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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capitalization_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capitalization_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Capitalization patterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capitalization_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emoji_and_emoticons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emoji_and_emoticons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Emoji and emoticons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emoji_and_emoticons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Custom_indicators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Custom_indicators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Custom indicators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Custom_indicators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%83%D9%85" title="علامة التهكم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علامة التهكم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironiezeichn" title="Ironiezeichn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ironiezeichn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironiezeichen" title="Ironiezeichen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ironiezeichen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irooniam%C3%A4rk" title="Irooniamärk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Irooniamärk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironisigno" title="Ironisigno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ironisigno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironia-marka" title="Ironia-marka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ironia-marka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B2" title="علامت طنز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علامت طنز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_d%27ironie" title="Point d'ironie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Point d'ironie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%9F%AC%EB%8B%88_%EA%B8%B0%ED%98%B8" title="아이러니 기호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아이러니 기호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironi%C4%8Dnik" title="Ironičnik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ironičnik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_di_ironia" title="Punto di ironia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Punto di ironia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="סימן אירוניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סימן אירוניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironieteken" title="Ironieteken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ironieteken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%82%89%E8%A8%98%E5%8F%B7" title="皮肉記号 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="皮肉記号" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironitegn" title="Ironitegn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ironitegn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironiteikn" title="Ironiteikn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ironiteikn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znak_ironii" title="Znak ironii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Znak ironii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Иронический знак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иронический знак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironiav%C3%A4limerkki" title="Ironiavälimerkki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ironiavälimerkki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironitecken" title="Ironitecken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ironitecken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/(!)" title="(!) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="(!)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q265817#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Proposed form of notation used to denote irony or sarcasm in text</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about punctuation marks used to indicate irony or sarcasm. For the mirrored question mark used in Arabic and other languages that use Arabic script, see <a href="/wiki/Mirrored_question_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirrored question mark">Mirrored question mark</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="max-width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ebebeb; font-size:750%; line-height:1.2; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;">⸮</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-size:125%; background:#ebebeb; font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">Irony punctuation</div></th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Irony punctuation</b> is any form of notation proposed or used to denote <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">sarcasm</a> in written text. Written text, in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and other languages, lacks a standard way to mark irony, and several forms of <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> have been proposed to fill the gap. The oldest is the <b>percontation point</b> in the form of a reversed <a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a> (<b><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">⸮</span></b>), proposed by English printer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Denham" title="Henry Denham">Henry Denham</a> in the 1580s for marking <a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_question" title="Rhetorical question">rhetorical questions</a>, which can be a form of irony. Specific <b>irony marks</b> have also been proposed, such as in the form of an open upward arrow (<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:70%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">△</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">|</sub></span>), used by <a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Jobard" title="Marcellin Jobard">Marcellin Jobard</a> in the 19th century, and in a form resembling a reversed question mark (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Point_d%27ironie_de_Alcanter_de_Brahm.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Point_d%27ironie_de_Alcanter_de_Brahm.svg/6px-Point_d%27ironie_de_Alcanter_de_Brahm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Point_d%27ironie_de_Alcanter_de_Brahm.svg/9px-Point_d%27ironie_de_Alcanter_de_Brahm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Point_d%27ironie_de_Alcanter_de_Brahm.svg/12px-Point_d%27ironie_de_Alcanter_de_Brahm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="63" /></a></span>), proposed by French poet <a href="/wiki/Alcanter_de_Brahm" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcanter de Brahm">Alcanter de Brahm</a> during the 19th century. </p><p>Irony punctuation is primarily used to indicate that a sentence should be understood at a second level. A bracketed <a href="/wiki/Exclamation_point#English" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclamation point">exclamation point</a> or question mark as well as <a href="/wiki/Scare_quotes" title="Scare quotes">scare quotes</a> are also occasionally used to express irony or sarcasm. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Percontation_point">Percontation point</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irony_punctuation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Percontation point"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The percontation point <span class="nowrap">(<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irony_mark_full.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Irony_mark_full.svg/8px-Irony_mark_full.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Irony_mark_full.svg/12px-Irony_mark_full.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Irony_mark_full.svg/16px-Irony_mark_full.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="330" /></a></span>)</span> , a reversed question mark later referred to as a rhetorical question mark, was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Denham" title="Henry Denham">Henry Denham</a> in the 1580s and was used at the end of a question that does not require an answer—a <a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_question" title="Rhetorical question">rhetorical question</a>. Its use died out in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-T9FD8_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T9FD8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This character can be represented using the reversed question mark (⸮) found in Unicode as U+2E2E; another character approximating it is <a href="/wiki/Question_mark#Mirrored_question_mark_in_right-to-left_scripts" title="Question mark">the Arabic question mark (؟)</a>, U+061F. </p><p>The modern question mark (? U+003F) is descended from the "punctus interrogativus" (described as "a lightning flash, striking from right to left"),<sup id="cite_ref-LNOef_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LNOef-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but unlike the modern question mark, the punctus interrogativus may be contrasted with the punctus percontativus—the former marking questions that require an answer while the latter marks rhetorical questions.<sup id="cite_ref-percontation_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-percontation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irony_mark">Irony mark</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irony_punctuation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Irony mark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1668, <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkins" title="John Wilkins">John Wilkins</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language">An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language</a></i>, proposed using an <a href="/wiki/Inverted_question_and_exclamation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverted question and exclamation marks">inverted exclamation mark</a> to punctuate rhetorical questions.<sup id="cite_ref-4qYun_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4qYun-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an article dated 11 October 1841, <a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Jobard" title="Marcellin Jobard">Marcellin Jobard</a>, a Belgian newspaper publisher, introduced an "irony mark" (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">point d'ironie</i>) in the shape of an oversized arrow head with small stem (rather like an <a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">ideogram</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas tree</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year he expanded his idea, suggesting the symbol could be used in various orientations (on its side, upside down, etc.) to mark "a point of irritation, an indignation point, a point of hesitation".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7OMC0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7OMC0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ironie-Larousse-1897-p329.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ironie-Larousse-1897-p329.png/220px-Ironie-Larousse-1897-p329.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ironie-Larousse-1897-p329.png/330px-Ironie-Larousse-1897-p329.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ironie-Larousse-1897-p329.png/440px-Ironie-Larousse-1897-p329.png 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Irony mark as designed by <a href="/wiki/Alcanter_de_Brahm" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcanter de Brahm">Alcanter de Brahm</a> in a French encyclopedia from 1905<sup id="cite_ref-rxllQ_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rxllQ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Another irony point (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">point d'ironie</i>) was proposed by the French poet <a href="/wiki/Alcanter_de_Brahm" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcanter de Brahm">Alcanter de Brahm</a> (alias, Marcel Bernhardt) in his 1899 book <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'ostensoir des ironies</i></span> to indicate that a sentence should be understood at a second level (irony, sarcasm, etc.). It is illustrated by a glyph resembling, but not identical to, a small, elevated, backward-facing question mark.<sup id="cite_ref-percontation_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-percontation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Bazin" title="Hervé Bazin">Hervé Bazin</a>, in his essay "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Plumons l'Oiseau</i></span>" ("Let's pluck the bird", 1966), used the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Psi_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psi (letter)">ψ</a> with a dot below for the same purpose <span class="nowrap">(<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Point_d%27ironie_(Herv%C3%A9_Bazin).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Point_d%27ironie_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg/10px-Point_d%27ironie_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Point_d%27ironie_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg/15px-Point_d%27ironie_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Point_d%27ironie_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg/20px-Point_d%27ironie_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="63" /></a></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-LOM8P_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOM8P-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same work, the author proposed five other innovative punctuation marks: the "doubt point" <span class="nowrap">(<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Point_de_doute_(Herv%C3%A9_Bazin).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Point_de_doute_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg/7px-Point_de_doute_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Point_de_doute_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg/11px-Point_de_doute_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Point_de_doute_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg/14px-Point_de_doute_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="63" /></a></span>)</span>, "conviction point" <span class="nowrap">(<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Point_de_conviction_(Herv%C3%A9_Bazin).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Point_de_conviction_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg/8px-Point_de_conviction_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Point_de_conviction_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg/12px-Point_de_conviction_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Point_de_conviction_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg/16px-Point_de_conviction_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="33" data-file-height="63" /></a></span>)</span>, "acclamation point" <span class="nowrap">(<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Point_d%27acclamation_(Herv%C3%A9_Bazin).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Point_d%27acclamation_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg/11px-Point_d%27acclamation_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Point_d%27acclamation_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg/17px-Point_d%27acclamation_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Point_d%27acclamation_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg/22px-Point_d%27acclamation_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="63" /></a></span>)</span>, "authority point" <span class="nowrap">(<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Point_d%27autorit%C3%A9_(Herv%C3%A9_Bazin).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Point_d%27autorit%C3%A9_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg/8px-Point_d%27autorit%C3%A9_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Point_d%27autorit%C3%A9_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg/12px-Point_d%27autorit%C3%A9_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Point_d%27autorit%C3%A9_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg/16px-Point_d%27autorit%C3%A9_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="42" data-file-height="63" /></a></span>)</span>, and "love point" <span class="nowrap">(<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Point_d%27amour_(Herv%C3%A9_Bazin).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Point_d%27amour_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg/12px-Point_d%27amour_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Point_d%27amour_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg/18px-Point_d%27amour_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Point_d%27amour_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg/24px-Point_d%27amour_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="47" data-file-height="63" /></a></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-pg1r6_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pg1r6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2007, the Dutch foundation CPNB (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Collectieve_Propaganda_van_het_Nederlandse_Boek" title="Collectieve Propaganda van het Nederlandse Boek">Collectieve Propaganda van het Nederlandse Boek</a></i></span>) presented another design of an irony mark, the <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">ironieteken</i></span>: (<span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ironieteken.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ironieteken.svg/6px-Ironieteken.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ironieteken.svg/9px-Ironieteken.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ironieteken.svg/12px-Ironieteken.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="900" /></a></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-gLSzU_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gLSzU-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JS0AB_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JS0AB-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Point_d%27ironie_de_Alcanter_de_Brahm.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alcanter de Brahm 1899"><img alt="Alcanter de Brahm 1899" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Point_d%27ironie_de_Alcanter_de_Brahm.svg/51px-Point_d%27ironie_de_Alcanter_de_Brahm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="51" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Point_d%27ironie_de_Alcanter_de_Brahm.svg/77px-Point_d%27ironie_de_Alcanter_de_Brahm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Point_d%27ironie_de_Alcanter_de_Brahm.svg/103px-Point_d%27ironie_de_Alcanter_de_Brahm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="63" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alcanter de Brahm 1899</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irony_mark_full.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Percontation point in Unicode"><img alt="Percontation point in Unicode" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Irony_mark_full.svg/58px-Irony_mark_full.svg.png" decoding="async" width="58" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Irony_mark_full.svg/87px-Irony_mark_full.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Irony_mark_full.svg/116px-Irony_mark_full.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="330" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Percontation point in Unicode</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Point_d%27ironie_(Herv%C3%A9_Bazin).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hervé Bazin 1966"><img alt="Hervé Bazin 1966" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Point_d%27ironie_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg/78px-Point_d%27ironie_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Point_d%27ironie_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg/117px-Point_d%27ironie_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Point_d%27ironie_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg/156px-Point_d%27ironie_%28Herv%C3%A9_Bazin%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="63" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hervé Bazin 1966</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ironiezeichen_CPNB.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="CPNB proposal 2007"><img alt="CPNB proposal 2007" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ironiezeichen_CPNB.svg/62px-Ironiezeichen_CPNB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="62" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ironiezeichen_CPNB.svg/93px-Ironiezeichen_CPNB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ironiezeichen_CPNB.svg/125px-Ironiezeichen_CPNB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">CPNB proposal 2007</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reverse_italics_(Sartalics)"><span id="Reverse_italics_.28Sartalics.29"></span>Reverse italics (Sartalics)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irony_punctuation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reverse italics (Sartalics)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tom_Driberg" title="Tom Driberg">Tom Driberg</a> recommended that ironic statements should be printed in leftward-slanting italics to distinguish from conventional rightward-slanting italics,<sup id="cite_ref-bAsl8_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bAsl8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called Sartalics.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scare_quotes">Scare quotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irony_punctuation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scare quotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scare_quotes" title="Scare quotes">Scare quotes</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Scare_quotes" title="Scare quotes">Scare quotes</a> are a particular use of <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation marks</a>. They are placed around a word or phrase to indicate that it is not used in the fashion that the writer would personally use it. In contrast to the nominal typographic purpose of quotation marks, the enclosed words are not necessarily quoted from another source. When read aloud, various techniques are used to convey the sense, such as prepending the addition of "so-called" or a similar word or phrase of disdain, using a sarcastic or mocking tone, or using <a href="/wiki/Air_quotes" title="Air quotes">air quotes</a>, or any combination of the above. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temherte_slaq">Temherte slaq</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irony_punctuation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Temherte slaq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In certain <a href="/wiki/Ethiopic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopic languages">Ethiopic languages</a>, sarcasm and unreal phrases are indicated at the end of a sentence with a sarcasm mark called <i>temherte slaq</i><sup id="cite_ref-dCOO8_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dCOO8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>timirte slaq</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>: ትእምርተ፡ሥላቅ),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a character that looks like the <a href="/wiki/Inverted_exclamation_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverted exclamation point">inverted exclamation point</a> (U+00A1) ( <b>¡</b> ).<sup id="cite_ref-dCOO8_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dCOO8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_typography">Other typography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irony_punctuation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other typography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"/s" redirects here. For further information, see <a href="/wiki/Tone_indicator" title="Tone indicator">tone indicator</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudo-HTML_Tags">Pseudo-HTML Tags</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irony_punctuation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pseudo-HTML Tags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is common in online conversation among some Internet users to use a fictitious closing tag patterned after <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>: <code></sarcasm></code>. Over time, it has evolved to lose the angle brackets (<code>/sarcasm</code>) and has subsequently been shortened to <code>/sarc</code> or <code>/s</code> (not to be confused with the valid HTML end tag <code></s></code> used to end a <a href="/wiki/Strikethrough" title="Strikethrough">struck-through</a> passage).<sup id="cite_ref-4fQFb_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4fQFb-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Users of the website <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> frequently denote sarcasm through the use of <code>/s</code>, as shorthand.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This usage later evolved into <a href="/wiki/Tone_indicator" title="Tone indicator">tone indicators</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paired_punctuation">Paired punctuation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irony_punctuation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Paired punctuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brackets">Brackets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irony_punctuation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Brackets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rhetorical questions in some informal situations can use a bracketed question mark, e.g., "<code>Oh, really[?]</code>". The equivalent for an ironic or sarcastic statement would be a bracketed exclamation mark, e.g., "<code>Oh, really[!]</code>". Subtitles, such as in <a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a>, sometimes use an exclamation mark within brackets or parentheses to mark sarcasm.<sup id="cite_ref-VuBJ2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VuBJ2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tildes">Tildes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irony_punctuation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tildes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another method of expressing sarcasm is by placing a tilde (<code>~</code>) adjacent to the punctuation. This allows for easy use with any keyboard, as well as variation. Variations include dry sarcasm (<code>~.</code>), enthusiastic sarcasm (<code>~!</code>), and sarcastic questions (<code>~?</code>). The sports blog <i>Card Chronicle</i> has adopted this methodology by inserting (<code>~</code>) after the period at the end of the sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-pfO0M_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pfO0M-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Udacity" title="Udacity">Udacity</a> Machine Learning Nanodegree community.<sup id="cite_ref-19UzI_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19UzI-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capitalization_patterns">Capitalization patterns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irony_punctuation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Capitalization patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the Internet, it is common to see <a href="/wiki/Alternating_caps" title="Alternating caps">alternating uppercase and lowercase</a> lettering to convey a mocking or sarcastic tone, often in the form of <a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">memes</a>. One example is the "Mocking SpongeBob" meme, which consists of a caption paired with a still taken from the <i><a href="/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants" title="SpongeBob SquarePants">SpongeBob SquarePants</a></i> episode <i>"<a href="/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants_season_9" title="SpongeBob SquarePants season 9">Little Yellow Book</a>"</i> of the character <a href="/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants_(character)" title="SpongeBob SquarePants (character)">SpongeBob SquarePants</a> acting like a chicken.<sup id="cite_ref-8nJKp_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8nJKp-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2019)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emoji_and_emoticons">Emoji and emoticons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irony_punctuation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Emoji and emoticons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typing in all-capital letters, and <a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">emoticons</a> like "Rolling eyes" (<span class="emoji noviewer mw-no-invert"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F644.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="🙄" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Emojione_1F644.svg/16px-Emojione_1F644.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Emojione_1F644.svg/24px-Emojione_1F644.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Emojione_1F644.svg/32px-Emojione_1F644.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span>), "<code>:></code>", and "<code>:P</code> / <span class="emoji noviewer mw-no-invert"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F61B.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="😛" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Emojione_1F61B.svg/16px-Emojione_1F61B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Emojione_1F61B.svg/24px-Emojione_1F61B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Emojione_1F61B.svg/32px-Emojione_1F61B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span>, as well as using the "victory hand" <a href="/wiki/Dingbat" title="Dingbat">dingbat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">emoji</a> (<span class="emoji noviewer mw-no-invert"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_270C.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="✌" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Emojione_270C.svg/16px-Emojione_270C.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Emojione_270C.svg/24px-Emojione_270C.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Emojione_270C.svg/32px-Emojione_270C.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span>) character to simulate air quotes, are often used as well, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a>, while a <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">hashtag</a>, <code>#sarcasm</code>, is also increasingly common.<sup id="cite_ref-qgPfM_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qgPfM-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The upside-down face emoji (<span class="emoji noviewer mw-no-invert"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F643.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="🙃" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Emojione_1F643.svg/16px-Emojione_1F643.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Emojione_1F643.svg/24px-Emojione_1F643.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Emojione_1F643.svg/32px-Emojione_1F643.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span>) is often used to convey sarcasm.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it can also be understood to indicate a variety of subtle or concealed emotions. These can include annoyance, indignation, panic, mockery, and other more ambiguous feelings.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many gaming communities, the word "Kappa" is frequently used to display sarcasm as well as joking intent. This is due to the word acting as an emoticon on <a href="/wiki/Twitch_(service)" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a>, a livestreaming site, where it has gained popularity for such purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-0qcyu_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0qcyu-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Custom_indicators">Custom indicators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irony_punctuation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Custom indicators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright" style="background-color:#ffffff"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;background-color:#ffffff"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:#ffffff;width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pair_of_Sarcastisies.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pair_of_Sarcastisies.svg/157px-Pair_of_Sarcastisies.svg.png" decoding="async" width="157" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pair_of_Sarcastisies.svg/236px-Pair_of_Sarcastisies.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pair_of_Sarcastisies.svg/314px-Pair_of_Sarcastisies.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Pair of sarcastisies by <a href="/wiki/CollegeHumor" title="CollegeHumor">CollegeHumor</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:#ffffff;width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarcasm_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sarcasm_mark.svg/127px-Sarcasm_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sarcasm_mark.svg/191px-Sarcasm_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sarcasm_mark.svg/254px-Sarcasm_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="141" data-file-height="175" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A "SarcMark"</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/CollegeHumor" title="CollegeHumor">CollegeHumor</a> jokingly proposed new marks called "sarcastisies" which resemble ragged, or zig-zagged parentheses, used to enclose sarcastic remarks.<sup id="cite_ref-HQLvy_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HQLvy-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A "SarcMark" symbol, which resembled an @, but with the spiral reversed and a period at its center instead of an 'a', requiring custom computer font software was proposed in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-rl03z_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rl03z-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irony_punctuation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Irony_marks" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Irony marks">Irony marks</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">Emoticon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fnord" title="Fnord">Fnord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_slang" title="Internet slang">Internet slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrobang" title="Interrobang">Interrobang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_question_and_exclamation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverted question and exclamation marks">Inverted question and exclamation marks</a> (¿¡)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poe%27s_law" title="Poe's law">Poe's law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irony_punctuation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-T9FD8-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-T9FD8_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTruss2003">Truss 2003</a>, p. 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LNOef-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LNOef_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012061519/http://www.typografie.info/typowiki/index.php?title=Bild%3AInterrogativus.png">"Interrogativus.png"</a>. <i>TypoWiki</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.typografie.info/typowiki/index.php?title=Bild%3AInterrogativus.png">the original</a> on 2007-10-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TypoWiki&rft.atitle=Interrogativus.png&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.typografie.info%2Ftypowiki%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DBild%253AInterrogativus.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-percontation-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-percontation_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-percontation_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEversonBakerDohnichtEmiliano2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Everson, Michael</a>; Baker, Peter; Dohnicht, Marcus; Emiliano, António; Haugen, Odd Einar; Pedro, Susana; Perry, David J.; Pournader, Roozbeh (April 10, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410171950/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3193.pdf">"Proposal to add Medievalist and Iranianist punctuation characters to the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3193.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposal+to+add+Medievalist+and+Iranianist+punctuation+characters+to+the+UCS&rft.date=2016-04-10&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Baker%2C+Peter&rft.au=Dohnicht%2C+Marcus&rft.au=Emiliano%2C+Ant%C3%B3nio&rft.au=Haugen%2C+Odd+Einar&rft.au=Pedro%2C+Susana&rft.au=Perry%2C+David+J.&rft.au=Pournader%2C+Roozbeh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstd.dkuug.dk%2Fjtc1%2Fsc2%2Fwg2%2Fdocs%2Fn3193.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4qYun-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4qYun_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHouston2013">Houston 2013</a>, pp. 212–214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarie-Christine_Claes2012" class="citation web cs1">Marie-Christine Claes (June 23, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927022923/http://www.jobard.eu/spip.php?article34">"Jobard invente le précurseur du smiley en 1841"</a> [Jobard invents the precursor of the smiley in 1841]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jobard.eu/spip.php?article34">the original</a> on 2013-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jobard+invente+le+pr%C3%A9curseur+du+smiley+en+1841&rft.date=2012-06-23&rft.au=Marie-Christine+Claes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jobard.eu%2Fspip.php%3Farticle34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRebecca_Lee2022" class="citation book cs1">Rebecca Lee (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38MxEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Marcellin+Jobard%22+%22ironie+mark%22&pg=PT124"><i>How Words Get Good: The Story of Making a Book</i></a>. Profile Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78283-759-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78283-759-6"><bdi>978-1-78283-759-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Words+Get+Good%3A+The+Story+of+Making+a+Book&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-78283-759-6&rft.au=Rebecca+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D38MxEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Marcellin%2BJobard%2522%2B%2522ironie%2Bmark%2522%26pg%3DPT124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._B._A._M._Jobard1842" class="citation book cs1">J. B. A. M. Jobard (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0WKDeCyGpXoC&dq=%22point+d'ironie%22&pg=PA350"><i>Rapport sur l'exposition de 1839</i></a>. chez l'Auteur. p. 350.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapport+sur+l%27exposition+de+1839&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=chez+l%27Auteur&rft.date=1842&rft.au=J.+B.+A.+M.+Jobard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0WKDeCyGpXoC%26dq%3D%2522point%2Bd%27ironie%2522%26pg%3DPA350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7OMC0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7OMC0_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHouston2013">Houston 2013</a>, pp. 215–217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rxllQ-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rxllQ_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaude_Augé1897–1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Aug%C3%A9" title="Claude Augé">Claude Augé</a>, ed. (1897–1905). "Ironie <i>(irony)</i>". <i>Nouveau Larousse illustré</i>. Vol. 5. Paris. p. 329.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ironie+%28irony%29&rft.btitle=Nouveau+Larousse+illustr%C3%A9&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=329&rft.date=1897%2F1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOM8P-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LOM8P_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBazin1966" class="citation journal cs1">Bazin, Hervé (1966). "Plumons l'oiseau". Paris (France): Éditions Bernard Grasset: 142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Plumons+l%27oiseau&rft.pages=142&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Bazin&rft.aufirst=Herv%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pg1r6-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pg1r6_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYevstifeyevPentzlin2012" class="citation web cs1">Yevstifeyev, Mykyta; Pentzlin, Karl (Feb 28, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n4256.pdf">"Revised preliminary proposal to encode six punctuation characters introduced by Hervé Bazin in the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507104626/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n4256.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-05-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revised+preliminary+proposal+to+encode+six+punctuation+characters+introduced+by+Herv%C3%A9+Bazin+in+the+UCS&rft.date=2012-02-28&rft.aulast=Yevstifeyev&rft.aufirst=Mykyta&rft.au=Pentzlin%2C+Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstd.dkuug.dk%2Fjtc1%2Fsc2%2Fwg2%2Fdocs%2Fn4256.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gLSzU-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gLSzU_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003191025/http://www.cpnb.nl/dotnet/pb/PB_Detail.aspx?Persbericht_ID=132">"Nieuw: een leesteken voor ironie"</a> (in Dutch). Stichting Collectieve Propaganda van het Nederlandse Boek (CPNB). 2007-03-13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpnb.nl/dotnet/pb/PB_Detail.aspx?Persbericht_ID=132">the original</a> on 2008-10-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nieuw%3A+een+leesteken+voor+ironie&rft.pub=Stichting+Collectieve+Propaganda+van+het+Nederlandse+Boek+%28CPNB%29&rft.date=2007-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpnb.nl%2Fdotnet%2Fpb%2FPB_Detail.aspx%3FPersbericht_ID%3D132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JS0AB-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JS0AB_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=DMF15032007_131">"Leesteken moet ironie verduidelijken"</a> (in Dutch). Nieuwsblad.be. 2007-03-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130622125003/http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=DMF15032007_131">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leesteken+moet+ironie+verduidelijken&rft.pub=Nieuwsblad.be&rft.date=2007-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nieuwsblad.be%2Farticle%2Fdetail.aspx%3Farticleid%3DDMF15032007_131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bAsl8-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bAsl8_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHouston2013">Houston 2013</a>, p. 227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sarcasm-font-_n_919845">"WATCH: A Sarcasm Font At Last?!"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. 2011-08-05. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130134148/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sarcasm-font-_n_919845">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=WATCH%3A+A+Sarcasm+Font+At+Last%3F%21&rft.date=2011-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fsarcasm-font-_n_919845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dCOO8-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dCOO8_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dCOO8_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsteraye_TsigieBerhanu_BeyeneDaniel_AberraDaniel_Yacob1999" class="citation web cs1">Asteraye Tsigie; Berhanu Beyene; Daniel Aberra; Daniel Yacob (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yacob.org/papers/DanielYacob-IUC15.pdf">"A Roadmap to the Extension of the Ethiopic Writing System Standard Under Unicode and ISO-10646"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>15th International Unicode Conference</i>. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091123052118/http://yacob.org/papers/DanielYacob-IUC15.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2009-11-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=15th+International+Unicode+Conference&rft.atitle=A+Roadmap+to+the+Extension+of+the+Ethiopic+Writing+System+Standard+Under+Unicode+and+ISO-10646&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Asteraye+Tsigie&rft.au=Berhanu+Beyene&rft.au=Daniel+Aberra&rft.au=Daniel+Yacob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyacob.org%2Fpapers%2FDanielYacob-IUC15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The erroneous form <i>temherte slaqî</i> appeared previously in this article and has propagated on the internet (see e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quora.com/Are-all-punctuation-marks-universal-Are-there-languages-that-dont-use-all-the-marks-English-does-or-perhaps-use-entirely-different-ones">this Quora post</a>). The error is due to an encoding issue in the online PDF of Tsigie, <i>et al.</i> (1999) "A Roadmap," p. 6, that renders some characters incorrectly when copy-pasted. Under certain circumstances copy-pasting the phrase <i>“Temherte Slaq”</i> (with quotation marks) from the PDF yields <i>ìTemherte Slaqî</i>. That terminal <i>î</i> has no business there, or in any Romanization from the <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez script</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYacobIshida2020" class="citation web cs1">Yacob, Daniel; Ishida, Richard, eds. (2020-05-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/elreq/#ethiopic_punctuation">"Ethiopic Layout Requirements"</a>. <i>W3C</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=W3C&rft.atitle=Ethiopic+Layout+Requirements&rft.date=2020-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Felreq%2F%23ethiopic_punctuation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane1990" class="citation book cs1">Kane, Thomas Leiper (1990). <i>Amharic-English Dictionary</i>. Vol. 1. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 986. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02871-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02871-4"><bdi>978-3-447-02871-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/91166276">91166276</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24468448">24468448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amharic-English+Dictionary&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=986&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24468448&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F91166276&rft.isbn=978-3-447-02871-4&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Leiper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4fQFb-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4fQFb_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhodakSaunshiVodrahalli2018" class="citation journal cs1">Khodak, Mikhail; Saunshi, Nikunj; Vodrahalli, Kiran (7–12 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2018/pdf/160.pdf">"A Large Self-Annotated Corpus for Sarcasm"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference</i>: 1. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.05579">1704.05579</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017arXiv170405579K">2017arXiv170405579K</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124222/http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2018/pdf/160.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Language+Resources+and+Evaluation+Conference&rft.atitle=A+Large+Self-Annotated+Corpus+for+Sarcasm&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2018-05-07%2F2018-05-12&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1704.05579&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017arXiv170405579K&rft.aulast=Khodak&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft.au=Saunshi%2C+Nikunj&rft.au=Vodrahalli%2C+Kiran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrec-conf.org%2Fproceedings%2Flrec2018%2Fpdf%2F160.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueller2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mueller, Christopher (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8SX7R41">"Positive Feedback Loops: Sarcasm and the Pseudo-Argument in Reddit Communities"</a>. <i>Academic Commons - Columbia University Libraries</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7916%2FD8KD34QN">10.7916/D8KD34QN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academic+Commons+-+Columbia+University+Libraries&rft.atitle=Positive+Feedback+Loops%3A+Sarcasm+and+the+Pseudo-Argument+in+Reddit+Communities&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7916%2FD8KD34QN&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademiccommons.columbia.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.7916%2FD8SX7R41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VuBJ2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VuBJ2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbc.github.io/subtitle-guidelines/">"BBC Subtitle Guidelines"</a>. <i>bbc.github.io</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191020222240/http://bbc.github.io/subtitle-guidelines/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.github.io&rft.atitle=BBC+Subtitle+Guidelines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbbc.github.io%2Fsubtitle-guidelines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pfO0M-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pfO0M_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMr_Hobbes2014" class="citation web cs1">Mr_Hobbes (5 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cardchronicle.com/2014/8/5/5970751/the-guide-to-card-chronicles-memes-inside-jokes-quirks">"The Guide to Card Chronicle's memes / inside jokes / quirks"</a>. <i>Card Chronicle</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109234138/http://www.cardchronicle.com/2014/8/5/5970751/the-guide-to-card-chronicles-memes-inside-jokes-quirks">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Card+Chronicle&rft.atitle=The+Guide+to+Card+Chronicle%27s+memes+%2F+inside+jokes+%2F+quirks&rft.date=2014-08-05&rft.au=Mr_Hobbes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cardchronicle.com%2F2014%2F8%2F5%2F5970751%2Fthe-guide-to-card-chronicles-memes-inside-jokes-quirks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19UzI-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19UzI_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/machinelearningnanodegree/MLND/wiki/Community-Guidelines#a-few-things-to-consider">"Community Guidelines§A few things to consider"</a>. <i>MLND Wiki</i>. 14 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120040857/https://github.com/machinelearningnanodegree/MLND/wiki/Community-Guidelines#a-few-things-to-consider">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MLND+Wiki&rft.atitle=Community+Guidelines%C2%A7A+few+things+to+consider&rft.date=2017-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fmachinelearningnanodegree%2FMLND%2Fwiki%2FCommunity-Guidelines%23a-few-things-to-consider&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8nJKp-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8nJKp_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/mocking-spongebob">"Mocking SpongeBob"</a>. <i>Know Your Meme</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191105023259/https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/mocking-spongebob">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Know+Your+Meme&rft.atitle=Mocking+SpongeBob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowyourmeme.com%2Fmemes%2Fmocking-spongebob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qgPfM-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qgPfM_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunnemanLiebrechtvan_Mulkenvan_den_Bosch2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kunneman, Florian; Liebrecht, Christine; van Mulken, Margot; van den Bosch, Antal (July 2015). "Signaling sarcasm: From hyperbole to hashtag". <i>Information Processing & Management</i>. <b>51</b> (4): 500–509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ipm.2014.07.006">10.1016/j.ipm.2014.07.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F148844">2066/148844</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Processing+%26+Management&rft.atitle=Signaling+sarcasm%3A+From+hyperbole+to+hashtag&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=500-509&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2066%2F148844&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ipm.2014.07.006&rft.aulast=Kunneman&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft.au=Liebrecht%2C+Christine&rft.au=van+Mulken%2C+Margot&rft.au=van+den+Bosch%2C+Antal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emojipedia.org/upside-down-face/">"🙃 Upside-Down Face Emoji"</a>. <i>Emojipedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emojiguide&rft.atitle=The+%F0%9F%99%83+Upside+Down+Emoji+And+Other+Emojis+To+Get+You+Through+The+Day+%7C+%F0%9F%8F%86+Emojiguide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femojiguide.com%2Fblog%2Fupside-down-emoji%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-0qcyu-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0qcyu_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Goldenberg2015" class="citation web cs1">David Goldenberg (21 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-a-former-twitch-employee-has-one-of-the-most-reproduced-faces-ever/">"How Kappa Became The Face Of Twitch"</a>. <i>FiveThirtyEight</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026001422/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-a-former-twitch-employee-has-one-of-the-most-reproduced-faces-ever/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FiveThirtyEight&rft.atitle=How+Kappa+Became+The+Face+Of+Twitch&rft.date=2015-10-21&rft.au=David+Goldenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffivethirtyeight.com%2Ffeatures%2Fwhy-a-former-twitch-employee-has-one-of-the-most-reproduced-faces-ever%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HQLvy-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HQLvy_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrapp2013" class="citation web cs1">Trapp, Mike (February 20, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108211202/http://www.collegehumor.com/post/6872071/8-new-and-necessary-punctuation-marks">"8 new and necessary punctuation marks"</a>. <i>College Humor</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collegehumor.com/post/6872071/8-new-and-necessary-punctuation-marks">the original</a> on 8 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=College+Humor&rft.atitle=8+new+and+necessary+punctuation+marks&rft.date=2013-02-20&rft.aulast=Trapp&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collegehumor.com%2Fpost%2F6872071%2F8-new-and-necessary-punctuation-marks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rl03z-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rl03z_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512231117/http://www.hln.be/hln/nl/4125/Internet/article/detail/1055695/2010/01/18/Nieuw-leesteken-waarschuwt-voor-sarcasme-en-ironie.dhtml">"Nieuw leesteken waarschuwt voor sarcasme en ironie"</a> [New punctuation mark warns of sarcasm and irony]. <i><a href="/wiki/HLN.be" class="mw-redirect" title="HLN.be">HLN.be</a></i> (in Dutch). 18 October 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hln.be/hln/nl/4125/Internet/article/detail/1055695/2010/01/18/Nieuw-leesteken-waarschuwt-voor-sarcasme-en-ironie.dhtml">the original</a> on 12 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HLN.be&rft.atitle=Nieuw+leesteken+waarschuwt+voor+sarcasme+en+ironie&rft.date=2010-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hln.be%2Fhln%2Fnl%2F4125%2FInternet%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F1055695%2F2010%2F01%2F18%2FNieuw-leesteken-waarschuwt-voor-sarcasme-en-ironie.dhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irony_punctuation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouston2013" class="citation book cs1">Houston, Keith (2013). <i>Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols & Other Typographical Marks</i>. New York & London: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06442-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06442-1"><bdi>978-0-393-06442-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shady+Characters%3A+The+Secret+Life+of+Punctuation%2C+Symbols+%26+Other+Typographical+Marks&rft.place=New+York+%26+London&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06442-1&rft.aulast=Houston&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruss2003" class="citation book cs1">Truss, Lynne (2003). <i>Eats, Shoots & Leaves</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59240-087-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59240-087-6"><bdi>1-59240-087-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eats%2C+Shoots+%26+Leaves&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-59240-087-6&rft.aulast=Truss&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrony+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irony_punctuation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503024945/http://www.brainpickings.org/index.php/2013/09/27/shady-characters-irony/">Ironic Serif: A Brief History of Typographic Snark and the Failed Crusade for an Irony Mark</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/05/how-to-tell-a-joke-on-the-internet/309293">How to Tell a Joke on the Internet; The new typography of irony</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template talk:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_punctuation_and_other_typographical_symbols" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typographical</a> symbols</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;">   </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">space</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> , </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> : </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ; </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolon</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‐ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ’ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ' </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ′ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ″ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‴ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">prime</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> . </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> & </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ampersand" title="Ampersand">ampersand</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> @ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/At_sign" title="At sign">at sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ^ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caret" title="Caret">caret</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> / </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">slash</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> \ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Backslash" title="Backslash">backslash</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> … </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ellipsis" title="Ellipsis">ellipsis</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> * </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ※ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Reference_mark" title="Reference mark">Reference mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⁂ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Asterism_(typography)" title="Asterism (typography)">asterism</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>*<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>*<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>*<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dinkus" title="Dinkus">dinkus</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> - </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">hyphen-minus</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‒ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> – </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> — </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">dash</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⹀ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⸗ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Double_hyphen" title="Double hyphen">double hyphen</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ? </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ! </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">exclamation mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‽ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Interrobang" title="Interrobang">interrobang</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¡ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¿ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Inverted_question_and_exclamation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverted question and exclamation marks">inverted ! and ?</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⸮ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">irony punctuation</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> # </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Number_sign" title="Number sign">number sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> № </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Numero_sign" title="Numero sign">numero sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> º </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ª </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ordinal_indicator" title="Ordinal indicator">ordinal indicator</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> % </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Percent_sign" title="Percent sign">percent sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‰ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Per_mille" title="Per mille">per mille</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‱ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Basis_point" title="Basis point">basis point</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ° </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Degree_symbol" title="Degree symbol">degree symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⌀ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Diameter#Symbol" title="Diameter">diameter sign</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> + </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> − </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs" title="Plus and minus signs">plus and minus signs</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> × </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplication_sign" title="Multiplication sign">multiplication sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ÷ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Division_sign" title="Division sign">division sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ~ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ± </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Plus%E2%80%93minus_sign" title="Plus–minus sign">plus–minus sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ∓ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Minus-plus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Minus-plus sign">minus-plus sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> √ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Radical_symbol" title="Radical symbol">radical symbol</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> _ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">underscore</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <span style="position: relative; top: 0.25em;">⁀</span> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tie_(typography)" title="Tie (typography)">tie</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> | </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¦ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‖ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">vertical bar</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> • </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Bullet_(typography)" title="Bullet (typography)">bullet</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> · </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> © </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_symbol" title="Copyright symbol">copyright symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ℗ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_copyright_symbol" title="Sound recording copyright symbol">sound recording copyright</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ® </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Registered_trademark_symbol" title="Registered trademark symbol">registered trademark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <sup><span style="font-size:85%">SM</span></sup> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Service_mark_symbol" title="Service mark symbol">service mark symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <sup><span style="font-size:85%">TM</span></sup> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Trademark_symbol" title="Trademark symbol">trademark symbol</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‘ ’ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> “ ” </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ' ' </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> " " </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‹ › </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> « » </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Guillemet" title="Guillemet">guillemet</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ( ) </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> [ ] </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> { } </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⟨ ⟩ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Bracket" title="Bracket">bracket</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ” </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ditto_mark" title="Ditto mark">ditto mark</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> † </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‡ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dagger_(mark)" title="Dagger (mark)">dagger</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ❧ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Fleuron_(typography)" title="Fleuron (typography)">fleuron</a> (hedera, aldus)</span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ☞ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Manicule" title="Manicule">manicule</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ◊ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⌑ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(shape)" title="Lozenge (shape)">lozenge</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¶ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⸿ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Pilcrow" title="Pilcrow">pilcrow</a> (paragraph mark)</span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> § </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Section_sign" title="Section sign">section mark</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">Version of this table as a sortable list</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">Currency symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a> (accents)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_logic_symbols" title="List of logic symbols">Logic symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mathematical symbols">Math symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Chinese punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Hebrew punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation" title="Japanese punctuation">Japanese punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_punctuation" title="Korean punctuation">Korean punctuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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