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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Torr</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_(%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9)" title="تور (وحدة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تور (وحدة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr" title="Torr – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Torr" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr" title="Torr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Torr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr" title="Torr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Torr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr" title="Torr – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Torr" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr" title="Torr – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Torr" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_(%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7)" title="تور (یکا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تور (یکا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr" title="Torr – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Torr" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr" title="Torr – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Torr" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A5%B4_(%EB%8B%A8%EC%9C%84)" title="토르 (단위) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토르 (단위)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr" title="Torr – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Torr" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr" title="Torr – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Torr" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מילימטר כספית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מילימטר כספית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80" title="Торр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Торр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr" title="Torr – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Torr" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB" title="トル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr" title="Torr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Torr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr" title="Torr – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Torr" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(jednostka)" title="Tor (jednostka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tor (jednostka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr" title="Torr – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Torr" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr" title="Torr – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Torr" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr" title="Torr – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Torr" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(enota)" title="Tor (enota) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tor (enota)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torri" title="Torri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Torri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80" title="Торр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Торр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr" title="Torr – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Torr" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98_(%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D)" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Torr_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Torr (disambiguation)">Torr (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-unit"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">torr</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">Torr</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Named after</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli" title="Evangelista Torricelli">Evangelista Torricelli</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Definition</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">760</span></span>⁠</span> <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atm</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Conversions </th></tr><tr class="nowrap"><td>1 Torr <i>in ...</i></td><td><i>... is equal to ...</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/SI_derived_unit" title="SI derived unit">SI derived units</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span>133.3224 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">Pa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/British_Gravitational_System" class="mw-redirect" title="British Gravitational System">British Gravitational System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span><span style="white-space: nowrap">0.019<span style="margin-left: 0.25em">336</span><span style="margin-left: 0.25em">77</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch" title="Pound per square inch">psi</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>torr</b> (symbol: Torr) is a <a href="/wiki/Pressure#Units" title="Pressure">unit of pressure</a> based on an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_scale" title="Absolute scale">absolute scale</a>, defined as exactly <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035" /><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">760</span></span>⁠</span> of a standard <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atmosphere</a> (101325 Pa). Thus one torr is exactly <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035" /><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">101325</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">760</span></span>⁠</span> <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">pascals</a></span> (≈ 133.32 Pa). </p><p>Historically, one torr was intended to be the same as one "<a href="/wiki/Millimeter_of_mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Millimeter of mercury">millimeter of mercury</a>", but subsequent redefinitions of the two <a href="/wiki/Units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of measurement">units</a> made the torr marginally lower (by less than 0.000015%). </p><p>The torr is not part of the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI). Even so, it is often combined with the <a href="/wiki/Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">metric prefix</a> <a href="/wiki/Milli" class="mw-redirect" title="Milli">milli</a> to name one <b>millitorr</b> (mTorr), equal to 0.001 Torr. </p><p>The unit was named after <a href="/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli" title="Evangelista Torricelli">Evangelista Torricelli</a>, an Italian physicist and mathematician who discovered the principle of the <a href="/wiki/Barometer" title="Barometer">barometer</a> in 1644.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature_and_common_errors">Nomenclature and common errors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torr&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature and common errors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The unit name <i>torr</i> is written in <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">lower case</a>, while its symbol ("Torr") is always written with an uppercase initial; including in combinations with prefixes and other unit symbols, as in "mTorr" (millitorr) or "Torr⋅L/s" (torr-litres per second).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symbol (uppercase) should be used with prefix symbols (thus, mTorr and millitorr are correct, but mtorr and milliTorr are not). </p><p>The torr is sometimes incorrectly denoted by the symbol "T", which is the SI symbol for the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">tesla</a>, the unit measuring the strength of a magnetic field. Although frequently encountered, the alternative spelling "Tor" is incorrect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torr&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Torricelli attracted considerable attention when he demonstrated the first <a href="/wiki/Barometer#Mercury_barometers" title="Barometer">mercury barometer</a> to the general public. He is credited with giving the first modern explanation of atmospheric pressure. Scientists at the time were familiar with small fluctuations in height that occurred in barometers. When these fluctuations were explained as a manifestation of changes in atmospheric pressure, the science of <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a> was born. </p><p>Over time, 760 millimeters of mercury at 0 °C came to be regarded as the standard atmospheric pressure. In honour of Torricelli, the torr was defined as a unit of pressure equal to one millimeter of mercury at 0 °C. However, since the acceleration due to gravity – and thus the weight of a column of mercury – is a function of elevation and latitude (due to the rotation and non-<a href="/wiki/Sphericity" title="Sphericity">sphericity</a> of the Earth), this definition is imprecise and varies by location. </p><p>In 1954, the definition of the <i>atmosphere</i> was revised by the <a href="/wiki/10th_General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" class="mw-redirect" title="10th General Conference on Weights and Measures">10th General Conference on Weights and Measures</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the currently accepted definition: one atmosphere is equal to 101325 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">pascals</a>. The torr was then redefined as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035" /><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">760</span></span>⁠</span> of one atmosphere. This yields a precise definition that is unambiguous and independent of measurements of the density of mercury or the acceleration due to gravity on Earth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manometric_units_of_pressure">Manometric units of pressure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torr&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Manometric units of pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pressure_measurement#Liquid_column_(manometer)" title="Pressure measurement">Pressure measurement § Liquid column (manometer)</a></div> <p><i>Manometric units</i> are units such as <i>millimeters of mercury</i> or <i>centimeters of water</i> that depend on an assumed density of a fluid and an assumed acceleration due to gravity. The use of these units is discouraged.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, manometric units are routinely used in medicine and physiology, and they continue to be used in areas as diverse as weather reporting and scuba diving. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conversion_factors">Conversion factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torr&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conversion factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The millimeter of mercury by definition is 133.322387415 Pa<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (13.5951 g/cm<sup>3</sup> × 9.80665 m/s<sup>2</sup> × 1 mm), which is approximated with known accuracies of density of mercury and <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">standard gravity</a>. </p><p>The torr is defined as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035" /><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">760</span></span>⁠</span> of one standard atmosphere, while the atmosphere is defined as 101325 pascals. Therefore, 1 Torr is equal to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035" /><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">101325</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">760</span></span>⁠</span> Pa. The decimal form of this fraction (<span style="white-space:nowrap">133.322<span style="margin-left:0.25em"><span style="text-decoration:overline;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">368<span style="margin-left:0.25em">421</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">052</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">631</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">578</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">947</span></span></span></span></span>) is an infinitely long, periodically repeating decimal (<a href="/wiki/Repetend" class="mw-redirect" title="Repetend">repetend</a> length: 18). </p><p>The relationship between the torr and the millimeter of mercury is: </p> <ul><li>1 Torr = <span style="white-space:nowrap">0.999<span style="margin-left:0.25em">999</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em"><i>857</i></span><span style="margin-left:0.25em"><i>533</i></span><span style="margin-left:0.25em"><i>699</i></span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">...</span></span> mmHg</li> <li>1 mmHg = <span style="white-space:nowrap">1.000<span style="margin-left:0.25em">000</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em"><i>142</i></span><span style="margin-left:0.25em"><i>466</i></span><span style="margin-left:0.25em"><i>321</i></span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">...</span></span> Torr</li></ul> <p>The difference between one millimeter of mercury and one torr, as well as between one atmosphere (101.325 kPa) and 760 mmHg (101.3250144354 kPa), is less than one part in seven million (or less than 0.000015%). This small difference is negligible for all practical purposes. </p><p>In the European Union, the millimeter of mercury is defined as<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>1 mmHg = 133.322 Pa</dd></dl> <p>hence </p> <ul><li>1 Torr = <span style="white-space:nowrap">1.000<span style="margin-left:0.25em">00<i>2</i></span><span style="margin-left:0.25em"><i>763</i></span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">...</span></span> mmHg</li> <li>1 mmHg = <span style="white-space:nowrap">0.999<span style="margin-left:0.25em">99<i>7</i></span><span style="margin-left:0.25em"><i>236</i></span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">...</span></span> Torr</li></ul> <p>Other units of pressure include: </p> <ul><li>The bar (symbol: bar), defined as 100 kPa exactly.</li> <li>The atmosphere (symbol: atm), defined as 101.325 kPa exactly.</li></ul> <p>These four pressure units are used in different settings. For example, the bar is used in meteorology to report atmospheric pressures.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The torr is used in high-vacuum physics and engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Pressure units </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pressure_Units" title="Template:Pressure Units"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pressure_Units" title="Template talk:Pressure Units"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pressure_Units" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pressure Units"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">Pascal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">Bar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Technical_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical atmosphere">Technical atmosphere</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Standard_atmosphere_(unit)" title="Standard atmosphere (unit)">Standard atmosphere</a> </th> <th><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Torr</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds per square inch">Pound per square inch</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>(Pa) </th> <th>(bar) </th> <th>(at) </th> <th>(atm) </th> <th>(Torr) </th> <th>(lbf/in<sup>2</sup>) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>1 Pa </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1 Pa = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995100000000000000♠"></span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> bar </td> <td>1 Pa = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995101970000000000♠"></span>1.0197<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> at </td> <td>1 Pa = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994986919999999999♠"></span>9.8692<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup></span> atm </td> <td>1 Pa = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997750060000000000♠"></span>7.5006<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−3</sup></span> Torr </td> <td>1 Pa = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996145037737730000♠"></span>0.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">145</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">037</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">737</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">730</span></span> lbf/in<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>1 bar </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005100000000000000♠"></span>10<sup>5</sup></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>= <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000101970000000000♠"></span>1.0197</span> </td> <td>= <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999986920000000000♠"></span>0.986<span style="margin-left:.25em;">92</span></span> </td> <td>= <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002750060000000000♠"></span>750.06</span> </td> <td>= <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001145037737730220♠"></span>14.503<span style="margin-left:.25em;">773</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">773</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">022</span></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>1 at </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004980665000000000♠"></span>98<span style="margin-left:.25em;">066</span>.5</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999980665000000000♠"></span>0.980<span style="margin-left:.25em;">665</span></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999967841105354100♠"></span>0.967<span style="margin-left:.25em;">841</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">105</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">3541</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002735559240100000♠"></span>735.559<span style="margin-left:.25em;">2401</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001142233433071203♠"></span>14.223<span style="margin-left:.25em;">343</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">307</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">1203</span></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>1 atm </th> <td>≡ <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005101325000000000♠"></span>101<span style="margin-left:.25em;">325</span></span> </td> <td>≡ <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000101325000000000♠"></span>1.013<span style="margin-left:.25em;">25</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000103319999999999♠"></span>1.0332</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>760 </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001146959487755142♠"></span>14.695<span style="margin-left:.25em;">948</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">775</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">5142</span></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>1 Torr </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002133322368421000♠"></span>133.322<span style="margin-left:.25em;">368</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">421</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997133322400000000♠"></span>0.001<span style="margin-left:.25em;">333</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">224</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997135951000000000♠"></span>0.001<span style="margin-left:.25em;">359</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">51</span></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035" /><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">760</span></span>⁠</span> ≈ <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997131578900000000♠"></span>0.001<span style="margin-left:.25em;">315</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">789</span></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998193367750000000♠"></span>0.019<span style="margin-left:.25em;">336</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">775</span></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>1 lbf/in<sup>2</sup> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003689475729316800♠"></span>6<span style="margin-left:.25em;">894</span>.757<span style="margin-left:.25em;">293</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">168</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998689475730000000♠"></span>0.068<span style="margin-left:.25em;">947</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">573</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998703069580000000♠"></span>0.070<span style="margin-left:.25em;">306</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">958</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998680459640000000♠"></span>0.068<span style="margin-left:.25em;">045</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">964</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001517149325720000♠"></span>51.714<span style="margin-left:.25em;">932</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">572</span></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torr&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">Atmosphere (unit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centimetre_of_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Centimetre of water">Centimetre of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_units" title="Conversion of units">Conversion of units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inch_of_mercury" title="Inch of mercury">Inch of mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_metric_system" title="Outline of the metric system">Outline of the metric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">Pascal (unit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_head" title="Pressure head">Pressure head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">Pressure</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torr&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Devices similar to the modern barometer, using water instead of mercury, were studied by a number of scientists in the early 1640s (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strange-loops.com/scibarometer.html">History of the Barometer</a>). Torricelli's explanation of the principle of the barometer appears in a letter to Michelangelo Ricci dated 11 June 1644.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/rules.html">"Rules and style conventions"</a>. NIST<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rules+and+style+conventions&rft.pub=NIST&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2Fcuu%2FUnits%2Frules.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/en/CGPM/db/10/4/">BIPM – Resolution 4 of the 10th CGPM</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npl.co.uk/reference/faqs/pressure-units">National Physical Laboratory: Pressure units</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>BS 350: Part 1: 1974 – Conversion factors and tables</i>. <a href="/wiki/British_Standards_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="British Standards Institution">British Standards Institution</a>. 1974. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BS+350%3A+Part+1%3A+1974+%E2%80%93+Conversion+factors+and+tables&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=British+Standards+Institution&rft.date=1974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31980L0181">Council directive 80/181/EEC</a> (20 December 1979)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note that a pressure of 1 bar (100000 Pa) is slightly less than a pressure of 1 atmosphere (101325 Pa).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen E. R. <i>et al.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TElmhULQoeIC">Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry</a>, 3rd ed. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85404-433-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85404-433-7">0-85404-433-7</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/publications/books/gbook/green_book_2ed.pdf">IUPAC pdf copy</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeVoe H. Thermodynamics and Chemistry. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-328741-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-328741-1">0-02-328741-1</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torr&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npl.co.uk/pressure/punits.html">NPL – pressure units</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/20px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/40px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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