invites everyone to his next bullfight in Seville. Micaëla is discovered; at first, José will not leave with her despite Carmen's mockery, but he agrees to go when told that his mother is dying. He departs, vowing he will return. Escamillo is heard in the distance, singing the toreador's song. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_4">Act 4</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Act 4" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Choreographed_Opera_Performance_(Carmen_by_Bizet).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Choreographed_Opera_Performance_%28Carmen_by_Bizet%29.jpg/250px-Choreographed_Opera_Performance_%28Carmen_by_Bizet%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1195"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Choreographed_Opera_Performance_%28Carmen_by_Bizet%29.jpg/250px-Choreographed_Opera_Performance_%28Carmen_by_Bizet%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Choreographed_Opera_Performance_%28Carmen_by_Bizet%29.jpg/330px-Choreographed_Opera_Performance_%28Carmen_by_Bizet%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Choreographed_Opera_Performance_%28Carmen_by_Bizet%29.jpg/500px-Choreographed_Opera_Performance_%28Carmen_by_Bizet%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Act 4: A square in Seville</figcaption></figure> A square in Seville. At the back, the walls of an ancient amphitheatre Zuniga, Frasquita and Mercédès are among the crowd awaiting the arrival of the bullfighters ("Les voici! Voici la quadrille!"). Escamillo enters with Carmen, and they express their mutual love ("Si tu m'aimes, Carmen"). As Escamillo goes into the arena, Frasquita and Mercédès warn Carmen that José is nearby, but Carmen is unafraid and willing to speak to him. Alone, she is confronted by the desperate José ("C'est toi!", "C'est moi!"). While he pleads vainly for her to return to him, cheers are heard from the arena. As José makes his last entreaty, Carmen contemptuously throws down the ring he gave her and attempts to enter the arena. He then stabs her, and as Escamillo is acclaimed by the crowds, Carmen dies. José kneels and sings "Ah! Carmen! ma Carmen adorée!"; as the crowd exits the arena, José confesses to killing Carmen. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Creation">Creation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Creation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_history">Writing history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Writing history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meilhac-et-halevy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Meilhac-et-halevy.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="144"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 144px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Meilhac-et-halevy.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="144" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy who wrote the libretto for Carmen</figcaption></figure> Meilhac and Halévy were a long-standing duo with an established division of labour: Meilhac, who was completely unmusical, wrote the dialogue and Halévy the verses.<a href="#cite_note-D112-15">[14]</a> There is no clear indication of when work began on Carmen.<a href="#cite_note-OMO-21">[19]</a> Bizet and the two librettists were all in Paris during 1873 and easily able to meet; thus there is little written record or correspondence relating to the beginning of the collaboration.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> The libretto was prepared in accordance with the conventions of opéra comique, with dialogue separating musical numbers.<a href="#cite_note-24">[n 3]</a> It deviates from Mérimée's novella in a number of significant respects. In the original, events are spread over a much longer period of time, and much of the main story is narrated by José from his prison cell, as he awaits execution for Carmen's murder. Micaëla does not feature in Mérimée's version, and the Escamillo character is peripheral—a <a href="/wiki/Picador" title="Picador">picador</a> named Lucas who is only briefly Carmen's grand passion. Carmen has a husband called Garcia, whom José kills during a quarrel.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> In the novella, Carmen and José are presented much less sympathetically than they are in the opera; Bizet's biographer Mina Curtiss comments that Mérimée's Carmen, on stage, would have seemed "an unmitigated and unconvincing monster, had her character not been simplified and deepened".<a href="#cite_note-C397-26">[23]</a> With rehearsals due to begin in October 1873, Bizet began composing in or around January of that year, and by the summer had completed the music for the first act and perhaps sketched more. At that point, according to Bizet's biographer <a href="/wiki/Winton_Dean" title="Winton Dean">Winton Dean</a>, "some hitch at the Opéra-Comique intervened", and the project was suspended for a while.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> One reason for the delay may have been the difficulties in finding a singer for the title role.<a href="#cite_note-Grove-28">[25]</a> Another was a split that developed between the joint directors of the theatre, <a href="/wiki/Camille_du_Locle" title="Camille du Locle">Camille du Locle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_de_Leuven" title="Adolphe de Leuven">Adolphe de Leuven</a>, over the advisability of staging the work. De Leuven had vociferously opposed the entire notion of presenting so risqué a story in what he considered a family theatre and was sure audiences would be frightened away. He was assured by Halévy that the story would be toned down, that Carmen's character would be softened, and offset by Micaëla, described by Halévy as "a very innocent, very chaste young girl". Furthermore, the gypsies would be presented as comic characters, and Carmen's death would be overshadowed at the end by "triumphal processions, ballets and joyous fanfares". De Leuven reluctantly agreed, but his continuing hostility towards the project led to his resignation from the theatre early in 1874.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_bizet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Georges_bizet.jpg/170px-Georges_bizet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1632"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 235px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Georges_bizet.jpg/170px-Georges_bizet.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="235" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Georges_bizet.jpg/255px-Georges_bizet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Georges_bizet.jpg/340px-Georges_bizet.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Georges Bizet, photograph by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Carjat" title="Étienne Carjat">Étienne Carjat</a>, 1875</figcaption></figure> After the various delays, Bizet appears to have resumed work on Carmen early in 1874. He completed the draft of the composition—1,200 pages of music—in the summer, which he spent at the artists' colony at <a href="/wiki/Bougival" title="Bougival">Bougival</a>, just outside Paris. He was pleased with the result, informing a friend: "I have written a work that is all clarity and vivacity, full of colour and melody."<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> During the period of rehearsals, which began in October, Bizet repeatedly altered the music—sometimes at the request of the orchestra who found some of it impossible to perform,<a href="#cite_note-Grove-28">[25]</a> sometimes to meet the demands of individual singers, and otherwise in response to the demands of the theatre's management.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> The vocal score that Bizet published in March 1875 shows significant changes from the version of the score he sold the publishers, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89ditions_Choudens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Éditions Choudens (page does not exist)">Choudens</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Choudens" class="extiw" title="fr:Éditions Choudens">fr</a>], in January 1875; the conducting score used at the premiere differs from each of these documents. There is no definitive edition, and there are differences among musicologists about which version represents the composer's true intentions.<a href="#cite_note-Grove-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-McC-32">[29]</a> Bizet also changed the libretto, reordering sequences and imposing his own verses where he felt the librettists had strayed too far from the character of Mérimée's original.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> Among other changes, he provided new words for Carmen's "Habanera",<a href="#cite_note-McC-32">[29]</a> and rewrote the text of Carmen's solo in the act 3 card scene. He also provided a new opening line for the "Seguidilla" in act 1.<a href="#cite_note-D214-34">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characterisation">Characterisation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Characterisation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Most of the characters in Carmen—the soldiers, the smugglers, the Gypsy women and the secondary leads Micaëla and Escamillo—are reasonably familiar types within the opéra comique tradition, although drawing them from proletarian life was unusual.<a href="#cite_note-OMO-21">[19]</a> The two principals, José and Carmen, lie outside the genre. While each is presented quite differently from Mérimée's portrayals of a murderous brigand and a treacherous, amoral schemer,<a href="#cite_note-C397-26">[23]</a> even in their relatively sanitised forms neither corresponds to the norms of opéra comique. They are more akin to the <a href="/wiki/Verismo" title="Verismo">verismo</a> style that would find fuller expression in the works of <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> Dean considers that José is the central figure of the opera: "It is his fate rather than Carmen's that interests us."<a href="#cite_note-D221-36">[33]</a> The music characterises his gradual decline, act by act, from honest soldier to deserter, vagabond and finally murderer.<a href="#cite_note-Grove-28">[25]</a> In act 1 he is a simple countryman aligned musically with Micaëla; in act 2 he evinces a greater toughness, the result of his experiences as a prisoner, but it is clear that by the end of the act his infatuation with Carmen has driven his emotions beyond control. Dean describes him in act 3 as a trapped animal who refuses to leave his cage even when the door is opened for him, ravaged by a mix of conscience, jealousy and despair. In the final act his music assumes a grimness and purposefulness that reflects his new fatalism: "He will make one more appeal; if Carmen refuses, he knows what to do."<a href="#cite_note-D221-36">[33]</a> Carmen herself, says Dean, is a new type of operatic heroine representing a new kind of love, not the innocent kind associated with the "spotless soprano" school, but something altogether more vital and dangerous. Her capriciousness, fearlessness and love of freedom are all musically represented: "She is redeemed from any suspicion of vulgarity by her qualities of courage and fatalism so vividly realised in the music".<a href="#cite_note-Grove-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-D225-37">[34]</a> Curtiss suggests that Carmen's character, spiritually and musically, may be a realisation of the composer's own unconscious longing for a freedom denied to him by his stifling marriage.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Schonberg" title="Harold C. Schonberg">Harold C. Schonberg</a> likens Carmen to "a female Don Giovanni. She would rather die than be false to herself."<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> The dramatic personality of the character, and the range of moods she is required to express, call for exceptional acting and singing talents. This has deterred some of opera's most distinguished exponents; <a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a>, though she recorded the part, never performed it on stage.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> The musicologist <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Macdonald_(musicologist)" title="Hugh Macdonald (musicologist)">Hugh Macdonald</a> observes that "French opera never produced another <a href="/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale">femme as fatale</a> as Carmen", though she may have influenced some of <a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Massenet</a>'s heroines. Macdonald suggests that outside the French repertoire, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>'s Salome and <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>'s Lulu "may be seen as distant degenerate descendants of Bizet's temptress".<a href="#cite_note-OMO2-14">[13]</a> Bizet was reportedly contemptuous of the music he wrote for Escamillo: "Well, they asked for ordure, and they've got it", he is said to have remarked about the toreador's song—but, as Dean comments, "the triteness lies in the character, not in the music".<a href="#cite_note-D221-36">[33]</a> Micaëla's music has been criticised for its "Gounodesque" elements, although Dean maintains that her music has greater vitality than that of any of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Gounod</a>'s own heroines.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Performance_history">Performance history</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Performance history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assembling_the_cast">Assembling the cast</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Assembling the cast" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The search for a singer-actress to play Carmen began in mid-1873. Press speculation favoured <a href="/wiki/Zulma_Bouffar" title="Zulma Bouffar">Zulma Bouffar</a>, who was perhaps the librettists' preferred choice. She had sung leading roles in many of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Offenbach</a>'s operas, but she was unacceptable to Bizet and was turned down by du Locle as unsuitable.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> In September an approach was made to <a href="/wiki/Marie_Roze" title="Marie Roze">Marie Roze</a>, well known for previous triumphs at the Opéra-Comique, the Opéra and in London. She refused the part when she learned that she would be required to die on stage.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> The role was then offered to <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9lestine_Galli-Mari%C3%A9" title="Célestine Galli-Marié">Célestine Galli-Marié</a>, who agreed to terms with du Locle after several months' negotiation.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> Galli-Marié, a demanding and at times tempestuous performer, would prove a staunch ally of Bizet, often supporting his resistance to demands from the management that the work should be toned down.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> At the time it was generally believed that she and the composer were conducting a love affair during the months of rehearsal.<a href="#cite_note-OMO-21">[19]</a> The leading tenor part of Don José was given to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lh%C3%A9rie" title="Paul Lhérie">Paul Lhérie</a>, a rising star of the Opéra-Comique who had recently appeared in works by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Massenet</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes" title="Léo Delibes">Delibes</a>. He would later become a baritone, and in 1887 sang the role of Zurga in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" title="Royal Opera House">Covent Garden</a> premiere of Les pêcheurs de perles.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bouhy" title="Jacques Bouhy">Jacques Bouhy</a>, engaged to sing Escamillo, was a young Belgian-born baritone who had already appeared in demanding roles such as Méphistophélès in Gounod's <a href="/wiki/Faust_(opera)" title="Faust (opera)">Faust</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>'s Figaro.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Chapuy" title="Marguerite Chapuy">Marguerite Chapuy</a>, who sang Micaëla, was at the beginning of a short career in which she was briefly a star at London's <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane</a>; the impresario <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Mapleson" title="James Henry Mapleson">James H. Mapleson</a> thought her "one of the most charming vocalists it has been my pleasure to know". However, she married and left the stage altogether in 1876, refusing Mapleson's considerable cash inducements to return.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Premiere_and_initial_run">Premiere and initial run</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Premiere and initial run" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carmen_-_illustration_by_Luc_for_Journal_Amusant_1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Carmen_-_illustration_by_Luc_for_Journal_Amusant_1911.jpg/220px-Carmen_-_illustration_by_Luc_for_Journal_Amusant_1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="2464"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 320px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Carmen_-_illustration_by_Luc_for_Journal_Amusant_1911.jpg/220px-Carmen_-_illustration_by_Luc_for_Journal_Amusant_1911.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="320" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Carmen_-_illustration_by_Luc_for_Journal_Amusant_1911.jpg/330px-Carmen_-_illustration_by_Luc_for_Journal_Amusant_1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Carmen_-_illustration_by_Luc_for_Journal_Amusant_1911.jpg/440px-Carmen_-_illustration_by_Luc_for_Journal_Amusant_1911.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Cartoon from <a href="/wiki/Journal_amusant" title="Journal amusant">Journal amusant</a>, 1911</figcaption></figure> Because rehearsals did not start until October 1874 and lasted longer than anticipated, the premiere was delayed.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> The final rehearsals went well, and in a generally optimistic mood the first night was fixed for 3 March 1875, the day on which, coincidentally, Bizet's appointment as a Chevalier of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> was formally announced.<a href="#cite_note-51">[n 4]</a> The premiere, which was conducted by <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Deloffre" title="Adolphe Deloffre">Adolphe Deloffre</a>, was attended by many of Paris's leading musical figures, including Massenet, Offenbach, Delibes and Gounod;<a href="#cite_note-D114-52">[48]</a> during the performance the last-named was overheard complaining bitterly that Bizet had stolen the music of Micaëla's act 3 aria from him: "That melody is mine!"<a href="#cite_note-C391-53">[49]</a> Halévy recorded his impressions of the premiere in a letter to a friend; the first act was evidently well received, with applause for the main numbers and numerous curtain calls. The first part of act 2 also went well, but after the toreador's song there was, Halévy noted, "coldness". In act 3 only Micaëla's aria earned applause as the audience became increasingly disconcerted. The final act was "glacial from first to last", and Bizet was left "only with the consolations of a few friends".<a href="#cite_note-D114-52">[48]</a> The critic <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Newman" title="Ernest Newman">Ernest Newman</a> wrote later that the sentimentalist Opéra-Comique audience was "shocked by the drastic realism of the action" and by the low standing and defective morality of most of the characters.<a href="#cite_note-N248-54">[50]</a> According to the composer <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Godard" title="Benjamin Godard">Benjamin Godard</a>, Bizet retorted, in response to a compliment, "Don't you see that all these bourgeois have not understood a wretched word of the work I have written for them?"<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> In a different vein, shortly after the work had concluded, Massenet sent Bizet a congratulatory note: "How happy you must be at this time—it's a great success!"<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> The general tone of the next day's press reviews ranged from disappointment to outrage. The more conservative critics complained about "Wagnerism" and the subordination of the voice to the noise of the orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-Dean_1965,_p._117-57">[53]</a> There was consternation that the heroine was an amoral seductress rather than a woman of virtue;<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> Galli-Marié's interpretation of the role was described by one critic as "the very incarnation of vice".<a href="#cite_note-Dean_1965,_p._117-57">[53]</a> Others compared the work unfavourably with the traditional Opéra-Comique repertoire of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Adrien_Boieldieu" title="François-Adrien Boieldieu">Boieldieu</a>. Léon Escudier in L'Art Musical called Carmen's music "dull and obscure ... the ear grows weary of waiting for the cadence that never comes."<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> It seemed that Bizet had generally failed to fulfill expectations, both of those who (given Halévy's and Meilhac's past associations) had expected something in the Offenbach mould, and of critics such as Adolphe Jullien who had anticipated a <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagnerian</a> music drama. Among the few supportive critics was the poet <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_de_Banville" title="Théodore de Banville">Théodore de Banville</a>; writing in Le National, he applauded Bizet for presenting a drama with real men and women instead of the usual Opéra-Comique "puppets".<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> In its initial run at the Opéra-Comique, Carmen provoked little public enthusiasm; it shared the theatre for a while with <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a>'s much more popular <a href="/wiki/Requiem_(Verdi)" title="Requiem (Verdi)">Requiem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> Carmen was often performed to half-empty houses, even when the management gave away large numbers of tickets.<a href="#cite_note-Grove-28">[25]</a> Early on 3 June, the day after the opera's 33rd performance, Bizet died suddenly of heart disease, at the age of 36. It was his wedding anniversary. That night's performance was cancelled; the tragic circumstances brought a temporary increase in public interest during the brief period before the season ended.<a href="#cite_note-OMO-21">[19]</a> Du Locle brought Carmen back in November 1875, with the original cast, and it ran for a further 12 performances until 15 February 1876 to give a year's total for the original production of 48.<a href="#cite_note-C427-62">[58]</a> Among those who attended one of these later performances was <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>, who wrote to his benefactor, <a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_von_Meck" title="Nadezhda von Meck">Nadezhda von Meck</a>: "Carmen is a masterpiece in every sense of the word ... one of those rare creations which expresses the efforts of a whole musical epoch."<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> After the final performance, Carmen was not seen in Paris again until 1883.<a href="#cite_note-Grove-28">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_revivals">Early revivals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Early revivals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Shortly before his death Bizet signed a contract for a production of Carmen by the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera" title="Vienna State Opera">Vienna Court Opera</a>. For this version, first staged on 23 October 1875, Bizet's friend <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Guiraud" title="Ernest Guiraud">Ernest Guiraud</a> replaced the original dialogue with recitatives, to create a "<a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">grand opera</a>" format. Guiraud also reorchestrated music from Bizet's <a href="/wiki/L%27Arl%C3%A9sienne_(Bizet)" title="L'Arlésienne (Bizet)">L'Arlésienne suite</a> to provide a spectacular ballet for Carmen's second act.<a href="#cite_note-C426-64">[60]</a> Shortly before the initial Vienna performance, the Court Opera's director <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Jauner" title="Franz von Jauner">Franz von Jauner</a> decided to use parts of the original dialogue along with some of Guiraud's recitatives; this hybrid and the full recitative version became the norms for productions of the opera outside France for most of the next century.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VariousCarmens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/VariousCarmens.jpg/220px-VariousCarmens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3712"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 329px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/VariousCarmens.jpg/220px-VariousCarmens.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="329" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/VariousCarmens.jpg/330px-VariousCarmens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/VariousCarmens.jpg/440px-VariousCarmens.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Many distinguished artistes sang the role of Carmen in early productions of the opera.</figcaption></figure> Despite its deviations from Bizet's original format, and some critical reservations, the 1875 Vienna production was a great success with the city's public. It also won praise from both Wagner and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a>. The latter reportedly saw the opera twenty times, and said he would have "gone to the ends of the earth to embrace Bizet".<a href="#cite_note-C426-64">[60]</a> The Viennese triumph began the opera's rapid ascent towards worldwide fame. In February 1876 it began a run in Brussels at <a href="/wiki/La_Monnaie" title="La Monnaie">La Monnaie</a>; it returned there the following year, with Galli-Marié in the title role, and thereafter became a permanent fixture in the Brussels repertory. On 17 June 1878 Carmen was produced in London, at <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Theatre">Her Majesty's Theatre</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Minnie_Hauk" title="Minnie Hauk">Minnie Hauk</a> began her long association with the part of Carmen. A parallel London production at Covent Garden, with <a href="/wiki/Adelina_Patti" title="Adelina Patti">Adelina Patti</a>, was cancelled when Patti withdrew. The successful Her Majesty's production, sung in Italian, had an equally enthusiastic reception in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. On 23 October 1878 the opera received its American premiere, at the New York <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Music_(New_York_City)" title="Academy of Music (New York City)">Academy of Music</a>, and in the same year was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-C427-62">[58]</a> In the following five years performances were given in numerous American and European cities. The opera found particular favour in Germany, where the Chancellor, <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, apparently saw it on 27 different occasions and where <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> opined that he "became a better man when Bizet speaks to me".<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-C429-67">[63]</a> Carmen was also acclaimed in numerous French provincial cities including <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> and, in 1881, <a href="/wiki/Dieppe" title="Dieppe">Dieppe</a>, where Galli-Marié returned to the role. In August 1881 the singer wrote to Bizet's widow to report that Carmen's Spanish premiere, in Barcelona, had been "another great success".<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> But Carvalho, who had assumed the management of the Opéra-Comique, thought the work immoral and refused to reinstate it. Meilhac and Hálevy were more prepared to countenance a revival, provided that Galli-Marié had no part in it; they blamed her interpretation for the relative failure of the opening run.<a href="#cite_note-C429-67">[63]</a> In April 1883 Carvalho finally revived Carmen at the Opéra-Comique, with <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_Isaac" title="Adèle Isaac">Adèle Isaac</a> featuring in an under-rehearsed production that removed some of the controversial aspects of the original. Carvalho was roundly condemned by the critics for offering a travesty of what had come to be regarded as a masterpiece of French opera; nevertheless, this version was acclaimed by the public and played to full houses. In October Carvalho yielded to pressure and revised the production; he brought back Galli-Marié, and restored the score and libretto to their 1875 forms.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worldwide_success">Worldwide success</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Worldwide success" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carmen_at_the_Met1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carmen_at_the_Met1915.jpg/220px-Carmen_at_the_Met1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="3082"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 324px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carmen_at_the_Met1915.jpg/220px-Carmen_at_the_Met1915.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="324" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carmen_at_the_Met1915.jpg/330px-Carmen_at_the_Met1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carmen_at_the_Met1915.jpg/440px-Carmen_at_the_Met1915.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Carmen at the New York Met in 1915; a publicity photograph that shows the three principal stars: <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Farrar" title="Geraldine Farrar">Geraldine Farrar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasquale_Amato" title="Pasquale Amato">Pasquale Amato</a></figcaption></figure> On 9 January 1884, Carmen was given its first New York <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> performance, to a mixed critical reception. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> welcomed Bizet's "pretty and effective work", but compared <a href="/wiki/Zelia_Trebelli-Bettini" title="Zelia Trebelli-Bettini">Zelia Trebelli</a>'s interpretation of the title role unfavourably with that of Minnie Hauk.<a href="#cite_note-Met-70">[66]</a> Thereafter Carmen was quickly incorporated into the Met's regular repertory. In February 1906 <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a> sang José at the Met for the first time; he continued to perform in this role until 1919, two years before his death.<a href="#cite_note-Met-70">[66]</a> On 17 April 1906, on tour with the Met, he sang the role at the Grand Opera House in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>. Afterwards he sat up until 3 am reading the reviews in the early editions of the following day's papers.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> Two hours later he was awakened by the first violent shocks of the <a href="/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake">1906 San Francisco earthquake</a>, after which he and his fellow performers made a hurried escape from the <a href="/wiki/Palace_Hotel,_San_Francisco" title="Palace Hotel, San Francisco">Palace Hotel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> The popularity of Carmen continued through succeeding generations of American opera-goers; by the beginning of 2011 the Met alone had performed it almost a thousand times.<a href="#cite_note-Met-70">[66]</a> It enjoyed similar success in other American cities and in all parts of the world, in many different languages.<a href="#cite_note-C435-73">[69]</a> Carmen's <a href="/wiki/Habanera_(aria)" title="Habanera (aria)">habanera</a> from act 1, and the toreador's song "<a href="/wiki/Votre_toast" class="mw-redirect" title="Votre toast">Votre toast</a>" from act 2, are among the most popular and best-known of all operatic arias,<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> the latter "a splendid piece of swagger" according to Newman, "against which the voices and the eyebrows of purists have long been raised in vain".<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> Most of the productions outside France followed the example created in Vienna and incorporated lavish ballet interludes and other spectacles, a practice which <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a> abandoned in Vienna when he revived the work there in 1900.<a href="#cite_note-N248-54">[50]</a> In 1919, Bizet's aged contemporary <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a> was still complaining about the "strange idea" of adding a ballet, which he considered "a hideous blemish in that masterpiece", and he wondered why Bizet's wife had permitted it.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> At the Opéra-Comique, after its 1883 revival, Carmen was always presented in the dialogue version with minimal musical embellishments.<a href="#cite_note-D218-77">[73]</a> By 1888, the year of the 50th anniversary of Bizet's birth, the opera had been performed there 330 times;<a href="#cite_note-C435-73">[69]</a> by 1938, his centenary year, the total of performances at the theatre had reached 2,271.<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> However, outside France the practice of using recitatives remained the norm for many years; the <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rosa_Opera_Company" title="Carl Rosa Opera Company">Carl Rosa Opera Company</a>'s 1947 London production, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Felsenstein" title="Walter Felsenstein">Walter Felsenstein</a>'s 1949 staging at the Berlin <a href="/wiki/Komische_Oper_Berlin" title="Komische Oper Berlin">Komische Oper</a>, are among the first known instances in which the dialogue version was used other than in France.<a href="#cite_note-D218-77">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> Neither of these innovations led to much change in practice; a similar experiment was tried at Covent Garden in 1953 but hurriedly withdrawn, and the first American production with spoken dialogue, in Colorado in 1953, met with a similar fate.<a href="#cite_note-D218-77">[73]</a> Dean has commented on the dramatic distortions that arise from the suppression of the dialogue; the effect, he says, is that the action moves forward "in a series of jerks, rather instead of by smooth transition", and that most of the minor characters are substantially diminished.<a href="#cite_note-D218-77">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> Only late in the 20th century did dialogue versions become common in opera houses outside France, but there is still no universally recognised full score. <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Oeser" title="Fritz Oeser">Fritz Oeser</a>'s 1964 edition is an attempt to fill this gap, but in Dean's view is unsatisfactory. Oeser reintroduces material removed by Bizet during the first rehearsals, and ignores many of the late changes and improvements that the composer made immediately before the first performance;<a href="#cite_note-Grove-28">[25]</a> he thus, according to <a href="/wiki/Susan_McClary" title="Susan McClary">Susan McClary</a>, "inadvertently preserves as definitive an early draft of the opera".<a href="#cite_note-McC-32">[29]</a> In the early 21st century new editions were prepared by Robert Didion and Richard Langham-Smith, published by Schott and Peters respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Wright-81">[77]</a> Each departs significantly from Bizet's vocal score of March 1875, published during his lifetime after he had personally corrected the proofs; Dean believes this vocal score should be the basis of any standard edition.<a href="#cite_note-Grove-28">[25]</a> Lesley Wright, a contemporary Bizet scholar, remarks that, unlike his compatriots <a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Rameau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a>, Bizet has not been accorded a <a href="/wiki/Critical_edition_(opera)" title="Critical edition (opera)">critical edition</a> of his principal works;<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> should this transpire, she says, "we might expect yet another scholar to attempt to refine the details of this vibrant score which has so fascinated the public and performers for more than a century."<a href="#cite_note-Wright-81">[77]</a> Meanwhile, Carmen's popularity endures; according to Macdonald: "The memorability of Bizet's tunes will keep the music of Carmen alive in perpetuity," and its status as a popular classic is unchallenged by any other French opera.<a href="#cite_note-OMO2-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[n 5]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Lacombe" title="Hervé Lacombe">Hervé Lacombe</a>, in his survey of 19th-century French opera, contends that Carmen is one of the few works from that large repertory to have stood the test of time.<a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> While he places the opera firmly within the long opéra comique tradition,<a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a> Macdonald considers that it transcends the genre and that its immortality is assured by "the combination in abundance of striking melody, deft harmony and perfectly judged orchestration".<a href="#cite_note-OMO-21">[19]</a> Dean sees Bizet's principal achievement in the demonstration of the main actions of the opera in the music, rather than in the dialogue, writing that "Few artists have expressed so vividly the torments inflicted by sexual passions and jealousy." Dean places Bizet's realism in a different category from the verismo of Puccini and others; he likens the composer to Mozart and Verdi in his ability to engage his audiences with the emotions and sufferings of his characters.<a href="#cite_note-Grove-28">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habanera_Carmen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/Habanera_Carmen.jpg/250px-Habanera_Carmen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="306"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/Habanera_Carmen.jpg/250px-Habanera_Carmen.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/Habanera_Carmen.jpg/330px-Habanera_Carmen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/Habanera_Carmen.jpg/440px-Habanera_Carmen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Carmen sings the "Habanera", act 1</figcaption></figure> Bizet, who had never visited Spain, sought out appropriate ethnic material to provide an authentic Spanish flavour to his music.<a href="#cite_note-Grove-28">[25]</a> Carmen's habanera is based on an idiomatic song, "El arreglito", by the Spanish composer <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Yradier" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastián Yradier">Sebastián Yradier</a> (1809–65).<a href="#cite_note-89">[n 6]</a> Bizet had taken this to be a genuine folk melody; when he learned its recent origin he added a note to the vocal score, crediting Yradier.<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> He used a genuine folksong as the source of Carmen's defiant "Coupe-moi, brûle-moi" while other parts of the score, notably the "Seguidilla", utilise the rhythms and instrumentation associated with <a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">flamenco</a> music. However, Dean insists that "[t]his is a French, not a Spanish opera"; the "foreign bodies", while they undoubtedly contribute to the unique atmosphere of the opera, form only a small ingredient of the complete music.<a href="#cite_note-D228-88">[83]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Carmen_-_Prelude_to_Act_1.ogg" title="File:Carmen - Prelude to Act 1.ogg">Prelude to act 1</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="126" data-mwtitle="Carmen_-_Prelude_to_Act_1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Carmen_-_Prelude_to_Act_1.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Carmen_-_Prelude_to_Act_1.ogg/Carmen_-_Prelude_to_Act_1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> </div> The prelude to act 1 combines three recurrent themes: the entry of the bullfighters from act 4, the refrain from the <a href="/wiki/Toreador_Song" title="Toreador Song">Toreador Song</a> from act 2, and the <a href="/wiki/Motif_(music)" title="Motif (music)">motif</a> that, in two slightly differing forms, represents both Carmen herself and the fate she personifies.<a href="#cite_note-91">[n 7]</a> This motif, played on <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">cornet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cellos</a> over <a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a> strings, concludes the prelude with an abrupt crescendo.<a href="#cite_note-D228-88">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[85]</a> When the curtain rises a light and sunny atmosphere is soon established, and pervades the opening scenes. The mock solemnities of the changing of the guard, and the flirtatious exchanges between the townsfolk and the factory girls, precede a mood change when a brief phrase from the fate motif announces Carmen's entrance. After her provocative habanera, with its persistent insidious rhythm and changes of key, the fate motif sounds in full when Carmen throws her flower to José before departing.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-93">[86]</a> This action elicits from José a passionate <a href="/wiki/A_major" title="A major">A major</a> solo which Dean suggests is the turning-point in his musical characterisation.<a href="#cite_note-D221-36">[33]</a> The softer vein returns briefly, as Micaëla reappears and joins with José in a duet to a warm clarinet and strings accompaniment. The tranquillity is shattered by the women's noisy quarrel, Carmen's dramatic re-entry and her defiant interaction with Zuniga. After her beguiling "Seguidilla" provokes José to an exasperated high <a href="/wiki/A%E2%99%AF_(musical_note)" title="A♯ (musical note)">A sharp</a> shout, Carmen's escape is preceded by the brief but disconcerting reprise of a fragment from the habanera.<a href="#cite_note-D228-88">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-93">[86]</a> Bizet revised this finale several times to increase its dramatic effect.<a href="#cite_note-McC-32">[29]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bizet_-_Carmen_-_Toreador_Song_(French,_Musopen).ogg" title="File:Bizet - Carmen - Toreador Song (French, Musopen).ogg">Toreador Song</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="271" data-mwtitle="Bizet_-_Carmen_-_Toreador_Song_(French,_Musopen).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Bizet_-_Carmen_-_Toreador_Song_%28French%2C_Musopen%29.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/Bizet_-_Carmen_-_Toreador_Song_%28French%2C_Musopen%29.ogg/Bizet_-_Carmen_-_Toreador_Song_%28French%2C_Musopen%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABizet_-_Carmen_-_Toreador_Song_%28French%2C_Musopen%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> </div> Act 2 begins with a short prelude, based on a melody that José will sing offstage before his next entry.<a href="#cite_note-D221-36">[33]</a> A festive scene in the inn precedes Escamillo's tumultuous entrance, in which <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion</a> provide prominent backing while the crowd sings along.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-94">[87]</a> The quintet that follows is described by Newman as "of incomparable verve and musical wit".<a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a> José's appearance precipitates a long mutual wooing scene; Carmen sings, dances and plays the <a href="/wiki/Castanets" title="Castanets">castanets</a>; a distant cornet-call summoning José to duty is blended with Carmen's melody so as to be barely discernible.<a href="#cite_note-96">[89]</a> A muted reference to the fate motif on an <a href="/wiki/Cor_anglais" title="Cor anglais">English horn</a> leads to José's "Flower Song", a flowing continuous melody that ends pianissimo on a sustained high <a href="/wiki/B%E2%99%AD_(musical_note)" title="B♭ (musical note)">B-flat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[90]</a> José's insistence that, despite Carmen's blandishments, he must return to duty leads to a quarrel; the arrival of Zuniga, the consequent fight and José's unavoidable ensnarement into the lawless life culminates musically in the triumphant hymn to freedom that closes the act.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-94">[87]</a> The prelude to act 3 was originally intended for Bizet's <a href="/wiki/L%27Arl%C3%A9sienne_(Bizet)" title="L'Arlésienne (Bizet)">L'Arlésienne</a> score. Newman describes it as "an exquisite miniature, with much dialoguing and intertwining between the woodwind instruments".<a href="#cite_note-98">[91]</a> As the action unfolds, the tension between Carmen and José is evident in the music. In the card scene, the lively duet for Frasquita and Mercédès turns ominous when Carmen intervenes; the fate motif underlines her premonition of death. Micaëla's aria, after her entry in search of José, is a conventional piece, though of deep feeling, preceded and concluded by horn calls.<a href="#cite_note-auto-99">[92]</a> The middle part of the act is occupied by Escamillo and José, now acknowledged as rivals for Carmen's favour. The music reflects their contrasting attitudes: Escamillo remains, says Newman, "invincibly polite and ironic", while José is sullen and aggressive.<a href="#cite_note-100">[93]</a> When Micaëla pleads with José to go with her to his mother, the harshness of Carmen's music reveals her most unsympathetic side. As José departs, vowing to return, the fate theme is heard briefly in the woodwind.<a href="#cite_note-101">[94]</a> The confident, off-stage sound of the departing Escamillo singing the toreador's refrain provides a distinct contrast to José's increasing desperation.<a href="#cite_note-auto-99">[92]</a> The final act is prefaced with a lively orchestral piece derived from <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Garc%C3%ADa_(tenor)" title="Manuel García (tenor)">Manuel García</a>'s short operetta El criado fingido.<a href="#cite_note-D228-88">[83]</a> After the opening crowd scene, the bullfighters' march is led by the children's chorus; the crowd hails Escamillo before his short love scene with Carmen.<a href="#cite_note-102">[95]</a> The long finale, in which José makes his last pleas to Carmen and is decisively rejected, is punctuated at critical moments by enthusiastic off-stage shouts from the bullfighting arena. As José kills Carmen, the chorus sing the refrain of the Toreador Song off-stage; the fate motif, which has been suggestively present at various points during the act, is heard <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)#Dynamic_markings" title="Dynamics (music)">fortissimo</a>, together with a brief reference to Carmen's card scene music.<a href="#cite_note-McC-32">[29]</a> Jose's last words of love and despair are followed by a final long chord, on which the curtain falls without further musical or vocal comment.<a href="#cite_note-103">[96]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Musical_numbers">Musical numbers</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Musical numbers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> Numbers are from the vocal score (English version) printed by <a href="/wiki/G._Schirmer_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="G. Schirmer Inc.">G. Schirmer Inc.</a>, New York, 1958 from Guiraud's 1875 arrangement. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> Act 1 <ol><li>Prelude (orchestra)</li> <li>Sur la place chacun passe (Chorus of soldiers, Moralès, Micaëla)</li> <li>Avec la garde montante (Chorus of urchins, Zuniga)</li> <li>La cloche a sonné (Chorus of citizens, soldiers, cigarette girls)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habanera_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habanera (music)">Habanera</a>: <a href="/wiki/Habanera_(aria)" title="Habanera (aria)">L'amour est un oiseau rebelle</a> (Carmen, chorus as above)</li> <li>Carmen! Sur tes pas nous pressons! (Chorus of citizens and cigarette girls)</li> <li>Parle-moi de ma mère (José, Micaëla)</li> <li>Que se passe-t-il là-bas? Au secours! Au secours! (Chorus of cigarette girls, soldiers, Zuniga)</li> <li>Tra-la-la ... Coupe-moi, brûle-moi (Carmen, Zuniga, cigarette girls, José)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seguidilla" title="Seguidilla">Seguidilla</a>: Près des remparts de Séville (Carmen, José)</li> <li>Finale: Voici l'ordre; partez (Zuniga, Carmen)</li></ol> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Entr'acte (orchestra)</dd></dl></dd></dl> </td> <td class="col-break"> Act 2 <div><ol start="12"><li>Les tringles des sistres tintaient (Carmen, Mercédès, Frasquita)</li><li>Vivat! Vivat le torero! (Chorus of Escamillo's followers, Zuniga, Mercédès, Frasquita, Moralès, Lillas Pastia)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Toreador_Song" title="Toreador Song">Toreador Song</a>: Votre toast, je peux vous le rendre (Escamillo, Frasquita, Mercédès, Carmen, Moralès, Zuniga, Lillas Pastia, chorus)</li><li>Quintette: Nous avons en tête une affaire! (Le Dancaire, le Remendado, Carmen, Frasquita, Mercédès)</li><li>Halte-là! Qui va là? (José, Carmen, Mercédès, Frasquita, le Dancaire, le Remendado)</li><li>Je vais danser en votre honneur ... La fleur que tu m'avais jetée ... Non! Tu ne m'aimes pas! (Carmen, José)</li><li>Finale: Holà! Carmen! Holà! (Zuniga, José, Carmen, le Dancaire, le Remendado, Mercédès, Frasquita, chorus)</li></ol></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Entr'acte (orchestra)</dd></dl></dd></dl> </td> <td class="col-break"> Act 3 <div><ol start="19"><li>Écoute, compagnon, écoute (Chorus of smugglers, Mercédès, Frasquita, Carmen, José, le Dancaire, le Remendado)</li><li>Mêlons! – Coupons! (Frasquita, Mercédès, Carmen)</li><li>Quant au douanier, c'est notre affaire (Frasquita, Mercédès, Carmen, le Dancaire, le Remendado, chorus)</li><li>C'est les contrabandiers le refuge ordinaire (Micaëla)</li><li>Je suis Escamillo, torero de Grenade! (Escamillo, José)</li><li>Finale: Holà holà José! (Carmen, Escamillo, Micaëla, Frasquita, Mercédès, le Dancaire, José, le Remendado, chorus)</li></ol></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Entr'acte (orchestra)</dd></dl></dd></dl> Act 4 <div><ol start="25"><li>A deux cuartos! (Chorus of citizens, Zuniga, Moralès, Frasquita, Mercédès)</li><li>Les voici, voici la quadrille ... Si tu m'aimes, Carmen (Chorus of citizens, children, Escamillo, Carmen, Frasquita, Mercédès)</li><li>Finale: C'est toi! – C'est moi! (Carmen, José, chorus)</li></ol></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Recordings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carmen_discography" title="Carmen discography">Carmen discography</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Toreador_song_cleaned.ogg" title="File:Toreador song cleaned.ogg">Orchestral arrangement of music from Carmen</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="149" data-mwtitle="Toreador_song_cleaned.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Toreador_song_cleaned.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/Toreador_song_cleaned.ogg/Toreador_song_cleaned.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></div> <div class="description">Performed by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Symphony_Orchestra" title="New York Symphony Orchestra">New York Symphony Orchestra</a> in 1903</div></div></div></div> </div> Carmen has been the subject of many recordings, beginning with early <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">wax cylinder recordings</a> of excerpts in the 1890s, a nearly complete performance in German from 1908 with <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Destinn" title="Emmy Destinn">Emmy Destinn</a> in the title role,<a href="#cite_note-104">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Operadis-105">[98]</a> and a complete 1911 Opéra-Comique recording in French. Since then, many of the leading opera houses and artistes have recorded the work, in both studio and live performances.<a href="#cite_note-Presto-106">[99]</a> Over the years many versions have been commended and reissued.<a href="#cite_note-107">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[101]</a> From the mid-1990s numerous video recordings have become available. These include <a href="/wiki/David_McVicar" title="David McVicar">David McVicar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Glyndebourne_Festival_Opera" title="Glyndebourne Festival Opera">Glyndebourne</a> production of 2002, and the Royal Opera productions of 2007 and 2010, each designed by <a href="/wiki/Francesca_Zambello" title="Francesca Zambello">Francesca Zambello</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Presto-106">[99]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Adaptations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mlle_Victoria_Lepanto_in_Carmen_(Pathe_1909).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mlle_Victoria_Lepanto_in_Carmen_%28Pathe_1909%29.jpg/170px-Mlle_Victoria_Lepanto_in_Carmen_%28Pathe_1909%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="297" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="3119"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 297px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mlle_Victoria_Lepanto_in_Carmen_%28Pathe_1909%29.jpg/170px-Mlle_Victoria_Lepanto_in_Carmen_%28Pathe_1909%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="297" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mlle_Victoria_Lepanto_in_Carmen_%28Pathe_1909%29.jpg/255px-Mlle_Victoria_Lepanto_in_Carmen_%28Pathe_1909%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mlle_Victoria_Lepanto_in_Carmen_%28Pathe_1909%29.jpg/340px-Mlle_Victoria_Lepanto_in_Carmen_%28Pathe_1909%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vittoria_Lepanto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vittoria Lepanto (page does not exist)">Vittoria Lepanto</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittoria_Lepanto" class="extiw" title="it:Vittoria Lepanto">it</a>] in Carmen (1909)</figcaption></figure> In 1883, the Spanish violinist and composer <a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_Sarasate" title="Pablo de Sarasate">Pablo de Sarasate</a> wrote a <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Fantasy_(Sarasate)" title="Carmen Fantasy (Sarasate)">Carmen Fantasy</a> for violin, described as "ingenious and technically difficult".<a href="#cite_note-109">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a>'s 1920 piece, Piano Sonatina No. 6 (Fantasia da camera super Carmen), is based on themes from Carmen.<a href="#cite_note-110">[103]</a> The Russian pianist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a> played his "<a href="/wiki/Carmen_Variations_(Horowitz)" title="Carmen Variations (Horowitz)">Variations on a Theme from Carmen</a>" (1926) throughout his career.<a href="#cite_note-111">[104]</a> In 1967, the Russian composer <a href="/wiki/Rodion_Shchedrin" title="Rodion Shchedrin">Rodion Shchedrin</a> adapted parts of the Carmen music into a ballet, the <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Suite_(ballet)" title="Carmen Suite (ballet)">Carmen Suite</a>, written for his wife <a href="/wiki/Maya_Plisetskaya" title="Maya Plisetskaya">Maya Plisetskaya</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Bolshoi_Ballet" title="Bolshoi Ballet">Bolshoi Ballet</a>'s principal ballerina.<a href="#cite_note-112">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[106]</a> In 1983 the stage director <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brook" title="Peter Brook">Peter Brook</a> produced an adaptation of Bizet's opera known as La Tragedie de Carmen in collaboration with the writer Jean-Claude Carrière and the composer Marius Constant. This 90-minute version focused on four main characters, eliminating choruses and the major arias were reworked for chamber orchestra. Brook first produced it in Paris, and it has since been performed in many cities.<a href="#cite_note-tragedie-114">[107]</a> The character "Carmen" has been a regular subject of film treatment since the earliest days of cinema. The films were made in various languages and interpreted by several cultures, and have been created by prominent directors including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerolamo_Lo_Savio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerolamo Lo Savio (page does not exist)">Gerolamo Lo Savio</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolamo_Lo_Savio" class="extiw" title="it:Gerolamo Lo Savio">it</a>] <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen_(1909_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carmen (1909 film) (page does not exist)">(1909)</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_(film_1909)" class="extiw" title="it:Carmen (film 1909)">it</a>], <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Walsh" title="Raoul Walsh">Raoul Walsh</a> (1915) with <a href="/wiki/Theda_Bara" title="Theda Bara">Theda Bara</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a> (1915),<a href="#cite_note-116">[109]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Loves_of_Carmen_(1948_film)" title="The Loves of Carmen (1948 film)">The Loves of Carmen</a> (1948) with <a href="/wiki/Rita_Hayworth" title="Rita Hayworth">Rita Hayworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Ford" title="Glenn Ford">Glenn Ford</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vidor" title="Charles Vidor">Charles Vidor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Otto_Preminger" title="Otto Preminger">Otto Preminger</a>'s 1954 <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Jones_(film)" title="Carmen Jones (film)">Carmen Jones</a>, with an all-black cast, is based on the 1943 <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II" title="Oscar Hammerstein II">Oscar Hammerstein</a> Broadway <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Jones" title="Carmen Jones">musical of the same name</a>, an adaptation of the opera transposed to 1940s <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> extending to Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-117">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wild,_Wild_Rose" title="The Wild, Wild Rose">The Wild, Wild Rose</a> is a 1960 Hong Kong film which adapts the plot and main character to the setting of a Wanchai nightclub, including renditions of some of the most famous songs by <a href="/wiki/Grace_Chang" title="Grace Chang">Grace Chang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[112]</a> Other adaptions include <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saura" title="Carlos Saura">Carlos Saura</a> (1983) (who made a flamenco-based <a href="/wiki/Carmen_(1983_film)" title="Carmen (1983 film)">dance film</a> with two levels of story telling), Peter Brook (1983) (filming his compressed La Tragédie de Carmen) and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a> (1984).<a href="#cite_note-Canby-120">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Rosi" title="Francesco Rosi">Francesco Rosi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Carmen_(1984_film)" title="Carmen (1984 film)">film</a> of 1984, with <a href="/wiki/Julia_Migenes" title="Julia Migenes">Julia Migenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo" title="Plácido Domingo">Plácido Domingo</a>, is generally faithful to the original story and to Bizet's music.<a href="#cite_note-Canby-120">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carmen_on_Ice" title="Carmen on Ice">Carmen on Ice</a> (1990), starring <a href="/wiki/Katarina_Witt" title="Katarina Witt">Katarina Witt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Boitano" title="Brian Boitano">Brian Boitano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Orser" title="Brian Orser">Brian Orser</a>, was inspired by Witt's gold medal-winning performance during the <a href="/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics" title="1988 Winter Olympics">1988 Winter Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Townsend_(actor)" title="Robert Townsend (actor)">Robert Townsend</a>'s 2001 film, <a href="/wiki/Carmen:_A_Hip_Hopera" title="Carmen: A Hip Hopera">Carmen: A Hip Hopera</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyoncé Knowles">Beyoncé Knowles</a>, is a more recent attempt to create an African-American version.<a href="#cite_note-123">[116]</a> Carmen was interpreted in modern ballet by the South African dancer and choreographer <a href="/wiki/Dada_Masilo" title="Dada Masilo">Dada Masilo</a> in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-124">[117]</a> The opera has been adapted at least twice in African films, as <a href="/wiki/Karmen_Ge%C3%AF" title="Karmen Geï">Karmen Geï</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ga%C3%AF_Ramaka" title="Joseph Gaï Ramaka">Joseph Gaï Ramaka</a> in 2001,<a href="#cite_note-125">[118]</a> and <a href="/wiki/U-Carmen_eKhayelitsha" title="U-Carmen eKhayelitsha">U-Carmen eKhayelitsha</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Dornford-May" title="Mark Dornford-May">Mark Dornford-May</a> in 2005, and achieving the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bear" title="Golden Bear">Golden Bear</a> award of the <a href="/wiki/Berlinale" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlinale">Berlinale</a> that year.<a href="#cite_note-126">[119]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> In her act 1 defiance of Zuniga, Carmen sings the words "Coupe-moi, brûle-moi", which are taken from Mérimée's translation from Pushkin.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> The term "<a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">bass-baritone</a>" is somewhat ambiguous. In the <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a> article on "<a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a>", Escamillo is included in various lists of baritone roles,<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> however, the Grove Music Online article on "Carmen", lists Escamillo as a bass-baritone.<a href="#cite_note-OMO2-14">[13]</a> This article uses the latter, as it more directly identifies Escamillo's voice type. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> The term opéra comique, as applied to 19th-century French opera, did not imply "comic opera" but rather the use of spoken dialogue in place of recitative, as a distinction from grand opera.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Bizet had been informed of the impending award early in February, and had told Carvalho's wife that he owed the honour to her husband's promotion of his work.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> A 2018 performance at the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Comunale,_Florence" title="Teatro Comunale, Florence">Teatro Comunale, Florence</a>, changed the ending to take a stand against violence against women. Instead of being killed, Carmen kills Don José with a pistol she grabs from him.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> Many applauded the change, seeing it as way to break the tradition of representing <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">misogyny</a> in opera while so many women continue to suffer from violence and abuse.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Dean writes that Bizet improved considerably on the original melody; he "transformed it from a drawing-room piece into a potent instrument of characterisation". Likewise, the melody from Manuel García used in the act 4 prelude has been developed from "a rambling recitation to a taut masterpiece".<a href="#cite_note-D228-88">[83]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> The form in which the motif appears in the prelude prefigures the dramatic act 4 climax to the opera. When the theme is used to represent Carmen, the orchestration is lighter, reflecting her "fickle, laughing, elusive character".<a href="#cite_note-D228-88">[83]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Steen, p. 586 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Curtiss, pp. 131–142 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Dean 1965, pp. 69–73 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Dean 1965, pp. 97–98 </li> <li id="cite_note-D100-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D100_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D100_5-1">b</a> Dean 1965, p. 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Curtiss, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Dean 1965, p. 84 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> McClary, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_9-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/music/NYCO/carmen/merimee.html">"Prosper Mérimée's Novella, Carmen"</a>. Columbia University. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019155224/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/music/NYCO/carmen/merimee.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prosper+M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e%27s+Novella%2C+Carmen&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fmusic%2FNYCO%2Fcarmen%2Fmerimee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Dean 1965, p. 230 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Newman, pp. 267–268 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Dean 1965, p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-OMO2-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OMO2_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO2_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO2_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO2_14-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Macdonald, Hugh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/O008315?q=Carmen&hbutton_search.x=37&hbutton_search.y=9&search=quick&pos=22&_start=1#firsthit">"Carmen"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ten+Pieces&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Farticles%2FPfZrGYnFV7zgRMcrqzp1zW%2Fhabanera-and-toreador-song-from-carmen-suite-no-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Newman, p. 274 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Curtiss, p. 462 </li> <li id="cite_note-D218-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D218_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D218_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D218_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D218_77-3">d</a> Dean 1965, pp. 218–221 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Steen, p. 606 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Neef, p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> McClary, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_81-1">b</a> Wright, pp. xviii–xxi </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Wright, pp. ix–x </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208152729/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/01/02/italy-gives-world-famous-opera-carmen-defiant-new-ending-stand/">"Italy gives world-famous opera Carmen a defiant new ending in stand against violence to women"</a> by Nick Squires, <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, London, 2 January 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/florence-italy-change-carmen-1.4482413">"Plot twist: opera Carmen altered in anti-violence protest"</a>, 11 January 2018, CBC News, Associated Press </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Lacombe, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Lacombe, p. 233 </li> <li id="cite_note-D228-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D228_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D228_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D228_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D228_88-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D228_88-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D228_88-5">f</a> Dean 1965, pp. 228–232 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Carr, Bruce; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/13894?q=Sebastian+Yradier&search=quick&pos=1&_start=1#firsthit">"Iradier (Yradier) (y Salaverri), Sebastián de"</a>. Oxford Music Online. Retrieved 18 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iradier+%28Yradier%29+%28y+Salaverri%29%2C+Sebasti%C3%A1n+de&rft.btitle=Oxford+Music+Online&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2Fgrove%2Fmusic%2F13894%3Fq%3DSebastian%2BYradier%26search%3Dquick%26pos%3D1%26_start%3D1%23firsthit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"> (subscription, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/90/">Wikilibrary</a> access, or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required) </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Newman, p. 255 </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_93-1">b</a> Azaola, pp. 11–14 </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_94-1">b</a> Azaola, pp. 16–18 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Newman, p. 276 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Newman, p. 280 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Newman, p. 281 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Newman, p. 284 </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_99-1">b</a> Azaola, pp. 19–20 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Newman, p. 289 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Newman, p. 291 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Azaola, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Newman, p. 296 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marstonrecords.com/products/carmen2">"Carmen: The First Complete Recording"</a>. Marston Records. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215112930/http://www.marstonrecords.com/carmen2/carmen2_tracks.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carmen%3A+The+First+Complete+Recording&rft.pub=Marston+Records&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marstonrecords.com%2Fproducts%2Fcarmen2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Operadis-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Operadis_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLBICARM.HTM#1">"Recordings of Carmen by Georges Bizet on file"</a>. Operadis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120408183135/http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLBICARM.HTM#1">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recordings+of+Carmen+by+Georges+Bizet+on+file&rft.pub=Operadis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk%2FCLBICARM.HTM%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Presto-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Presto_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Presto_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prestoclassical.co.uk/w/59724">"Bizet: Carmen – All recordings"</a>. Presto Classical. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305010344/http://www.prestoclassical.co.uk/w/59724">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bizet%3A+Carmen+%E2%80%93+All+recordings&rft.pub=Presto+Classical&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prestoclassical.co.uk%2Fw%2F59724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchGreenfieldLayton1993" class="citation book cs1">March, Ivan; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Greenfield" title="Edward Greenfield">Greenfield, Edward</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Layton_(musicologist)" title="Robert Layton (musicologist)">Layton, Robert</a>, eds. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/penguinguidetoop00gree/">The Penguin Guide to Opera on Compact Discs</a>. London: Penguin Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/penguinguidetoop00gree/page/25">25–28</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-046957-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-046957-5"><bdi>0-14-046957-5</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Guide+to+Opera+on+Compact+Discs&rft.place=London&rft.pages=25-28&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-14-046957-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpenguinguidetoop00gree%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2005" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, David, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gramophoneclassi00gram/page/172">The Classical Good CD & DVD Guide</a>. Teddington: Haymarket Consumer. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gramophoneclassi00gram/page/172">172–174</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86024-972-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86024-972-7"><bdi>0-86024-972-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Good+CD+%26+DVD+Guide&rft.place=Teddington&rft.pages=172-174&rft.pub=Haymarket+Consumer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-86024-972-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgramophoneclassi00gram%2Fpage%2F172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoris_SchwarzRobin_Stowell2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Boris Schwarz; Robin Stowell (2001). "Sarasate (y Navascuéz), Pablo (Martín Melitón) de". <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a> (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.24582">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.24582</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sarasate+%28y+Navascu%C3%A9z%29%2C+Pablo+%28Mart%C3%ADn+Melit%C3%B3n%29+de&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.24582&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.au=Boris+Schwarz&rft.au=Robin+Stowell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prestoclassical.co.uk/w/26359/Ferruccio-Busoni-Sonatina-No-6-Chamber-Fantasy-on-Themes-from-Bizet%27s-Carmen">"Busoni: Sonatina No. 6 (Chamber Fantasy on Themes from Bizet's Carmen)"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Busoni%3A+Sonatina+No.+6+%28Chamber+Fantasy+on+Themes+from+Bizet%27s+Carmen%29&rft.pub=Presto+Classical&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prestoclassical.co.uk%2Fw%2F26359%2FFerruccio-Busoni-Sonatina-No-6-Chamber-Fantasy-on-Themes-from-Bizet%2527s-Carmen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Robert Cummings. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/composition/mc0002376416">Vladimir Horowitz: Variations on a Theme from Carmen</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMusic_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="AllMusic (identifier)">AllMusic</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerLatham" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Walker, Jonathan; Latham, Alison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199579037.001.0001/acref-9780199579037-e-6145">"Shchedrin, Rodion Konstantinovich"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Up-dated+Translation+of+Bizet+Work+Bows&rft.date=1954-10-29&rft.aulast=Crowther&rft.aufirst=Bosley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1954%2F10%2F29%2Farchives%2Fupdated-translation-of-bizet-work-bows.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://miff.com.au/festival-archive/films/id/12238">"The Wild, Wild Rose"</a>. Melbourne International Film Festival. 2006. Retrieved 21 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wild%2C+Wild+Rose&rft.pub=Melbourne+International+Film+Festival&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmiff.com.au%2Ffestival-archive%2Ffilms%2Fid%2F12238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avclub.com/tiff-2005-days-seven-and-eight-1798208685">"TIFF 2005: Days Seven and Eight"</a>. 2005. Retrieved 25 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TIFF+2005%3A+Days+Seven+and+Eight&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avclub.com%2Ftiff-2005-days-seven-and-eight-1798208685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canby-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Canby_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canby_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanby1984" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Canby" title="Vincent Canby">Canby, Vincent</a> (20 September 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/20/movies/bizet-s-carmen-from-francesco-rosi.html">"Bizet's Carmen from Francesco Rosi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201053852/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/20/movies/bizet-s-carmen-from-francesco-rosi.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bizet%27s+Carmen+from+Francesco+Rosi&rft.date=1984-09-20&rft.aulast=Canby&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F09%2F20%2Fmovies%2Fbizet-s-carmen-from-francesco-rosi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanby1984" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Canby" title="Vincent Canby">Canby, Vincent</a> (3 August 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/03/movies/screen-godard-s-first-name-carmen-opens.html">"Screen: Godard's First Name: Carmen Opens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623230800/http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A0DE5D71638F930A3575BC0A962948260">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Screen%3A+Godard%27s+First+Name%3A+Carmen+Opens&rft.date=1984-08-03&rft.aulast=Canby&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F08%2F03%2Fmovies%2Fscreen-godard-s-first-name-carmen-opens.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0243164/">Carmen on Ice (1990)</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0274415/">Carmen: A Hip Hopera</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurnow" class="citation news cs1">Curnow, Robyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/11/02/south.africa.dada.masilo/index.html">"Dada Masilo: South African dancer who breaks the rules"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030655/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/11/02/south.africa.dada.masilo/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dada+Masilo%3A+South+African+dancer+who+breaks+the+rules&rft.aulast=Curnow&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2010%2FWORLD%2Fafrica%2F11%2F02%2Fsouth.africa.dada.masilo%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Harvey, Dennis (27 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2001/film/reviews/karmen-1200469727/">"Karmen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. Retrieved 11 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Karmen&rft.date=2001-09-27&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2001%2Ffilm%2Freviews%2Fkarmen-1200469727%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berlinale.de/de/archiv/chroniken/2005.html">"55. Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Berlinale" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlinale">Berlinale</a>. 2005. Retrieved 11 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=55.+Internationale+Filmfestspiele+Berlin&rft.pub=Berlinale&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berlinale.de%2Fde%2Farchiv%2Fchroniken%2F2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Azaola, Juan Ramon, ed. (2003). A Season of Opera on DVD:, Part 4: Carmen. Madrid: Del Prado. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-9798-071-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-9798-071-9"><bdi>84-9798-071-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Season+of+Opera+on+DVD%3A%2C+Part+4%3A+Carmen&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Del+Prado&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=84-9798-071-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Curtiss, Mina (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bizethisworld0000curt/page/390/mode/2up">Bizet and His World</a>. London: Secker & Warburg. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/505162968">505162968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bizet+and+His+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F505162968&rft.aulast=Curtiss&rft.aufirst=Mina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbizethisworld0000curt%2Fpage%2F390%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Winton_Dean" title="Winton Dean">Dean, Winton</a> (1965). Georges Bizet: His Life and Work. London: J. M. Dent & Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643867230">643867230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georges+Bizet%3A+His+Life+and+Work&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+%26+Sons&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643867230&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Winton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Dean, Winton (1980). "Bizet, Georges (Alexandre César Léopold)". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a>. Vol. 2. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-23111-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-23111-2"><bdi>0-333-23111-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bizet%2C+Georges+%28Alexandre+C%C3%A9sar+L%C3%A9opold%29&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-333-23111-2&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Winton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Lacombe" title="Hervé Lacombe">Lacombe, Hervé</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQOZG847ylAC&pg=PA132">The Keys to French Opera in the Nineteenth Century</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21719-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21719-5"><bdi>0-520-21719-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Keys+to+French+Opera+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-520-21719-5&rft.aulast=Lacombe&rft.aufirst=Herv%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQOZG847ylAC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_McClary" title="Susan McClary">McClary, Susan</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UNGaPmlHFzgC&pg=PA25">Georges Bizet: Carmen</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39897-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39897-5"><bdi>0-521-39897-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georges+Bizet%3A+Carmen&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-521-39897-5&rft.aulast=McClary&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUNGaPmlHFzgC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Neef" title="Sigrid Neef">Neef, Sigrid</a>, ed. (2000). Opera: Composers, Works, Performers (English ed.). Cologne: Könemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8290-3571-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-8290-3571-3"><bdi>3-8290-3571-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera%3A+Composers%2C+Works%2C+Performers&rft.place=Cologne&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nemann&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3-8290-3571-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Newman" title="Ernest Newman">Newman, Ernest</a> (1958). Great Operas. Vol. 1. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/592622247">592622247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Operas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F592622247&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche, Friedrich</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/25012/25012-h/25012-h.html">The Case of Wagner (Vol. 8 in The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche)</a>. Translated by Anthony M. Ludovici. London and Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/T._N._Foulis" title="T. N. Foulis">T. N. Foulis</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/418505">418505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+of+Wagner+%28Vol.+8+in+The+Complete+Works+of+Friedrich+Nietzsche%29&rft.place=London+and+Edinburgh&rft.pub=T.+N.+Foulis&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F418505&rft.aulast=Nietzsche&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F25012%2F25012-h%2F25012-h.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Schonberg" title="Harold C. Schonberg">Schonberg, Harold C.</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0860077225">The Lives of the Great Composers: Volume 2</a>. London: Futura Publications Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86007-723-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86007-723-3"><bdi>0-86007-723-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Great+Composers%3A+Volume+2&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Futura+Publications+Ltd&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-86007-723-3&rft.aulast=Schonberg&rft.aufirst=Harold+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_0860077225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Steen, Michael (2003). The Life and Times of the Great Composers. London: Icon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84046-679-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84046-679-9"><bdi>978-1-84046-679-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+the+Great+Composers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Icon+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84046-679-9&rft.aulast=Steen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Weinstock" title="Herbert Weinstock">Weinstock, Herbert</a> (1946). Tchaikovsky. London: Cassel. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/397644">397644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tchaikovsky&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassel&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F397644&rft.aulast=Weinstock&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Winchester" title="Simon Winchester">Winchester, Simon</a> (2005). A Crack in the Edge of the World. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-101634-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-101634-5"><bdi>0-14-101634-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Crack+in+the+Edge+of+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-14-101634-5&rft.aulast=Winchester&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wright, Lesley A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k0TXMzG2TZMC&pg=PR17">"Introduction: Looking at the Sources and Editions of Bizet's Carmen"</a>. In Dibbern, Mary (ed.). Carmen: A Performance Guide. New York: Pendragon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57647-032-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57647-032-6"><bdi>1-57647-032-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Looking+at+the+Sources+and+Editions+of+Bizet%27s+Carmen&rft.btitle=Carmen%3A+A+Performance+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pendragon+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-57647-032-6&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Lesley+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk0TXMzG2TZMC%26pg%3DPR17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">French <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="fr" style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Carmen_(op%C3%A9ra)" class="extiw" title="s:fr:Carmen (opéra)">Carmen (opéra)</a> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carmen" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Carmen">Carmen</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Carmen_(Bizet,_Georges)" class="extiw" title="scores:Carmen (Bizet, Georges)">Carmen</a>: Scores at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> These include: <ul><li>Full orchestral score, <a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Choudens" title="Paul de Choudens">Choudens</a> 1877 (republished by Könemann, 1994)</li> <li>Full orchestral score, Peters 1920 (republished by Kalmus, 1987)</li> <li>Vocal score, Choudens 1875</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Bizet, Georges</a> (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/variations/scores/aaz2552/large/index.html">Carmen: Opera in Four Acts</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/G._Schirmer" class="mw-redirect" title="G. Schirmer">G. Schirmer</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/475327">475327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carmen%3A+Opera+in+Four+Acts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+Schirmer&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F475327&rft.aulast=Bizet&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dlib.indiana.edu%2Fvariations%2Fscores%2Faaz2552%2Flarge%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarmen" class="Z3988"> (Vocal score, with words provided in English and French, based on the 1875 arrangement of Ernest Guiraud)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.murashev.com/opera/Carmen_libretto_French_English">Libretto</a> (in French and English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227004300/http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0031949/">"Carmen (character)"</a> on <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a> (archive from 27 February 2017)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmen&oldid=1281331218">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmen&oldid=1281331218</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 19 March 2025, at 18:47 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Carmen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Кармен (аопера) – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Кармен (аопера)" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86" title="كارمن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارمن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmen_(opera)" title="Karmen (opera) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karmen (opera)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Кармен (опера) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кармен (опера)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Кармэн (опера) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кармэн (опера)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Кармен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кармен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carmen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Carmen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carmen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_(opera)" title="Carmen (opera) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Carmen (opera)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carmen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Carmen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Κάρμεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάρμεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_(%C3%B3pera)" title="Carmen (ópera) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carmen (ópera)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_(opero)" title="Carmen (opero) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Carmen (opero)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_(opera)" title="Carmen (opera) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Carmen (opera)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86" title="کارمن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_(op%C3%A9ra)" title="Carmen (opéra) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carmen (opéra)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_(Bizet)" title="Carmen (Bizet) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carmen (Bizet)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%A9%98" title="카르멘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카르멘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6_(%D6%85%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1)" title="Կարմեն (օպերա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարմեն (օպերա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Carmen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_(opera)" title="Carmen (opera) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carmen (opera)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="כרמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כרמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90)" title="კარმენი (ოპერა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარმენი (ოპერა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Carmen" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmena_(opera)" title="Karmena (opera) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karmena (opera)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_(opera)" title="Carmen (opera) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Carmen (opera)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Кармен (опера) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кармен (опера)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB" title="കാർമെൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാർമെൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86" title="كارمن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارمن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Carmen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%94%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C)" title="Кармен (Дуурь) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кармен (Дуурь)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_(opera)" title="Carmen (opera) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Carmen (opera)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3_(%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9A%E3%83%A9)" title="カルメン (オペラ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルメン (オペラ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Carmen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Carmen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Carmen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_(opera)" title="Carmen (opera) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Carmen (opera)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_(%C3%B3pera)" title="Carmen (ópera) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carmen (ópera)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_(oper%C4%83)" title="Carmen (operă) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carmen (operă)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_(taki_aranway)" title="Carmen (taki aranway) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Carmen (taki aranway)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Кармен (опера) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кармен (опера)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Carmen" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carmen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_(opera)" title="Carmen (opera) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Carmen (opera)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_(opera)" title="Carmen (opera) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Carmen (opera)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Кармен (опера) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кармен (опера)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Carmen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Carmen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Carmen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கார்மென் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார்மென்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmen_(Carmen)" title="Karmen (Carmen) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Karmen (Carmen)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmen" title="Karmen – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Karmen" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99" title="การ์เมน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การ์เมน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Кармен (опера) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кармен (опера)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Carmen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Кармен (опера) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кармен (опера)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Carmen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_(opera)" title="Carmen (opera) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Carmen (opera)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%97%A8" title="卡门 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡门" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%97%A8" title="卡门 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡门" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> <ul id="footer-icons" class="footer-icons"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" 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