CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1c517b56-712a-4c80-a2e2-1f4dd9da6392","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry","wgTitle":"International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry","wgCurRevisionId":1257599750,"wgRevisionId":1257599750,"wgArticleId":14870,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 German-language sources (de)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from September 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with dead external links from November 2017","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from March 2022", "Use Oxford spelling from November 2017","Articles lacking ISBNs","Good articles","Chemical nomenclature","Chemistry organizations","International scientific organizations","Members of the International Council for Science","Organisations based in Zurich","Organizations based in North Carolina","Scientific organizations based in the United States","Scientific organisations based in Switzerland","Scientific organizations established in 1919","Standards organisations in Switzerland","Members of the International Science Council"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry","wgRelevantArticleId":14870,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"IUPAC","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}}, "wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q33438","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/IUPAC.svg/1200px-IUPAC.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1061"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/IUPAC.svg/800px-IUPAC.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="708"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/IUPAC.svg/640px-IUPAC.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="566"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry rootpage-International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_and_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_and_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Creation and history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Committees_and_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Committees_and_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Committees and governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Committees_and_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nomenclature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basic_spellings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_spellings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Basic spellings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_spellings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organic_nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Organic nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inorganic_nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inorganic_nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Inorganic nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inorganic_nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amino_acid_and_nucleotide_base_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amino_acid_and_nucleotide_base_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Amino acid and nucleotide base codes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amino_acid_and_nucleotide_base_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Publications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-series_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-series_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Non-series books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-series_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experimental_Thermodynamics_book_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimental_Thermodynamics_book_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span><i>Experimental Thermodynamics</i> book series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimental_Thermodynamics_book_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Series_of_books_on_analytical_and_physical_chemistry_of_environmental_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Series_of_books_on_analytical_and_physical_chemistry_of_environmental_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Series of books on analytical and physical chemistry of environmental systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Series_of_books_on_analytical_and_physical_chemistry_of_environmental_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colored_cover_book_and_website_series_(nomenclature)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colored_cover_book_and_website_series_(nomenclature)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Colored cover book and website series (nomenclature)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colored_cover_book_and_website_series_(nomenclature)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Year_of_Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Year_of_Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>International Year of Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Year_of_Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IUPAC_Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IUPAC_Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>IUPAC Presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IUPAC_Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUSTC" title="IUSTC – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="IUSTC" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الاتحاد الدولي للكيمياء البحتة والتطبيقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاتحاد الدولي للكيمياء البحتة والتطبيقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuni%C3%B3n_Internacional_de_Qu%C3%ADmica_Pura_y_Aplicada" title="Xunión Internacional de Química Pura y Aplicada – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xunión Internacional de Química Pura y Aplicada" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyn%C9%99lxalq_N%C9%99z%C9%99ri_v%C9%99_T%C9%99tbiqi_Kimya_%C4%B0ttifaq%C4%B1" title="Beynəlxalq Nəzəri və Tətbiqi Kimya İttifaqı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beynəlxalq Nəzəri və Tətbiqi Kimya İttifaqı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="আন্তর্জাতিক বিশুদ্ধ ও ফলিত রসায়ন সংস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আন্তর্জাতিক বিশুদ্ধ ও ফলিত রসায়ন সংস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%96" title="Міжнародны саюз тэарэтычнай і прыкладной хіміі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міжнародны саюз тэарэтычнай і прыкладной хіміі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internasyunal_na_Kasararoan_nin_Puro_asin_Aplikado_na_Kimika" title="Internasyunal na Kasararoan nin Puro asin Aplikado na Kimika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Internasyunal na Kasararoan nin Puro asin Aplikado na Kimika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Международен съюз за чиста и приложна химия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Международен съюз за чиста и приложна химия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="IUPAC" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unaniezh_Etrevroadel_ar_Gimiezh_Pur_hag_Arveret" title="Unaniezh Etrevroadel ar Gimiezh Pur hag Arveret – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Unaniezh Etrevroadel ar Gimiezh Pur hag Arveret" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_Internacional_de_Qu%C3%ADmica_Pura_i_Aplicada" title="Unió Internacional de Química Pura i Aplicada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Unió Internacional de Química Pura i Aplicada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_unie_pro_%C4%8Distou_a_u%C5%BEitou_chemii" title="Mezinárodní unie pro čistou a užitou chemii – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezinárodní unie pro čistou a užitou chemii" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="IUPAC" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvusvaheline_Puhta_ja_Rakenduskeemia_Liit" title="Rahvusvaheline Puhta ja Rakenduskeemia Liit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvusvaheline Puhta ja Rakenduskeemia Liit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%95%CF%86%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A7%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Διεθνής Ένωση Καθαρής και Εφαρμοσμένης Χημείας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διεθνής Ένωση Καθαρής και Εφαρμοσμένης Χημείας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Internacional_de_Qu%C3%ADmica_Pura_y_Aplicada" title="Unión Internacional de Química Pura y Aplicada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unión Internacional de Química Pura y Aplicada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internacia_Unio_de_Teoria_kaj_Aplika_Kemio" title="Internacia Unio de Teoria kaj Aplika Kemio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Internacia Unio de Teoria kaj Aplika Kemio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimika_Puru_eta_Aplikatuko_Nazioarteko_Batasuna" title="Kimika Puru eta Aplikatuko Nazioarteko Batasuna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kimika Puru eta Aplikatuko Nazioarteko Batasuna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="آیوپاک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آیوپاک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_internationale_de_chimie_pure_et_appliqu%C3%A9e" title="Union internationale de chimie pure et appliquée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Union internationale de chimie pure et appliquée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aontas_Idirn%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta_na_Glan-Cheimice_agus_na_Ceimice_Feidhm%C3%AD" title="Aontas Idirnáisiúnta na Glan-Cheimice agus na Ceimice Feidhmí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aontas Idirnáisiúnta na Glan-Cheimice agus na Ceimice Feidhmí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="IUPAC" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%EC%88%9C%EC%88%98%C2%B7%EC%9D%91%EC%9A%A9_%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9" title="국제 순수·응용 화학 연합 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국제 순수·응용 화학 연합" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%87_%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տեսական և կիրառական քիմիայի միջազգային միություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեսական և կիրառական քիմիայի միջազգային միություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98" title="शुद्ध और अनुप्रयोगिक रसायन का अंतरराष्ट्रीय संघ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शुद्ध और अनुप्रयोगिक रसायन का अंतरराष्ट्रीय संघ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodna_unija_za_%C4%8Distu_i_primijenjenu_kemiju" title="Međunarodna unija za čistu i primijenjenu kemiju – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Međunarodna unija za čistu i primijenjenu kemiju" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAK" title="IUPAK – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="IUPAK" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persatuan_Kimia_Murni_dan_Terapan_Internasional" title="Persatuan Kimia Murni dan Terapan Internasional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Persatuan Kimia Murni dan Terapan Internasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_International_de_Chimia_Pur_e_Applicate" title="Union International de Chimia Pur e Applicate – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Union International de Chimia Pur e Applicate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0asamt%C3%B6k_um_hreina_og_hagn%C3%BDta_efnafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Alþjóðasamtök um hreina og hagnýta efnafræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alþjóðasamtök um hreina og hagnýta efnafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_internazionale_di_chimica_pura_e_applicata" title="Unione internazionale di chimica pura e applicata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Unione internazionale di chimica pura e applicata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="თეორიული და გამოყენებითი ქიმიის საერთაშორისო კავშირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თეორიული და გამოყენებითი ქიმიის საერთაშორისო კავშირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unio_internationalis_chemiae_purae_applicatae" title="Unio internationalis chemiae purae applicatae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Unio internationalis chemiae purae applicatae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starptautisk%C4%81_teor%C4%93tisk%C4%81s_un_praktisk%C4%81s_%C4%B7%C4%ABmijas_savien%C4%ABba" title="Starptautiskā teorētiskās un praktiskās ķīmijas savienība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Starptautiskā teorētiskās un praktiskās ķīmijas savienība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarptautin%C4%97_teorin%C4%97s_ir_taikomosios_chemijos_s%C4%85junga" title="Tarptautinė teorinės ir taikomosios chemijos sąjunga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tarptautinė teorinės ir taikomosios chemijos sąjunga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="IUPAC" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="IUPAC" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B7_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Меѓународен сојуз за чиста и применета хемија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Меѓународен сојуз за чиста и применета хемија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="ഇന്റർനാഷണൽ യൂണിയൻ ഓഫ് പ്യുർ ആന്റ് അപ്ലൈഡ് കെമിസ്ട്രി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്റർനാഷണൽ യൂണിയൻ ഓഫ് പ്യുർ ആന്റ് അപ്ലൈഡ് കെമിസ്ട്രി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="शुद्ध व उपयोजित रसायनशास्त्राची आंतरराष्ट्रीय संस्था – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शुद्ध व उपयोजित रसायनशास्त्राची आंतरराष्ट्रीय संस्था" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="IUPAC" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IUPAC" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E7%B4%94%E6%AD%A3%E3%83%BB%E5%BF%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88" title="国際純正・応用化学連合 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際純正・応用化学連合" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="IUPAC" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Internacionala_de_Quimia_Pura_e_Aplicada" title="Union Internacionala de Quimia Pura e Aplicada – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Union Internacionala de Quimia Pura e Aplicada" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A3_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%98" title="ਕੌਮਾਂਤਰੀ ਸ਼ੁੱਧ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਹਾਰਕ ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਸੰਘ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੌਮਾਂਤਰੀ ਸ਼ੁੱਧ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਹਾਰਕ ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਸੰਘ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzynarodowa_Unia_Chemii_Czystej_i_Stosowanej" title="Międzynarodowa Unia Chemii Czystej i Stosowanej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Międzynarodowa Unia Chemii Czystej i Stosowanej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Internacional_de_Qu%C3%ADmica_Pura_e_Aplicada" title="União Internacional de Química Pura e Aplicada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="União Internacional de Química Pura e Aplicada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniunea_Interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83_de_Chimie_Pur%C4%83_%C8%99i_Aplicat%C4%83" title="Uniunea Internațională de Chimie Pură și Aplicată – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Uniunea Internațională de Chimie Pură și Aplicată" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="IUPAC" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Международный союз теоретической и прикладной химии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Международный союз теоретической и прикладной химии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="IUPAC" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medzin%C3%A1rodn%C3%A1_%C3%BAnia_pre_%C4%8Dist%C3%BA_a_aplikovan%C3%BA_ch%C3%A9miu" title="Medzinárodná únia pre čistú a aplikovanú chémiu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Medzinárodná únia pre čistú a aplikovanú chémiu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mednarodna_zveza_za_%C4%8Disto_in_uporabno_kemijo" title="Mednarodna zveza za čisto in uporabno kemijo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mednarodna zveza za čisto in uporabno kemijo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8E%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8E%D9%88%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%88_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88" title="یەکێتیی نێونەتەوەییی کیمیای پەتی و کارپێکراو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یەکێتیی نێونەتەوەییی کیمیای پەتی و کارپێکراو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%92%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83" title="Међународна унија за чисту и примењену хемију – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Међународна унија за чисту и примењену хемију" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodna_unija_za_%C4%8Distu_i_primenjenu_hemiju" title="Međunarodna unija za čistu i primenjenu hemiju – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Međunarodna unija za čistu i primenjenu hemiju" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="IUPAC" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationella_kemiunionen" title="Internationella kemiunionen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Internationella kemiunionen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பன்னாட்டு தனி மற்றும் பயன்பாட்டு வேதியியல் ஒன்றியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பன்னாட்டு தனி மற்றும் பயன்பாட்டு வேதியியல் ஒன்றியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Чиста һәм гамәли химия халыкара берлеге – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чиста һәм гамәли химия халыкара берлеге" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8" title="สหภาพเคมีบริสุทธิ์และเคมีประยุกต์ระหว่างประเทศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สหภาพเคมีบริสุทธิ์และเคมีประยุกต์ระหว่างประเทศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Temel_ve_Uygulamal%C4%B1_Kimya_Birli%C4%9Fi" title="Uluslararası Temel ve Uygulamalı Kimya Birliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uluslararası Temel ve Uygulamalı Kimya Birliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="IUPAC" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="بین الاقوامی اتحاد برائے خالص و اطلاقی کیمیاء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بین الاقوامی اتحاد برائے خالص و اطلاقی کیمیاء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="IUPAC" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%98%E5%85%AB%E5%85%8B" title="优八克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="优八克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%92%8C%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%81%AF%E6%9C%83" title="理論化學和應用化學國際聯會 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="理論化學和應用化學國際聯會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%B4%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%92%8C%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%9C%83" title="國際純化學和應用化學聯合會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="國際純化學和應用化學聯合會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33438#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&oldid=1257599750" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&id=1257599750&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInternational_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInternational_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:IUPAC" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33438" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=IUPAC&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">International organization representing chemists</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_logo.svg/220px-International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_logo.svg/330px-International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_logo.svg/440px-International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="101" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:IUPAC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/IUPAC.svg/220px-IUPAC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/IUPAC.svg/330px-IUPAC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/IUPAC.svg/440px-IUPAC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="283" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">IUPAC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1919<span class="noprint">; 105 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1919</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/International_non-governmental_organization" title="International non-governmental organization">International non-governmental organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards organization</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Research_Triangle_Park" title="Research Triangle Park">Research Triangle Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region served </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worldwide</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Membership </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/International_Science_Council" title="International Science Council">International Science Council</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ehud_Keinan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ehud Keinan (page does not exist)">Ehud Keinan</a><sup id="cite_ref-OurLeadership_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OurLeadership-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Vice President</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Garson" title="Mary Garson">Mary Garson</a><sup id="cite_ref-OurLeadership_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OurLeadership-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Secretary General</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoltan_Mester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoltan Mester (page does not exist)">Zoltan Mester</a><sup id="cite_ref-OurLeadership_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OurLeadership-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupac.org/">iupac<wbr />.org</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33438#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</b> (<b>IUPAC</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/juː/: 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/juː/: 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span></span>-/</a></span></span>) is an international federation of <a href="/wiki/National_Adhering_Organizations" title="National Adhering Organizations">National Adhering Organizations</a> working for the advancement of the chemical sciences, especially by developing nomenclature and terminology. It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Science_Council" title="International Science Council">International Science Council</a> (ISC).<sup id="cite_ref-nao_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nao-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IUPAC is registered in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and the administrative office, known as the "IUPAC Secretariat", is in <a href="/wiki/Research_Triangle_Park" title="Research Triangle Park">Research Triangle Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. IUPAC's executive director heads this administrative office,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> currently Greta Heydenrych.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IUPAC was established in 1919 as the successor of the International Congress of Applied Chemistry for the advancement of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>. Its members, the National Adhering Organizations, can be national <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemistry_societies" title="List of chemistry societies">chemistry societies</a>, national <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Sciences">academies of sciences</a>, or other bodies representing chemists. There are fifty-four National Adhering Organizations and three Associate National Adhering Organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-nao_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nao-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IUPAC's Inter-divisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols (<a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry nomenclature">IUPAC nomenclature</a>) is the recognized world authority in developing standards for naming the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical elements">chemical elements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical compounds">compounds</a>. Since its creation, IUPAC has been run by many different committees with different responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-governing_committees_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-governing_committees-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These committees run different projects which include standardizing <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">nomenclature</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Interdivisional_Committee_on_Terminology_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interdivisional_Committee_on_Terminology-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finding ways to bring chemistry to the world,<sup id="cite_ref-CHEMRAWN_activities_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHEMRAWN_activities-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and publishing works.<sup id="cite_ref-Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_Editorial_Advisory_Board_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_Editorial_Advisory_Board-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Project_Committee_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Project_Committee-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Evaluation_Committee_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evaluation_Committee-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IUPAC is best known for its works standardizing nomenclature in chemistry, but IUPAC has publications in many science fields including chemistry, biology, and physics.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_IUPAC_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_IUPAC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some important work IUPAC has done in these fields includes standardizing <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a> base sequence code names; publishing books for environmental scientists, chemists, and physicists; and improving education in science.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_IUPAC_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_IUPAC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IYC_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IYC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IUPAC is also known for standardizing the atomic weights of the elements through one of its oldest standing committees, the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights</a> (CIAAW). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation_and_history">Creation and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Creation and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frkekul%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white image of a bald man in a dark outfit, with a bushy white beard and mustache" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Frkekul%C3%A9.jpg/170px-Frkekul%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Frkekul%C3%A9.jpg/255px-Frkekul%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Frkekul%C3%A9.jpg/340px-Frkekul%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1234" /></a><figcaption>Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz</figcaption></figure> <p>The need for an international standard for chemistry was first addressed in 1860 by a committee headed by German scientist <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_Kekul%C3%A9_von_Stradonitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz">Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Working_group" title="Working group">committee</a> was the first international conference to create an international naming system for <a href="/wiki/Organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic compounds">organic compounds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_IUPAC_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_IUPAC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ideas that were formulated at that conference evolved into the official <a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry">IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_IUPAC_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_IUPAC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IUPAC stands as a legacy of this meeting, making it one of the most important historical international collaborations of <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemistry_societies" title="List of chemistry societies">chemistry societies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_IUPAC_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_IUPAC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since this time, IUPAC has been the official organization held with the responsibility of updating and maintaining official <a href="/wiki/Organic_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic nomenclature">organic nomenclature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chemistry_The_Central_Science_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemistry_The_Central_Science-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IUPAC as such was established in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One notable country excluded from this early IUPAC is Germany. Germany's exclusion was a result of prejudice towards Germans by the Allied powers after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wissenschaften_und_Wissenschaftspolitik:_Bestandsaufnahmen_zu_Formationen,_Brüchen_und_Kontinuitäten_im_Deutschland_des_20._Jahrhunderts_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wissenschaften_und_Wissenschaftspolitik:_Bestandsaufnahmen_zu_Formationen,_Brüchen_und_Kontinuitäten_im_Deutschland_des_20._Jahrhunderts-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany was finally admitted into IUPAC in 1929. However, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> was removed from IUPAC during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>During World War II, IUPAC was affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied powers</a>, but had little involvement during the war effort itself. After the war, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> were readmitted to IUPAC in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-Wissenschaften_und_Wissenschaftspolitik:_Bestandsaufnahmen_zu_Formationen,_Brüchen_und_Kontinuitäten_im_Deutschland_des_20._Jahrhunderts_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wissenschaften_und_Wissenschaftspolitik:_Bestandsaufnahmen_zu_Formationen,_Brüchen_und_Kontinuitäten_im_Deutschland_des_20._Jahrhunderts-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-osullivan_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osullivan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since World War II, IUPAC has been focused on standardizing nomenclature and methods in science without interruption. </p><p>In 2016, IUPAC denounced the use of <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">chemical weapon</a>. The organization pointed out their concerns in a letter to Ahmet Üzümcü, the director of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a> (OPCW), in regards to the practice of utilizing chlorine for <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">weapon usage in Syria</a> among other locations. The letter stated, "Our organizations deplore the use of chlorine in this manner. The indiscriminate attacks, possibly carried out by a member state of the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention" title="Chemical Weapons Convention">Chemical Weapons Convention</a> (CWC), are of concern to chemical scientists and engineers around the globe and we stand ready to support your mission of implementing the CWC." According to the CWC, "the use, stockpiling, distribution, development or storage of any chemical weapons is forbidden by any of the 192 state party signatories."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Committees_and_governance">Committees and governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Committees and governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IUPAC is governed by several committees that all have different responsibilities. The committees are as follows: Bureau, CHEMRAWN (Chem Research Applied to World Needs) Committee, Committee on Chemistry Education, Committee on Chemistry and Industry, Committee on Printed and Electronic Publications, Evaluation Committee, Executive Committee, Finance Committee, Interdivisional Committee on Terminology, Nomenclature and Symbols, Project Committee, and Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board.<sup id="cite_ref-governing_committees_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-governing_committees-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each committee is made up of members of different National Adhering Organizations from different countries.<sup id="cite_ref-nao_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nao-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The steering committee hierarchy for IUPAC is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Project_committee_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Project_committee-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>All committees have an allotted budget to which they must adhere.</li> <li>Any committee may start a project.</li> <li>If a project's spending becomes too much for a committee to continue funding, it must take the issue to the Project Committee.</li> <li>The project committee either increases the budget or decides on an external funding plan.</li> <li>The Bureau and Executive Committee oversee operations of the other committees.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Committees table </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Committee name (abbreviation) </th> <th>Responsibilities </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Bureau</b> </td> <td> <ul><li>Discussing and making changes to which committee has authority over a specific project</li> <li>Controlling finances for all other committees and IUPAC as a whole</li> <li>Discussing general governance of IUPAC<sup id="cite_ref-bureau_meeting_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bureau_meeting-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Physical and Biophysical Chemistry Division</b> (Division I) </td> <td> <ul><li>Organizing and promoting the international collaboration between scientists in physical and biophysical chemistry and related fields</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_Inorganic_Chemistry_Division" title="IUPAC Inorganic Chemistry Division">Inorganic Chemistry Division</a> </b>(Division II) </td> <td> <ul><li>Inorganic and inorganic materials chemistry, isotopes, and atomic weights, <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division </b>(Division III) </td> <td> <ul><li>Promoting the goals of IUPAC in the field of organic and biomolecular chemistry in the broadest sense</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Polymer Division </b>(Division IV) </td> <td> <ul><li>The science and technology of macromolecules and polymers</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Analytical Chemistry Division </b>(Division V) </td> <td> <ul><li>The general aspects of analytical chemistry, separation methods, spectrochemical methods, electrochemical methods, nuclear chemistry methods, and applications to human health and the environment.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Chemistry and the Environment Division </b>(Division VI) </td> <td> <ul><li>Providing unbiased and timely authoritative reviews on the behavior of chemical compounds in food and the environment.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Chemistry and Human Health Division </b>(Division VII) </td> <td> <ul><li>Medicinal and clinical chemistry</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><b>Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation Division</b> (Division VIII) </p> </td> <td> <ul><li>Maintaining and developing standard systems for designating chemical structures, including both conventional nomenclature and computer-based systems.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>CHEMRAWN Committee</b> (Chem Research Applied to World Needs) </td> <td> <ul><li>Discussing different ways chemistry can and should be used to help the world<sup id="cite_ref-CHEMRAWN_activities_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHEMRAWN_activities-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Committee on Chemistry Education</b> (CCE) </td> <td> <ul><li>Coordinating IUPAC chemistry research with the educational systems of the world<sup id="cite_ref-Chemistry_Education_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemistry_Education-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Committee on Chemistry and Industry</b> (COCI) </td> <td> <ul><li>Coordinating IUPAC chemistry research with <a href="/wiki/Industrial_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial chemistry">industrial chemistry</a> needs<sup id="cite_ref-Chemistry_and_Industry_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemistry_and_Industry-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Committee on Ethics, Diversity, Equity and Inclusion</b> (CEDEI) </td> <td> <ul><li>Promoting and developing the core values stated in the IUPAC strategic plan<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Committee on Publications and Cheminformatics Data Standards</b> (CPCDS) </td> <td> <ul><li>Designing and implementing IUPAC publications</li> <li>Heading the Subcommittee on <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectroscopic">Spectroscopic</a> Data Standards<sup id="cite_ref-Committee_on_Electronic_and_printed_Publications_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Committee_on_Electronic_and_printed_Publications-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Evaluation Committee</b> (EvC) </td> <td> <ul><li>Evaluating every project</li> <li>Reporting back to the Executive Committee on every project<sup id="cite_ref-Evaluation_Committee_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evaluation_Committee-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Executive Committee</b> (EC) </td> <td> <ul><li>Planning and discussing IUPAC events</li> <li>Discussing IUPAC fundraising</li> <li>Reviewing other committees' work<sup id="cite_ref-Executive_Committee_example_meeting_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Executive_Committee_example_meeting-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Current officers of the Executive Committee</b>: </p> <ul><li>President: García Martínez, Javier</li> <li>Vice president: Keinan, Ehud</li> <li>Past President: Brett, Christopher M. A.</li> <li>Treasurer: Koch, Wolfram</li> <li>Secretary General: Hartshorn, Richard M.<sup id="cite_ref-executive_committee_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-executive_committee-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Finance Committee</b> (FC) </td> <td> <ul><li>Helping other committees properly manage their budgets</li> <li>Advising union officers on investments<sup id="cite_ref-Finanace_Committee_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finanace_Committee-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupac.org/who-we-are/committees/committee-details/?body_code=041">Interdivisional Committee on Green Chemistry for Sustainable Development</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020033323/https://iupac.org/who-we-are/committees/committee-details/?body_code=041">Archived</a> 20 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></b> (ICGCSD) </td> <td> <ul><li>Advancing <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupac.org/who-we-are/strategic-plan/">IUPAC Strategic Plan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180406230343/https://iupac.org/who-we-are/strategic-plan/">Archived</a> 6 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for green and sustainable chemistry</li> <li>Coordinating all the work of IUPAC in this area to develop a coherent program of action</li> <li>Initiating and coordinating projects in green and sustainable chemistry</li> <li>Encouraging activities in these areas from across the Divisions and Standing Committees</li> <li>Harmonization, regulation, and standardization in green and sustainable chemistry</li> <li>Organizing the series of <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Green_Chemistry" title="International Conference on Green Chemistry">IUPAC International Conferences on Green Chemistry</a></li> <li>Managing IUPAC participation in the PhosAgro/UNESCO/IUPAC Green Chemistry for Life awards program</li> <li>Managing the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenchemistry.school">Green Chemistry Postgraduate Summer School</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230104083219/https://www.greenchemistry.school/">Archived</a> 4 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> series</li> <li>Managing <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupac.org/what-we-do/awards/chemrawn-vii-prize/">IUPAC CHEMRAWN Prize for Green Chemistry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180407053523/https://iupac.org/what-we-do/awards/chemrawn-vii-prize/">Archived</a> 7 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Working and collaborating with other international organizations and industries</li> <li>Seeking additional sponsorship and support from industrial sources</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Interdivisional Committee on Terminology</b> (ICTNS) </td> <td> <ul><li>Managing <a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC nomenclature">IUPAC nomenclature</a></li> <li>Working through many projects to standardize nomenclature</li> <li>Standardizing measurements</li> <li>Discussing atomic weight standardization<sup id="cite_ref-Interdivisional_Committee_on_Terminology_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interdivisional_Committee_on_Terminology-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Project Committee</b> (PC) </td> <td> <ul><li>Managing funds that are under the jurisdiction of multiple projects</li> <li>Judging if a project is too large for its funding</li> <li>Recommending sources of external funding for projects</li> <li>Deciding how to fund meetings in developing countries and countries in crisis<sup id="cite_ref-Project_Committee_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Project_Committee-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board</b> (PAC-EAB) </td> <td> <ul><li>Helping to plan, implement, and publish <a href="/wiki/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="Pure and Applied Chemistry">Pure and Applied Chemistry</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_Editorial_Advisory_Board_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_Editorial_Advisory_Board-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Preferred_IUPAC_name" title="Preferred IUPAC name">Preferred IUPAC name</a></div> <p>Scientists framed a systematic method for naming organic compounds based on their structures. Hence, the naming rules were formulated by IUPAC.<sup id="cite_ref-publications_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publications-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_spellings">Basic spellings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Basic spellings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IUPAC establishes rules for <a href="/wiki/Harmonization_(standards)" title="Harmonization (standards)">harmonized</a> spelling of some chemicals to reduce variation among different local English-language variants. For example, they recommend "<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>" rather than "aluminum", "<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>" rather than "sulphur", and "<a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a>" rather than "cesium".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_nomenclature">Organic nomenclature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Organic nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry">IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry</a></div> <p>IUPAC organic nomenclature has three basic parts: the <a href="/wiki/Substituents" class="mw-redirect" title="Substituents">substituents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon chain">carbon chain</a> length, and chemical affix.<sup id="cite_ref-Chemistry_The_Central_Science_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemistry_The_Central_Science-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The substituents are any functional groups attached to the main carbon chain. The main carbon chain is the longest possible continuous chain. The chemical affix denotes what type of molecule it is. For example, the ending <i>ane</i> denotes a single bonded carbon chain, as in "hexane" (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">14</sub></span></span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Organic_Chemistry_I_As_a_Second_Language:_Translating_the_Basic_Concepts_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Organic_Chemistry_I_As_a_Second_Language:_Translating_the_Basic_Concepts-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another example of IUPAC organic nomenclature is <a href="/wiki/Cyclohexanol" title="Cyclohexanol">cyclohexanol</a>: </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyclohexanol_acsv.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cyclohexanol_acsv.svg/150px-Cyclohexanol_acsv.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cyclohexanol_acsv.svg/225px-Cyclohexanol_acsv.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cyclohexanol_acsv.svg/300px-Cyclohexanol_acsv.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Cyclohexanol</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The substituent name for a <a href="/wiki/Ring_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring compound">ring compound</a> is <i>cyclo</i>.</li> <li>The indication (substituent name) for a six <a href="/wiki/Carbon_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon chain">carbon chain</a> is <i>hex</i>.</li> <li>The chemical ending for a single bonded carbon chain is <i>ane</i>.</li> <li>The chemical ending for an <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohol</a> is <i>ol</i>.</li> <li>The two chemical endings are combined for an ending of <i>anol</i> indicating a single bonded carbon chain with an alcohol attached to it.<sup id="cite_ref-Chemistry_The_Central_Science_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemistry_The_Central_Science-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Organic_Chemistry_I_As_a_Second_Language:_Translating_the_Basic_Concepts_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Organic_Chemistry_I_As_a_Second_Language:_Translating_the_Basic_Concepts-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gold_Book_second_edition_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gold_Book_second_edition-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inorganic_nomenclature">Inorganic nomenclature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Inorganic nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry">IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry</a></div> <p>Basic IUPAC inorganic nomenclature has two main parts: the <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anion</a>. The cation is the name for the positively charged <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> and the anion is the name for the negatively charged ion.<sup id="cite_ref-Chemistry_The_Central_Science_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemistry_The_Central_Science-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry is <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chlorate" title="Potassium chlorate">potassium chlorate</a> (KClO<sub>3</sub>): </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potassium-chlorate-composition.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Potassium-chlorate-composition.png/150px-Potassium-chlorate-composition.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Potassium-chlorate-composition.png/225px-Potassium-chlorate-composition.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Potassium-chlorate-composition.png/300px-Potassium-chlorate-composition.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Potassium chlorate</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a>" is the cation name.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Chlorate" title="Chlorate">Chlorate</a>" is the anion name.<sup id="cite_ref-Chemistry_The_Central_Science_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemistry_The_Central_Science-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amino_acid_and_nucleotide_base_codes">Amino acid and nucleotide base codes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Amino acid and nucleotide base codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IUPAC also has a system for giving codes to identify <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a> bases. IUPAC needed a coding system that represented long sequences of amino acids. This would allow for these sequences to be compared to try to find <a href="/wiki/Sequence_homology" title="Sequence homology">homologies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Amino_Acid_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amino_Acid-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These codes can consist of either a one-letter code or a three-letter code. </p><p>These codes make it easier and shorter to write down the amino acid sequences that make up <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>. The nucleotide bases are made up of <a href="/wiki/Purines" class="mw-redirect" title="Purines">purines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pyrimidines" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrimidines">pyrimidines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">cytosine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine">thymine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Uracil" title="Uracil">uracil</a>). These nucleotide bases make up <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>. These nucleotide base codes make the genome of an organism much smaller and easier to read.<sup id="cite_ref-Amino_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amino-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="border:solid 1px black;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nucleic acid code </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Reasoning </th></tr> <tr> <td>A </td> <td>A </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine"><i>A</i>denine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>C </td> <td>C </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine"><i>C</i>ytosine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>G </td> <td>G </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine"><i>G</i>uanine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>T </td> <td>T </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine"><i>T</i>hymine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U </td> <td>U </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uracil" title="Uracil"><i>U</i>racil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>R </td> <td>A or G </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Purine" title="Purine">Pu<i>r</i>ine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Y </td> <td>C, T or U </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">P<i>y</i>rimidines</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>K </td> <td>G, T or U </td> <td>Bases that are <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone"><i>k</i>etones</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>M </td> <td>A or C </td> <td>Bases with <a href="/wiki/Amino" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino">a<i>m</i>ino groups</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>S </td> <td>C or G </td> <td><i>S</i>trong interaction </td></tr> <tr> <td>W </td> <td>A, T, or U </td> <td><i>W</i>eak interaction </td></tr> <tr> <td>B </td> <td>Not A (i.e. C, G, T, or U) </td> <td><i>B</i> comes after A </td></tr> <tr> <td>D </td> <td>Not C (i.e. A, G, T, or U) </td> <td><i>D</i> comes after C </td></tr> <tr> <td>H </td> <td>Not G (i.e., A, C, T, or U) </td> <td><i>H</i> comes after G </td></tr> <tr> <td>V </td> <td>Neither T nor U (i.e. A, C, or G) </td> <td><i>V</i> comes after U </td></tr> <tr> <td>N </td> <td>A C G T U </td> <td><i>N</i>ucleic acid </td></tr> <tr> <td>X </td> <td>Masked </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>Gap of indeterminate length </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The codes for amino acids (24 amino acids and three special codes) are: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="border:solid 1px black;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Amino acid code </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>A </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>B </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartic acid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Asparagine" title="Asparagine">asparagine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>C </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">Cysteine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>D </td> <td>Aspartic acid </td></tr> <tr> <td>E </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamic acid</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>F </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>G </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>H </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">Histidine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">Isoleucine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>K </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">Lysine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>L </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">Leucine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>M </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>N </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asparagine" title="Asparagine">Asparagine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>O </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyrrolysine" title="Pyrrolysine">Pyrrolysine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>P </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Q </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">Glutamine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>R </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>S </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>T </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">Threonine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Selenocysteine" title="Selenocysteine">Selenocysteine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>V </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">Valine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>W </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Y </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Z </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamic acid</a> or glutamine </td></tr> <tr> <td>J </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">Leucine</a> or isoleucine </td></tr> <tr> <td>X </td> <td>Any </td></tr> <tr> <td>* </td> <td>Translation stop </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>Gap of indeterminate length </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-ISBN plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg/40px-Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg/60px-Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg/80px-Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>lacks <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBNs</a> for the books listed</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit">add the ISBNs</a> or run the <a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/citations/process_page.php?edit=template&slow=1&user=Biblio+template+user&page=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry">citation bot</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-series_books">Non-series books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Non-series books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book name </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Principles and Practices of Method Validation</b></i> </td> <td> <p><i>Principles and Practices of Method Validation</i> is a book entailing methods of validating and analyzing many <a href="/wiki/Analyte" title="Analyte">analytes</a> taken from a single <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aliquot" class="extiw" title="wikt:aliquot">aliquot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-flipkart_review_of_Principles_and_Practices_of_Method_Validation_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flipkart_review_of_Principles_and_Practices_of_Method_Validation-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, this book goes over techniques for analyzing many samples at once. Some methods discussed include chromatographic methods, estimation of effects, matrix-induced effects, and the effect of an equipment setup on an experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-flipkart_review_of_Principles_and_Practices_of_Method_Validation_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flipkart_review_of_Principles_and_Practices_of_Method_Validation-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Fundamental Toxicology</b></i> </td> <td> <p><i>Fundamental Toxicology</i> is a textbook that proposes a <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a> for <a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">toxicology</a> courses.<sup id="cite_ref-Fundamental_Toxicology_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fundamental_Toxicology-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Fundamental Toxicology</i> is based on the book <i>Fundamental Toxicology for Chemists</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fundamental_Toxicology_Review_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fundamental_Toxicology_Review-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Fundamental Toxicology</i> is enhanced through many revisions and updates. New information added in the revisions includes: <a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">risk assessment</a> and management; reproductive toxicology; behavioral toxicology; and <a href="/wiki/Ecotoxicology" title="Ecotoxicology">ecotoxicology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fundamental_Toxicology_Review_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fundamental_Toxicology_Review-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book is relatively well received as being useful for reviewing chemical toxicology.<sup id="cite_ref-Fundamental_Toxicology_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fundamental_Toxicology-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Macromolecular Symposia</b></i> </td> <td> <p><i>Macromolecular Symposia</i> is a journal that publishes fourteen issues a year. This journal includes contributions to the macromolecular chemistry and physics field. The meetings of IUPAC are included in this journal along with the <a href="/wiki/European_Polymer_Federation" title="European Polymer Federation">European Polymer Federation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Polymer_Science" title="Society of Polymer Science">Society of Polymer Science</a> in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Macromolecular_Symposia_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macromolecular_Symposia-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experimental_Thermodynamics_book_series"><i>Experimental Thermodynamics</i> book series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Experimental Thermodynamics book series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Experimental Thermodynamics</i> books series covers many topics in the fields of thermodynamics. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Measurement of the Transport Properties of Fluids</b></i> </td> <td> <p><i>Measurement of the Transport Properties of Fluids</i> is a book that is published by <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Blackwell Science</a>. The topics that are included in this book are low and high-temperature measurements, secondary coefficients, <a href="/wiki/Diffusion_equation" title="Diffusion equation">diffusion coefficients</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Light scattering">light scattering</a>, transient methods for <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a>, methods for thermal conductivity, falling-body viscometers, and vibrating <a href="/wiki/Rheometer" title="Rheometer">viscometers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Measurement_of_the_Transport_Properties_of_Fluids_review_on_Amazon_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Measurement_of_the_Transport_Properties_of_Fluids_review_on_Amazon-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Solution Calorimetry</b></i> </td> <td> <p><i>Solution Calorimetry</i> is a book that gives background information on <a href="/wiki/Thermal_analysis" title="Thermal analysis">thermal analysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">calorimetry</a>. Thermoanalytical and calorimetric techniques along with thermodynamic and kinetic properties are also discussed. Later volumes of this book discuss the applications and principles of these thermodynamic and kinetic methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Solution_Calorimetry_review_on_Amazon_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solution_Calorimetry_review_on_Amazon-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures Part I</b></i> </td> <td> <p><i>Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures Part I</i> is a book that gives up to date equations of state for fluids and fluid mixtures. This book covers all ways to develop equations of state. It gives the strengths and weaknesses of each equation. Some equations discussed include: <a href="/wiki/Virial" class="mw-redirect" title="Virial">virial</a> equation of state cubic equations; generalized <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_equation" title="Van der Waals equation">Van der Waals equations</a>; integral equations; perturbation theory; and stating and mixing rules. Other things that <i>Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures Part I</i> goes over are: associating fluids, polymer systems, polydisperse fluids, self-assembled systems, ionic fluids, and fluids near their critical points.<sup id="cite_ref-Equations_of_State_for_Fluids_and_Fluid_Mixtures_Part_I_review_on_Amazon_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Equations_of_State_for_Fluids_and_Fluid_Mixtures_Part_I_review_on_Amazon-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases</b></i> </td> <td> <p><i>Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases</i> is a book that gives an overview of techniques for measuring the thermodynamic quantities of single phases. It also goes into experimental techniques to test many different <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_state" title="Thermodynamic state">thermodynamic states</a> precisely and accurately. <i>Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases</i> was written for people interested in measuring thermodynamic properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Flipkart_review_of_Measurement_of_the_Thermodynamic_Properties_of_Single_Phases_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flipkart_review_of_Measurement_of_the_Thermodynamic_Properties_of_Single_Phases-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Multiple Phases</b></i> </td> <td> <p><i>Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Multiple Phases</i> is a book that includes multiple techniques that are used to study multiple phases of pure component systems. Also included in this book are the measurement techniques to obtain activity <a href="/wiki/Coefficients" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficients">coefficients</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interfacial_tension" class="mw-redirect" title="Interfacial tension">interfacial tension</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parameter" title="Parameter">critical parameters</a>. This book was written for researchers and graduate students as a reference source.<sup id="cite_ref-Measurement_of_the_Thermodynamic_Properties_of_Multiple_Phases_review_on_Amazon_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Measurement_of_the_Thermodynamic_Properties_of_Multiple_Phases_review_on_Amazon-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Series_of_books_on_analytical_and_physical_chemistry_of_environmental_systems">Series of books on analytical and physical chemistry of environmental systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Series of books on analytical and physical chemistry of environmental systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book name </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Atmospheric Particles</b></i> </td> <td> <p><i>Atmospheric Particles</i> is a book that delves into aerosol science. This book is aimed as a reference for graduate students and atmospheric researchers. <i>Atmospheric Particles</i> goes into depth on the properties of aerosols in the atmosphere and their effect. Topics covered in this book are: <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>; <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metal</a> pollution; <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Photochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Photochemical">photochemical</a> smog. <i>Atmospheric Particles</i> also covers techniques to analyze the atmosphere and ways to take atmospheric samples.<sup id="cite_ref-Atmospheric_Particles_review_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atmospheric_Particles_review-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation</b></i> </td> <td> <p><i>Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation</i> is a book that discusses environmental <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloids</a> and current information available on them. This book focuses on environmental colloids and particles in aquatic systems and soils. It also goes over techniques such as techniques for sampling environmental colloids, size fractionation, and how to characterize colloids and particles. <i>Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation</i> also delves into how these colloids and <a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">particles</a> interact.<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_Colloids_and_Particles:_Behaviour,_Separation_and_Characterisation_review_on_amazon_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_Colloids_and_Particles:_Behaviour,_Separation_and_Characterisation_review_on_amazon-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems</b></i> </td> <td> <p><i>Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems</i> is meant to give an overview of a technique based on <a href="/wiki/Fractal_geometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fractal geometry">fractal geometry</a> and the processes of environmental systems. This book gives ideas on how to use fractal geometry to compare and contrast different <a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a>. It also gives an overview of the knowledge needed to solve environmental problems. Finally, <i>Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems</i> shows how to use the fractal approach to understand the reactivity of <a href="/wiki/Flocculation" title="Flocculation">flocs</a>, sediments, soils, microorganisms, and <a href="/wiki/Humic" class="mw-redirect" title="Humic">humic</a> substances.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiley_page_on_Biophysical_Chemistry_of_Fractal_Structures_and_Processes_in_Environmental_Systems_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiley_page_on_Biophysical_Chemistry_of_Fractal_Structures_and_Processes_in_Environmental_Systems-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem</b></i> </td> <td> <p><i>Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem</i> is meant to be read by chemists and biologists that study environmental systems. Also, this book should be used as a reference for earth scientists, environmental geologists, environmental engineers, and professionals in microbiology and ecology. <i>Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem</i> is about how minerals, microorganisms, and organic components work together to affect <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial ecoregion">terrestrial systems</a>. This book identifies that there are many different techniques and theories about minerals, microorganisms, and organic components individually, but they are not often associated with each other. It further goes on to discuss how these components of soil work together to affect <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a> life. <i>Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem</i> gives techniques to analyze minerals, microorganisms, and organic components together. This book also has a large section positing why environmental scientists working in the specific fields of minerals, microorganisms, and organic components of soil should work together and how they should do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Interactions_Between_Soil_Particles_and_Microorganisms:_Impact_on_the_Terrestrial_Ecosystem_review_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interactions_Between_Soil_Particles_and_Microorganisms:_Impact_on_the_Terrestrial_Ecosystem_review-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>The Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater</b></i> </td> <td> <p><i>The Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater</i> is a book that describes how low concentrations of iron in <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> and the Pacific Ocean are a result of reduced chlorophyll for phytoplankton production.<sup id="cite_ref-SciTech_Book_News_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciTech_Book_News-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It does this by reviewing information from research in the 1990s. This book goes into depth about: chemical speciation; analytical techniques; transformation of iron; how iron limits the development of high nutrient low <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> areas in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Amazon_review_of_The_Biogeochemistry_of_Iron_in_Seawater_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amazon_review_of_The_Biogeochemistry_of_Iron_in_Seawater-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems: Chemical Analysis and Speciation</b></i> </td> <td> <p><i>In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems: Chemical Analysis and Speciation</i> is a book that discusses techniques and devices to monitor <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecoregion" title="Marine ecoregion">aquatic systems</a> and how new devices and techniques can be developed. This book emphasizes the future use of micro-analytical monitoring techniques and <a href="/wiki/Microtechnology" title="Microtechnology">microtechnology</a>. <i>In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems: Chemical Analysis and Speciation</i> is aimed at researchers and laboratories that analyze aquatic systems such as rivers, lakes, and oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-review_of_Insitu_Monitoring_of_Aquatic_Systems:_Chemical_Analysis_and_Speciation_review_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review_of_Insitu_Monitoring_of_Aquatic_Systems:_Chemical_Analysis_and_Speciation_review-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles</b></i> </td> <td> <p><i>Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles</i> is a book about soil structures and the molecular processes that occur in soil. <i>Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles</i> is aimed at any researcher researching soil or in the field of <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>. It goes into depth on topics such as: fractal analysis of particle dimensions; computer modeling of the structure; reactivity of humics; applications of atomic force microscopy; and advanced instrumentation for analysis of soil particles.<sup id="cite_ref-Review_of_Structure_and_Surface_Reactions_of_Soil_Particles_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review_of_Structure_and_Surface_Reactions_of_Soil_Particles-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems, Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems Vol. 3</b></i> </td> <td> <p><i>Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems, Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems Vol. 3</i> is a book about the effect of <a href="/wiki/Trace_metal" title="Trace metal">trace metals</a> on aquatic life.<sup id="cite_ref-Metal_Speciation_and_Bioavailability_in_Aquatic_Systems,_Series_on_Analytical_and_Physical_Chemistry_of_Environmental_Systems_Vol._3_review_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metal_Speciation_and_Bioavailability_in_Aquatic_Systems,_Series_on_Analytical_and_Physical_Chemistry_of_Environmental_Systems_Vol._3_review-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book is considered a specialty book for researchers interested in observing the effect of trace metals in the water supply. This book includes techniques to assess how <a href="/wiki/Bioassays" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioassays">bioassays</a> can be used to evaluate how an <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> is affected by trace metals. Also, <i>Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems, Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems Vol. 3</i> looks at the limitations of the use of bioassays to observe the effects of trace metals on organisms. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces</b></i> </td> <td> <p><i>Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces</i> is a book created to aid <a href="/wiki/Environmental_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental scientist">environmental scientists</a> in fieldwork. The book gives an overview of chemical mechanisms, transport, kinetics, and interactions that occur in <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environmental systems</a>. <i>Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces</i> continues from where <i>Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems</i> leaves off.<sup id="cite_ref-Physicochemical_Kinetics_and_Transport_at_Biointerfaces_review_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Physicochemical_Kinetics_and_Transport_at_Biointerfaces_review-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colored_cover_book_and_website_series_(nomenclature)"><span id="Colored_cover_book_and_website_series_.28nomenclature.29"></span>Colored cover book and website series (nomenclature)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Colored cover book and website series (nomenclature)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/IUPAC_book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC book">IUPAC book</a></div> <p>IUPAC color code their books in order to make each publication distinguishable.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_IUPAC_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_IUPAC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Title </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature</b></i> </td> <td> <p>One extensive book on almost all nomenclature written (IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry and IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry) by IUPAC committee is the <i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_of_Analytical_Nomenclature" title="Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature">Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature</a></i> (the "Orange Book"; 1st edition 1978).<sup id="cite_ref-orange_book_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orange_book-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book was revised in 1987. The second edition has many revisions that come from reports on nomenclature between 1976 and 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-orange_book_preamble_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orange_book_preamble-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, the second edition went through many different revisions, which led to the third edition.<sup id="cite_ref-orange_book_preamble_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orange_book_preamble-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><i>Pure and Applied Chemistry</i> (journal)</b> </td> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="Pure and Applied Chemistry">Pure and Applied Chemistry</a></i> is the official monthly journal of IUPAC. This journal debuted in 1960. The goal statement for <i>Pure and Applied Chemistry</i> is to "publish highly topical and credible works at the forefront of all aspects of pure and applied chemistry."<sup id="cite_ref-official_journal_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official_journal-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The journal itself is available by subscription, but older issues are available in the archive on IUPAC's website. </p><p><i>Pure and Applied Chemistry</i> was created as a central way to publish IUPAC endorsed articles.<sup id="cite_ref-First_journal_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_journal-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before its creation, IUPAC did not have a quick, official way to distribute new chemistry information. </p><p>Its creation was first suggested at the Paris IUPAC Meeting of 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-First_journal_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_journal-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this meeting the commercial publisher of the journal was discussed and decided on. In 1959, the IUPAC Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board was created and put in charge of the journal. The idea of one journal being a definitive place for a vast amount of chemistry was difficult for the committee to grasp at first.<sup id="cite_ref-First_journal_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_journal-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was decided that the journal would reprint old journal editions to keep all chemistry knowledge available. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Compendium of Chemical Terminology</b></i> </td> <td> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_of_Chemical_Terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Compendium of Chemical Terminology">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, also known as the "Gold Book", was originally worked on by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gold_(chemist)" title="Victor Gold (chemist)">Victor Gold</a>. This book is a collection of names and terms already discussed in <i>Pure and Applied Chemistry</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gold_Book_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gold_Book-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Compendium of Chemical Terminology</i> was first published in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_IUPAC_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_IUPAC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first edition of this book contains no original material, but is meant to be a compilation of other IUPAC works. </p><p>The second edition of this book was published in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-Gold_Book_second_edition_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gold_Book_second_edition-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book made large changes to the first edition of the <i>Compendium of Chemical Terminology</i>. These changes included updated material and an expansion of the book to include over seven thousand terms.<sup id="cite_ref-Gold_Book_second_edition_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gold_Book_second_edition-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second edition was the topic of an IUPAC <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> project. This project made an XML version of the book that includes over seven thousand terms. The XML version of the book includes an open editing policy, which allows users to add excerpts of the written version.<sup id="cite_ref-Gold_Book_second_edition_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gold_Book_second_edition-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><i>IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry</i> (online publication)</b> </td> <td><i>IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry</i>, also known as the "Blue Book", is a website published by the Advanced Chemistry Department Incorporated with the permission of IUPAC. This site is a compilation of the books <i>A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds</i> and <i>Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blue_Book_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blue_Book-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_Year_of_Chemistry">International Year of Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: International Year of Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Internationales_Jahr_der_Chemie.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A red square behind an orange square, which is behind a blue square that says "2011 C Chemistry" on it. Under this, there are the words "International Year of Chemistry 2011"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Internationales_Jahr_der_Chemie.svg/150px-Internationales_Jahr_der_Chemie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Internationales_Jahr_der_Chemie.svg/225px-Internationales_Jahr_der_Chemie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Internationales_Jahr_der_Chemie.svg/300px-Internationales_Jahr_der_Chemie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>International Year of Chemistry logo</figcaption></figure> <p>IUPAC and <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> were the lead organizations coordinating events for the <a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Chemistry" title="International Year of Chemistry">International Year of Chemistry</a>, which took place in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-note1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The International Year of Chemistry was originally proposed by IUPAC at the general assembly in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Year_of_Chemistry_Prospectus_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Year_of_Chemistry_Prospectus-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This motion was adopted by UNESCO at a meeting in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Year_of_Chemistry_Prospectus_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Year_of_Chemistry_Prospectus-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main objectives of the International Year of Chemistry were to increase public appreciation of chemistry and gain more interest in the world of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>. This event is also being held to encourage young people to get involved and contribute to chemistry. A further reason for this event being held is to honour how chemistry has made improvements to everyone's way of life.<sup id="cite_ref-IYC_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IYC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IUPAC_Presidents">IUPAC Presidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: IUPAC Presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IUPAC Presidents are elected by the IUPAC Council during the General Assembly. Below is the list of IUPAC Presidents since its inception in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-PAST_OFFICERS_OF_IUPAC_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAST_OFFICERS_OF_IUPAC-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term</th> <th>President</th> <th>Nationality </th></tr> <tr> <td>1920–1922</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moureu" title="Charles Moureu">Charles Moureu</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1923–1925</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_Pope" title="William Jackson Pope">William Jackson Pope</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1926–1928</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Julius_Cohen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst Julius Cohen">Ernst Julius Cohen</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1928–1934</td> <td>Einar Biilman</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1934–1938</td> <td>N. Paravano</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1938–1947</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marston_Taylor_Bogert" class="mw-redirect" title="Marston Taylor Bogert">Marston Taylor Bogert</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947–1951</td> <td>Hugo Rudolph Kruyt</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951–1955</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Arne Tiselius</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955–1959</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Stoll" title="Arthur Stoll">Arthur Stoll</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959–1963</td> <td>William Albert Noyes Jr.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963–1965</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Lord Todd</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965–1967</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Klemm" title="Wilhelm Klemm">Wilhelm Klemm</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967–1969</td> <td>V.N. Kondratiev</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969–1971</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lloyd_George_Rees" title="Albert Lloyd George Rees">Albert Lloyd George Rees</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971–1973</td> <td>Jacques Bénard</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973–1975</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harold_Warris_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Warris Thompson">Sir Harold Thompson</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975–1977</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Cairns" title="Robert W. Cairns">Robert W. Cairns</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977–1979</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georges_Smets" title="Georges Smets">Georges Smets</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979–1981</td> <td>Heinrich Zollinger</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981–1983</td> <td>Saburo Nagakura</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983–1985</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_G._Schneider" title="William G. Schneider">William G. Schneider</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987–1989</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Koptyug" title="Valentin Koptyug">Valentin A. Koptyug</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989–1991</td> <td>Yves P. Jeannin</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991–1993</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Allen_J._Bard" title="Allen J. Bard">Allen J. Bard</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993–1995</td> <td>Kiril I. Zamaraev</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996–1997</td> <td>Albert E. Fischli</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998–1999</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Jortner" title="Joshua Jortner">Joshua Jortner</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000–2001</td> <td>Alan Hayes</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002–2003</td> <td>Pieter Streicher Steyn</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004–2005</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leiv_Kristen_Sydnes" title="Leiv Kristen Sydnes">Leiv Kristen Sydnes</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006–2007</td> <td>Bryan Henry</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008–2009</td> <td>Jung-Il Jin</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010–2011</td> <td>Nicole J. Moreau</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012–2013</td> <td>Kazuyuki Tatsumi</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014–2015</td> <td>Mark Cesa</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016–2017</td> <td>Natalia Tarasova</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018–2019</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Qifeng" title="Zhou Qifeng">Zhou Qifeng</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020–2021</td> <td>Christopher M.A. Brett</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022–2023</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Javier_Garc%C3%ADa_Martinez" title="Javier García Martinez">Javier García-Martínez</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024-2025</td> <td>Ehud Keinan</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/28px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/42px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/56px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAS_registry_number" class="mw-redirect" title="CAS registry number">CAS registry number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">Chemical nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_for_Chemical_and_Molecular_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="European Association for Chemical and Molecular Sciences">European Association for Chemical and Molecular Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Reference_Materials_and_Measurements" title="Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements">Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements</a> (IRMM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">International Chemical Identifier</a> (InChI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Biochemistry_and_Molecular_Biology" title="International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology">International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology</a> (IUBMB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Physics" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Physics">International Union of Pure and Applied Physics</a> (IUPAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_naming_controversies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of chemical elements naming controversies">List of chemical elements naming controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">Simplified molecular-input line-entry system</a> (SMILES)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OurLeadership-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OurLeadership_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OurLeadership_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OurLeadership_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupac.org/who-we-are/our-leadership/">"Our Leadership"</a>. <i>IUPAC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240829120659/https://iupac.org/who-we-are/our-leadership/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUPAC&rft.atitle=Our+Leadership&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiupac.org%2Fwho-we-are%2Four-leadership%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nao-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nao_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nao_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nao_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604035551/https://www.iupac.org/nao">"IUPAC National Adhering Organizations"</a>. Iupac.org. 2 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iupac.org/nao">the original</a> on 4 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IUPAC+National+Adhering+Organizations&rft.pub=Iupac.org&rft.date=2011-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Fnao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309144448/https://old.iupac.org/symposia/conferences/ga09/Council_Agenda_Book_2009.pdf">"Council Agenda Book"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IUPAC. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.iupac.org/symposia/conferences/ga09/Council_Agenda_Book_2009.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+Agenda+Book&rft.pub=IUPAC&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.iupac.org%2Fsymposia%2Fconferences%2Fga09%2FCouncil_Agenda_Book_2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupac.org/who-we-are/secretariat/">"Secretariat"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621073641/https://iupac.org/who-we-are/secretariat/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secretariat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiupac.org%2Fwho-we-are%2Fsecretariat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-governing_committees-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-governing_committees_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-governing_committees_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iupac.org/Organization/Committees">IUPAC Committees list</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100104051402/https://www.iupac.org/Organization/Committees">Archived</a> 4 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Interdivisional_Committee_on_Terminology-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Interdivisional_Committee_on_Terminology_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interdivisional_Committee_on_Terminology_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/027">Interdivisional Committee on Terminology web page</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009162038/https://iupac.org/web/ins/027">Archived</a> 9 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHEMRAWN_activities-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CHEMRAWN_activities_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHEMRAWN_activities_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iupac.org/news/archives/2007/44th_council/Item_12-2_2007.pdf">Chemdrawn</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706145611/https://www.iupac.org/news/archives/2007/44th_council/Item_12-2_2007.pdf">Archived</a> 6 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_Editorial_Advisory_Board-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_Editorial_Advisory_Board_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_Editorial_Advisory_Board_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/030">Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board web page</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009154125/https://iupac.org/web/ins/030">Archived</a> 9 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Project_Committee-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Project_Committee_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Project_Committee_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629130338/https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/013">"Project Committee web page"</a>. Iupac.org. 2 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/013">the original</a> on 29 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Project+Committee+web+page&rft.pub=Iupac.org&rft.date=2011-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Fweb%2Fins%2F013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evaluation_Committee-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evaluation_Committee_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evaluation_Committee_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/014">Evaluation Committee page</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009160325/https://iupac.org/web/ins/014">Archived</a> 9 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_IUPAC-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_IUPAC_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_IUPAC_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_IUPAC_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_IUPAC_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_IUPAC_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_IUPAC_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_IUPAC_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFennel1994" class="citation book cs1">Fennel, R.W. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofiupac1900fenn"><i>History of IUPAC, 1919–1987</i></a>. Blackwell Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86542-878-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86542-878-6"><bdi>0-86542-878-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+IUPAC%2C+1919%E2%80%931987&rft.pub=Blackwell+Science&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-86542-878-6&rft.aulast=Fennel&rft.aufirst=R.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofiupac1900fenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IYC-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IYC_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IYC_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemistry2011.org/about-iyc/introduction">IYC: Introduction</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008032234/https://www.chemistry2011.org/about-iyc/introduction">Archived</a> 8 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 9 July 2009. Retrieved on 17 February 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chemistry_The_Central_Science-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chemistry_The_Central_Science_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chemistry_The_Central_Science_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chemistry_The_Central_Science_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chemistry_The_Central_Science_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chemistry_The_Central_Science_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownH._Eugene_LeMay_Jr,_Bruce_E_Bursten2006" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Theodore L.; H. Eugene LeMay Jr, Bruce E Bursten (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistry00theo_0"><i>Chemistry The Central Science Tenth Edition</i></a>. Pearson Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-109686-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-109686-8"><bdi>978-0-13-109686-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+The+Central+Science+Tenth+Edition&rft.pub=Pearson+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-13-109686-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Theodore+L.&rft.au=H.+Eugene+LeMay+Jr%2C+Bruce+E+Bursten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistry00theo_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iupac.org/home/about.html">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: About</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121214015935/https://www.iupac.org/home/about.html">Archived</a> 14 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. IUPAC. Retrieved on 29 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wissenschaften_und_Wissenschaftspolitik:_Bestandsaufnahmen_zu_Formationen,_Brüchen_und_Kontinuitäten_im_Deutschland_des_20._Jahrhunderts-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wissenschaften_und_Wissenschaftspolitik:_Bestandsaufnahmen_zu_Formationen,_Brüchen_und_Kontinuitäten_im_Deutschland_des_20._Jahrhunderts_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wissenschaften_und_Wissenschaftspolitik:_Bestandsaufnahmen_zu_Formationen,_Brüchen_und_Kontinuitäten_im_Deutschland_des_20._Jahrhunderts_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaderas2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kaderas, Brigitte (2002). <i>Wissenschaften und Wissenschaftspolitik: Bestandsaufnahmen zu Formationen, Brüchen und Kontinuitäten im Deutschland des 20. Jahrhunderts</i> (in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-08111-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-08111-5"><bdi>978-3-515-08111-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wissenschaften+und+Wissenschaftspolitik%3A+Bestandsaufnahmen+zu+Formationen%2C+Br%C3%BCchen+und+Kontinuit%C3%A4ten+im+Deutschland+des+20.+Jahrhunderts&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-515-08111-5&rft.aulast=Kaderas&rft.aufirst=Brigitte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osullivan-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-osullivan_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan1973" class="citation journal cs1">O'Sullivan, Dermot A. (1973). "IUPAC raises dues, ponders industry's role". <i><a href="/wiki/Chemical_%26_Engineering_News" title="Chemical & Engineering News">Chemical & Engineering News</a></i>. <b>51</b> (38): 10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v051n038.p010">10.1021/cen-v051n038.p010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&rft.atitle=IUPAC+raises+dues%2C+ponders+industry%27s+role&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcen-v051n038.p010&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Dermot+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901014921/https://homelandprepnews.com/biological-threats/bioterrorism/20344-international-chemical-industry-condemns-use-chlorine-weapon/">"International chemical industry condemns the use of chlorine as a weapon"</a>. <i>Homeland Preparedness News</i>. 1 December 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homelandprepnews.com/biological-threats/bioterrorism/20344-international-chemical-industry-condemns-use-chlorine-weapon/">the original</a> on 1 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Homeland+Preparedness+News&rft.atitle=International+chemical+industry+condemns+the+use+of+chlorine+as+a+weapon&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhomelandprepnews.com%2Fbiological-threats%2Fbioterrorism%2F20344-international-chemical-industry-condemns-use-chlorine-weapon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Project_committee-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Project_committee_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/013">IUPAC Project Committee</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629130338/https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/013">Archived</a> 29 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bureau_meeting-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bureau_meeting_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2007/84_bureau.html">IUPAC news and references</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726171812/https://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2007/84_bureau.html">Archived</a> 26 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chemistry_Education-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chemistry_Education_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/050">Chemistry Education</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100823220936/https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/050">Archived</a> 23 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chemistry_and_Industry-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chemistry_and_Industry_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/050">Chemistry and Industry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100823220936/https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/050">Archived</a> 23 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupac.org/body/">"Body Details"</a>. <i>IUPAC | International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530204340/https://iupac.org/body/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUPAC+%7C+International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Body+Details&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiupac.org%2Fbody%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Committee_on_Electronic_and_printed_Publications-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Committee_on_Electronic_and_printed_Publications_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/024">Committee on Electronic and Printed Publications webpage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100330192325/https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/024">Archived</a> 30 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Executive_Committee_example_meeting-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Executive_Committee_example_meeting_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iupac.org/news/archives/2009/141_ec.pdf">Executive Committee meeting</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-executive_committee-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-executive_committee_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupac.org/body/">"Body Details"</a>. <i>IUPAC | International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530204340/https://iupac.org/body/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUPAC+%7C+International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Body+Details&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiupac.org%2Fbody%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finanace_Committee-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finanace_Committee_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/026">Finance Committee web page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100823234808/https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/026">Archived</a> 23 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-publications-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-publications_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iupac.org/indexes/books/years/1900">IUPAC Publications List</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100509232007/https://www.iupac.org/indexes/books/years/1900">Archived</a> 9 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanicoPowellRicher1993" class="citation book cs1">Panico, R.; Powell, W. H.; Richer, J. C., eds. (1993). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_IUPAC_Nomenclature_of_Organic_Compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds">A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds</a></i>. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">IUPAC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Science">Blackwell Science</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-632-03488-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-632-03488-2"><bdi>0-632-03488-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+IUPAC+Nomenclature+of+Organic+Compounds&rft.pub=IUPAC%2FBlackwell+Science&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-632-03488-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Inorganic_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry">Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry</a></i> (IUPAC Recommendations 2005). Cambridge (UK): <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">RSC</a>–<a class="mw-selflink selflink">IUPAC</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85404-438-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85404-438-8">0-85404-438-8</a>. pp. 47, 249. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf">Electronic version.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Organic_Chemistry_I_As_a_Second_Language:_Translating_the_Basic_Concepts-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Organic_Chemistry_I_As_a_Second_Language:_Translating_the_Basic_Concepts_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Organic_Chemistry_I_As_a_Second_Language:_Translating_the_Basic_Concepts_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2008" class="citation book cs1">Klein, David R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/organicchemistry00klei"><i>Organic Chemistry I As a Second Language: Translating the Basic Concepts Second Edition</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-12929-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-12929-6"><bdi>978-0-470-12929-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organic+Chemistry+I+As+a+Second+Language%3A+Translating+the+Basic+Concepts+Second+Edition&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-12929-6&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forganicchemistry00klei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gold_Book_second_edition-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gold_Book_second_edition_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gold_Book_second_edition_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gold_Book_second_edition_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gold_Book_second_edition_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110525165659/https://old.iupac.org/publications/compendium/">"Gold Book web page"</a>. Old.iupac.org. 19 October 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.iupac.org/publications/compendium/">the original</a> on 25 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gold+Book+web+page&rft.pub=Old.iupac.org&rft.date=2006-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fcompendium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amino_Acid-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amino_Acid_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/misc/naabb.html">Amino Acid Codes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205191106/https://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/misc/naabb.html">Archived</a> 5 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amino-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amino_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/2can/tutorials/aa.html">Amino Acid and Nucleotide Base Codes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090712133614/https://www.ebi.ac.uk/2can/tutorials/aa.html">Archived</a> 12 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flipkart_review_of_Principles_and_Practices_of_Method_Validation-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flipkart_review_of_Principles_and_Practices_of_Method_Validation_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-flipkart_review_of_Principles_and_Practices_of_Method_Validation_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flipkart.com/principles-practices-method-validation-fajgelj/0854047832-o8w3f3l1oc">Flipkart Review of Principles and Practices of Method Validation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100312084945/https://www.flipkart.com/principles-practices-method-validation-fajgelj/0854047832-o8w3f3l1oc">Archived</a> 12 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fundamental_Toxicology-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fundamental_Toxicology_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fundamental_Toxicology_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0854046143">Fundamental Toxicology review on amazon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200311161629/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0854046143">Archived</a> 11 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fundamental_Toxicology_Review-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fundamental_Toxicology_Review_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fundamental_Toxicology_Review_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsc.org/Shop/books/2006/9780854046140.asp">Fundamental Toxicology review on rsc.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107224334/https://www.rsc.org/Shop/books/2006/9780854046140.asp">Archived</a> 7 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macromolecular_Symposia-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Macromolecular_Symposia_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.iupac.org/publications/macro/index.html">Macromolecular Symposia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100303215437/https://old.iupac.org/publications/macro/index.html">Archived</a> 3 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Measurement_of_the_Transport_Properties_of_Fluids_review_on_Amazon-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Measurement_of_the_Transport_Properties_of_Fluids_review_on_Amazon_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0632029978">Measurement of the Transport Properties of Fluids review on Amazon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200314141043/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0632029978">Archived</a> 14 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solution_Calorimetry_review_on_Amazon-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Solution_Calorimetry_review_on_Amazon_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/044482085X">Solution Calorimetry review on Amazon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200311080650/https://www.amazon.com/dp/044482085X">Archived</a> 11 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Equations_of_State_for_Fluids_and_Fluid_Mixtures_Part_I_review_on_Amazon-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Equations_of_State_for_Fluids_and_Fluid_Mixtures_Part_I_review_on_Amazon_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0444503846">Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures part I review on Amazon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200312101556/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0444503846">Archived</a> 12 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flipkart_review_of_Measurement_of_the_Thermodynamic_Properties_of_Single_Phases-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flipkart_review_of_Measurement_of_the_Thermodynamic_Properties_of_Single_Phases_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130123155414/https://www.flipkart.com/book/measurement-thermodynamic-properties-single-phases/0444509313">Flipkart review of Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Measurement_of_the_Thermodynamic_Properties_of_Multiple_Phases_review_on_Amazon-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Measurement_of_the_Thermodynamic_Properties_of_Multiple_Phases_review_on_Amazon_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0444519777">Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Multiple Phases review on Amazon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200308065904/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0444519777">Archived</a> 8 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atmospheric_Particles_review-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atmospheric_Particles_review_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130123140225/https://www.flipkart.com/book/atmospheric-particles-harrison-roy-rene/0471959359">Flipkart review of Atmospheric Particles</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Environmental_Colloids_and_Particles:_Behaviour,_Separation_and_Characterisation_review_on_amazon-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_Colloids_and_Particles:_Behaviour,_Separation_and_Characterisation_review_on_amazon_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0470024321">Amazon Review of Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation, and Characterisation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200309014023/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0470024321">Archived</a> 9 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiley_page_on_Biophysical_Chemistry_of_Fractal_Structures_and_Processes_in_Environmental_Systems-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wiley_page_on_Biophysical_Chemistry_of_Fractal_Structures_and_Processes_in_Environmental_Systems_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470014741.html">Wiley on Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607201619/https://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470014741.html">Archived</a> 7 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. New York: Wiley. Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Interactions_Between_Soil_Particles_and_Microorganisms:_Impact_on_the_Terrestrial_Ecosystem_review-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Interactions_Between_Soil_Particles_and_Microorganisms:_Impact_on_the_Terrestrial_Ecosystem_review_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130123100339/https://www.flipkart.com/book/interactions-between-soil-particles-microorganisms/0471607908">Flipkart review of Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SciTech_Book_News-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SciTech_Book_News_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SciTech Book News, Vol. 26, No. 2, June 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amazon_review_of_The_Biogeochemistry_of_Iron_in_Seawater-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amazon_review_of_The_Biogeochemistry_of_Iron_in_Seawater_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0471490687">Review of Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317195552/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0471490687">Archived</a> 17 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-review_of_Insitu_Monitoring_of_Aquatic_Systems:_Chemical_Analysis_and_Speciation_review-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-review_of_Insitu_Monitoring_of_Aquatic_Systems:_Chemical_Analysis_and_Speciation_review_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.barnesandnoble.com/In-Situ-Monitoring-of-Aquatic-Systems/Jacques-Buffle/e/9780471489795/">Review of <i>In Situ</i> Monitoring of Aquatic Systems: Chemical Analysis and Speciation from Barnes and Noble</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607092056/https://search.barnesandnoble.com/In-Situ-Monitoring-of-Aquatic-Systems/Jacques-Buffle/e/9780471489795/">Archived</a> 7 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Review_of_Structure_and_Surface_Reactions_of_Soil_Particles-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Review_of_Structure_and_Surface_Reactions_of_Soil_Particles_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lebooks.in/books/structure-surface-reactions-soil-particles-pan-ming-huang-f605dd78c7/9780471959366">Review of Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162635/https://www.lebooks.in/books/structure-surface-reactions-soil-particles-pan-ming-huang-f605dd78c7/9780471959366">Archived</a> 21 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metal_Speciation_and_Bioavailability_in_Aquatic_Systems,_Series_on_Analytical_and_Physical_Chemistry_of_Environmental_Systems_Vol._3_review-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Metal_Speciation_and_Bioavailability_in_Aquatic_Systems,_Series_on_Analytical_and_Physical_Chemistry_of_Environmental_Systems_Vol._3_review_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0471958301">Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317185153/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0471958301">Archived</a> 17 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems Vol. 3. Review on Amazon. Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Physicochemical_Kinetics_and_Transport_at_Biointerfaces_review-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Physicochemical_Kinetics_and_Transport_at_Biointerfaces_review_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0471498459">Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317131622/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0471498459">Archived</a> 17 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orange_book-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-orange_book_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iupac.org/objID/Source/sou89661252938339267969131">IUPAC orange book publication history</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orange_book_preamble-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-orange_book_preamble_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orange_book_preamble_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.iupac.org/publications/analytical_compendium/">Orange Book Preamble</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208090103/https://old.iupac.org/publications/analytical_compendium/">Archived</a> 8 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-official_journal-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-official_journal_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/">IUPAC Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120611131643/https://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/">Archived</a> 11 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-First_journal-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-First_journal_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_journal_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_journal_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.iupac.org/publications/pac/1960/pdf/0101x0003.pdf">IUPAC Pure and Applied Chemistry Issue 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004173305/https://media.iupac.org/publications/pac/1960/pdf/0101x0003.pdf">Archived</a> 4 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gold_Book-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gold_Book_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/">Gold Book Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124233000/https://goldbook.iupac.org/">Archived</a> 24 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blue_Book-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blue_Book_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/">Online version of Blue Book</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608140820/https://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/">Archived</a> 8 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freitag.creighton.edu/OmahaACSfiles/N0848333.pdf">United Nations Resolution 63/209: International Year of Chemistry.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100805145708/https://freitag.creighton.edu/OmahaACSfiles/N0848333.pdf">Archived</a> 5 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 3 February 2009. Retrieved on 24 April 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note1-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note1_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemistry2011.org/assets/42/IYC_prospectus.pdf">About IYC: Introduction.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612203545/https://www.chemistry2011.org/assets/42/IYC_prospectus.pdf">Archived</a> 12 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 9 July 2009. Retrieved on 24 April 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-International_Year_of_Chemistry_Prospectus-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-International_Year_of_Chemistry_Prospectus_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-International_Year_of_Chemistry_Prospectus_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111105155038/https://portal.acs.org/portal/PublicWebSite/membership/acs/getinvolved/CNBP_021696">"International Year of Chemistry Prospectus"</a>. Portal.acs.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.acs.org/portal/PublicWebSite/membership/acs/getinvolved/CNBP_021696">the original</a> on 5 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Year+of+Chemistry+Prospectus&rft.pub=Portal.acs.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.acs.org%2Fportal%2FPublicWebSite%2Fmembership%2Facs%2Fgetinvolved%2FCNBP_021696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PAST_OFFICERS_OF_IUPAC-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PAST_OFFICERS_OF_IUPAC_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.iupac.org/general/handbook/past_officers.html">"Past Officers of IUPAC"</a>. iupac.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415100457/https://old.iupac.org/general/handbook/past_officers.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Past+Officers+of+IUPAC&rft.pub=iupac.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.iupac.org%2Fgeneral%2Fhandbook%2Fpast_officers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupac.org/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33438#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Science_Council_(ISC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_Science_Council" title="Template:International Science Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_Science_Council" title="Template talk:International Science Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_Science_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International Science Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Science_Council_(ISC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Science_Council" title="International Science Council">International Science Council (ISC)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National<br />members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Albania" title="Academy of Sciences of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundation_of_Science_and_Development_(Angola)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundation of Science and Development (Angola) (page does not exist)">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Scientific_and_Technical_Research_Council" title="National Scientific and Technical Research Council">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Armenian National Academy of Sciences">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Science" title="Australian Academy of Science">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Austrian Academy of Sciences">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Bangladesh Academy of Sciences">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Belarus" title="National Academy of Sciences of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academies_for_Science_and_the_Arts_of_Belgium" title="Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences,_Arts_and_Letters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters (page does not exist)">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_Nacional_de_Ciencias_de_Bolivia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bolivia (page does not exist)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia & Herzegovina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts_of_the_Republika_Srpska" title="Academy of Sciences and Arts of the Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Infrastructure_Science_and_Technology_(Botswana)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Infrastructure Science and Technology (Botswana) (page does not exist)">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Brazilian Academy of Sciences">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_Nacional_de_Pos-Graduacao_e_Pesquisa_em_Ciencias_Sociais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association Nacional de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa em Ciencias Sociais (page does not exist)">ANPOCS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Bulgarian Academy of Sciences">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_National_de_la_Recherche_Scientifique_et_Technologique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (page does not exist)">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Cameroon Academy of Sciences">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (Canada)">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Sciences_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council">SSHRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_Chilena_de_Ciencias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia Chilena de Ciencias (page does not exist)">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Association_for_Science_and_Technology" title="China Association for Science and Technology">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Social Sciences">CASS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_Colombiana_de_Ciencias_Exactas,_Fisicas_y_Naturales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales (page does not exist)">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Nacional_de_Ciencias_(Costa_Rica)" title="Academia Nacional de Ciencias (Costa Rica)">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences,_des_arts,_des_cultures_d%27Afrique_et_des_diasporas_africaines" title="Académie des sciences, des arts, des cultures d'Afrique et des diasporas africaines">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Cuban Academy of Sciences">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Czech Academy of Sciences">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Letters" title="Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academy of Sciences of the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Scientific_Research_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceministerio_de_Ciencia_y_Tecnolog%C3%ADa_de_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viceministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología de El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Estonian Academy of Sciences">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Research_Council_(Eswatini)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Research Council (Eswatini) (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Science_and_Technology_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethiopian Science and Technology Agency (page does not exist)">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Finnish_Academies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Council of Finnish Academies (page does not exist)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Georgian National Academy of Sciences">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Research_Foundation" title="German Research Foundation">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Athens_(modern)" title="Academy of Athens (modern)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_de_Ciencias_M%C3%A9dicas_Fisicas_y_Naturales_de_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia de Ciencias Médicas Fisicas y Naturales de Guatemala (page does not exist)">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Honduras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Academy of Sciences of Honduras (page does not exist)">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Hungarian Academy of Sciences">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy" title="Indian National Science Academy">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Social_Science_Research" title="Indian Council of Social Science Research">ICSSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Research_and_Innovation_Agency_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research and Innovation Agency (Indonesia)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tehran" title="University of Tehran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(Iraq)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Science and Technology (Iraq) (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academy" title="Royal Irish Academy">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Italy)" title="National Research Council (Italy)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_Research_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientific Research Council (page does not exist)">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Council_of_Japan" title="Science Council of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Scientific_Society" title="Royal Scientific Society">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Kenya National Academy of Sciences">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea" title="Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Social_Science_Research_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean Social Science Research Council (page does not exist)">KSSRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Korean Academy of Science and Technology">KAST</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_National_Science_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lao National Science Council (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Latvian Academy of Sciences">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_for_Scientific_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Council for Scientific Research (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Science_and_Technology_(Lesotho)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Science and Technology (Lesotho) (page does not exist)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Lithuanian Academy of Sciences">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_National_Research_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luxembourg National Research Fund (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minist%C3%A8re_de_l%27Enseignement_Sup%C3%A9rieur_et_de_la_Recherche_Scientifique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Commission_for_Science_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Commission for Science and Technology (page does not exist)">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_Malaysia" title="Academy of Sciences Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritius_Academy_of_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauritius Academy of Science (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Mexican Academy of Sciences">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consejo_Mexicano_de_Ciencias_Sociales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consejo Mexicano de Ciencias Sociales (page does not exist)">COMECSO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova" title="Academy of Sciences of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Scientifique_de_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre Scientifique de Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Mongolian Academy of Sciences">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_II_Academy_for_Science_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hassan II Academy for Science and Technology (page does not exist)">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_Research_Association_of_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientific Research Association of Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Commission_on_Research,_Science_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Commission on Research, Science and Technology (page does not exist)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Nepal Academy of Science and Technology">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_Te_Ap%C4%81rangi" title="Royal Society Te Apārangi">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Academy_of_Science" title="Nigerian Academy of Science">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters" title="Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters">Norway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bergen" title="University of Bergen">UB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Council_of_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Research Council of Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="Pakistan Association for the Advancement of Science">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Panama" title="University of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_Nacional_de_Ciencias_(Peru)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia Nacional de Ciencias (Peru) (page does not exist)">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Research_Council_(Philippines)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Research Council (Philippines) (page does not exist)">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Social_Science_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippine Social Science Council (page does not exist)">PSSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Lisbon Academy of Sciences">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Science_and_Technology_(Rwanda)" title="College of Science and Technology (Rwanda)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_City_for_Science_and_Technology" title="King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senegal Academy of Science and Technology (page does not exist)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seychelles_National_Parks_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seychelles National Parks Authority (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_National_Academy_of_Science" title="Singapore National Academy of Science">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Slovak Academy of Sciences">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Research_Foundation_(South_Africa)" title="National Research Foundation (South Africa)">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_Sciences_Research_Council_of_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human Sciences Research Council of South Africa (page does not exist)">HSRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Science (Spain)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_of_Sri_Lanka" title="National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Centre_for_Research_(Sudan)" title="National Centre for Research (Sudan)">Sudan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Sudanese National Academy of Sciences">SNAS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_Academy_of_Humanities_and_Social_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences (page does not exist)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Academies_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Sinica" title="Academia Sinica">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Tajik Academy of Sciences">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania_Commission_for_Science_and_Technology" title="Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Research_Council_of_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Research Council of Thailand (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellerie_des_Universit%C3%A9s_du_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chancellerie des Universités du Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunis_El_Manar_University" title="Tunis El Manar University">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Turkish Academy of Sciences">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Science_Academy_Society_of_Turkey" title="The Science Academy Society of Turkey">Science Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_and_Technological_Research_Council_of_Turkey" title="Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey">TÜBİTAK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uganda_National_Council_for_Science_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (page does not exist)">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Ukraine" title="National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Council" title="Economic and Social Research Council">ESRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comisi%C3%B3n_Consejo_Nacional_de_Innovacion_Ciencia_y_Tecnologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comisión Consejo Nacional de Innovacion Ciencia y Tecnologia (page does not exist)">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fondo_Nacional_de_Ciencia,_Tecnolog%C3%ADa_e_Innovaci%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fondo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (page does not exist)">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Union_of_Science_and_Technology_Associations" title="Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Associations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Zambia Academy of Sciences">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Zimbabwe Academy of Sciences">Zimbabwe</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Council_of_Zimbabwe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Research Council of Zimbabwe (page does not exist)">RCZ</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transnational<br />members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Council_for_the_Social_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arab Council for the Social Sciences (page does not exist)">ACSS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Asian_Social_Science_Research_Councils&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association of Asian Social Science Research Councils (page does not exist)">AASSREC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caribbean_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caribbean Academy of Sciences (page does not exist)">CASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consejo_Latinoamericano_de_Ciencias_Sociales" class="mw-redirect" title="Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales">CLACSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_Development_of_Social_Science_Research_in_Africa" title="Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa">CODESRIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Faculty_of_Social_Sciences" title="Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences">FLACSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Acad%C3%A9mique_Internationale" title="Union Académique Internationale">UAI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organization_for_Social_Science_Research_in_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (page does not exist)">OSSREA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_South_Pacific" title="University of the South Pacific">USP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unions and<br />associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Social_Studies_of_Science" title="Society for Social Studies of Science">4S</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Association_of_Legal_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Association of Legal Science (page does not exist)">IALS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Arctic_Social_Sciences_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Arctic Social Sciences Association (page does not exist)">IASSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">IAU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cartographic_Association" title="International Cartographic Association">ICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Economic_Association" title="International Economic Association">IEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Societies_for_Microscopy" title="International Federation of Societies for Microscopy">IFSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Geographical_Union" title="International Geographical Union">IGU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mathematical_Union" title="International Mathematical Union">IMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Quaternary_Research" title="International Union for Quaternary Research">INQUA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Research_Association" title="International Peace Research Association">IPRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Political_Science_Association" title="International Political Science Association">IPSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Sociological_Association" title="International Sociological Association">ISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Ecological_Economics" title="International Society for Ecological Economics">ISEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Photogrammetry_and_Remote_Sensing" title="International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing">ISPRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Biochemistry_and_Molecular_Biology" title="International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology">IUBMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Biological_Sciences" title="International Union of Biological Sciences">IUBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Crystallography" title="International Union of Crystallography">IUCr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Food_Science_and_Technology" title="International Union of Food Science and Technology">IUFoST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Forest_Research_Organizations" title="International Union of Forest Research Organizations">IUFRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Geodesy_and_Geophysics" title="International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics">IUGG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences" title="International Union of Geological Sciences">IUGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_History_and_Philosophy_of_Science" title="International Union of History and Philosophy of Science">IUHPST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Immunological_Societies" title="International Union of Immunological Societies">IUIS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Materials_Research_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Union of Materials Research Society (page does not exist)">IUMRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Microbiological_Societies" title="International Union of Microbiological Societies">IUMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Nutritional_Sciences" title="International Union of Nutritional Sciences">IUNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Pure_and_Applied_Biophysics" title="International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics">IUPAB</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IUPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Physics" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Physics">IUPAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Physical_and_Engineering_Sciences_in_Medicine" title="International Union for Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine">IUPESM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Basic_and_Clinical_Pharmacology" title="International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology">IUPHAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Physiological_Sciences" title="International Union of Physiological Sciences">IUPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Psychological_Science" title="International Union of Psychological Science">IUPsyS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Soil_Sciences" title="International Union of Soil Sciences">IUSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Population" title="International Union for the Scientific Study of Population">IUSSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Theoretical_and_Applied_Mechanics" title="International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics">IUTAM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Toxicology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Union of Toxicology (page does not exist)">IUTOX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Radio_Science" title="International Union of Radio Science">URSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Association_for_Public_Opinion_Research" title="World Association for Public Opinion Research">WAPOR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Anthropological_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Anthropological Union (page does not exist)">WAU</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affiliated<br />members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Academy_of_Sciences" title="African Academy of Sciences">AAS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Academies_and_Societies_of_Sciences_in_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association of Academies and Societies of Sciences in Asia (page does not exist)">AASSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Social_Sciences" title="Academy of Social Sciences">ACSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Science-Technology_Centers" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Science-Technology Centers">ASTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">CIE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Association_of_Development_and_Training_Institutes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Association of Development and Training Institutes (page does not exist)">EADI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Consortium_for_Political_Research" title="European Consortium for Political Research">ECPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_des_G%C3%A9om%C3%A8tres" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération Internationale des Géomètres">FIG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Young_Academy" title="Global Young Academy">GYA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Applied_Psychology" title="International Association of Applied Psychology">IAAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Hydro-Environment_Engineering_and_Research" title="International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research">IAHR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Arctic_Science_Committee" title="International Arctic Science Committee">IASC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_for_Acoustics" title="International Commission for Acoustics">ICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Council_for_Industrial_and_Applied_Mathematics" title="International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics">ICIAM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Council_for_Laboratory_Animal_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (page does not exist)">ICLAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_for_Optics" title="International Commission for Optics">ICO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Council_for_Scientific_and_Technical_Information" title="International Council for Scientific and Technical Information">ICSTI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Federation_of_Data_Organizations_for_Social_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Federation of Data Organizations for Social Science (page does not exist)">IFDO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Information_Processing" title="International Federation for Information Processing">IFIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Library_Associations_and_Institutions" title="International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions">IFLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Foundation_for_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="International Foundation for Science">IFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Applied_Systems_Analysis" title="International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis">IIASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Studies_Association" title="International Studies Association">ISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Digital_Earth" title="International Society for Digital Earth">ISDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Vacuum_Science,_Technique_and_Applications" title="International Union for Vacuum Science, Technique and Applications">IUVSTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Water_Association" title="International Water Association">IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Science_Association" title="Pacific Science Association">PSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Council" title="Social Science Research Council">SSRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_Institute" title="Transnational Institute">TNI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_Academy_of_Sciences" title="The World Academy of Sciences">TWAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Speleology" title="International Union of Speleology">UIS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template talk:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Periodic table forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_periodic_tables" title="Types of periodic tables">Alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">Extended periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Sets of elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By periodic table structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (Alkaline earth metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13 (Triels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14 (Tetrels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15 (Pnictogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16 (Chalcogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (Halogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18 (Noble gases)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">8+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Aufbau_model" title="Extended periodic table">Aufbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Fricke" title="Extended periodic table">Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Pyykkö" title="Extended periodic table">Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">Post-transition metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_metalloids" title="Lists of metalloids">Lists of metalloids by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">Dividing line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">Noble gases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Other sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals (PGM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" title="Heavy metal element">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">Superheavy elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in humans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">Atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">Nuclear stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">Symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aqueous_ions_by_element" title="List of aqueous ions by element">Aqueous chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(electron_configurations)" title="Periodic table (electron configurations)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_symbol" title="Term symbol">Term symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Data pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">Electron affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">Heat capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">Heat of fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">Heat of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">Thermal conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">Thermal expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Element discoveries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asian languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IUPAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivial_name" title="Trivial name">Trivial name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Elements" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Elements">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33438#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33438#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33438#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122884343">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121765297">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134291432">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QQPVp7YbqrrP6MYDfy7Fwxt">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1011135-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79070126">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12328259h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12328259h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00743370">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35235202">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mezinárodní unie pro čistou a užitou chemii"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20010724320&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX253919">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/465617">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90055378">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000082021&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810619528005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263136905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515094306706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00249304?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/066951534">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&oldid=1257599750">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&oldid=1257599750</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_nomenclature" title="Category:Chemical nomenclature">Chemical nomenclature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry_organizations" title="Category:Chemistry organizations">Chemistry organizations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_scientific_organizations" title="Category:International scientific organizations">International scientific organizations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_International_Council_for_Science" title="Category:Members of the International Council for Science">Members of the International Council for Science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organisations_based_in_Zurich" title="Category:Organisations based in Zurich">Organisations based in Zurich</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_based_in_North_Carolina" title="Category:Organizations based in North Carolina">Organizations based in North Carolina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_organizations_based_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Scientific organizations based in the United States">Scientific organizations based in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_organisations_based_in_Switzerland" title="Category:Scientific organisations based in Switzerland">Scientific organisations based in Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_organizations_established_in_1919" title="Category:Scientific organizations established in 1919">Scientific organizations established in 1919</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Standards_organisations_in_Switzerland" title="Category:Standards organisations in Switzerland">Standards organisations in Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_International_Science_Council" title="Category:Members of the International Science Council">Members of the International Science Council</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_September_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2017">Articles with dead external links from September 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2017">Articles with dead external links from November 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2022">Use dmy dates from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_November_2017" title="Category:Use Oxford spelling from November 2017">Use Oxford spelling from November 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_ISBNs" title="Category:Articles lacking ISBNs">Articles lacking ISBNs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 19:43<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-kmvjg","wgBackendResponseTime":187,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.261","walltime":"1.665","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6604,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":194405,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7603,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":135957,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1344.174 1 -total"," 24.03% 323.036 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.89% 186.746 1 Template:Infobox_organization"," 13.27% 178.343 1 Template:Infobox"," 10.11% 135.906 10 Template:Cite_web"," 8.85% 118.969 6 Template:Navbox"," 6.83% 91.828 1 Template:International_Science_Council"," 6.59% 88.602 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.82% 78.208 4 Template:FRA"," 4.67% 62.789 1 Template:Official_URL"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.643","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9940732,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-ffvck","timestamp":"20241123113459","ttl":649516,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q33438","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q33438","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-04T10:34:27Z","dateModified":"2024-11-15T19:43:33Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/d\/d6\/IUPAC.svg","headline":"international organization that represents chemists in individual countries"}</script> </body> </html>