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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoa" title="Stoa – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stoa" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رواقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رواقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoicismo" title="Estoicismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estoicismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoicismu" title="Estoicismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estoicismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoa%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1q" title="Stoaçılıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Stoaçılıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="বৈরাগ্যদর্শন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৈরাগ্যদর্শন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-to%CD%98-%C3%A0_Ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB%EF%BC%88Stoicism%EF%BC%89" title="Su-to͘-à Chú-gī（Stoicism） – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Su-to͘-à Chú-gī（Stoicism）" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Стаіцызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стаіцызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoisismo" title="Estoisismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Estoisismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Стоицизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стоицизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicizam" title="Stoicizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Stoicizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoikegezh" title="Stoikegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stoikegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esto%C3%AFcisme" title="Estoïcisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estoïcisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicismus" title="Stoicismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stoicismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicisme" title="Stoicisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stoicisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoa" title="Stoa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stoa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoitsism" title="Stoitsism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stoitsism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%89%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Στωικισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στωικισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Stoicism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoicismo" title="Estoicismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estoicismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoikismo" title="Stoikismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stoikismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoizismo" title="Estoizismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estoizismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="رواقی‌گری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رواقی‌گری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sto%C3%AFcisme" title="Stoïcisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stoïcisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3chas" title="Stóchas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stóchas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B2thachd" title="Stòthachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Stòthachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoicismo" title="Estoicismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estoicismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%EC%95%84_%ED%95%99%ED%8C%8C" title="스토아 학파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스토아 학파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Ստոիցիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստոիցիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="स्टोइक दर्शन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्टोइक दर्शन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicizam" title="Stoicizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stoicizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoikismo" title="Stoikismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stoikismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoikisme" title="Stoikisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stoikisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicismo" title="Stoicismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Stoicismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3uspeki" title="Stóuspeki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stóuspeki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicismo" title="Stoicismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stoicismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האסכולה הסטואית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האסכולה הסטואית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoisisme" title="Stoisisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Stoisisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სტოიციზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტოიციზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Стоицизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Стоицизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Стоицизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Стоицизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placita_Stoicorum" title="Placita Stoicorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Placita Stoicorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicisms" title="Stoicisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stoicisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicizmas" title="Stoicizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stoicizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sto%C3%AFcisme" title="Stoïcisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Stoïcisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicisme" title="Stoicisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Stoicisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicismo" title="Stoicismo – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stoicismo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztoikus_filoz%C3%B3fia" title="Sztoikus filozófia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sztoikus filozófia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Стоицизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стоицизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B4ikisma" title="Stôikisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Stôikisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4" title="സ്റ്റോയിക്ക് തത്വചിന്ത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്റ്റോയിക്ക് തത്വചിന്ത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoj%C4%8Bi%C5%BCmu" title="Stojċiżmu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Stojċiżmu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="तितिक्षावाद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तितिक्षावाद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სტოიციზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სტოიციზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الرواقيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الرواقيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="رواقیون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رواقیون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoikisme" title="Stoikisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Stoikisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoicismo" title="Estoicismo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Estoicismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Стоицизмась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Стоицизмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoa" title="Stoa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stoa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%A2%E6%B4%BE" title="ストア派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ストア派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoisisme" title="Stoisisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stoisisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoa" title="Stoa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stoa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoikisme" title="Stoikisme – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Stoikisme" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esto%C3%AFcisme" title="Estoïcisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estoïcisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoitsizm" title="Stoitsizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Stoitsizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਸਟੋਇਕਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਟੋਇਕਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="رواقیت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رواقیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicyzm" title="Stoicyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stoicyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoicismo" title="Estoicismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estoicismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stoicism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Стоицизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стоицизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoa" title="Stoa – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Stoa" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicizmi" title="Stoicizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stoicizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicizmus" title="Stoicizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stoicizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicizem" title="Stoicizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stoicizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaayib" title="Qaayib – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qaayib" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ستۆیسیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ستۆیسیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicizam" title="Stoicizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Stoicizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicizam" title="Stoicizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stoicizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoalaisuus" title="Stoalaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stoalaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stoicism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoisismo" title="Estoisismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Estoisismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உறுதிப்பாட்டுவாதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உறுதிப்பாட்டுவாதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Стоиклык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Стоиклык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%82" title="స్టోయిసిజం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్టోయిసిజం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="ลัทธิสโตอิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธิสโตอิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoac%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Stoacılık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Stoacılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Стоїцизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стоїцизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="رواقیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رواقیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_kh%E1%BA%AFc_k%E1%BB%B7" title="Chủ nghĩa khắc kỷ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa khắc kỷ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E8%91%9B%E5%AE%97" title="斯多葛宗 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="斯多葛宗" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoisismo" title="Estoisismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Estoisismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E8%91%9B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="斯多葛主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="斯多葛主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E8%91%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="斯多葛主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="斯多葛主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E8%91%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="斯多葛主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯多葛主義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q48235#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Stoicism</b> was a school of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. It was founded in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> by <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a> in the early third century <a href="/wiki/BC" class="mw-redirect" title="BC">BC</a>. It concerns the active relationship between cosmic <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a> and human <a href="/wiki/Freedom_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom (philosophy)">freedom</a>. This philosophy claims that it is <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtuous</a> to maintain a will (a determination, <i>prohairesis</i>) which is according to the participants "in accord with <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>". </p><p>Stoic doctrine was popular in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> from its founding until all the schools of philosophy were ordered closed in 529 <a href="/wiki/AD" class="mw-redirect" title="AD">AD</a> by the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>, who thought their <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> character was at odds with his Christian faith.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stoic_philosophers">Stoic philosophers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stoicism&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Stoic philosophers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stoicism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Stoic philosophers"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipater_of_Tarsus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antipater of Tarsus (not yet started)">Antipater of Tarsus</a> (210 BC–129 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a> (Uticensis 94 BC–46 BC)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysippus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysippus (not yet started)">Chrysippus</a> (280 BC–204 BC)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleanthes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cleanthes (not yet started)">Cleanthes (of Assos)</a>, (330 BC–232 BC)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diodotus_the_Stoic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diodotus the Stoic (not yet started)">Diodotus</a>, (~120 BC–59 BC), teacher of Cicero</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" class="mw-disambig" title="Diogenes">Diogenes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> (230 BC–150 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a> (55 AD–135 AD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierocles_(Stoic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hierocles (Stoic) (not yet started)">Hierocles</a> (2nd century AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> (121 AD–180 AD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musonius_Rufus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musonius Rufus (not yet started)">Musonius Rufus</a> (25 AD–100AD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panaetius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panaetius (not yet started)">Panaetius</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (185 BC–109 BC)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posidonius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posidonius (not yet started)">Posidonius</a> of Apameia (~135 BC–51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a> (4 BC–65 AD) <ul><li>Contemporaries: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Musonius_Rufus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musonius Rufus (not yet started)">Musonius Rufus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubellius_Plautus" title="Rubellius Plautus">Rubellius Plautus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thrasea_Paetus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thrasea Paetus (not yet started)">Thrasea Paetus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a> (332 BC–262 BC), founder of Stoicism <ul><li>Contemporaries: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristo_of_Chios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristo of Chios (not yet started)">Aristo of Chios</a>, pupil of Zeno; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herillus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herillus (not yet started)">Herillus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stoicism&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stoicism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Agathias, <i>Histories</i>, 2.31.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks" id="stub"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/45px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span> <i>This <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">short article</a> can be made longer. 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href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Naturalists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of Naturalists (not yet started)">Chinese naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yangism (not yet started)">Yangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greco-</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Roman philosophy (not yet started)">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Presocratic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophist">Sophists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionian_School_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionian School (philosophy) (not yet 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started)">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynicism_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cynicism (philosophy) (not yet started)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eretrian_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eretrian school (not yet started)">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megarian_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megarian school (not yet started)">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platonic_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platonic Academy (not yet started)">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peripatetic_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peripatetic school (not yet started)">Peripatetic school</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Platonism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Platonism (not yet started)">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_the_Sextii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of the Sextii (not yet started)">School of the Sextii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neopythagoreanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neopythagoreanism (not yet started)">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sophistic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Sophistic (not yet started)">Second Sophistic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian philosophy (not yet started)">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samkhya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samkhya (not yet started)">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyaya (not yet started)">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaisheshika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaisheshika (not yet started)">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (not yet started)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mīmāṃsā (not yet started)">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80j%C4%ABvika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ājīvika (not yet started)">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aj%C3%B1ana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajñana (not yet started)">Ajñana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jain_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jain philosophy (not yet started)">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anekantavada (not yet started)">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sy%C4%81dv%C4%81da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syādvāda (not yet started)">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhist philosophy (not yet started)">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Śūnyatā (not yet started)">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhyamaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madhyamaka (not yet started)">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yogachara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yogachara (not yet started)">Yogacara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sautr%C4%81ntika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sautrāntika (not yet started)">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svatantrika%E2%80%93Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction (not yet started)">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iranian philosophy (not yet started)">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mithraism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mithraism (not yet started)">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zurvanism (not yet started)">Zurvanism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophy</a></b> <ul><li>East Asian <ul><li>Neo-<a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xuanxue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xuanxue (not yet started)">Neotaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chan Buddhism (not yet started)">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Confucianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean Confucianism (not yet started)">Korean Confucianism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian philosophy (not yet started)">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustinianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augustinianism (not yet started)">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scotism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scotism (not yet started)">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occamism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occamism (not yet started)">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_humanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renaissance humanism (not yet started)">Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>South Asian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achintya_Bheda_Abheda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda (not yet started)">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhedabheda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhedabheda (not yet started)">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dvaita_Vedanta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dvaita Vedanta (not yet started)">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimbarka_Sampradaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya (not yet started)">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuddhadvaita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuddhadvaita (not yet started)">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishishtadvaita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vishishtadvaita (not yet started)">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navya-Ny%C4%81ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navya-Nyāya (not yet started)">Navya-Nyāya</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotelianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristotelianism (not yet started)">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Averroism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Averroism (not yet started)">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avicennism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avicennism (not yet started)">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illuminationism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illuminationism (not yet started)">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sufi_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sufi philosophy (not yet started)">Sufi</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jewish philosophy (not yet started)">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400) (not yet started)">Judeo-Islamic</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modern philosophy (not yet started)">Modern philosophy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihumanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antihumanism (not yet started)">Anti-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolute_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Absolute idealism (not yet started)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British idealism (not yet started)">British</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Objective_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Objective idealism (not yet started)">Objective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjective_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subjective idealism (not yet started)">Subjective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology" title="Phenomenology">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_Realism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classical Realism (not yet started)">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social organization (not yet started)">Collectivism</a> (related page: <a href="/wiki/Collectivism" title="Collectivism">Collectivism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edo_neo-Confucianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edo neo-Confucianism (not yet started)">Edo neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundationalism (not yet started)">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kokugaku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kokugaku (not yet started)">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Confucianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Confucianism (not yet started)">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-scholasticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neo-scholasticism (not yet started)">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcendentalism (not yet started)">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li>Named after <b>people</b>:</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartesianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cartesianism (not yet started)">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kantianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kantianism (not yet started)">Kantianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Kantianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neo-Kantianism (not yet started)">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard (not yet started)">Kierkegaardianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krausism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krausism (not yet started)">Krausism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegelianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hegelianism (not yet started)">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marxist_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marxist philosophy (not yet started)">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newtonianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newtonianism (not yet started)">Newtonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche (not yet started)">Nietzscheanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinozism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spinozism (not yet started)">Spinozism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsificationism</a></li> <li>Logical <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_positivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legal positivism (not yet started)">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawlsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism#Developments_in_the_20th_century" title="Utilitarianism">Contemporary utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgensteinian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_ethics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Applied ethics (not yet started)">Applied ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytical_feminism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analytical feminism (not yet started)">Analytic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytical_Marxism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analytical Marxism (not yet started)">Analytical Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communitarianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communitarianism (not yet started)">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critical_rationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Critical rationalism (not yet started)">Critical rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Experimental philosophy (not yet started)">Experimental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundationalism (not yet started)">Foundationalism</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coherentism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coherentism (not yet started)">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internalism_and_externalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internalism and externalism (not yet started)">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meta-ethics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meta-ethics (not yet started)">Meta-ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moral_realism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moral realism (not yet started)">Moral realism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naturalized_epistemology&action=edit&redlink=1" 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