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spring</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: cold spring"> <meta name="keywords" content="cold spring"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="cold spring"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1323</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: cold spring</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1323</span> The Hydro-Geology and Drinking Water Quality of Ikogosi Warm Spring in South West Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ikudayisi%20Akinola">Ikudayisi Akinola</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adeyemo%20Folasade"> Adeyemo Folasade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adeyemo%20Josiah"> Adeyemo Josiah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study focuses on the hydro-geology and chemistry of Ikogosi Warm Spring in South West Nigeria. Ikogosi warm spring is a global tourist attraction because it has both warm and cold spring sources. Water samples from the cold spring, warm spring and the meeting point were collected, analyzed and the result shows close similarity in temperature, hydrogen iron concentration (pH), alkalinity, hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Iron, total dissolved solid and heavy metals. The measured parameters in the water samples are within World Health Organisation standards for fresh water. The study of the geology of the warm spring reveals that the study area is underlain by a group of slightly migmatised to non-migmatised paraschists and meta-igneous rocks. The concentration levels of selected heavy metals, (Copper, Cadmium, Zinc, Arsenic and Cromium) were determined in the water (ppm) samples. Chromium had the highest concentration value of 1.52ppm (an average of 49.67%) and Cadmium had the lowest concentration with value of 0.15ppm (an average of 4.89%). Comparison of these results showed that, their mean levels are within the standard values obtained in Nigeria. It can be concluded that both warm and spring water are safe for drinking. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20spring" title="cold spring">cold spring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ikogosi" title=" Ikogosi"> Ikogosi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=melting%20point" title=" melting point"> melting point</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=warm%20spring" title=" warm spring"> warm spring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20samples" title=" water samples"> water samples</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27501/the-hydro-geology-and-drinking-water-quality-of-ikogosi-warm-spring-in-south-west-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27501.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">545</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1322</span> Preliminary Studies in the Determination of Deteriorations in Eflatunpınar Hitit Water Monument (Konya, Turkey) by Non-Destructive Tests</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C4%B0smail%20%C4%B0nce">İsmail İnce</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Bozdag"> Ali Bozdag</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayla%20Bozdag"> Ayla Bozdag</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Bahad%C4%B1r%20Tosunlar"> M. Bahadır Tosunlar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Ergun%20Hat%C4%B1r"> M. Ergun Hatır</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Korkanc"> Mustafa Korkanc</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The building stones used in the construction of historical structures are exposed to atmospheric effects directly or indirectly. As a result of this process, building stones are partially or completely degraded. Historical buildings are important symbols of cultural heritage, so it is very significant to transfer to the future generations by protecting and repairing of these historical buildings. The Eflatunpınar Hitit Monument located near the Eflatunpınar cold water spring was constructed by using natural rock blocks during the Hittites Empire period. The monument has been protected without losing its function until today. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the deteriorations in the Eflatunpınar Hitit Monument and to detect the water chemistry of the Eflatunpınar spring located around the Beysehir County in the west of Konya. For this purpose, the petrographic and mechanical properties of the rocks used in this monument were determined, and the deteriorations in the monument were determined with the aid of non-destructive test methods including Schmidt hardness value, relative humidity measurement, thermal imaging. Additionally, the physical (electrical conductivity (EC), pH and temperature) and chemical characteristics (major anions and cations) of the Eflatunpınar cold water spring have been detected. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deteriorations" title="deteriorations">deteriorations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eflatunp%C4%B1nar%20Hitit%20monument" title=" Eflatunpınar Hitit monument"> Eflatunpınar Hitit monument</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eflatunp%C4%B1nar%20spring" title=" Eflatunpınar spring"> Eflatunpınar spring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Konya" title=" Konya"> Konya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-destruct%C4%B1ve%20tests" title=" non-destructıve tests"> non-destructıve tests</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87216/preliminary-studies-in-the-determination-of-deteriorations-in-eflatunpinar-hitit-water-monument-konya-turkey-by-non-destructive-tests" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87216.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1321</span> A Comparative Study of Standard, Casted, and Riveted Eye Design of a Mono Leaf Spring Using CAE Tools</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gian%20Bhushan">Gian Bhushan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vinkel%20Arora"> Vinkel Arora</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20L.%20Aggarwal"> M. L. Aggarwal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of the present study is to determine better eye end design of a mono leaf spring used in light motor vehicle. A conventional 65Si7 spring steel leaf spring model with standard eye, casted and riveted eye end are considered. The CAD model of the leaf springs is prepared in CATIA and analyzed using ANSYS. The standard eye, casted, and riveted eye leaf springs are subjected to similar loading conditions. The CAE analysis of the leaf spring is performed for various parameters like deflection and Von-Mises stress. Mass reduction of 62.9% is achieved in case of riveted eye mono leaf spring as compared to standard eye mono leaf spring for the same loading conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CAE" title="CAE">CAE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaf%20spring" title=" leaf spring"> leaf spring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standard" title=" standard"> standard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=casted" title=" casted"> casted</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=riveted%20eye" title=" riveted eye"> riveted eye</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15462/a-comparative-study-of-standard-casted-and-riveted-eye-design-of-a-mono-leaf-spring-using-cae-tools" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15462.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">371</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1320</span> Tourism Potentials of Ikogosi Warm Spring in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.I.%20Adeyemo">A.I. Adeyemo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ikogosi warm spring results from a complex mechanical and chemical forces that generates internal heat in the rocks forming a warm and cold water at the same geographical location at the same time. From time immemorial, the local community had thought, it to be the work of a deity, and they were worshipping the spring. This complex phenomenon has been a source of tourist attraction to both local and international tourists over the years. 450 copies of a structured questionnaire were given out, and a total of 500 respondents were interviewed. The result showed that ikogosi warm spring impacts the community positively by providing employment to the teeming youths, and it provides income to traders. The result shows that 66% of the respondents confirmed that it increased their income and that transportation business increased more than 73%.the level of enlightenment and socialization increased greatly in the community. However, it also impacted the community negatively as it increased crime rates such as stealing, kidnapping, prostitution, and unwanted pregnancy among the secondary school girls and the other teenagers. Generally, 50% of the respondents reported that tourism in the warm spring results in insecurity in the community. IT also increased environmental problems such as noise and waste pollutions; the continuous movement on the land results in soil compartment leading to erosion, and leaching, which also results in loss of soil fertility. It was concluded that if the potentials of the spring are fully tapped, it will be a good avenue for income generation to the country. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community" title="community">community</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ikogosi" title=" Ikogosi"> Ikogosi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=revenue" title=" revenue"> revenue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=warm%20spring" title=" warm spring"> warm spring</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118013/tourism-potentials-of-ikogosi-warm-spring-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118013.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">158</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1319</span> Technological Value of Selected Spring Wheat Cultivars Depending on the Sowing Date</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marta%20Wyzi%C5%84ska">Marta Wyzińska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jerzy%20Grabi%C5%84ski"> Jerzy Grabiński</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alicja%20Su%C5%82ek"> Alicja Sułek</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The grain quality is a decisive factor in its use. In Poland, spring wheat is characterized by more favorable quality parameters in relation to the winter form of this species. In the present study, the effects of three different sowing dates (autumn, delayed autumn, and spring) and cultivar (Tybalt, Cytra, Bombona, Monsun, and Parabola) on the selected technological value parameters of spring wheat over three years were studied. The field trials were carried out in two locations (Bezek, Czesławice) in the Lubelskie Vivodeship, Poland. It was found that the falling number of spring wheat grains from autumn sowing dates was at a similar level to wheat sown in spring. The amount of wet gluten in the grain was variable in years, and its quality was better in wheat sown in spring. Sedimentation index was dependent upon on the cultivar. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sowing%20term" title="Sowing term">Sowing term</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spring%20wheat" title=" spring wheat"> spring wheat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technological%20value" title=" technological value"> technological value</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality" title=" quality"> quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104669/technological-value-of-selected-spring-wheat-cultivars-depending-on-the-sowing-date" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104669.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">160</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1318</span> A Variable Stiffness Approach to Vibration Control</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A.%20Alotaibi">S. A. Alotaibi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Al-Ajmi"> M. A. Al-Ajmi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work introduces a new concept for controlling the mechanical vibrations via variable stiffness coil spring. The concept relies on fitting a screw though the spring to change the number of active spring coils. A prototype has been built and tested with promising results toward an innovation in the field of vibration control. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variable%20stiffness" title="variable stiffness">variable stiffness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coil%20spring" title=" coil spring"> coil spring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vibration%20control" title=" vibration control"> vibration control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20science" title=" computer science"> computer science</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5909/a-variable-stiffness-approach-to-vibration-control" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5909.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">407</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1317</span> Identifying Karst Pattern to Prevent Bell Spring from Being Submerged in Daryan Dam Reservoir </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Shafaattalab%20Dehghani">H. Shafaattalab Dehghani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20R.%20Zarei"> H. R. Zarei </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The large karstic Bell spring with a discharge ranging between 250 and 5300 lit/ sec is one of the most important springs of Kermanshah Province. This spring supplies drinking water of Nodsheh City and its surrounding villages. The spring is located in the reservoir of Daryan Dam and its mouth would be submerged after impounding under a water column of about 110 m height. This paper has aimed to render an account of the karstification pattern around the spring under consideration with the intention of preventing Bell Spring from being submerged in Daryan Dam Reservoir. The studies comprise engineering geology and hydrogeology investigations. Some geotechnical activities included in these studies include geophysical studies, drilling, excavation of exploratory gallery and shaft and diving. The results depict that Bell is a single-conduit siphon spring with 4 m diameter and 85 m height that 32 m of the conduit is located below the spring outlet. To survive the spring, it was decided to plug the outlet and convey the water to upper elevations under the natural pressure of the aquifer. After plugging, water was successfully conveyed to elevation 837 meter above sea level (about 120 m from the outlet) under the natural pressure of the aquifer. This signifies the accuracy of the studies done and proper recognition of the karstification pattern of Bell Spring. This is a unique experience in karst problems in Iran. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bell%20spring" title="bell spring">bell spring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karst" title=" Karst"> Karst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daryan%20Dam" title=" Daryan Dam"> Daryan Dam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=submerged" title=" submerged"> submerged</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45230/identifying-karst-pattern-to-prevent-bell-spring-from-being-submerged-in-daryan-dam-reservoir" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45230.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">274</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1316</span> Characteristics and Durability Evaluation of Air Spring</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chang%20Su%20Woo">Chang Su Woo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyun%20Sung%20Park"> Hyun Sung Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Air spring system is widely accepted for railway vehicle secondary suspension to reduce and absorb the vibration and noise. The low natural frequency ensures a comfortable ride and an invariably good stiffness. In this paper, the characteristic and durability test was conducted in laboratory by using servo-hydraulic fatigue testing system to reliability evaluation of air spring for electric railway vehicle. The experimental results show that the characteristics and durability of domestically developed products are excellent. Moreover, to guarantee the adaption of air spring, the ride comfort and air pressure variation were measured in train test on subway line. Air spring developed by this study for railway vehicles can guarantee the reliability of average usage of 1 million times at 90% confidence level. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20spring" title="air spring">air spring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reliability" title=" reliability"> reliability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=railway" title=" railway"> railway</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=service%20lifetime" title=" service lifetime"> service lifetime</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60068/characteristics-and-durability-evaluation-of-air-spring" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60068.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">474</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1315</span> Fracture and Dynamic Behavior of Leaf Spring Suspension</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Lecheb">S. Lecheb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Chellil"> A. Chellil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Mechakra"> H. Mechakra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Attou"> S. Attou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Kebir"> H. Kebir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Although leaf springs are one of the oldest suspension components they are still frequently used, especially in commercial vehicles. Being able to capture the leaf spring characteristics is of significant importance for vehicle handling dynamics studies. The main function of leaf spring is not only to support vertical load but also to isolate road induced vibrations. It is subjected to millions of load cycles leading to fatigue failure. It needs to have excellent fatigue life. The objective of this work is its use of Abaqus software to locate the most stressed areas and predict the areas in which it occurs in fatigue and crack of leaf spring and calculate the stress and frequencies of this model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaf%20spring" title="leaf spring">leaf spring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack" title=" crack"> crack</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress" title=" stress"> stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20frequencies" title=" natural frequencies"> natural frequencies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42368/fracture-and-dynamic-behavior-of-leaf-spring-suspension" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42368.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">463</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1314</span> Comparison Physicochemical Properties of Hexane Extracted Aniseed Oil from Cold Press Extraction Residue and Cold Press Aniseed Oil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Derya%20%C3%96ren">Derya Ören</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C5%9Eeyma%20Akal%C4%B1n"> Şeyma Akalın</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cold pres technique is a traditional method to obtain oil. The cold-pressing procedure, involves neither heat nor chemical treatments, so cold press technique has low oil yield and cold pressed herbal material residue still contains some oil. In this study, the oil that is remained in the cold pressed aniseed extracted with hegzan and analysed to determine physicochemical properties and quality parameters. It is found that the aniseed after cold press process contains % 10 oil. Other analysis parametres free fatty acid (FFA) is 2,1 mgKOH/g, peroxide value is 7,6 meq02/kg. Cold pressed aniseed oil values are determined for fatty acid (FFA) value as 2,1 mgKOH/g, peroxide value 4,5 meq02/kg respectively. Also fatty acid composition is analysed, it is found that both of these oil have same fatty acid composition. The main fatty acids are; oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aniseed%20oil" title="aniseed oil">aniseed oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20press" title=" cold press"> cold press</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extraction" title=" extraction"> extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residue" title=" residue"> residue</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37167/comparison-physicochemical-properties-of-hexane-extracted-aniseed-oil-from-cold-press-extraction-residue-and-cold-press-aniseed-oil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37167.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">405</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1313</span> Experimental and FEA Study for Reduction of Damage in Sheet Metal Forming</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amitkumar%20R.%20Shelar">Amitkumar R. Shelar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20P.%20Ronge"> B. P. Ronge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sridevi%20Seshabhattar"> Sridevi Seshabhattar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20M.%20Wabale"> R. M. Wabale </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper gives knowledge about the behavior of cold rolled steel IS 513_2008 CR2_D having grade D for the reduction of ductile damage. CR specifies Cold Rolled and D for Drawing grade. Problems encountered during sheet metal forming operations are dent, wrinkles, thinning, spring back, insufficient stretching etc. In this paper, wrinkle defect was studied experimentally and by using FE software on one of the auto components due to which its functionality was decreased. Experimental result and simulation result were found to be in agreement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20drawing" title="deep drawing">deep drawing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FE%20software-LS%20DYNA" title=" FE software-LS DYNA"> FE software-LS DYNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=friction" title=" friction"> friction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wrinkling" title=" wrinkling"> wrinkling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9145/experimental-and-fea-study-for-reduction-of-damage-in-sheet-metal-forming" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9145.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">488</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1312</span> Cold Spray Coating and Its Application for High Temperature </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20S.%20Sidhu">T. S. Sidhu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Amongst the existing coatings methods, the cold spray is new upcoming process to deposit coatings. As from the name itself, the cold spray coating takes place at very low temperature as compare to other thermal spray coatings. In all other thermal spray coating process the partial melting of the coating powder particles takes place before deposition, but cold spray process takes place in solid state. In cold spray process, the bonding of coating power with substrate is not metallurgical as in other thermal spray processes. Due to supersonic speed and less temperature of spray particles, solid state, dense, and oxide free coatings are produced. Due to these characteristics, the cold spray coatings have been used to protect the materials against hot corrosion. In the present study, the cold spray process, cold spray fundaments, its types, and its applications for high temperatures are discussed in the light of presently available literature. In addition, the assessment of cold spray with the competitive technologies has been conferred with available literature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20spray%20coating" title="cold spray coating">cold spray coating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot%20corrosion" title=" hot corrosion"> hot corrosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20spray%20coating" title=" thermal spray coating"> thermal spray coating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-temperature%20materials" title=" high-temperature materials "> high-temperature materials </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89039/cold-spray-coating-and-its-application-for-high-temperature" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89039.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">243</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1311</span> Useful Lifetime Prediction of Chevron Rubber Spring for Railway Vehicle</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chang%20Su%20Woo">Chang Su Woo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyun%20Sung%20Park"> Hyun Sung Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Useful lifetime evaluation of chevron rubber spring was very important in design procedure to assure the safety and reliability. It is, therefore, necessary to establish a suitable criterion for the replacement period of chevron rubber spring. In this study, we performed characteristic analysis and useful lifetime prediction of chevron rubber spring. Rubber material coefficient was obtained by curve fittings of uni-axial tension, equi bi-axial tension and pure shear test. Computer simulation was executed to predict and evaluate the load capacity and stiffness for chevron rubber spring. In order to useful lifetime prediction of rubber material, we carried out the compression set with heat aging test in an oven at the temperature ranging from 50°C to 100°C during a period 180 days. By using the Arrhenius plot, several useful lifetime prediction equations for rubber material was proposed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chevron%20rubber%20spring" title="chevron rubber spring">chevron rubber spring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=material%20coefficient" title=" material coefficient"> material coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20analysis" title=" finite element analysis"> finite element analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=useful%20lifetime%20prediction" title=" useful lifetime prediction"> useful lifetime prediction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33892/useful-lifetime-prediction-of-chevron-rubber-spring-for-railway-vehicle" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33892.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">567</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1310</span> Non-Linear Static Analysis of Screwed Moment Connections in Cold-Formed Steel Frames</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jikhil%20Joseph">Jikhil Joseph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Satish%20Kumar%20S%20R."> Satish Kumar S R.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cold-formed steel frames are preferable for framed constructions due to its low seismic weights and results into low seismic forces, but on the contrary, significant lateral deflections are expected under seismic/wind loading. The various factors affecting the lateral stiffness of steel frames are the stiffness of connections, beams and columns. So, by increasing the stiffness of beam, column and making the connections rigid will enhance the lateral stiffness. The present study focused on Structural elements made of rectangular hollow sections and fastened with screwed in-plane moment connections for the building frames. The self-drilling screws can be easily drilled on either side of the connection area with the help of gusset plates. The strength of screwed connections can be made 1.2 times the connecting elements. However, achieving high stiffness in connections is also a challenging job. Hence in addition to beam and column stiffness’s the connection stiffness are also going to be a governing parameter in the lateral deflections of the frames. SAP 2000 Non-linear static analysis has been planned to study the seismic behavior of steel frames. The SAP model will be consisting of nonlinear spring model for the connection to account the semi-rigid connections and the nonlinear hinges will be assigned for beam and column sections according to FEMA 273 guidelines. The reliable spring and hinge parameters will be assigned based on an experimental and analytical database. The non-linear static analysis is mainly focused on the identification of various hinge formations and the estimation of lateral deflection and these will contribute as an inputs for the direct displacement-based Seismic design. The research output from this study are the modelling techniques and suitable design guidelines for the performance-based seismic design of cold-formed steel frames. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=buckling" title="buckling">buckling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20formed%20steel" title=" cold formed steel"> cold formed steel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonlinear%20static%20analysis" title=" nonlinear static analysis"> nonlinear static analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=screwed%20connections" title=" screwed connections"> screwed connections</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83189/non-linear-static-analysis-of-screwed-moment-connections-in-cold-formed-steel-frames" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83189.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">177</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1309</span> Hot Face of Cold War: 007 James Bond</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G%C3%BCnevi%20Uslu%20Evren">Günevi Uslu Evren</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Propaganda is one of the most effective methods for changing individual and mass opinions. Propaganda tries to get the message across to people or masses to effect rather than to provide objective information. There are many types of propaganda. Especially, political propaganda is a very powerful method that is used by states during in both war and peace. The aim of this method is to create a reaction against them by showing within the framework of internal and external enemies. Propaganda can be practiced by many different methods. Especially during the Cold War Era, the US and USSR have tried to create an ideological effect by using the mass media intensively. Cinema, which is located at the beginning of these methods, is the most powerful weapon to influence the masses. In this study, the historical process of the Cold War is examined. Especially, these propagandas that had been used by United States and The Soviet Union were investigated. The purposes of propaganda and construction methods were presented. Cold War events and relations between the US and the USSR during the Cold War will be discussed. Outlooks of two countries to each other during the Cold War, propaganda techniques used defectively during Cold War and how to use the cinema as a propaganda tool will be examined. The film "From Russia with Love, James Bond 007" that was filmed in Cold War were examined to explain how cinema was used as a propaganda tool in this context. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cinema" title="cinema">cinema</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20war" title=" cold war"> cold war</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=James%20Bond" title=" James Bond"> James Bond</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=propaganda" title=" propaganda"> propaganda</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7256/hot-face-of-cold-war-007-james-bond" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7256.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">519</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1308</span> Effects of ECCS on the Cold-Leg Fluid Temperature during SGTR Accidents</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tadashi%20Watanabe">Tadashi Watanabe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The LSTF experiment simulating the SGTR accident at the Mihama Unit-2 reactor is analyzed using the RELAP5/MOD3.3 code. In the accident and thus in the experiment, the ECC water was injected not only into the cold legs but into the upper plenum. Overall transients during the experiment such as pressures and fluid temperatures are simulated well by the code. The cold-leg fluid temperatures are shown to decrease if the upper plenum injection system is connected to the cold leg. It is found that the cold-leg fluid temperatures also decrease if the upper-plenum injection is not used and the cold-leg injection alone is actuated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SGTR" title="SGTR">SGTR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LSTF" title=" LSTF"> LSTF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RELAP5" title=" RELAP5"> RELAP5</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ECCS" title=" ECCS"> ECCS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30723/effects-of-eccs-on-the-cold-leg-fluid-temperature-during-sgtr-accidents" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30723.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">666</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1307</span> The Physics of Cold Spray Technology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ionel%20Botef">Ionel Botef</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Studies show that, for qualitative coatings, the knowledge of cold spray technology must focus on a variety of interdisciplinary fields and a framework for problem solving. The integrated disciplines include, but are not limited to, engineering, material sciences, and physics. Due to its importance, the purpose of this paper is to summarize the state of the art of this technology alongside its theoretical and experimental studies, and explore the role and impact of physics upon cold spraying technology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20engineering" title="surface engineering">surface engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20spray" title=" cold spray"> cold spray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physics" title=" physics"> physics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modelling" title=" modelling"> modelling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24726/the-physics-of-cold-spray-technology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24726.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">531</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1306</span> A Compact Quasi-Zero Stiffness Vibration Isolator Using Flexure-Based Spring Mechanisms Capable of Tunable Stiffness</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thanh-Phong%20Dao">Thanh-Phong Dao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shyh-Chour%20Huang"> Shyh-Chour Huang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study presents a quasi-zero stiffness (QZS) vibration isolator using flexure-based spring mechanisms which afford both negative and positive stiffness elements, which enable self-adjustment. The QZS property of the isolator is achieved at the equilibrium position. A nonlinear mathematical model is then developed, based on the pre-compression of the flexure-based spring mechanisms. The dynamics are further analyzed using the Harmonic Balance method. The vibration attention efficiency is illustrated using displacement transmissibility, which is then compared with the corresponding linear isolator. The effects of parameters on performance are also investigated by numerical solutions. The flexure-based spring mechanisms are subsequently designed using the concept of compliant mechanisms, with evaluation by ANSYS software, and simulations of the QZS isolator. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vibration%20isolator" title="vibration isolator">vibration isolator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quasi-zero%20stiffness" title=" quasi-zero stiffness"> quasi-zero stiffness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexure-based%20spring%20mechanisms" title=" flexure-based spring mechanisms"> flexure-based spring mechanisms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compliant%20mechanism" title=" compliant mechanism"> compliant mechanism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45689/a-compact-quasi-zero-stiffness-vibration-isolator-using-flexure-based-spring-mechanisms-capable-of-tunable-stiffness" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45689.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">460</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1305</span> Climatic and Environmental Factors Affecting Human Comfort Evaluation: Case Study of Shiraz Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamid%20Yazdani">Hamid Yazdani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatemeh%20Abbasi"> Fatemeh Abbasi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Understanding the natural potentials, as the basis for the prevailing context of human activities, environmental planning, and land-use form shows. In this regard, regional characteristics and spatial distribution of the dominant elements in shaping human behavior and environment play a role Knndhayy. As far as today's studies of human Byvklymay basis for urban planning, settlement, architecture, Tourism and so on. In this study, comfort or lack of comfort in Shiraz in Horn of models and indices based on eco-Baker, Trjvng, were examined and the best time to do-using 39 years of data (TCI) stress, and the effective temperature Environmental activities and tourism in the city was established. The results showed that the worth parameters used, the ability to detect Terms of comfort and discomfort are Shiraz, despite minor differences, relatively homogenous aspects of the city provide a comfortable climate. Studies showed that having diversity in the worth of Shiraz during the year, the situation is heating up much coolness; during winter and summer Find out eco comfort zone and during the transition from cold to warm in spring and autumn (April) and warm to cold (November) climate Iran is close to human comfort. Totally, unique human comfort conditions in spring, the best season for environmental activities Tourism in Shiraz. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BIO%20comfort%20Klymayy" title="BIO comfort Klymayy">BIO comfort Klymayy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Trjvng" title=" Trjvng"> Trjvng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=baker" title=" baker"> baker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20temperature" title=" effective temperature"> effective temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress%20and%20%28TCI%29" title=" stress and (TCI)"> stress and (TCI)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15474/climatic-and-environmental-factors-affecting-human-comfort-evaluation-case-study-of-shiraz-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15474.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">348</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1304</span> Measurement of Reverse Flow Generated at Cold Exit of Vortex Tube </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Hazwan%20bin%20Yusof">Mohd Hazwan bin Yusof</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiroshi%20Katanoda"> Hiroshi Katanoda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to clarify the structure of the cold flow discharged from the vortex tube (VT), the pressure of the cold flow was measured, and a simple flow visualization technique using a 0.75 mm-diameter needle and an oily paint is made to study the reverse flow at the cold exit. It is clear that a negative pressure and positive pressure region exist at a certain pressure and cold fraction area, and that a reverse flow is observed in the negative pressure region. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20visualization" title="flow visualization">flow visualization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pressure%20measurement" title=" pressure measurement"> pressure measurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reverse%20flow" title=" reverse flow"> reverse flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vortex%20tube" title=" vortex tube"> vortex tube</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10289/measurement-of-reverse-flow-generated-at-cold-exit-of-vortex-tube" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10289.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">519</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1303</span> Optimum Design of Heat Exchanger in Diesel Engine Cold EGR for Pollutants Reduction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nasser%20Ghassembaglou">Nasser Ghassembaglou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Armin%20Rahmatfam"> Armin Rahmatfam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faramarz%20Ranjbar"> Faramarz Ranjbar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Using of cold EGR method with variable venturi and turbocharger has a very significant affection on the reduction of NOX and grime simultaneously. EGR cooler is one of the most important parts in the cold EGR circuit. In this paper optimum design of cooler for working in different percents of EGR and for determining of optimum temperature of exhausted gases, growth of efficiency, reduction of weight, reduction of dimension and expenditures, and reduction of sediment and optimum performance by using gas oil which has significant amounts of brimstone are investigated and optimized. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20EGR" title="cold EGR">cold EGR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NOX" title=" NOX"> NOX</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooler" title=" cooler"> cooler</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20oil" title=" gas oil "> gas oil </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17939/optimum-design-of-heat-exchanger-in-diesel-engine-cold-egr-for-pollutants-reduction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17939.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">493</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1302</span> RFID Logistic Management with Cold Chain Monitoring: Cold Store Case Study </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mira%20Trebar">Mira Trebar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Logistics processes of perishable food in the supply chain include the distribution activities and the real time temperature monitoring to fulfil the cold chain requirements. The paper presents the use of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology as an identification tool of receiving and shipping activities in the cold store. At the same time, the use of RFID data loggers with temperature sensors is presented to observe and store the temperatures for the purpose of analyzing the processes and having the history data available for traceability purposes and efficient recall management. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=logistics" title="logistics">logistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=warehouse" title=" warehouse"> warehouse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RFID%20device" title=" RFID device"> RFID device</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20chain" title=" cold chain"> cold chain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18047/rfid-logistic-management-with-cold-chain-monitoring-cold-store-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18047.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">631</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1301</span> Failure of Cable Reel Flat Spring of Crane: Beyond Fatigue Life Use</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Urbi%20Pal">Urbi Pal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Piyas%20Palit"> Piyas Palit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jitendra%20Mathur"> Jitendra Mathur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abhay%20Chaturvedi"> Abhay Chaturvedi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandip%20Bhattacharya"> Sandip Bhattacharya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The hot rolled slab lifting crane cable reel drum (CRD) failed due to failure of cable reel flat spring which are inside the cassette of CRD. CRD is used for the movement of tong cable. Stereoscopic observation revealed beach marks and Scanning Electron Microscopy showed striations confirming fatigue mode of failure. Chemical composition should be spring steel (Cr-Mo-V) as per IS 3431:1982 instead of C-Mn steel. To find out the reason of fatigue failure, the theoretical fatigue life of flat spiral spring has been calculated. The calculation of number of fatigue cycles included bending moment, maximum stress on the spring, ultimate tensile strength and alternative stress. The bending moment determination has been taken account with various parameters like Young’s Modulus, width, thickness, outer diameter, arbor diameter, pay out the length and angular deflection in rotations. With all the required data, the calculated fatigue life turned to be 10000 cycles, but the spring served 15000 cycles which clearly indicated beyond fatigue life usage. Different UTS values have been plotted with respect to the number of fatigue cycles and clearly showed that the increase in UTS by 40% increases fatigue life by 50%. The significance of higher UTS lied here, and higher UTS depends on modified chemistry with proper tempered martensite microstructure. This kind of failure can be easily avoided by changing the crane spring maintenance schedule from 2 years to 1.5 years considering 600 cycles per month. The plant has changed changing the schedule of cable reel spring and procured new flat reel spring made of 50CrV2 steel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cable%20reel%20spring" title="cable reel spring">cable reel spring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue%20life" title=" fatigue life"> fatigue life</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress" title=" stress"> stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spring%20steel" title=" spring steel"> spring steel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108278/failure-of-cable-reel-flat-spring-of-crane-beyond-fatigue-life-use" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108278.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">156</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1300</span> A Passive Reaction Force Compensation for a Linear Motor Motion Stage Using Pre-Compressed Springs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kim%20Duc%20Hoang">Kim Duc Hoang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyeong%20Joon%20Ahn"> Hyeong Joon Ahn</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Residual vibration of the system base due to a high-acceleration motion of a stage may reduce life and productivity of the manufacturing device. Although a passive RFC can reduce vibration of the system base, spring or dummy mass should be replaced to tune performance of the RFC. In this paper, we develop a novel concept of the passive RFC mechanism for a linear motor motion stage using pre-compressed springs. Dynamic characteristic of the passive RFC can be adjusted by pre-compression of the spring without exchanging the spring or dummy mass. First, we build a linear motor motion stage with pre-compressed springs. Then, the effect of the pre-compressed spring on the passive RFC is investigated by changing both pre-compressions and stiffness of springs. Finally, the effectiveness of the passive RFC using pre-compressed springs was verified with both simulations and experiments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20motor%20motion%20stage" title="linear motor motion stage">linear motor motion stage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20vibration" title=" residual vibration"> residual vibration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=passive%20RFC" title=" passive RFC"> passive RFC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pre-compressed%20spring" title=" pre-compressed spring"> pre-compressed spring</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63341/a-passive-reaction-force-compensation-for-a-linear-motor-motion-stage-using-pre-compressed-springs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63341.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">354</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1299</span> Residual Life Estimation of K-out-of-N Cold Standby System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qian%20Zhao">Qian Zhao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shi-Qi%20Liu"> Shi-Qi Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bo%20Guo"> Bo Guo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhi-Jun%20Cheng"> Zhi-Jun Cheng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiao-Yue%20Wu"> Xiao-Yue Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cold standby redundancy is considered to be an effective mechanism for improving system reliability and is widely used in industrial engineering. However, because of the complexity of the reliability structure, there is little literature studying on the residual life of cold standby system consisting of complex components. In this paper, a simulation method is presented to predict the residual life of k-out-of-n cold standby system. In practical cases, failure information of a system is either unknown, partly unknown or completely known. Our proposed method is designed to deal with the three scenarios, respectively. Differences between the procedures are analyzed. Finally, numerical examples are used to validate the proposed simulation method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20standby%20system" title="cold standby system">cold standby system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=k-out-of-n" title=" k-out-of-n"> k-out-of-n</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20life" title=" residual life"> residual life</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation%20sampling" title=" simulation sampling"> simulation sampling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84899/residual-life-estimation-of-k-out-of-n-cold-standby-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84899.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">401</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1298</span> The Impact of the “Cold Ambient Color = Healthy” Intuition on Consumer Food Choice</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yining%20Yu">Yining Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bingjie%20Li"> Bingjie Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miaolei%20Jia"> Miaolei Jia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lei%20Wang"> Lei Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ambient color temperature is one of the most ubiquitous factors in retailing. However, there is limited research regarding the effect of cold versus warm ambient color on consumers’ food consumption. This research investigates an unexplored lay belief named the “cold ambient color = healthy” intuition and its impact on food choice. We demonstrate that consumers have built the “cold ambient color = healthy” intuition, such that they infer that a restaurant with a cold-colored ambiance is more likely to sell healthy food than a warm-colored restaurant. This deep-seated intuition also guides consumers’ food choices. We find that using a cold (vs. warm) ambient color increases the choice of healthy food, which offers insights into healthy diet promotion for retailers and policymakers. Theoretically, our work contributes to the literature on color psychology, sensory marketing, and food consumption. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ambient%20color%20temperature" title="ambient color temperature">ambient color temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20ambient%20color" title=" cold ambient color"> cold ambient color</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20choice" title=" food choice"> food choice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consumer%20wellbeing" title=" consumer wellbeing"> consumer wellbeing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148864/the-impact-of-the-cold-ambient-color-healthy-intuition-on-consumer-food-choice" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148864.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1297</span> The Impact of Ambient Temperature on Consumer Food Choice</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yining%20Yu">Yining Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miaolei%20Jia"> Miaolei Jia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bingjie%20Li"> Bingjie Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> While researchers have begun to investigate how ambient elements affect consumers’ choices between healthy and unhealthy food, the role of ambient temperature is relatively unknown. In this study, we find that ambient coldness increases consumers’ preference for unhealthy food. This effect is driven by the increased need for energy automatically activated in a cold ambiance. Consequently, consumers are more inclined to choose calorie-rich unhealthy food. This effect is diminished when the unhealthy food is cold because cold dish cannot provide the energy consumers need in the cold ambiance. We conclude with a discussion of our theoretical contributions to the literature of temperature effects and food consumption. We also offer practical takeaways for restaurant managers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ambient%20temperature" title="ambient temperature">ambient temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20ambiance" title=" cold ambiance"> cold ambiance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20choice" title=" food choice"> food choice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=need%20for%20energy" title=" need for energy"> need for energy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148865/the-impact-of-ambient-temperature-on-consumer-food-choice" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148865.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1296</span> Performance of an Absorption Refrigerator Using a Solar Thermal Collector</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abir%20Hmida">Abir Hmida</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nihel%20Chekir"> Nihel Chekir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ammar%20Ben%20Brahim"> Ammar Ben Brahim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present paper, we investigate the feasibility of a thermal solar driven cold room in Gabes, southern region of Tunisia. The cold room of 109 m<sup>3</sup> is refrigerated using an ammonia absorption machine. It is destined to preserve dates during the hot months of the year. A detailed study of the cold room leads previously to the estimation of the cooling load of the proposed storage room in the operating conditions of the region. The next step consists of the estimation of the required heat in the generator of the absorption machine to ensure the desired cold temperature. A thermodynamic analysis was accomplished and complete description of the system is determined. We propose, here, to provide the needed heat thermally from the sun by using vacuum tube collectors. We found that at least 21m² of solar collectors are necessary to accomplish the work of the solar cold room. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=absorption" title="absorption">absorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ammonia" title=" ammonia"> ammonia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20room" title=" cold room"> cold room</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20collector" title=" solar collector"> solar collector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20tube" title=" vacuum tube"> vacuum tube</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99221/performance-of-an-absorption-refrigerator-using-a-solar-thermal-collector" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99221.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">174</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1295</span> 3D CFD Modelling of the Airflow and Heat Transfer in Cold Room Filled with Dates </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zina%20Ghiloufi">Zina Ghiloufi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahar%20Khir"> Tahar Khir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A transient three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed to determine the velocity and temperature distribution in different positions cold room during pre-cooling of dates. The turbulence model used is the k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) with the standard wall function, the air. The numerical results obtained show that cooling rate is not uniform inside the room; the product at the medium of room has a slower cooling rate. This cooling heterogeneity has a large effect on the energy consumption during cold storage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title="CFD">CFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20room" title=" cold room"> cold room</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooling%20rate" title=" cooling rate"> cooling rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dDates" title=" dDates"> dDates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20simulation" title=" numerical simulation"> numerical simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=k-%CF%89%20%28SST%29" title=" k-ω (SST)"> k-ω (SST)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90986/3d-cfd-modelling-of-the-airflow-and-heat-transfer-in-cold-room-filled-with-dates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90986.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">235</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1294</span> Cold Formed Steel Sections: Analysis, Design and Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Saha%20Chaudhuri">A. Saha Chaudhuri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Sarkar"> D. Sarkar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In steel construction, there are two families of structural members. One is hot rolled steel and another is cold formed steel. Cold formed steel section includes steel sheet, strip, plate or flat bar. Cold formed steel section is manufactured in roll forming machine by press brake or bending operation. Cold formed steel (CFS), also known as Light Gauge Steel (LGS). As cold formed steel is a sustainable material, it is widely used in green building. Cold formed steel can be recycled and reused with no degradation in structural properties. Cold formed steel structures can earn credits for green building ratings such as LEED and similar programs. Cold formed steel construction satisfies international demand for better, more efficient and affordable buildings. Cold formed steel sections are used in building, car body, railway coach, various types of equipment, storage rack, grain bin, highway product, transmission tower, transmission pole, drainage facility, bridge construction etc. Various shapes of cold formed steel sections are available, such as C section, Z section, I section, T section, angle section, hat section, box section, square hollow section (SHS), rectangular hollow section (RHS), circular hollow section (CHS) etc. In building construction cold formed steel is used as eave strut, purlin, girt, stud, header, floor joist, brace, diaphragm and covering for roof, wall and floor. Cold formed steel has high strength to weight ratio and high stiffness. Cold formed steel is non shrinking and non creeping at ambient temperature, it is termite proof and rot proof. CFS is durable, dimensionally stable and non combustible material. CFS is economical in transportation and handling. At present days cold formed steel becomes a competitive building material. In this paper all these applications related present research work are described and how the CFS can be used as blast resistant structural system that is examined. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20form%20steel%20sections" title="cold form steel sections">cold form steel sections</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=applications" title=" applications"> applications</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=present%20research%20review" title=" present research review"> present research review</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blast%20resistant%20design" title=" blast resistant design"> blast resistant design</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103415/cold-formed-steel-sections-analysis-design-and-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103415.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">149</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20spring&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20spring&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20spring&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20spring&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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