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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_interchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_interchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>System interchange</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-System_interchange-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle System interchange subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-System_interchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Four-legged_interchanges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four-legged_interchanges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Four-legged interchanges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four-legged_interchanges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cloverleaf_interchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloverleaf_interchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Cloverleaf interchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloverleaf_interchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stack_interchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stack_interchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Stack interchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stack_interchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combination_interchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combination_interchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Combination interchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combination_interchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turbine_interchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turbine_interchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Turbine interchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turbine_interchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windmill_interchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windmill_interchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Windmill interchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windmill_interchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Braided_interchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Braided_interchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>Braided interchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Braided_interchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three-level_roundabout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three-level_roundabout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.7</span> <span>Three-level roundabout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three-level_roundabout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three-legged_interchanges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three-legged_interchanges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Three-legged interchanges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three-legged_interchanges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trumpet_interchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trumpet_interchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Trumpet interchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trumpet_interchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-T_and_Y_interchanges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#T_and_Y_interchanges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>T and Y interchanges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-T_and_Y_interchanges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_interchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_interchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Service interchange</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Service_interchange-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Service interchange subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Service_interchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diamond_interchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diamond_interchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Diamond interchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diamond_interchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_cloverleaf_interchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_cloverleaf_interchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Partial cloverleaf interchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_cloverleaf_interchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diverging_diamond_interchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diverging_diamond_interchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Diverging diamond interchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diverging_diamond_interchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Single-point_urban_interchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single-point_urban_interchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Single-point urban interchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single-point_urban_interchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Interchange (road)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_(%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%95)" title="ইন্টারচেঞ্জ (সড়ক) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইন্টারচেঞ্জ (সড়ক)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau-li%C3%BB-t%C5%8D" title="Kau-liû-tō – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kau-liû-tō" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Транспартная развязка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Транспартная развязка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Пътен възел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пътен възел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimo%C3%BArov%C5%88ov%C3%A1_k%C5%99i%C5%BEovatka" title="Mimoúrovňová křižovatka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mimoúrovňová křižovatka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorvejskryds" title="Motorvejskryds – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Motorvejskryds" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobahnkreuz" title="Autobahnkreuz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Autobahnkreuz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritasandiline_ristmik" title="Eritasandiline ristmik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eritasandiline ristmik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlace_viario" title="Enlace viario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enlace viario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksternivela_vojkruci%C4%9Do" title="Eksternivela vojkruciĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eksternivela vojkruciĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C" title="جاده تبادلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جاده تبادلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89changeur_autoroutier" title="Échangeur autoroutier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Échangeur autoroutier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferkearsknooppunt" title="Ferkearsknooppunt – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ferkearsknooppunt" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%86%8D%EB%8F%84%EB%A1%9C_%EB%82%98%EB%93%A4%EB%AA%A9" title="고속도로 나들목 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고속도로 나들목" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpang_susun" title="Simpang susun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Simpang susun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersezione_a_livelli_sfalsati" title="Intersezione a livelli sfalsati – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Intersezione a livelli sfalsati" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%A3" title="מחלף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחלף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9C%D0%B0%D1%98)" title="Клучка (патен сообраќај) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Клучка (патен сообраќај)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persimpangan_bertingkat" title="Persimpangan bertingkat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Persimpangan bertingkat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knooppunt_(verkeer)" title="Knooppunt (verkeer) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Knooppunt (verkeer)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8" title="インターチェンジ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インターチェンジ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafikkmaskin" title="Trafikkmaskin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trafikkmaskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picoiwi%27an_a_lalan" title="Picoiwi'an a lalan – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Picoiwi'an a lalan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99ze%C5%82_drogowy" title="Węzeł drogowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Węzeł drogowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevo_(constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="Trevo (construção) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trevo (construção)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nod_rutier" title="Nod rutier – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nod rutier" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Транспортная развязка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Транспортная развязка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Interchange (road)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimo%C3%BArov%C5%88ov%C3%A1_kri%C5%BEovatka" title="Mimoúrovňová križovatka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mimoúrovňová križovatka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtocestni_razcep" title="Avtocestni razcep – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avtocestni razcep" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%99%D0%B0_(%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9B%D0%B0%D1%98)" title="Петља (друмски саобраћај) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Петља (друмски саобраћај)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritasoliittym%C3%A4" title="Eritasoliittymä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eritasoliittymä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorv%C3%A4gskorsning" title="Motorvägskorsning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Motorvägskorsning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="இடைமாற்றுச்சந்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடைமாற்றுச்சந்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="ทางแยกต่างระดับ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทางแยกต่างระดับ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Транспортна розв'язка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Транспортна розв'язка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%B1%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC_(%D8%B3%DA%91%DA%A9)" title="انٹرچینج (سڑک) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انٹرچینج (سڑک)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAt_giao_th%C3%B4ng_kh%C3%A1c_m%E1%BB%A9c" title="Nút giao thông khác mức – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nút giao thông khác mức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discandjoe" title="Discandjoe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Discandjoe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E9%81%93" title="交流道 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="交流道" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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separation</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Five.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/High_Five.jpg/260px-High_Five.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/High_Five.jpg/390px-High_Five.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/High_Five.jpg/520px-High_Five.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/High_Five_Interchange" title="High Five Interchange">High Five</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dallas,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas, Texas">Dallas, Texas</a>. This is a complicated five-level stack interchange, due to the proximity of <a href="/wiki/Frontage_road" title="Frontage road">frontage roads</a> and segregated <a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">high-occupancy vehicle lanes</a>. This hybrid design is based on parts of a four-level stack for highways, with a three-level-diamond interchange to handle the frontage roads.<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=32_55_27.2_N_96_45_50.0_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°55′27.2″N</span> <span class="longitude">96°45′50.0″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.924222°N 96.763889°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.924222; -96.763889</span></span></span></a></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>In the field of <a href="/wiki/Road_transport" title="Road transport">road transport</a>, an <b>interchange</b> (American English) or a <b>grade-separated junction</b> (British English) is a <a href="/wiki/Road_junction" title="Road junction">road junction</a> that uses <a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade separations</a> to allow for the movement of traffic between two or more roadways or <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highways</a>, using a system of interconnecting roadways to permit traffic on at least one of the routes to pass through the junction without interruption from crossing traffic streams. It differs from a standard <a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">intersection</a>, where roads cross <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/at-grade" class="extiw" title="wikt:at-grade">at grade</a>. Interchanges are almost always used when at least one road is a <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">controlled-access highway</a> (freeway) or a <a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">limited-access highway</a> (expressway), though they are sometimes used at junctions between surface streets. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lakalaivan_eritasoliittym%C3%A4_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Lakalaivan_eritasoliittym%C3%A4_1.jpg/220px-Lakalaivan_eritasoliittym%C3%A4_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Lakalaivan_eritasoliittym%C3%A4_1.jpg/330px-Lakalaivan_eritasoliittym%C3%A4_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Lakalaivan_eritasoliittym%C3%A4_1.jpg/440px-Lakalaivan_eritasoliittym%C3%A4_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2335" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of the Lakalaiva interchange in the <a href="/wiki/Tampere_Ring_Road" title="Tampere Ring Road">Tampere Ring Road</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_national_road_3" title="Finnish national road 3">Highway 3</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_route_E12" title="European route E12">E12</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_national_road_9" title="Finnish national road 9">Highway 9</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_route_E63" title="European route E63">E63</a>) near city of <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>.<br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=61_27_46_N_23_46_10_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">61°27′46″N</span> <span class="longitude">23°46′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">61.46278°N 23.76944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">61.46278; 23.76944</span></span></span></a></span></span></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M0_-_4-es_keresztez%C5%91d%C3%A9s-cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/M0_-_4-es_keresztez%C5%91d%C3%A9s-cropped.png/220px-M0_-_4-es_keresztez%C5%91d%C3%A9s-cropped.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/M0_-_4-es_keresztez%C5%91d%C3%A9s-cropped.png/330px-M0_-_4-es_keresztez%C5%91d%C3%A9s-cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/M0_-_4-es_keresztez%C5%91d%C3%A9s-cropped.png/440px-M0_-_4-es_keresztez%C5%91d%C3%A9s-cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="1246" /></a><figcaption>An interchange between the <a href="/wiki/M0_motorway_(Hungary)" title="M0 motorway (Hungary)">M0</a> and <a href="/wiki/M4_motorway_(Hungary)" title="M4 motorway (Hungary)">M4</a> motorways outside <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, showcases directional, semi-directional, and loop ramps.<br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=47_24_18_N_19_18_55_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°24′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">19°18′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.40500°N 19.31528°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">47.40500; 19.31528</span></span></span></a></span></span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_Horse_Interchange_(aerial_view).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Light_Horse_Interchange_%28aerial_view%29.jpg/220px-Light_Horse_Interchange_%28aerial_view%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Light_Horse_Interchange_%28aerial_view%29.jpg/330px-Light_Horse_Interchange_%28aerial_view%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Light_Horse_Interchange_%28aerial_view%29.jpg/440px-Light_Horse_Interchange_%28aerial_view%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1714" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Light_Horse_Interchange" title="Light Horse Interchange">Light Horse Interchange</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, the largest in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=33_47_53_S_150_51_15_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°47′53″S</span> <span class="longitude">150°51′15″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.79806°S 150.85417°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-33.79806; 150.85417</span></span></span></a></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Note:</i> The descriptions of interchanges apply to countries where vehicles <a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">drive on the right</a> side of the road. For left-side driving, the layout of junctions is mirrored. Both North American (NA) and British (UK) terminology is included. </p> <dl><dt>Freeway junction, highway interchange (NA), or motorway junction (UK)</dt> <dd>A type of road junction linking one controlled-access highway (freeway or motorway) facility to another, to other roads, or to a <a href="/wiki/Rest_area" title="Rest area">rest area</a> or <a href="/wiki/Motorway_service_area" title="Motorway service area">motorway service area</a>. Junctions and interchanges are often (but not always) numbered either sequentially, or by distance from one terminus of the route (the "beginning" of the route).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_and_Transportation_Officials" title="American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials">American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials</a> (AASHTO) defines an interchange as "a system of interconnecting roadways in conjunction with one or more grade separations that provides for the movement of traffic between two or more roadways or highways on different levels."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>System interchange</dt> <dd>A junction that connects multiple controlled-access highways.<sup id="cite_ref-seh_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Service interchange</dt> <dd>A junction that connects a controlled-access facility to a lower-order facility, such as an <a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">arterial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Collector_road" title="Collector road">collector</a> road.<sup id="cite_ref-seh_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>The <b>mainline</b> is the controlled-access highway in a service interchange, while the <b>crossroad</b> is the lower-order facility that often includes at-grade intersections or roundabouts, which may pass over or under the mainline.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><span class="anchor" id="Complete_and_incomplete_interchanges"></span>Complete interchange</dt> <dd>A junction where all possible movements between highways can be made from any direction.<sup id="cite_ref-incomplete_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-incomplete-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Incomplete interchange</dt> <dd>A junction that is missing at least one movement between highways.<sup id="cite_ref-incomplete_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-incomplete-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><span class="anchor" id="Ramp"></span>Ramp (NA), or slip road (UK/Ireland)</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Offramp" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Offramp_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Offramp (disambiguation)">Offramp (disambiguation)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Slip road" and "Limited access ramp" redirect here. For the turn lane at an intersection, see <a href="/wiki/Slip_lane" title="Slip lane">Slip lane</a>.</div> <dl><dd>A short section of road that allows vehicles to enter or exit a controlled-access highway.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ireland_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ireland-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><i>Ingressing</i> traffic is entering the highway via an <b>on-ramp</b> or <b>entrance ramp</b>, while <i>egressing</i> traffic is exiting the highway via an <b>off-ramp</b> or <b>exit ramp</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Directional ramp</dt> <dd>A ramp that curves toward the desired direction of travel; i.e., a ramp that makes a left turn exits from the left side of the roadway (a left exit).<sup id="cite_ref-iowadotgov_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iowadotgov-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Semi-directional ramp</dt> <dd>A ramp that exits in a direction opposite from the desired direction of travel, then turns toward the desired direction. Most left turn movements are provided by a semi-directional ramp that exits to the right, rather than exiting from the left.<sup id="cite_ref-iowadotgov_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iowadotgov-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Grade_separation#Weaving" title="Grade separation">Weaving</a></dt> <dd>An undesirable situation where traffic entering and exiting a highway must cross paths within a limited distance.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of the controlled-access highway developed in the 1920s and 1930s in Italy, Germany, the United States, and Canada. Initially, these roads featured at-grade intersections along their length. Interchanges were developed to provide access between these new highways and heavily-travelled surface streets. The <a href="/wiki/Bronx_River_Parkway" title="Bronx River Parkway">Bronx River Parkway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Motor_Parkway" title="Long Island Motor Parkway">Long Island Motor Parkway</a> were the first roads to feature grade-separations.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-evolution_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evolution-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> engineer Arthur Hale filed a patent for the design of a cloverleaf interchange on May<span class="nowrap"> </span>24, 1915,<sup id="cite_ref-hale_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hale-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the conceptual roadwork was not realised until a cloverleaf opened on December<span class="nowrap"> </span>15, 1929, in <a href="/wiki/Woodbridge_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Woodbridge Township, New Jersey">Woodbridge, New Jersey</a>, connecting <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_25" title="New Jersey Route 25">New Jersey Route 25</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_4" title="New Jersey Route 4">Route 4</a> (now <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_1/9" title="U.S. Route 1/9">U.S. Route 1/9</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_35" title="New Jersey Route 35">New Jersey Route 35</a>). It was designed by <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> engineering firm Rudolph and Delano, based on a design seen in an Argentinian magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-LAtimes_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAtimes-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Courier_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courier-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-evolution_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evolution-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System_interchange">System interchange</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: System interchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Comparison_of_four_legged_interchanges.svg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Comparison_of_four_legged_interchanges.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Comparison_of_four_legged_interchanges.svg/300px-Comparison_of_four_legged_interchanges.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Comparison_of_four_legged_interchanges.svg/450px-Comparison_of_four_legged_interchanges.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Comparison_of_four_legged_interchanges.svg/600px-Comparison_of_four_legged_interchanges.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of traffic flows for some four-legged complete interchanges <a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Comparison_of_four_legged_interchanges.svg">(animation)</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>A system interchange connects multiple controlled-access highways, involving no at-grade signalised intersections.<sup id="cite_ref-seh_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four-legged_interchanges">Four-legged interchanges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Four-legged interchanges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cloverleaf_interchange">Cloverleaf interchange</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cloverleaf interchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange" title="Cloverleaf interchange">Cloverleaf interchange</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:APD-40cloverleaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/APD-40cloverleaf.jpg/220px-APD-40cloverleaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/APD-40cloverleaf.jpg/330px-APD-40cloverleaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/APD-40cloverleaf.jpg/440px-APD-40cloverleaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption>A full cloverleaf interchange between <a href="/wiki/APD-40" title="APD-40">APD-40</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_64" title="U.S. Route 64">U.S. Route 64</a> near <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Tennessee" title="Cleveland, Tennessee">Cleveland, Tennessee</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=35_08_59.4_N_84_50_52.3_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°08′59.4″N</span> <span class="longitude">84°50′52.3″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.149833°N 84.847861°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.149833; -84.847861</span></span></span></a></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>A cloverleaf interchange is a four-legged junction where left turns across opposing traffic are handled by non-directional loop ramps.<sup id="cite_ref-zhong_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhong-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is named for its appearance from above, which resembles a <a href="/wiki/Four-leaf_clover" title="Four-leaf clover">four-leaf clover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LAtimes_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAtimes-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cloverleaf is the minimum interchange required for a four-legged system interchange. Although they were commonplace until the 1970s, most highway departments and ministries have sought to rebuild them into more efficient and safer designs.<sup id="cite_ref-zhong_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhong-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cloverleaf interchange was invented by Maryland engineer Arthur Hale, who filed a patent for its design on May<span class="nowrap"> </span>24, 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-hale_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hale-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first one in North America opened on December<span class="nowrap"> </span>15, 1929, in Woodbridge, New Jersey, connecting New Jersey Route<span class="nowrap"> </span>25 and Route<span class="nowrap"> </span>4 (now U.S. Route<span class="nowrap"> </span>1/9 and New Jersey Route<span class="nowrap"> </span>35). It was designed by Philadelphia engineering firm Rudolph and Delano based on a design seen in an Argentinian magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-LAtimes_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAtimes-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Courier_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courier-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first cloverleaf in Canada opened in 1938 at the junction of <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_10" title="Ontario Highway 10">Highway 10</a> and what would become the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Way" title="Queen Elizabeth Way">Queen Elizabeth Way</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first cloverleaf outside of North America opened in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> on October<span class="nowrap"> </span>15, 1935. Nicknamed <a href="/wiki/Slussenomr%C3%A5det" title="Slussenområdet">Slussen</a>, it was referred to as a "traffic carousel" and was considered a revolutionary design at the time of its construction.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A cloverleaf offers uninterrupted connections between two roads but suffers from weaving issues. Along the mainline, a loop ramp introduces traffic prior to a second loop ramp providing access to the crossroad, between which ingress and egress traffic mixes. For this reason, the cloverleaf interchange has fallen out of favour in place of <a href="#Combination_interchange">combination interchanges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LAtimes_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAtimes-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some may be half cloverleaf containing <a href="/wiki/Ghost_ramps" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost ramps">ghost ramps</a> which can be upgraded to full cloverleafs if the road is extended. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_70_in_North_Carolina" title="U.S. Route 70 in North Carolina">US 70</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_17_in_North_Carolina" title="U.S. Route 17 in North Carolina">US 17</a> west of <a href="/wiki/New_Bern,_North_Carolina" title="New Bern, North Carolina">New Bern, North Carolina</a> is an example. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stack_interchange">Stack interchange</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stack interchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Interchange_(road)" title="Special:EditPage/Interchange (road)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stack_interchange" title="Stack interchange">Stack interchange</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yan%27an_East_Road_Interchange,_Shanghai,_China_(Unsplash).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Yan%27an_East_Road_Interchange%2C_Shanghai%2C_China_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/220px-Yan%27an_East_Road_Interchange%2C_Shanghai%2C_China_%28Unsplash%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Yan%27an_East_Road_Interchange%2C_Shanghai%2C_China_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/330px-Yan%27an_East_Road_Interchange%2C_Shanghai%2C_China_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Yan%27an_East_Road_Interchange%2C_Shanghai%2C_China_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/440px-Yan%27an_East_Road_Interchange%2C_Shanghai%2C_China_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="2992" /></a><figcaption>A multi-level stack interchange in <a href="/wiki/Jing%27an_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jing'an District">Jing'an</a>, Shanghai, China. <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=31_13_27.7_N_121_28_09.0_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°13′27.7″N</span> <span class="longitude">121°28′09.0″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.224361°N 121.469167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.224361; 121.469167</span></span></span></a></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>A stack interchange is a four-way interchange whereby a semi-directional left turn and a directional right turn are both available. Usually, access to both turns is provided simultaneously by a single off-ramp. Assuming right-handed driving, to cross over incoming traffic and go left, vehicles first exit onto an off-ramp from the rightmost lane. After demerging from right-turning traffic, they complete their left turn by crossing both highways on a flyover ramp or underpass. The penultimate step is a merge with the right-turn on-ramp traffic from the opposite quadrant of the interchange. Finally, an on-ramp merges both streams of incoming traffic into the left-bound highway. As there is only one off-ramp and one on-ramp (in that respective order), stacks do not suffer from the problem of weaving, and due to the semi-directional flyover ramps and directional ramps, they are generally safe and efficient at handling high traffic volumes in all directions. </p><p>A standard stack interchange includes roads on four levels, also known as a 4-level stack, including the two perpendicular highways, and one more additional level for each pair of left-turn ramps. These ramps can be stacked (cross) in various configurations above, below, or between the two interchanging highways. This makes them distinct from turbine interchanges, where pairs of left-turn ramps are separated but at the same level. There are some stacks that could be considered 5-level; however, these remain four-way interchanges, since the fifth level actually consists of dedicated ramps for <a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">HOV</a>/bus lanes or frontage roads running through the interchange. The stack interchange between I-10 and I-405 in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> is a 3-level stack, since the semi-directional ramps are spaced out far enough, so they do not need to cross each other at a single point as in a conventional 4-level stack. </p><p>Stacks are significantly more expensive than other four-way interchanges are due to the design of the four levels; additionally, they may suffer from objections of local residents because of their height and high visual impact. Large stacks with multiple levels may have a complex appearance and are often colloquially described as <i>Mixing Bowls</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stack_interchange" title="Stack interchange">Mixmasters</a></i> (for a <a href="/wiki/Sunbeam_Products" title="Sunbeam Products">Sunbeam Products</a> brand of electric kitchen <a href="/wiki/Mixer_(cooking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixer (cooking)">mixers</a>), or as <i>Spaghetti Bowls</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaghetti Junction">Spaghetti Junctions</a></i> (being compared to boiled <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti" title="Spaghetti">spaghetti</a>). However, they consume a significantly smaller area of land compared to a cloverleaf interchange. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Combination_interchange">Combination interchange</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Combination interchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Combination_interchange"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CloverStackIntersection.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/CloverStackIntersection.svg/220px-CloverStackIntersection.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/CloverStackIntersection.svg/330px-CloverStackIntersection.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/CloverStackIntersection.svg/440px-CloverStackIntersection.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>Cloverstack Interchange</figcaption></figure> <p>A combination interchange (sometimes referred to by the portmanteau, <i>cloverstack</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a hybrid of other interchange designs. It uses loop ramps to serve slower or less-occupied <a href="/wiki/Traffic_flow" title="Traffic flow">traffic flow</a>, and flyover ramps to serve faster and heavier traffic flows.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If local and express ways serving the same directions and each roadway is connected righthand to the interchange, extra ramps are installed. The combination interchange design is commonly used to upgrade cloverleaf interchanges to increase their capacity and eliminate weaving.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turbine_interchange">Turbine interchange</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Turbine interchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knooppunt_turbine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Knooppunt_turbine.png/100px-Knooppunt_turbine.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Knooppunt_turbine.png/150px-Knooppunt_turbine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Knooppunt_turbine.png/200px-Knooppunt_turbine.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Two-level turbine</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knooppunt_sterturbine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Knooppunt_sterturbine.png/100px-Knooppunt_sterturbine.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Knooppunt_sterturbine.png/150px-Knooppunt_sterturbine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Knooppunt_sterturbine.png/200px-Knooppunt_sterturbine.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Turbine-stack<br />hybrid</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Some two-level turbines: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lummen" title="Lummen">Lummen</a>, Belgium,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=50.9994_N_5.2236_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°59′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">5°13′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.9994°N 5.2236°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.9994; 5.2236</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a>, US,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=30.2531_N_81.5163_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°15′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">81°30′59″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.2531°N 81.5163°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.2531; -81.5163</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a>, US,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=35.3482_N_80.7335_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°20′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">80°44′01″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.3482°N 80.7335°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.3482; -80.7335</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas" title="Amarillo, Texas">Amarillo, Texas</a>, US,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=35.1929_N_101.8371_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°11′34″N</span> <span class="longitude">101°50′14″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.1929°N 101.8371°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.1929; -101.8371</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></li></ul> <p>Some turbine-stack hybrids: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warren,_Michigan" title="Warren, Michigan">Warren, Michigan</a>, US, <span class="nowrap"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=42.4879_N_83.0457_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°29′16″N</span> <span class="longitude">83°02′45″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.4879°N 83.0457°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.4879; -83.0457</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_and_Country,_Missouri" title="Town and Country, Missouri">Town and Country, Missouri</a>, US, <span class="nowrap"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=38.6386_N_90.4497_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°38′19″N</span> <span class="longitude">90°26′59″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.6386°N 90.4497°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.6386; -90.4497</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></li></ul></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autobunnskr%C3%A4iz-RO-A201_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Autobunnskr%C3%A4iz-RO-A201_cropped.jpg/220px-Autobunnskr%C3%A4iz-RO-A201_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Autobunnskr%C3%A4iz-RO-A201_cropped.jpg/330px-Autobunnskr%C3%A4iz-RO-A201_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Autobunnskr%C3%A4iz-RO-A201_cropped.jpg/440px-Autobunnskr%C3%A4iz-RO-A201_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>A turbine interchange between <a href="/w/index.php?title=A201_road_(Belgium)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A201 road (Belgium) (page does not exist)">A201</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Ring" title="Brussels Ring">Brussels Ring</a> (R0) in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=50_53_30.1_N_4_27_15.3_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°53′30.1″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°27′15.3″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.891694°N 4.454250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.891694; 4.454250</span></span></span></a></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>turbine interchange</b> is an alternative four-way directional interchange. The turbine interchange requires fewer levels (usually two or three) while retaining directional ramps throughout. It features right-exit, left-turning ramps that sweep around the center of the interchange in a clockwise <a href="/wiki/Spiral" title="Spiral">spiral</a>. A full turbine interchange features a minimum of 18 overpasses, and requires more land to construct than a four-level stack interchange; however, the bridges are generally short in length. Coupled with reduced maintenance costs, a turbine interchange is a less costly alternative to a stack.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Windmill_interchange">Windmill interchange</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Windmill interchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaanplein1997.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Vaanplein1997.jpeg/220px-Vaanplein1997.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Vaanplein1997.jpeg/330px-Vaanplein1997.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Vaanplein1997.jpeg/440px-Vaanplein1997.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaanplein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaanplein (page does not exist)">Vaanplein</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knooppunt_Vaanplein" class="extiw" title="nl:Knooppunt Vaanplein">nl</a>]</span> junction in <a href="/wiki/Barendrecht" title="Barendrecht">Barendrecht</a>, Netherlands was a windmill before it was renovated in 1977.<br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=51.8654_N_4.5154_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°51′55″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°30′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.8654°N 4.5154°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.8654; 4.5154</span></span></span></a></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>A windmill interchange is similar to a turbine interchange, but it has much sharper turns, reducing its size and capacity. The interchange is named for its similar overhead appearance to the blades of a <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">windmill</a>. </p><p>A variation of the windmill, called the diverging windmill, increases capacity by altering the direction of traffic flow of the interchanging highways, making the connecting ramps much more direct.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There also is a <a href="#Hybrid_interchanges">hybrid interchange</a> somewhat like the diverging windmill in which left turn exits merge on the left, but it differs in that the left turn exits use left directional ramps. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Braided_interchange">Braided interchange</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Braided interchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Combination_interchange"></span></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I-95_and_695_Interchange_Baltimore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/I-95_and_695_Interchange_Baltimore.jpg/220px-I-95_and_695_Interchange_Baltimore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/I-95_and_695_Interchange_Baltimore.jpg/330px-I-95_and_695_Interchange_Baltimore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/I-95_and_695_Interchange_Baltimore.jpg/440px-I-95_and_695_Interchange_Baltimore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="1968" /></a><figcaption>A diverging interchange at I-95 and I-695 in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> in 1998.</figcaption></figure><p>A <b>braided</b> or diverging <b>interchange</b> is a two-level, four-way interchange. An interchange is braided when at least one of the roadways reverses sides. It seeks to make left and right turns equally easy.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a pure braided interchange, each roadway has one right exit, one left exit, one right on-ramp, and one left on-ramp, and both roadways are flipped. </p><p>The first pure braided interchange was built in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> at <a href="/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Maryland" title="Interstate 95 in Maryland">Interstate 95</a> at <a href="/wiki/Interstate_695_(Maryland)" title="Interstate 695 (Maryland)">Interstate 695</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the interchange was reconfigured in 2008 to a traditional stack interchange.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Examples</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_65_in_Alabama" title="Interstate 65 in Alabama">Interstate 65</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Alabama" title="Interstate 20 in Alabama">Interstate 20</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interstate_59" title="Interstate 59">Interstate 59</a> in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a> (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=33.521414_N_86.826513_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°31′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">86°49′35″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.521414°N 86.826513°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.521414; -86.826513</span></span></span></a></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_196" title="Interstate 196">Interstate 196</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_131" title="U.S. Route 131">U.S. Route 131</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a> (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=42.972487_N_85.677781_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°58′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">85°40′40″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.972487°N 85.677781°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.972487; -85.677781</span></span></span></a></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_77_in_North_Carolina" title="Interstate 77 in North Carolina">Interstate 77</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_85_in_North_Carolina" title="Interstate 85 in North Carolina">Interstate 85</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a> (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=35.272967_N_80.84555_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°16′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">80°50′44″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.272967°N 80.845550°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.272967; -80.845550</span></span></span></a></span></span>)</li> <li>Eastern Ring Road and Southern Ring Branch Road, <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=24.631542_N_46.803334_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">24°37′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">46°48′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">24.631542°N 46.803334°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">24.631542; 46.803334</span></span></span></a></span></span>)<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Three-level_roundabout">Three-level roundabout</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Three-level roundabout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roundabout_interchange" title="Roundabout interchange">Roundabout interchange</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knooppunt_rotonde2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Knooppunt_rotonde2.png/100px-Knooppunt_rotonde2.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Knooppunt_rotonde2.png/150px-Knooppunt_rotonde2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Knooppunt_rotonde2.png/200px-Knooppunt_rotonde2.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Two level roundabout<br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=50.556257_n_7.248577_e_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°33′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°14′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.556257°N 7.248577°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.556257; 7.248577</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knooppunt_rotonde3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knooppunt_rotonde3.png/100px-Knooppunt_rotonde3.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knooppunt_rotonde3.png/150px-Knooppunt_rotonde3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knooppunt_rotonde3.png/200px-Knooppunt_rotonde3.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Three level roundabout<br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=52.384416_n_4.707492_e_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°23′04″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°42′27″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.384416°N 4.707492°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.384416; 4.707492</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kleinpolderplein.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kleinpolderplein.jpeg/220px-Kleinpolderplein.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kleinpolderplein.jpeg/330px-Kleinpolderplein.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kleinpolderplein.jpeg/440px-Kleinpolderplein.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Complex roundabout interchange <i>Kleinpolderplein</i> in Rotterdam, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=51.931498_n_4.438479_e_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°55′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°26′19″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.931498°N 4.438479°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.931498; 4.438479</span></span></span></a></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>A three-level roundabout interchange features a grade-separated roundabout which handles traffic exchanging between highways.<sup id="cite_ref-Ireland_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ireland-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ramps of the interchanging highways meet at a <a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">roundabout</a>, or rotary, on a separated level above, below, or in the middle of the two highways. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three-legged_interchanges">Three-legged interchanges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Three-legged interchanges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>These interchanges can also be used to make a "linking road" to the destination for a service interchange, or the creation of a new basic road as a service interchange. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trumpet_interchange">Trumpet interchange</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Trumpet interchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottawa_River_Parkway_interchange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ottawa_River_Parkway_interchange.jpg/220px-Ottawa_River_Parkway_interchange.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ottawa_River_Parkway_interchange.jpg/330px-Ottawa_River_Parkway_interchange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ottawa_River_Parkway_interchange.jpg/440px-Ottawa_River_Parkway_interchange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>A trumpet interchange on the <a href="/wiki/Kichi_Zibi_Mikan" title="Kichi Zibi Mikan">Kichi Zibi Mikan</a> (former John A. Macdonald) Parkway in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Ontario<br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=45_24_41_N_75_44_7_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°24′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°44′7″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.41139°N 75.73528°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.41139; -75.73528</span></span></span></a></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Trumpet interchanges may be used where one highway terminates at another highway, and are named as such for to their resemblance to <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</a>. They are sometimes called <i>jug handles</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These interchanges are very common on <a href="/wiki/Toll_roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Toll roads">toll roads</a>, as they concentrate all entering and exiting traffic into a single stretch of roadway, where toll plazas can be installed once to handle all traffic, especially on <a href="/wiki/Ticket_system" title="Ticket system">ticket-based tollways</a>. A double-trumpet interchange can be found where a toll road meets another toll road or a free highway. They are also useful when most traffic on the terminating highway is going in the same direction. The turn that is used less often would contain the slower loop ramp.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Trumpet interchanges are often used instead of directional or semi-directional T or Y interchanges because they require less bridge construction but still eliminate weaving.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="T_and_Y_interchanges">T and Y interchanges</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: T and Y interchanges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Semi-directional_T_interchange"></span><span class="anchor" id="Directional_T_interchange_(Y-interchange)"></span><span class="anchor" id="Directional_T_interchange"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knooppunt_driehoek.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Knooppunt_driehoek.png/100px-Knooppunt_driehoek.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Knooppunt_driehoek.png/150px-Knooppunt_driehoek.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Knooppunt_driehoek.png/200px-Knooppunt_driehoek.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Full Y</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:California_SR_85_and_SR_87_Interchange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/California_SR_85_and_SR_87_Interchange.jpg/220px-California_SR_85_and_SR_87_Interchange.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/California_SR_85_and_SR_87_Interchange.jpg/330px-California_SR_85_and_SR_87_Interchange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/California_SR_85_and_SR_87_Interchange.jpg/440px-California_SR_85_and_SR_87_Interchange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Complex T interchange of SR 85 and SR 87 in <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a>. <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=37.255721_N_121.858878_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°15′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">121°51′32″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.255721°N 121.858878°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.255721; -121.858878</span></span></span></a></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p><b>A full Y-interchange</b> (also known as a directional T interchange) is typically used when a three-way interchange is required for two or three highways interchanging in semi-parallel/perpendicular directions, but it can also be used in right-angle case as well. Their connecting ramps can spur from either the right or left side of the highway, depending on the direction of travel and the angle. </p><p>Directional T interchanges use flyover/underpass ramps for both connecting and mainline segments, and they require a moderate amount of land and moderate costs since only two levels of roadway are typically used. Their name derives from their resemblance to the capital letter T, depending upon the angle from which the interchange is seen and the alignment of the roads that are interchanging. It is sometimes known as the "New England Y", as this design is often seen in the northeastern United States, particularly in Connecticut. <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This type of interchange features directional ramps (no loops, or weaving right to turn left) and can use multilane ramps in comparatively little space. Some designs have two ramps and the "inside" through road (on the same side as the freeway that ends) crossing each other at a three-level bridge. The directional T interchange is preferred to a trumpet interchange because a trumpet requires a loop ramp by which speeds can be reduced, but flyover ramps can handle much faster speeds. The disadvantage of the directional T is that traffic from the terminating road enters and leaves on the passing lane, so the semi-directional T interchange (see below) is preferred. </p><p>The interchange of <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_416" title="Ontario Highway 416">Highway 416</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_417" title="Ontario Highway 417">Highway 417</a> in Ontario, constructed in the early 1990s, is one of the few directional T interchanges, as most transportation departments had switched to the semi-directional T design. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interchange-colour-img_0526.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Interchange-colour-img_0526.jpg/220px-Interchange-colour-img_0526.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Interchange-colour-img_0526.jpg/330px-Interchange-colour-img_0526.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Interchange-colour-img_0526.jpg/440px-Interchange-colour-img_0526.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Two level semi-directional T interchange in <a href="/wiki/Orbe,_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbe, Switzerland">Orbe, Switzerland</a>. <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=46.72836_N_6.569738_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°43′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">6°34′11″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.72836°N 6.569738°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.72836; 6.569738</span></span></span></a></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>As with a directional T interchange, <b>a semi-directional T interchange</b> uses <a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">flyover</a> (overpass) or <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">underpass</a> ramps in all directions at a three-way interchange. However, in a semi-directional T, some of the splits and merges are switched to avoid ramps to and from the <a href="/wiki/Passing_lane" title="Passing lane">passing lane</a>, eliminating the major disadvantage of the directional T. Semi-directional T interchanges are generally safe and efficient, though they do require more land and are costlier than trumpet interchanges. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knooppunt_halve_ster.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Knooppunt_halve_ster.png/220px-Knooppunt_halve_ster.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Knooppunt_halve_ster.png 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Semi-directional T interchange</figcaption></figure> <p>Semi-directional T interchanges are built as two- or three-level junctions, with three-level interchanges typically used in urban or suburban areas where land is more expensive. In a three-level semi-directional T, the two semi-directional ramps from the terminating highway cross the surviving highway at or near a single point, which requires both an overpass and underpass. In a two-level semi-directional T, the two semi-directional ramps from the terminating highway cross each other at a different point than the surviving highway, necessitating longer ramps and often one ramp having two overpasses. <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_412" title="Ontario Highway 412">Highway 412</a> has a three-level semi-directional T at <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_407" title="Ontario Highway 407">Highway 407</a> and a two-level semi-directional T at <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_401" title="Ontario Highway 401">Highway 401</a>. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service_interchange">Service interchange</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Service interchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Service interchanges are used between a <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">controlled-access route</a> and a crossroad that is not controlled-access. A full cloverleaf may be used as a system or a service interchange.<sup id="cite_ref-zhong_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhong-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diamond_interchange">Diamond interchange</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Diamond interchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diamond_interchange" title="Diamond interchange">Diamond interchange</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Florida_SR_408_at_SR_435.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Florida_SR_408_at_SR_435.jpg/220px-Florida_SR_408_at_SR_435.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Florida_SR_408_at_SR_435.jpg/330px-Florida_SR_408_at_SR_435.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Florida_SR_408_at_SR_435.jpg/440px-Florida_SR_408_at_SR_435.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>A typical diamond interchange, located at the junction of <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_Road_435" title="Florida State Road 435">Florida State Road 435</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_Road_408" title="Florida State Road 408">Spessard L. Holland East–West Expressway</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=28_32_56.3_N_81_27_25.9_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°32′56.3″N</span> <span class="longitude">81°27′25.9″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.548972°N 81.457194°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.548972; -81.457194</span></span></span></a></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>A diamond interchange is an interchange involving four ramps where they enter and leave the freeway at a small angle and meet the non-freeway at almost right angles. These ramps at the non-freeway can be controlled through <a href="/wiki/Stop_sign" title="Stop sign">stop signs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">traffic signals</a>, or turn ramps. </p><p>Diamond interchanges are much more economical in use of materials and land than other interchange designs, as the junction does not normally require more than one bridge to be constructed. However, their capacity is lower than other interchanges and when traffic volumes are high they can easily become congested. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <dl><dt>Double roundabout diamond</dt></dl> <p><span class="anchor" id="dogbone"></span><span class="anchor" id="dumbbell"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holt_Road_Dogbone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Holt_Road_Dogbone.png/220px-Holt_Road_Dogbone.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Holt_Road_Dogbone.png/330px-Holt_Road_Dogbone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Holt_Road_Dogbone.png/440px-Holt_Road_Dogbone.png 2x" data-file-width="1622" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A dumbbell interchange along <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_401" title="Ontario Highway 401">Ontario Highway 401</a> in <a href="/wiki/Clarington" title="Clarington">Clarington</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=43_53_3_N_78_43_20_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°53′3″N</span> <span class="longitude">78°43′20″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.88417°N 78.72222°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.88417; -78.72222</span></span></span></a></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>A double roundabout diamond interchange, also known as a dumbbell interchange or a dogbone interchange, is similar to the diamond interchange, but uses a pair of roundabouts in place of intersections to join the highway ramps with the crossroad. This typically increases the efficiency of the interchange when compared to a diamond, but is only ideal in light traffic conditions. In the dogbone variation, the roundabouts do not form a complete circle, instead having a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/teardrop" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:teardrop">teardrop</a> shape, with the points facing towards the center of the interchange. Longer ramps are often required due to line-of-sight requirements at roundabouts.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partial_cloverleaf_interchange">Partial cloverleaf interchange</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Partial cloverleaf interchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange" title="Partial cloverleaf interchange">Partial cloverleaf interchange</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Derry_and_407.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Derry_and_407.jpg/220px-Derry_and_407.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Derry_and_407.jpg/330px-Derry_and_407.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Derry_and_407.jpg/440px-Derry_and_407.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A parclo A4 interchange along <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_407" title="Ontario Highway 407">Highway 407</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mississauga" title="Mississauga">Mississauga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Milton,_Ontario" title="Milton, Ontario">Milton, Ontario</a>, boundary<br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=43_34_17.8_N_79_47_23.6_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°34′17.8″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°47′23.6″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.571611°N 79.789889°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.571611; -79.789889</span></span></span></a></span></span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autobahn_anschluss1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Autobahn_anschluss1.jpg/220px-Autobahn_anschluss1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Autobahn_anschluss1.jpg/330px-Autobahn_anschluss1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Autobahn_anschluss1.jpg/440px-Autobahn_anschluss1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A parclo AB2, or <i>folded-diamond</i> interchange along <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_7" title="Bundesautobahn 7">Bundesautobahn 7</a> in Germany<br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=47_38_28.68_N_10_31_40.08_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°38′28.68″N</span> <span class="longitude">10°31′40.08″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.6413000°N 10.5278000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">47.6413000; 10.5278000</span></span></span></a></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>A partial cloverleaf interchange (often shortened to the portmanteau, <i>parclo</i>) is an interchange with loops ramps in one to three quadrants, and diamond interchange ramps in any number of quadrants. The various configurations are generally a safer modification of the cloverleaf design, due to a partial or complete reduction in weaving, but may require traffic lights on the lesser-travelled crossroad. Depending on the number of ramps used, they take up a moderate to large amount of land, and have varying capacity and efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parclo configurations are given names based on the location of and number of quadrants with ramps. The letter <i>A</i> denotes that, for traffic on the <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">controlled-access highway</a>, the loop ramps are located in <i>advance</i> of (or <i>approaching</i>) the crossroad, and thus provide an onramp to the highway. The letter <i>B</i> indicated that the loop ramps are <i>beyond</i> the crossroad, and thus provide an offramp from the highway. These letters can be used together when opposite directions of travel on the controlled-access highway are not symmetrical, thus a parclo AB features a loop ramp approaching the crossroad in one direction, and beyond the crossroad in the opposing direction, as in the example image.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diverging_diamond_interchange">Diverging diamond interchange</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Diverging diamond interchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diverging_diamond_interchange" title="Diverging diamond interchange">Diverging diamond interchange</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_Creek_at_I-285_Aerial_(50924270112).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Camp_Creek_at_I-285_Aerial_%2850924270112%29.jpg/220px-Camp_Creek_at_I-285_Aerial_%2850924270112%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Camp_Creek_at_I-285_Aerial_%2850924270112%29.jpg/330px-Camp_Creek_at_I-285_Aerial_%2850924270112%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Camp_Creek_at_I-285_Aerial_%2850924270112%29.jpg/440px-Camp_Creek_at_I-285_Aerial_%2850924270112%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>A diverging diamond at <a href="/wiki/Interstate_285_(Georgia)" title="Interstate 285 (Georgia)">Interstate 285</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camp_Creek_Parkway" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Creek Parkway">Camp Creek Parkway</a> near <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=33_39_23.5_N_84_29_51.5_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°39′23.5″N</span> <span class="longitude">84°29′51.5″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.656528°N 84.497639°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.656528; -84.497639</span></span></span></a></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Diverging_diamond_interchange" title="Diverging diamond interchange">diverging diamond interchange</a> (DDI) or double crossover diamond interchange (DCD) is similar to a traditional diamond interchange, except the opposing lanes on the crossroad cross each other twice, once on each side of the highway. This allows all highway entrances and exits to avoid crossing the opposite direction of travel and saves one signal phase of traffic lights each.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The first DDIs were constructed in the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> communities of <a href="/wiki/Versailles_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles (city)">Versailles</a> (<a href="/wiki/A13_autoroute" title="A13 autoroute">A13</a> at D182), <a href="/wiki/Le_Perreux-sur-Marne" title="Le Perreux-sur-Marne">Le Perreux-sur-Marne</a> (<a href="/wiki/A4_autoroute" title="A4 autoroute">A4</a> at N486) and <a href="/wiki/Seclin" title="Seclin">Seclin</a> (<a href="/wiki/A1_autoroute_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="A1 autoroute (France)">A1</a> at D549), in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the fact that such interchanges already existed, the idea for the DDI was "reinvented" around 2000, inspired by the freeway-to-freeway interchange between <a href="/wiki/Interstate_95" title="Interstate 95">Interstate 95</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_695_in_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 695 in Maryland">I-695</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first DDI in the United States opened on July<span class="nowrap"> </span>7, 2009, in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri" title="Springfield, Missouri">Springfield, Missouri</a>, at the junction of <a href="/wiki/Interstate_44" title="Interstate 44">Interstate 44</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Route_13" title="Missouri Route 13">Missouri Route 13</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single-point_urban_interchange">Single-point urban interchange</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Single-point urban interchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange" title="Single-point urban interchange">Single-point urban interchange</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I-84_Meridian_Interchange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/I-84_Meridian_Interchange.jpg/220px-I-84_Meridian_Interchange.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/I-84_Meridian_Interchange.jpg/330px-I-84_Meridian_Interchange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/I-84_Meridian_Interchange.jpg/440px-I-84_Meridian_Interchange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Single-point urban interchange along <a href="/wiki/Interstate_84_in_Idaho" title="Interstate 84 in Idaho">Interstate 84</a> in <a href="/wiki/Meridian,_Idaho" title="Meridian, Idaho">Meridian, Idaho</a>, showing the single multi-phase traffic signal<br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Interchange_(road)&params=43_35_36.5_N_116_23_37.4_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°35′36.5″N</span> <span class="longitude">116°23′37.4″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.593472°N 116.393722°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.593472; -116.393722</span></span></span></a></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>A single-point urban interchange (SPUI) or single-point diamond interchange (SPDI) is a modification of a diamond interchange in which all four ramps to and from a controlled-access highway converge at a single, three-phase traffic light in the middle of an overpass or underpass. While the compact design is safer, more efficient, and offers increased capacity—with three light phases as opposed to four in a traditional diamond, and two left turn queues on the arterial road instead of four—the significantly wider overpass or underpass structure makes them more costly than most service interchanges.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since single-point urban interchanges can exist in rural areas, such as the interchange of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_23" title="U.S. Route 23">U.S. Route 23</a> with <a href="/wiki/M-59_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-59 (Michigan highway)">M-59</a> in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>; the term <i>single-point diamond interchange</i> is considered the correct phrasing.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Single-point interchanges were first built in the early 1970s along <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_19" title="U.S. Route 19">U.S. Route 19</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_area" title="Tampa Bay area">Tampa Bay area</a> of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_Road_694" title="Florida State Road 694">SR 694</a> interchange in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_Road_60" title="Florida State Road 60">SR 60</a> in <a href="/wiki/Clearwater,_Florida" title="Clearwater, Florida">Clearwater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_interchange" title="Free-flow interchange">Free-flow interchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">Grade separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">Intersection (road)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junction_(traffic)" title="Junction (traffic)">Junction (traffic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unused_highway" title="Unused highway">Unused highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramp_meter" title="Ramp meter">Ramp meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">Roundabout</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Started 1907,<sup id="cite_ref-DOT_on_the_Bronx_River_Parkway_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOT_on_the_Bronx_River_Parkway-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opened 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Started June 1908,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opened October 10, 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1908-10-10_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1908-10-10-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">With the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_River_Parkway" title="Bronx River Parkway">Bronx River Parkway</a> being the first to start construction <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Motor_Parkway" title="Long Island Motor Parkway">Long Island Motor Parkway</a> being first to open <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233919/http://www.westlinkm7.com.au/cmsAdmin/uploads/Fact_Sheet_Light_Horse_Interchange.pdf">"Fact Sheet: Light Horse Interchange – Westlink M7/M4 Motorway Interchange"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+Sheet%3A+Light+Horse+Interchange+%E2%80%93+Westlink+M7%2FM4+Motorway+Interchange&rft.pub=Westlink+Motorway+Limited&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westlinkm7.com.au%2FcmsAdmin%2Fuploads%2FFact_Sheet_Light_Horse_Interchange.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterchange+%28road%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/programadmin/interstate.cfm">"Interstate System"</a>. Federal Highway Administration. February 5, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"10.1 – Introduction and General Types of Interchanges". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bestmaterials.com/PDF_Files/geometric_design_highways_and_streets_aashto.pdf"><i>A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_and_Transportation_Officials" title="American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials">AASHTO</a>. p. 10.1-1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56051-156-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56051-156-7"><bdi>1-56051-156-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Short Elliott Hendrickson Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Amazing+World+of%3A+Interchange+Designs&rft.pub=Short+Elliott+Hendrickson+Inc.&rft.date=2017-03-20&rft.aulast=Hotchkin&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sehinc.com%2Fnews%2Famazing-world-interchange-designs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterchange+%28road%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTask_Force_on_Geometric_Design,_20002001" class="citation book cs1">Task Force on Geometric Design, 2000 (2001). "10.8.2 – Types of Separation Structures". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bestmaterials.com/PDF_Files/geometric_design_highways_and_streets_aashto.pdf"><i>A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_and_Transportation_Officials" title="American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials">AASHTO</a>. p. 10-14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56051-156-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56051-156-7"><bdi>1-56051-156-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1974/508/508-003.pdf">"Interchange Development Patterns on Interstate Highways in South Carolina"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>53rd Annual Meeting of Highway Research Board, Washington, DC</i>. No. 508. Transportation Research Record. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-1981">0361-1981</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=53rd+Annual+Meeting+of+Highway+Research+Board%2C+Washington%2C+DC&rft.atitle=Interchange+Development+Patterns+on+Interstate+Highways+in+South+Carolina&rft.issue=508&rft.date=1974&rft.issn=0361-1981&rft.aulast=Epps&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft.au=Stafford%2C+Donald+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinepubs.trb.org%2FOnlinepubs%2Ftrr%2F1974%2F508%2F508-003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterchange+%28road%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorbicLucasHarwoodBrewer2017" class="citation book cs1">Torbic, Darren J.; Lucas, Lindsay M.; Harwood, Douglas W.; et al. 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February 2021. pp.<span class="nowrap"> </span>10.2-7–10.2-8<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=South+Carolina+Roadway+Design+Manual&rft.pages=pp.%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E-%3C%2Fspan%3E10.2-7-10.2-8&rft.pub=South+Carolina+Department+of+Transportation&rft.date=2021-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scdot.org%2Fbusiness%2Fpdf%2Froadway%2FrevisedChapters%2FChapter%252010%2520-%2520Interchanges.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterchange+%28road%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTask_Force_on_Geometric_Design2000" class="citation book cs1">Task Force on Geometric Design (2000). "10.9.3.6.1 – Partial Cloverleaf Ramp Arrangements". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bestmaterials.com/PDF_Files/geometric_design_highways_and_streets_aashto.pdf"><i>A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_and_Transportation_Officials" title="American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials">AASHTO</a>. pp.<span class="nowrap"> </span>10-60–10-63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56051-156-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56051-156-7"><bdi>1-56051-156-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10.9.3.6.1+%E2%80%93+Partial+Cloverleaf+Ramp+Arrangements&rft.btitle=A+Policy+on+Geometric+Design+of+Highways+and+Streets&rft.pages=pp.%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E-%3C%2Fspan%3E10-60-10-63&rft.pub=AASHTO&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-56051-156-7&rft.au=Task+Force+on+Geometric+Design&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestmaterials.com%2FPDF_Files%2Fgeometric_design_highways_and_streets_aashto.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterchange+%28road%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">"10.2.10 Partial Cloverleafs". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scdot.org/business/pdf/roadway/revisedChapters/Chapter%2010%20-%20Interchanges.pdf">South Carolina Roadway Design Manual</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Department_of_Transportation" title="South Carolina Department of Transportation">South Carolina Department of Transportation</a>. February 2021. pp.<span class="nowrap"> </span>10.2-11–10.2-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=South+Carolina+Roadway+Design+Manual&rft.pages=pp.%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E-%3C%2Fspan%3E10.2-11-10.2-12&rft.pub=South+Carolina+Department+of+Transportation&rft.date=2021-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scdot.org%2Fbusiness%2Fpdf%2Froadway%2FrevisedChapters%2FChapter%252010%2520-%2520Interchanges.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterchange+%28road%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesJagannathan2009" class="citation web cs1">Hughes, Warren; Jagannathan, Ram (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/09054/index.cfm">"Double Crossover Diamond Interchange"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a>. FHWA-HRT-09-054<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Double+Crossover+Diamond+Interchange&rft.pub=Federal+Highway+Administration&rft.date=2009-10&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft.au=Jagannathan%2C+Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fhwa.dot.gov%2Fpublications%2Fresearch%2Fsafety%2F09054%2Findex.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterchange+%28road%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2013" class="citation web cs1">Staff (June 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131127125317/http://www.virginiadot.org/projects/culpeper/zioncrossroads.asp">"I-64 Interchange at Route 15, Zion Crossroads"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Transportation" title="Virginia Department of Transportation">Virginia Department of Transportation</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I-64+Interchange+at+Route+15%2C+Zion+Crossroads&rft.pub=Virginia+Department+of+Transportation&rft.date=2013-06-13&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virginiadot.org%2Fprojects%2Fculpeper%2Fzioncrossroads.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterchange+%28road%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChlewicki2003" class="citation web cs1">Chlewicki, Gilbert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20111020071633/http://www.urbanstreet.info/2nd_sym_proceedings/Volume%202/Chlewicki.pdf">"New Interchange and Intersection Designs: The Synchronized Split-Phasing Intersection and the Diverging Diamond Interchange"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbanstreet.info/2nd_sym_proceedings/Volume%202/Chlewicki.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 20, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Interchange+and+Intersection+Designs%3A+The+Synchronized+Split-Phasing+Intersection+and+the+Diverging+Diamond+Interchange&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Chlewicki&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbanstreet.info%2F2nd_sym_proceedings%2FVolume%25202%2FChlewicki.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterchange+%28road%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modot.org/southwest/major_projects/Greene/documents/I-44-Route13DDI.pdf">"Missouri Department of Transportation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Missouri+Department+of+Transportation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.modot.org%2Fsouthwest%2Fmajor_projects%2FGreene%2Fdocuments%2FI-44-Route13DDI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterchange+%28road%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2011" class="citation web cs1">Staff (June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607123620/http://www.modot.org/springfield/major_projects/Greene/I-44andRoute13.html">"I-44/Route 13 Interchange Reconstruction: Diverging Diamond Design"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Department_of_Transportation" title="Missouri Department of Transportation">Missouri Department of Transportation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modot.org/springfield/major_projects/Greene/I-44andRoute13.html">the original</a> on June 7, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I-44%2FRoute+13+Interchange+Reconstruction%3A+Diverging+Diamond+Design&rft.pub=Missouri+Department+of+Transportation&rft.date=2011-06&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.modot.org%2Fspringfield%2Fmajor_projects%2FGreene%2FI-44andRoute13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterchange+%28road%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.virginiadot.org/info/innovative_intersections_and_interchanges/spui.asp">"Innovative Intersections and Interchanges"</a>. <i>Virginia Department of Transportation</i>. November 17, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Department+of+Transportation&rft.atitle=Innovative+Intersections+and+Interchanges&rft.date=2020-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.virginiadot.org%2Finfo%2Finnovative_intersections_and_interchanges%2Fspui.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterchange+%28road%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.modot.org/single-point-urban-interchanges">"Single-Point Urban Interchanges"</a>. <i>Missouri Department of Transportation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Missouri+Department+of+Transportation&rft.atitle=Single-Point+Urban+Interchanges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.modot.org%2Fsingle-point-urban-interchanges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterchange+%28road%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTask_Force_on_Geometric_Design,_20002001" class="citation book cs1">Task Force on Geometric Design, 2000 (2001). "10.9.3.4: Single-Point Diamond Interchanges". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bestmaterials.com/PDF_Files/geometric_design_highways_and_streets_aashto.pdf"><i>A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_and_Transportation_Officials" title="American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials">AASHTO</a>. p. 10-48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56051-156-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56051-156-7"><bdi>1-56051-156-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10.9.3.4%3A+Single-Point+Diamond+Interchanges&rft.btitle=A+Policy+on+Geometric+Design+of+Highways+and+Streets&rft.pages=10-48&rft.pub=AASHTO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-56051-156-7&rft.au=Task+Force+on+Geometric+Design%2C+2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestmaterials.com%2FPDF_Files%2Fgeometric_design_highways_and_streets_aashto.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterchange+%28road%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnesonMesser1989" class="citation book cs1">Bonneson, James A.; Messer, Carroll J. (March 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.tti.tamu.edu/tti.tamu.edu/documents/1148-1.pdf"><i>National Survey of Single-Point Urban Interchanges</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Federal Highway Administration. FHWA/TX-88/1148-1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Survey+of+Single-Point+Urban+Interchanges&rft.pub=Federal+Highway+Administration&rft.date=1989-03&rft.aulast=Bonneson&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft.au=Messer%2C+Carroll+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic.tti.tamu.edu%2Ftti.tamu.edu%2Fdocuments%2F1148-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterchange+%28road%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interchange_(road)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Interchanges" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Interchanges">Interchanges</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527173652/http://www.tfhrc.gov/humanfac/01103/glossary.htm">Glossary</a> –  Part of the publication <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527104450/http://www.tfhrc.gov/humanfac/01103/coverfront.htm"><i>Highway Design Handbook for Older Drivers and Pedestrians</i></a> by the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center branch of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kurumi.com/roads/interchanges/">Kurumi.com U.S. interchanges directory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050305150510/http://members.a1.net/wabweb/frames/kreuzf.htm">Detailed history of interchanges with diagrams</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nj.com/insidejersey/2009/11/the_first_cloverleaf_interchan.html">How New Jersey Saved Civilization: The first cloverleaf interchange</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Road_types" title="Template:Road types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Road_types" title="Template talk:Road types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Road_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Road types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Road_hierarchy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a> <a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">hierarchy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_road" title="Types of road">Types of road</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">Limited-access</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_highway" title="Bicycle highway">Bicycle highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">Freeway / Motorway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_highway" title="Elevated highway">Elevated highway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Limited-access_roads_by_country" title="Category:Limited-access roads by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Australia" title="Highways in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belgium#Road_transport" title="Transport in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highway_System" title="Brazilian Highway System">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Canada" title="Roads in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Croatia" title="Highways in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Highways in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of streets and roads in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-quality_dual_carriageway" title="High-quality dual carriageway">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Nepal" title="List of roads in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Pakistan" title="Roads in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Poland" title="Highways in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Portugal" title="Roads in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Spain" title="Highways in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_system_in_Taiwan" title="Highway system in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States" title="Numbered highways in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">Arterial road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collector_road" title="Collector road">Collector road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_highway" title="County highway">County highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local%E2%80%93express_lanes" title="Local–express lanes">Express–collector setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm-to-market_road" title="Farm-to-market road">Farm-to-market road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_road" title="Link road">Link road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-lane_expressway" title="Two-lane expressway">Two-lane expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B1_road" title="2+1 road">2+1 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_road" title="2+2 road">2+2 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkway" title="Parkway">Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">Ring road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_two" title="Super two">Super two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">Trunk road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_systems_by_country" title="Highway systems by country">Highway systems by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue (landscape)">Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_road" title="Back road">Back road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_boulevard" title="Bicycle boulevard">Bicycle boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_lane" title="Country lane">Country lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_end_street" title="Dead end street">Dead end</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontage_road" title="Frontage road">Frontage road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_lane_(road)" title="Green lane (road)">Green lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Street" title="Main Street">Main street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_road" title="Primitive road">Primitive road</a></li> <li>Road</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_road" title="Side road">Side road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_carriageway" title="Single carriageway">Single carriageway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-track_road" title="Single-track road">Single-track road</a></li> <li>Street</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunken_lane" title="Sunken lane">Sunken lane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(road)" title="Concurrency (road)">Concurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detour" title="Detour">Detour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">Road hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_highway" title="Private highway">Private highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_number" title="Route number">Route number</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_route" title="Special route">special route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_route" title="Business route">business route</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroad" title="Stroad">Stroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">Toll road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_road" title="Winter road">Winter road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_junction" title="Road junction">Road junctions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interchanges</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade-separated</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange" title="Cloverleaf interchange">Cloverleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_interchange" title="Diamond interchange">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_interchange" title="Free-flow interchange">Free-flow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Directional_T_interchange">Directional T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diverging_diamond_interchange" title="Diverging diamond interchange">Diverging diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange" title="Partial cloverleaf interchange">Parclo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raindrop_interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Raindrop interchange">Raindrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout_interchange" title="Roundabout interchange">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange" title="Single-point urban interchange">Single-point urban (SPUI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_interchange" title="Stack interchange">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-level_diamond_interchange" title="Three-level diamond interchange">Three-level diamond</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Trumpet_interchange">Trumpet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">Intersections<br /><span class="nobold">(at-grade)</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-way_junction" title="Three-way junction">3-way junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowtie_(road)" title="Bowtie (road)">Bowtie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_junction" title="Box junction">Box junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelization_(roads)" title="Channelization (roads)">Channelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous-flow_intersection" title="Continuous-flow intersection">Continuous flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_turn" title="Hook turn">Hook turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jughandle" title="Jughandle">Jughandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_left" title="Michigan left">Michigan left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offset_T-intersection" title="Offset T-intersection">Offset T-intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_intersection" title="Protected intersection">Protected intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_roadway_intersection" title="Quadrant roadway intersection">Quadrant roadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-in/right-out" title="Right-in/right-out">Right-in/right-out (RIRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagull_intersection" title="Seagull intersection">Seagull intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_intersection" title="Split intersection">Split intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstreet" title="Superstreet">Superstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_U-turn" title="Texas U-turn">Texas U-turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnaround_(road)" title="Turnaround (road)">Turnaround</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">Surfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioasphalt" title="Bioasphalt">Bioasphalt</a></li> <li>Brick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipseal" title="Chipseal">Chipseal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">Cobblestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete#Roads" title="Concrete">Concrete</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">Reinforced concrete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_cracking" title="Crocodile cracking">Crocodile cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_grinding_of_pavement" title="Diamond grinding of pavement">Diamond grinding of pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">Dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_depth_recycling" title="Full depth recycling">Full depth recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassphalt" title="Glassphalt">Glassphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_road" title="Gravel road">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_road" title="Ice road">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">Macadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_milling" title="Pavement milling">Pavement milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">Permeable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_road" title="Plank road">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_road" title="Plastic road">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberized_asphalt" title="Rubberized asphalt">Rubberized asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealcoat" title="Sealcoat">Sealcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sett_(paving)" title="Sett (paving)">Sett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamped_asphalt" title="Stamped asphalt">Stamped asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmacadam" title="Tarmacadam">Tarmac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_texture" title="Road texture">Texture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">Road safety<br />factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road and<br />environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaplaning" title="Aquaplaning">Aquaplaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_ice" title="Black ice">Black ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_(roads)" title="Bleeding (roads)">Bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosswind" title="Crosswind">Crosswind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Man%27s_Curve" title="Dead Man's Curve">Dead Man's Curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_joint" title="Expansion joint">Expansion joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin_turn" title="Hairpin turn">Hairpin turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhole_cover" title="Manhole cover">Manhole cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversize_load" title="Oversize load">Oversize load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_debris" title="Road debris">Road debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_slipperiness" title="Road slipperiness">Road slipperiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train">Road train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill">Roadkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockfall" title="Rockfall">Rockfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rut_(roads)" title="Rut (roads)">Rut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_bump" title="Speed bump">Speed bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">Traffic light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washboarding" title="Washboarding">Washboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washout_(erosion)" title="Washout (erosion)">Washout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteout_(weather)" title="Whiteout (weather)">Whiteout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Human factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_education" title="Driver's education">Driver's education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving under the influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowsy_driving" title="Drowsy driving">Drowsy driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">Road rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-vehicle_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-vehicle crash">Single-vehicle crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">Airbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_safety" title="Automotive safety">Automotive safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">Seat belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_compensation#Road_transport" title="Risk compensation">Risk compensation (road transport)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underride_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Underride guard">Underride guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic#Rules_of_the_road" title="Traffic">Space and<br />time allocation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_transfer_machine" title="Barrier transfer machine">Barrier transfer machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bike_lane" title="Bike lane">Bike lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_lane" title="Climbing lane">Climbing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane" title="Contraflow lane">Contraflow lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane_reversal" title="Contraflow lane reversal">Contraflow lane reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_toll_lane" title="High-occupancy toll lane">High-occupancy toll lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">High-occupancy vehicle lane</a></li> <li>Lane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_street" title="Living street">Living street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_lane" title="Managed lane">Managed lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_strip" title="Median strip">Median / Central reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_lane" title="Motorcycle lane">Motorcycle lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_lane" title="Passing lane">Passing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">Pedestrian crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_island" title="Refuge island">Refuge island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversible_lane" title="Reversible lane">Reversible lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_diet" title="Road diet">Road diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_verge" title="Road verge">Road verge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_truck_ramp" title="Runaway truck ramp">Runaway truck ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_space" title="Shared space">Shared space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">Sidewalk / Pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_(road)" title="Shoulder (road)">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street-running railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">Traffic calming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Traffic directionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_island" title="Traffic island">Traffic island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lanes">Traffic lanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_signal_preemption" title="Traffic signal preemption">Traffic signal preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_bypass" title="Truck bypass">Truck bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unused_highway" title="Unused highway">Unused highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_outside_lane" title="Wide outside lane">Wide outside lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woonerf" title="Woonerf">Woonerf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demarcation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">Bollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botts%27_dots" title="Botts' dots">Botts' dots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_barrier" title="Cable barrier">Cable barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_eye_(road)" title="Cat's eye (road)">Cat's eye (road)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_step_barrier" title="Concrete step barrier">Concrete step barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-slope_barrier" title="Constant-slope barrier">Constant-slope barrier</a></li> <li>Curb</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-shape_barrier" title="F-shape barrier">F-shape barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard rail">Guard rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_barrier" title="Jersey barrier">Jersey barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_pavement_marker" title="Raised pavement marker">Raised pavement marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">Road surface marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_strip" title="Rumble strip">Rumble strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_barrier" title="Traffic barrier">Traffic barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_cone" title="Traffic cone">Traffic cone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">Overpass / Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Underpass / Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance<br />indicators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_condition_index" title="Pavement condition index">Pavement condition index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_roughness_index" title="International roughness index">International roughness index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_serviceability_index" title="Present serviceability index">Present serviceability index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_performance_modeling" title="Pavement performance modeling">Pavement performance modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_base_equivalency" title="Granular base equivalency">Granular base equivalency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_road_transport_terms" title="Glossary of road transport terms">Glossary of road transport terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_road_types_by_features" class="mw-redirect" title="List of road types by features">Road types by features</a></li></ul> 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