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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Materialism and image-seeking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materialism_and_image-seeking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symptoms_and_course" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symptoms_and_course"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Symptoms and course</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symptoms_and_course-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Consequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Historical examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Compulsive buying disorder</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oniomaniya" title="Oniomaniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oniomaniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шопагалізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шопагалізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oniomania" title="Oniomania – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oniomania" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oniom%C3%A1nie" title="Oniománie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oniománie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopaholic" title="Shopaholic – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Shopaholic" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaufzwang" title="Kaufzwang – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaufzwang" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oniomaania" title="Oniomaania – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oniomaania" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onioman%C3%ADa" title="Oniomanía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oniomanía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%89etomanio" title="Aĉetomanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aĉetomanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="اختلال وسواس خرید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اختلال وسواس خرید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oniomanie" title="Oniomanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oniomanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%A9%EB%8F%99%EA%B5%AC%EB%A7%A4%EC%9E%A5%EC%95%A0" title="충동구매장애 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="충동구매장애" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindrome_da_acquisto_compulsivo" title="Sindrome da acquisto compulsivo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sindrome da acquisto compulsivo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ონიომანია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ონიომანია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9nyszeres_v%C3%A1s%C3%A1rl%C3%A1s" title="Kényszeres vásárlás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kényszeres vásárlás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oniomanie" title="Oniomanie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oniomanie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%B7%E3%81%84%E7%89%A9%E4%BE%9D%E5%AD%98%E7%97%87" title="買い物依存症 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="買い物依存症" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakupoholizm" title="Zakupoholizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zakupoholizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transtorno_de_compras_compulsivas" title="Transtorno de compras compulsivas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transtorno de compras compulsivas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ониомания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ониомания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Ониоманија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ониоманија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostosriippuvuus" title="Ostosriippuvuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ostosriippuvuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6pberoende" title="Köpberoende – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Köpberoende" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Оніоманія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оніоманія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nghi%E1%BB%87n_mua_s%E1%BA%AFm" title="Nghiện mua sắm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nghiện mua sắm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%9D%E5%8B%95%E8%B3%BC%E7%89%A9%E7%97%87" title="衝動購物症 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-consumerism" title="Category:Anti-consumerism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theories and ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_culture" title="Alternative culture">Alternative culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_hacking" title="Billboard hacking">Billboard hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyer%27s_remorse" title="Buyer's remorse">Buyer's remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Bioeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy_Nothing_Day" title="Buy Nothing Day">Buy Nothing Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_consumption" title="Collaborative consumption">Collaborative consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">Commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">Commodity fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Compulsive buying disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">Conspicuous consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conviviality" title="Conviviality">Conviviality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_advertising" title="Criticism of advertising">Criticism of advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">Downshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Feminist political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food loss and waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperconsumerism" title="Hyperconsumerism">Hyperconsumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laconophilia" title="Laconophilia">Laconophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_food" title="Local food">Local food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Non-possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_obsolescence" title="Planned obsolescence">Planned obsolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumerism" title="Post-consumerism">Post-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_Food" title="Slow Food">Slow Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subvertising" title="Subvertising">Subvertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Sustainable consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Sustainable consumption</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_the_Leisure_Class" title="The Theory of the Leisure Class">The Theory of the Leisure Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Affluent_Society" title="The Affluent Society">The Affluent Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></li> <li>The Society of the Spectacle <span class="noitalic">(<a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">book</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle_(film)" title="The Society of the Spectacle (film)">film</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Consumer_Society:_Myths_and_Structures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures (page does not exist)">The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_consommation_(ouvrage)" class="extiw" title="fr:La Société de consommation (ouvrage)">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steal_This_Book" title="Steal This Book">Steal This Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Have_or_to_Be%3F" title="To Have or to Be?">To Have or to Be?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Primitive_and_Other_Essays" title="Future Primitive and Other Essays">Future Primitive and Other Essays</a></li> <li>Fight Club <span class="noitalic">(<a href="/wiki/Fight_Club_(novel)" title="Fight Club (novel)">novel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fight_Club" title="Fight Club">film</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Affluenza" title="Escape from Affluenza">Escape from Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Logo" title="No Logo">No Logo</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Profit_over_People" title="Profit over People">Profit over People: Neoliberalism<br />and Global Order</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cultural_Creatives" title="The Cultural Creatives">The Cultural Creatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza:_The_All-Consuming_Epidemic" title="Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic">Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evasion_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evasion (book)">Evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(2003_film)" title="The Corporation (2003 film)">The Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus:_Terrorized_into_Being_Consumers" title="Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers">Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So,_What%27s_Your_Price%3F" title="So, What's Your Price?">So, What's Your Price?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Would_Jesus_Buy%3F" title="What Would Jesus Buy?">What Would Jesus Buy?</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-consumerist_groups" title="Category:Anti-consumerist groups">Organizations and groups</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adbusters" title="Adbusters">Adbusters</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crass" title="Crass">Crass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrimethInc." title="CrimethInc.">CrimethInc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Green_Resistance" title="Deep Green Resistance">Deep Green Resistance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Liberation_Front" title="Earth Liberation Front">Earth Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate_(periodical)" title="Fifth Estate (periodical)"><i>Fifth Estate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freecycle_Network" title="The Freecycle Network">Freecycle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_Anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Anarchy">Green Anarchy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Ecology" title="Institute for Social Ecology">Institute for Social Ecology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine" title="Rage Against the Machine">Rage Against the Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverend_Billy_and_the_Church_of_Stop_Shopping" title="Reverend Billy and the Church of Stop Shopping">Reverend Billy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Venus_Project" title="The Venus Project">The Venus Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Yes_Men" title="The Yes Men">The Yes Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/350.org" title="350.org">350.org</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-consumerists" title="Category:Anti-consumerists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Bonaiuti" title="Mauro Bonaiuti">Mauro Bonaiuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Georgescu-Roegen" title="Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen">Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Goldsmith" title="Edward Goldsmith">Edward Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Paul Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">André Gorz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich">Ivan Illich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Latouche" title="Serge Latouche">Serge Latouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donella_Meadows" title="Donella Meadows">Donella Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rabhi" title="Pierre Rabhi">Pierre Rabhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. 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anarchism">Social anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">Consumption (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_(sociology)" 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<li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-monetary_economy" title="Non-monetary economy">Non-monetary economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-materialism">Post-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism" title="Productivism">Productivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping" title="Shopping">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_economy" title="Subsistence economy">Subsistence economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatshop" title="Sweatshop">Sweatshops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veblen_good" title="Veblen good">Veblen good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workaholic" title="Workaholic">Workaholic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-consumerism_sidebar" title="Template:Anti-consumerism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-consumerism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Anti-consumerism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-consumerism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-consumerism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Compulsive buying disorder</b> (<b>CBD</b>) is characterized by an obsession with <a href="/wiki/Shopping" title="Shopping">shopping</a> and buying behavior that causes adverse consequences. It "is experienced as a recurring, compelling and irresistible–uncontrollable urge, in acquiring goods that lack practical utility and very low cost<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in excessive, expensive and time-consuming retail activity [that is] typically prompted by negative affectivity" and results in "gross social, personal and/or financial difficulties".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most people with CBD meet the criteria for a <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">personality disorder</a>. Compulsive buying can also be found among people with <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bhattacharjee2018_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhattacharjee2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">frontotemporal dementia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Javor2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Javor2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Muller2021_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muller2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Compulsive buying-shopping disorder</b> is classified by the <a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">ICD-11</a> among "other specified <a href="/wiki/Impulse_control_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Impulse control disorder">impulse control disorders</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Muller2021_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muller2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several authors have considered compulsive shopping rather as a variety of dependence disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a> did not include compulsive buying disorder in its chapter concerning substance-related and addictive disorders, since there is "still debate on whether other less recognized forms of impulsive behaviors, such as compulsive buying [...] can be conceptualized as addictions."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsive_buying_disorder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to German physician <a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Max Nordau</a>, French psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Magnan" title="Valentin Magnan">Valentin Magnan</a> coined the term <i>oniomania</i> in the 1892 German translation of his <i>Psychiatric Lectures</i> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Psychiatrische Vorlesungen</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnan describes compulsive buying as a symptom of social <a href="/wiki/Degeneration_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneration theory">degeneration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book <i><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_(Nordau)" title="Degeneration (Nordau)">Degeneration</a></i> (1892), Nordau calls oniomania or "buying craze" a "stigma of degeneration".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emil_Kraepelin" title="Emil Kraepelin">Emil Kraepelin</a> described oniomania as of 1909,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he and <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Bleuler" title="Eugen Bleuler">Bleuler</a> both included the syndrome in their influential early psychiatric textbooks.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kraepelin described oniomania as "a pathological desire to buy... without any actual need and in great quantities", considering it alongside <a href="/wiki/Kleptomania" title="Kleptomania">kleptomania</a> and other conditions that were thought to be related to <a href="/wiki/Impulsivity" title="Impulsivity">impulsivity</a> (of the type nowadays denoted <a href="/wiki/Impulse_control_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Impulse control disorder">impulse control disorders</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Muller2021_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muller2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edman2018_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edman2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relatively little interest seems to have been taken in collocating CBD as a distinct pathology until the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Edman2018_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edman2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BLACK_14–18_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLACK_14–18-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that even in the 21st century, compulsive shopping can be considered a barely recognised <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2019, <a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">ICD-11</a> (the 11th revision of the <a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Diseases" title="International Classification of Diseases">International Classification of Diseases</a>) has classified it among "other specified impulse control disorders" (coded as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#826065555%2Fother">6C7Y</a>), using the descriptor <i>compulsive buying-shopping disorder</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Muller2021_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muller2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsive_buying_disorder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CBD is characterized by an obsession with <a href="/wiki/Shopping" title="Shopping">shopping</a> and buying behavior that causes adverse consequences. According to Kellett and Bolton, it "is experienced as an irresistible–uncontrollable urge, resulting in excessive, expensive and time-consuming retail activity [that is] typically prompted by negative affectivity" and results in "gross social, personal and/or financial difficulties".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What differentiates CBD from healthy shopping is the compulsive, destructive and chronic nature of the buying. Where shopping can be a positive route to self-expression, in excess it represents a dangerous threat.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CBD is frequently <a href="/wiki/Comorbidity" title="Comorbidity">comorbid</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">mood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Eating disorders">eating disorders</a>. People who score highly on compulsive-buying scales tend to understand their feelings poorly and have low tolerance for unpleasant psychological states such as negative moods.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The onset of CBD occurs in the late teens and early twenties and is generally <a href="/wiki/Chronic_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic (medicine)">chronic</a>. The phenomenon of compulsive buying tends to affect women rather than men. The aforementioned reports on this matter indicated that the dominance of the majority group is so great that it accounts for more than 90% of the affected demographic.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zadka and Olajossy suggest the presence of several similar tendencies between consumer-type mannerisms and pathologic consumption of psychoactive elements. These tendencies include a constant need to consume, personal dependence, and a tendency to lack a sense of self-control over behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Zadka and Olajossy state that one could conclude that individuals suffering from the disorder are often in the second decade to fourth decade of their lives and exhibit mannerisms akin to neurotic personality and impulse-control disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-ZadkaOlajossy_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZadkaOlajossy-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shopping_for_shoes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Shopping_for_shoes.jpg/220px-Shopping_for_shoes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Shopping_for_shoes.jpg/330px-Shopping_for_shoes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Shopping_for_shoes.jpg/440px-Shopping_for_shoes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Compulsive buying disorder</figcaption></figure> <p>CBD is similar to, but distinguished from, <a href="/wiki/Compulsive_hoarding" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsive hoarding">OCD hoarding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">mania</a>. Compulsive buying is not limited to people who spend beyond their means; it also includes people who spend an inordinate amount of time shopping or who chronically think about buying things but never purchase them. Promising treatments for CBD include medication such as <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a> (SSRIs), and support groups such as <a href="/wiki/Debtors_Anonymous" title="Debtors Anonymous">Debtors Anonymous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HARTSTON2002_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HARTSTON2002-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BLACK2001_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLACK2001-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BLACK2007_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLACK2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vyse_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vyse-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research reveals that 1.8 to 8.1 percent of the general adult population have CBD and that while the usual onset is late adolescence or early adulthood, it is often recognized as a problem later in life.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinctions">Distinctions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsive_buying_disorder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distinctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike normal consumers and hoarders, who derive excitement and focus on the items purchased, compulsive buyers gain excitement and focus on the acquisition process itself and not the item purchased<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compulsive buying disorder is tightly associated with excessive or poorly managed urges related to the purchase of the items and spending of currency in any form; digital, mobile, credit or cash.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four phases have been identified in compulsive buying: anticipation, preparation, shopping, and spending. The first phase involves a preoccupation with purchasing a specific item or with shopping in general. The second phase the individual plans the shopping excursion. The third phase is the actual shopping event; while the fourth phase is completed by the feelings of excitement connected to spending money on their desired items.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terms compulsive shopping, compulsive buying, and compulsive spending are often used interchangeably, but the behaviors they represent are in fact distinct.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One may buy without shopping, and certainly shop without buying: of compulsive shoppers, some 30 percent described the act of buying itself as providing a buzz, irrespective of the goods purchased.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsive_buying_disorder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compulsive buying can be found among people with <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bhattacharjee2018_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhattacharjee2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">frontotemporal dementia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Javor2013_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Javor2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Muller2021_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muller2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CBD often has roots in early experience. <a href="/wiki/Perfectionism_(psychology)" title="Perfectionism (psychology)">Perfectionism</a>, general impulsiveness and compulsiveness, dishonesty, insecurity, and the need to gain control have also been linked to the disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From a medical perspective, it can be concluded that impulse-control disorders are attributed to the desire for positive stimuli.<sup id="cite_ref-ZadkaOlajossy_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZadkaOlajossy-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The normal method of operation in a healthy brain is that the frontal cortex regulation handles the activity of reward. However, in individuals with behavioral disorders, this particular system malfunctions. Scientists have reported that compulsive buyers have significantly different activity in this area of the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-ZadkaOlajossy_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZadkaOlajossy-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compulsive buying seems to represent a search for self in people whose identity is neither firmly felt nor dependable, as indicated by the way purchases often provide social or personal identity-markers.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those with associated disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">PTSD</a>/<a href="/wiki/Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Complex post-traumatic stress disorder">CPTSD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cluster_B_personality_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster B personality disorders">poor impulse control</a> are particularly likely to attempt to treat symptoms of low self-esteem through compulsive shopping.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others, however, object, stating that such psychological explanations for compulsive buying do not apply to <i>all</i> people with CBD.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social conditions also play an important role in CBD, the rise of consumer culture contributing to the view of compulsive buying as a specifically <a href="/wiki/Postmodern" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodern">postmodern</a> addiction, particularly with regard to internet buying platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Readily available <a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit cards</a> enable casual spending beyond one's means, and some would suggest that the compulsive buyer should lock up or destroy credit cards altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Online shopping</a> also facilitates CBD, with online auction addiction, used to escape feelings of depression or guilt, becoming a recognizable problem.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materialism_and_image-seeking">Materialism and image-seeking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsive_buying_disorder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Materialism and image-seeking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Social_psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Social psychological">social psychological</a> perspective suggests that compulsive buying may be seen as an exaggerated form of a more normal search for validation through purchasing.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, pressures from the spread of materialist values and <a href="/wiki/Consumer_culture" title="Consumer culture">consumer culture</a> over the recent decades can drive people into compulsive shopping.<sup id="cite_ref-Dittmar/Halliwell,_p._97_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dittmar/Halliwell,_p._97-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Companies have adopted aggressive neuromarketing by associating the identification of a high social status with the purchasing of items. They strive to bring out such an individual as a sort of folk hero for having the ability to buy several items. As a result, according to Zadka and Olajossy, the act of shopping is then associated with the feeling of holding a higher social status or of climbing the social ranks. Zadka holds that these companies take advantage of the frailties of peoples' egos in an attempt to get them to spend their money.<sup id="cite_ref-ZadkaOlajossy_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZadkaOlajossy-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symptoms_and_course">Symptoms and course</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsive_buying_disorder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Symptoms and course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diagnostic criteria for compulsive buying have been proposed: </p> <ol><li>Over-preoccupation with buying.</li> <li>Distress or impairment as a result of the activity.</li> <li>Compulsive buying is not limited to <a href="/wiki/Hypomania" title="Hypomania">hypomanic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">manic</a> episodes.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Constant obsessing with buying as well as being dissatisfied all the time.</li></ol> <p>While initially triggered by a perhaps mild need to feel special, the failure of compulsive shopping to actually meet such needs may lead to a vicious cycle of escalation,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with them experiencing the highs and lows associated with other <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_addiction" title="Behavioral addiction">addictions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Klaffke,_p._185_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klaffke,_p._185-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 'high' of the purchasing may be followed by a sense of disappointment, and of guilt,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> precipitating a further cycle of impulse buying.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the now addicted person increasingly feeling negative emotions like <a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">anger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (biological)">stress</a>, they may attempt to self-medicate through further purchases,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed again by <a href="/wiki/Regret_(emotion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regret (emotion)">regret</a> or <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a> once they return home,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to an urge for buying more. The aforementioned symptoms are aggravated further by the availability of money through access to credit cards and easy bank loans.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As debt grows, the compulsive shopping may become a more secretive act.<sup id="cite_ref-Klaffke,_p._185_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klaffke,_p._185-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the point where bought goods are hidden or destroyed, because the person concerned feels so ashamed of their addiction, the price of the addiction in mental, financial and emotional terms becomes even higher.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individuals who can be considered addicted to shopping are observed to exhibit repetitive and obsessive urges to go buy items, especially when in the vicinity of an environment that supports this venture, such as a mall. In such locations, they mostly purchase things that are cheap and of low value mainly just to satisfy the urge to spend. Normally, these items end up being returned to the shop or disposed of entirely after a while. However, according to Zadka and Olajossy, this rarely works as these individuals are known to have low self-esteem.<sup id="cite_ref-ZadkaOlajossy_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZadkaOlajossy-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences">Consequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsive_buying_disorder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consequences of compulsive buying, which may persist long after a spree, can be devastating, with marriages, long-term relationships, and jobs all feeling the strain.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further problems can include ruined <a href="/wiki/Credit_history" title="Credit history">credit history</a>, theft or <a href="/wiki/Defalcation" title="Defalcation">defalcation</a> of money, defaulted loans, general financial trouble and in some cases <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a> or extreme <a href="/wiki/Consumer_debt" title="Consumer debt">debt</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> and a sense of life spiraling out of control.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting stress can lead to physical health problems and ruined relationships, or even <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsive_buying_disorder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Treatment involves becoming conscious of the addiction through studying, therapy and group work. Research done by Michel Lejoyeux and Aviv Weinstein suggests that the best possible treatment for CBD is <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a>. They suggest that a patient first be "evaluated for psychiatric comorbidity, especially with depression, so that appropriate pharmacological treatment can be instituted." Their research indicates that patients who received cognitive behavioral therapy over 10 weeks had reduced episodes of compulsive buying and spent less time shopping as opposed to patients who did not receive this treatment (251). </p><p>Lejoyeux and Weinstein also write about pharmacological treatment and studies that question the use of drugs on CBD. They declare "few controlled studies have assessed the effects of pharmacological treatment on compulsive buying, and none have shown any medication to be effective." (252) The most effective treatment is to attend therapy and group work in order to prevent continuation of this addiction.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hague et al. reports that group therapy rendered the highest results as far as treatment of compulsive buying disorder is concerned. He states that group therapy contributed to about 72.8% in positive change in the reduction of urges of compulsive spending. Additionally, he notes that psychotherapy may not be the treatment of choice for all compulsive buying disorder patients since the suitability of the treatment method to the patient is also an important consideration. He holds that the treatments of the disorder are required to provide a certain reflection of the context in which this phenomenon manifests.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">fluvoxamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">citalopram</a> may be useful in the treatment of CBD, although current evidence is mixed.<sup id="cite_ref-Aboujaoude2014_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aboujaoude2014-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17342214_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17342214-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Opioid_antagonist" title="Opioid antagonist">Opioid antagonists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">naltrexone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">nalmefene</a> are promising potential treatments for CBD.<sup id="cite_ref-Aboujaoude2014_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aboujaoude2014-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A review concluded that evidence is limited and insufficient to support their use at present, however.<sup id="cite_ref-Piquet-PessôaFontenelle2016_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piquet-PessôaFontenelle2016-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naltrexone and nalmefene have also shown effectiveness in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Gambling_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambling addiction">gambling addiction</a>, an associated disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-Piquet-PessôaFontenelle2016_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piquet-PessôaFontenelle2016-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YipPotenza2014_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YipPotenza2014-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_examples">Historical examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsive_buying_disorder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Historical examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary Todd Lincoln</a> (1818–1882), wife of US president <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, was addicted to shopping, running up (and concealing) large bills on credit, feeling manic glee at spending sprees, followed by depressive reactions in the face of the results.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsive_buying_disorder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_addiction" title="Shopping addiction">Shopping addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Money disorders">Money disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopaholic_(novels)" title="Shopaholic (novels)"><i>Shopaholic</i> (novels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessions_of_a_Shopaholic_(film)" title="Confessions of a Shopaholic (film)"><i>Confessions of a Shopaholic</i> (film)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsive_buying_disorder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLejoyeuxWeinstein2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lejoyeux, Michel; Weinstein, Aviv (2010-08-01). <a 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109/13651501.2011.653379">"Childhood trauma and compulsive buying"</a>. <i>International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 73–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F13651501.2011.653379">10.3109/13651501.2011.653379</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-1501">1365-1501</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22296513">22296513</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207523867">207523867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Psychiatry+in+Clinical+Practice&rft.atitle=Childhood+trauma+and+compulsive+buying&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-76&rft.date=2013-02-01&rft.issn=1365-1501&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207523867%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22296513&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F13651501.2011.653379&rft.aulast=Sansone&rft.aufirst=Randy+A.&rft.au=Chang%2C+Joy&rft.au=Jewell%2C+Bryan&rft.au=Rock%2C+Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3109%2F13651501.2011.653379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompulsive+buying+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">April Lane Benson/Marie Gengler, "Treating Compulsive 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K. Goodwin, <i>Team of Rivals</i> (2013) p. 305, 401-2 and 681-2</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsive_buying_disorder&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Benson, A. <i>To Buy or Not to Buy: Why We Overshop and How to Stop</i> Boston: Trumpeter Books, 2008.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack_D.W.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Black D.W. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1805733">"A review of compulsive buying disorder"</a>. <i>World Psychiatry</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 14–18. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1805733">1805733</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17342214">17342214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=A+review+of+compulsive+buying+disorder&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-18&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1805733%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17342214&rft.au=Black+D.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1805733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompulsive+buying+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bleuler, E. <i>Textbook of Psychiatry</i>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consumer+Research&rft.atitle=An+expanded+conceptualization+and+a+new+measure+of+compulsive+buying&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=350-406&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F591108&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3048670%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ridgway&rft.aufirst=NM&rft.au=Kukar-Kinney%2C+M&rft.au=Monroe%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompulsive+buying+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamChanChongWong2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lam, Simon Ching; Chan, Zoe Sze-Long; Chong, Andy Chun-Yin; Wong, Wendy Wing-Chi; Ye, Jiawen (September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real.mtak.hu/86944/1/2006.7.2018.94.pdf">"Adaptation and validation of Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale in Chinese population"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Behavioral Addictions</i>. <b>7</b> (3): 760–769. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556%2F2006.7.2018.94">10.1556/2006.7.2018.94</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6426376">6426376</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30264602">30264602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Behavioral+Addictions&rft.atitle=Adaptation+and+validation+of+Richmond+Compulsive+Buying+Scale+in+Chinese+population&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=760-769&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6426376%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30264602&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1556%2F2006.7.2018.94&rft.aulast=Lam&rft.aufirst=Simon+Ching&rft.au=Chan%2C+Zoe+Sze-Long&rft.au=Chong%2C+Andy+Chun-Yin&rft.au=Wong%2C+Wendy+Wing-Chi&rft.au=Ye%2C+Jiawen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal.mtak.hu%2F86944%2F1%2F2006.7.2018.94.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompulsive+buying+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsive_buying_disorder&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocd.about.com/od/otheranxietydisorders/f/What-Is-Compulsive-Shopping-Disorder.htm">What is Compulsive Shopping Disorder?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212942/http://ocd.about.com/od/otheranxietydisorders/f/What-Is-Compulsive-Shopping-Disorder.htm">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120807061625/http://www.addictionrecov.org/Addictions/?AID=34">Shopping addiction</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine#Addiction" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocaine addiction">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine#Addiction" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate#Addiction_and_dependence" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicotine addiction">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">Opioid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_addiction" title="Behavioral addiction">Behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Financial <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Problem_gambling" title="Problem gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shopping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_addiction" title="Food addiction">Palatable food</a></li> <li>Sex-related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_addiction" title="Pornography addiction">Pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li>Internet-related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_addiction_disorder" title="Internet addiction disorder">Internet addiction disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_sex_addiction" title="Internet sex addiction">Internet sex addiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_addiction" title="Video game addiction">Video game addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media addictions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Cellular<br />mechanisms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">Transcriptional</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/FOSB#ΔFosB" title="FOSB">ΔFosB</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Fos" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Fos">c-Fos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cdk5" class="mw-redirect" title="Cdk5">Cdk5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CREB" title="CREB">CREB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GluR2" class="mw-redirect" title="GluR2">GluR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histone-modifying_enzymes" title="Histone-modifying enzymes">Epigenetic</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/G9a" class="mw-redirect" title="G9a">G9a</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G9a-like_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="G9a-like protein">G9a-like protein</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/HDAC1" title="HDAC1">HDAC1</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/HDAC2" class="mw-redirect" title="HDAC2">HDAC2</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/HDAC3" title="HDAC3">HDAC3</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC4" title="HDAC4">HDAC4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC5" class="mw-redirect" title="HDAC5">HDAC5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC9" title="HDAC9">HDAC9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC10" title="HDAC10">HDAC10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIRT1" class="mw-redirect" title="SIRT1">SIRT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIRT2" class="mw-redirect" title="SIRT2">SIRT2</a></li> <li>...</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_dependence" title="Psychological dependence">Psychological dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine_dependence" title="Amphetamine dependence">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate_dependence" title="Barbiturate dependence">Barbiturate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_dependence" title="Benzodiazepine dependence">Benzodiazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine_dependence" title="Caffeine dependence">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis dependence">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_dependence" title="Cocaine dependence">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_dependence" title="Nicotine dependence">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">Opioid</a></li></ul></li> <li>Non-drug stimuli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanning_dependence" title="Tanning dependence">Tanning dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treatment_and_management_of_addiction" title="Treatment and management of addiction">Treatment <br />and <br />management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Detoxification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_detoxification" title="Alcohol detoxification">Alcohol detoxification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_detoxification" title="Drug detoxification">Drug detoxification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Behavioral <br />therapies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relapse_prevention" title="Relapse prevention">Relapse prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_management" title="Contingency management">Contingency management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_reinforcement_approach_and_family_training" title="Community reinforcement approach and family training">Community reinforcement approach and family training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_enhancement_therapy" title="Motivational enhancement therapy">Motivational enhancement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_interviewing" title="Motivational interviewing">Motivational interviewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_therapy" title="Motivational therapy">Motivational therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise#Addiction" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Physical exercise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Treatment <br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug rehab">Drug rehab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Residential_treatment_center" title="Residential treatment center">Residential treatment center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin-assisted_treatment" title="Heroin-assisted treatment">Heroin-assisted treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_outpatient_program" title="Intensive outpatient program">Intensive outpatient program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone_maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Methadone maintenance">Methadone maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_therapy" title="Nicotine replacement therapy">Nicotine replacement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_cessation_clinics_in_India" title="Tobacco cessation clinics in India">Tobacco cessation clinics in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-step_program" title="Twelve-step program">Twelve-step program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Support groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_recovery_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Addiction recovery groups">Addiction recovery groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twelve-step_groups" title="List of twelve-step groups">List of twelve-step groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harm_reduction" title="Category:Harm reduction">Category:Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-threshold_treatment_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-threshold treatment programs">Low-threshold treatment programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_alcohol_program" title="Managed alcohol program">Managed alcohol program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation_Management" title="Moderation Management">Moderation Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_exchange_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Needle exchange program">Needle exchange program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_maintenance" title="Stimulant maintenance">Stimulant maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_harm_reduction" title="Tobacco harm reduction">Tobacco harm reduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Carr" title="Allen Carr">Allen Carr</a></li> <li><a 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