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block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Avarice" class="mw-redirect" title="Avarice">Avarice</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Avaris</b> (<a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a>: ḥw.t wꜥr.t, sometimes <i>hut-waret</i>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Αὔαρις</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Auaris</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Άβαρις</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Avaris</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Arabic language">Egyptian Arabic</a>: <span lang="arz" dir="rtl">اڤاريس</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Egyptian Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="arz-Latn">Avaris</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a> capital of Egypt located at the modern site of <a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Dab%27a" title="Tell el-Dab'a">Tell el-Dab'a</a> in the northeastern region of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the main course of the Nile migrated eastward, its position at the hub of Egypt's delta emporia made it a major capital suitable for trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Grant2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was occupied from about the 18th century BC until its capture by <a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a>. </p><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Avaris</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Egypt-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lower_Egypt-en.png/220px-Lower_Egypt-en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lower_Egypt-en.png/330px-Lower_Egypt-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lower_Egypt-en.png/440px-Lower_Egypt-en.png 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="994"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of ancient Lower Egypt showing Avaris</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Avaris is located in Egypt"><img alt="Avaris is located in Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="973"></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:12.154%;left:58.178%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Avaris"><img alt="Avaris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Egypt</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Sharqia_Governorate" title="Sharqia Governorate">Sharqia Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Avaris&params=30_47_14.7_N_31_49_16.9_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°47′14.7″N</span> <span class="longitude">31°49′16.9″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.787417°N 31.821361°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.787417; 31.821361</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asiatic_official_Munich_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Asiatic_official_Munich_01.JPG/220px-Asiatic_official_Munich_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Asiatic_official_Munich_01.JPG/330px-Asiatic_official_Munich_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Asiatic_official_Munich_01.JPG/440px-Asiatic_official_Munich_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600"></a><figcaption>An official wearing the "mushroom-headed" hairstyle also seen in contemporary paintings of Western Asiatic foreigners, from Avaris, the capital of the Hyksos. Dated to 1802–1640 BC. <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Sammlung_f%C3%BCr_%C3%84gyptische_Kunst" title="Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst">Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Excavations"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Excavations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Urban_chronology"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Urban chronology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Minoan_connection"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Minoan connection</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The name in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a> of the 2nd millennium BC was probably pronounced <b>*Ḥaʔət-Waʕrəʔ</b> “House of the Region” and denotes the capital of an administrative division of the land (<i>wʕr.t</i>). Today, the name <i>Hawara</i> survives, referring to the site at the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Faiyum</a>. Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> referred to the name of this city as "Athyria".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Excavations">Excavations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Excavations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ScarabBearingNameOfApophis_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ScarabBearingNameOfApophis_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png/150px-ScarabBearingNameOfApophis_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ScarabBearingNameOfApophis_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png/150px-ScarabBearingNameOfApophis_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png" data-width="150" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ScarabBearingNameOfApophis_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png/225px-ScarabBearingNameOfApophis_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/ScarabBearingNameOfApophis_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab</a> bearing the name of the Hyksos King <a href="/wiki/Apepi_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apepi (pharaoh)">Apepi</a>, now at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1885, the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Naville" title="Édouard Naville">Édouard Naville</a> started the first excavations in the area around Tell-el-Daba. Between 1941 and 1942, <a href="/wiki/Labib_Habachi" title="Labib Habachi">Labib Habachi</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Egyptologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptologist">Egyptologist</a> first forwarded the idea that the site could be identified with Avaris. Between 1966 and 1969 and since 1975, the site has been excavated by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_Archaeological_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austrian Archaeological Institute (page does not exist)">Austrian Archaeological Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tell_el-Dab'a_-_History_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tell_el-Dab'a_-_History-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using radar imaging technology, its scientists could identify in 2010 the outline of the city including streets, houses, a port, and a side arm of the River Nile passing through the city.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site at Tell el-Dab'a, covering an area of about 2 square kilometers, is in ruins today, but excavations have shown that, at one point, it was a well-developed center of trade with a busy harbour catering to over 300 ships during a trading season.<sup id="cite_ref-google_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artifacts excavated at a temple erected in the Hyksos period have produced goods from all over the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean</a> world. The temple even has <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a>-like wall paintings that are similar to those found on <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Palace of Knossos</a>. A large <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbrick</a> tomb has also been excavated to the west of the temple, where <a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">grave goods</a>, such as copper swords, have been found. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>The site was originally founded by <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a> on the eastern branch of the Nile in the Delta.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its close proximity to Asia made it a popular town for Asiatic immigrants, most of whom were culturally Egyptianized, using Egyptian pottery, but also retained many aspects of their own culture, as can be seen from the various Asiatic burials including weapons of Levantine origin. One palatial district appears to have been abandoned as a result of an <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a> during the 13th dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th century BC, the Hyksos conquered <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> and set up Avaris as their capital. <a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a>, the last pharaoh of the <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventeenth dynasty of Egypt">Seventeenth Dynasty</a>, besieged Avaris but was unable to defeat the Hyksos there. A few decades later, <a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a> captured Avaris and overran the Hyksos. Canaanite-style artifacts dated to the Tuthmosid or New Kingdom period suggest that a large part of the city's Semitic population remained in residence following its reconquest by the Egyptians.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty set up a capital in <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> and the palatial complex at Avaris was briefly abandoned, but areas such as the Temple of Seth and G6 region remained continuously occupied.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears as well, that the site of Avaris had gone through a hiatus, dated after the time of <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a> and until the late 18th dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> constructed the city of <a href="/wiki/Pi-Ramesses" title="Pi-Ramesses">Pi-Ramesses</a> roughly 2 km (1.2 mi) to the north, Avaris was superseded by <a href="/wiki/Pi-Ramesses" title="Pi-Ramesses">Pi-Ramesses</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus finally abandoned during the <a href="/wiki/Ramesside_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramesside period">Ramesside period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large portions of the former site of Avaris were used by the inhabitants of Pi-Ramesses as a cemetery and burial ground,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and part of it was used as a major navy base,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the "Harbor of Avaris" toponym continued to be used for Avaris' harbor through the Ramesside period.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "Avaris" is also referred to in Papyrus Sallier I in the late 13th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the 'Avaris' toponym is also known to <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a> in the 3rd century BC, quoted by <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Against_Apion" title="Against Apion">Against Apion</a></i> 1.14.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Urban_chronology">Urban chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Urban chronology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><b>Stratiagraphic layers M-N</b></li></ul> <p>Amenemhet I (12th dynasty) planned a settlement, called <i>Hutwaret</i> located in the 19th Nome, circa 1930 BC. It was a small Egyptian town until about 1830 BC when it began to grow by immigration of Canaanites (Levant Middle Bronze Age IIA) By 1800 BC it was a much larger trade colony under Egyptian control. Over the next 100 years immigration increased the size of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarabs</a> with the name "<a href="/wiki/Retjenu" title="Retjenu">Retjenu</a>" have been found in Avaris, also dating to the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">12th Dynasty</a> (1991-1802 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Stratiagraphic layers G</b></li></ul> <p>At about 1780 a temple to <a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a> was built. The Canaanites living at Avaris considered the Egyptian god Set to be the Canaanite god <a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a>. Both were <a href="/wiki/Weather_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather gods">weather gods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Stratiagraphic layers F</b></li></ul> <p>Around 1700 BC a temple district to the Canaanite <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a> and the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a> was built in the eastern part of the city. From 1700 onward, <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a> begins and an <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a> arise.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Stratiagraphic layers E</b></li></ul> <p>In 1650 the Hyksos arrive and the city grows to 250 ha. It is believed that Avaris was the largest city in the world from 1670 to 1557 BC. A large <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a> was built around 1550.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Minoan_connection">Minoan connection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Minoan connection" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Minoan_frescoes_from_Tell_el-Daba" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan frescoes from Tell el-Daba">Minoan frescoes from Tell el-Daba</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minoan_fresko_avaris_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Minoan_fresko_avaris_2.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="174" data-file-height="200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 174px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Minoan_fresko_avaris_2.png" data-width="174" data-height="200" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Fragment of a Minoan fresco found in Avaris, Egypt. This fresco is very similar to <a href="/wiki/File:Knossos_frise_taureau.JPG" title="File:Knossos frise taureau.JPG">another fresco</a> from <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Avaris, along with <a href="/wiki/Tel_Kabri" title="Tel Kabri">Tel Kabri</a> in Israel and <a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a> in Syria, also has a record of <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a>, which is otherwise quite rare in the Levant. <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Bietak" title="Manfred Bietak">Manfred Bietak</a>, an Austrian archaeologist and the excavator of Tell Dab'a, has speculated that there was close contact with the rulers of Avaris, and that the large building featuring the frescoes allowed the Minoans to have a ritual life in Egypt. French archaeologist Yves Duhoux proposed the existence of a Minoan 'colony' on an island in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_towns_and_cities" title="List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities">List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt" title="List of historical capitals of Egypt">List of historical capitals of Egypt</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCandelora" class="citation web cs1">Candelora, Danielle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arce.org/resource/hyksos">"The Hyksos"</a>. <i>www.arce.org</i>. American Research Center in Egypt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arce.org&rft.atitle=The+Hyksos&rft.aulast=Candelora&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arce.org%2Fresource%2Fhyksos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2011" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Jane (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9En6tzUJCXkC&pg=PA291"><i>The Politics of Trade: Egypt and Lower Nubia in the 4th Millennium BC</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 291–292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19610-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19610-0"><bdi>978-90-04-19610-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Trade%3A+Egypt+and+Lower+Nubia+in+the+4th+Millennium+BC&rft.pages=291-292&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-19610-0&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9En6tzUJCXkC%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A head from a statue of an official dating to the 12th or 13th Dynasty (1802–1640 B.C.) sports the mushroom-shaped hairstyle commonly worn by non-Egyptian immigrants from western Asia such as the Hyksos." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archaeology.org/issues/309-1809/features/6855-egypt-hyksos-foreign-dynasty#art_page3">"The Rulers of Foreign Lands - Archaeology Magazine"</a>. <i>www.archaeology.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.archaeology.org&rft.atitle=The+Rulers+of+Foreign+Lands+-+Archaeology+Magazine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2Fissues%2F309-1809%2Ffeatures%2F6855-egypt-hyksos-foreign-dynasty%23art_page3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotts2012" class="citation book cs1">Potts, Daniel T. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P5q7DDqMbF0C&pg=PA841"><i>A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 841. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-6077-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-6077-6"><bdi>978-1-4443-6077-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Archaeology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=841&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-6077-6&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=Daniel+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP5q7DDqMbF0C%26pg%3DPA841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holladay, John S. Jr. (1997) "The Eastern Nile Delta During the Hyksos and Pre-Hyksos Periods: Toward a Systemic/Socioeconomic Understanding", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliezer_D._Oren1997" class="citation book cs1">Eliezer D. Oren (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oiKLQgAACAAJ"><i>The Hyksos: new historical and archaeological perspectives</i></a>. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. pp. 183–252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-924171-46-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-924171-46-8"><bdi>978-0-924171-46-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hyksos%3A+new+historical+and+archaeological+perspectives&rft.pages=183-252&rft.pub=University+Museum%2C+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-924171-46-8&rft.au=Eliezer+D.+Oren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoiKLQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baines and Malek "Atlas of Ancient Egypt" p 15 nome list and map, p 167 enlarged map of the delta.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant2005-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grant2005_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Grant2005" class="citation book cs1">Michael Grant (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vl-MgnNXpmQC"><i>The rise of the Greeks</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnes & Noble Books">Barnes & Noble Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-7000-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-7000-9"><bdi>978-0-7607-7000-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rise+of+the+Greeks&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-7000-9&rft.au=Michael+Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvl-MgnNXpmQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'And his remarks are to the following effect: Amosis, who lived in the time of the Argive Inachus, overthrew Athyria, as Ptolemy of Mendes [via Manetho] relates in his Chronology.' -- Clement of Alexandria 1.22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tell_el-Dab'a_-_History-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tell_el-Dab'a_-_History_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auaris.at/html/history_en.html">"Tell el-Dab'a - History"</a>. Tell el-Dab'a-Homepage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626102217/http://www.auaris.at/html/history_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tell+el-Dab%27a+-+History&rft.pub=Tell+el-Dab%27a-Homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.auaris.at%2Fhtml%2Fhistory_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/10367930.stm">"Ancient Egyptian city located in Nile Delta by radar"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2010-06-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ancient+Egyptian+city+located+in+Nile+Delta+by+radar&rft.date=2010-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F10367930.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth,_C.2005" class="citation book cs1">Booth, C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srQmRwVozvkC&pg=PA40"><i>The Hyksos Period in Egypt</i></a>. Shire. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780747806387" title="Special:BookSources/9780747806387"><bdi>9780747806387</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hyksos+Period+in+Egypt&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Shire&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780747806387&rft.au=Booth%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsrQmRwVozvkC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aaron A. Burke, "Amorites in the Eastern Nile Delta: The Identity of Asiatics at Avaris during the Early Middle Kingdom", 2019, p. 69-71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marc van de Mieroop, "A History of Ancient Egypt", 2021, p. 124-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bietak, Manfred. "The Aftermath of the Hyksos in Avaris." Culture Contacts and the Making of Cultures: Papers in Homage to Itamar Even Zohar, by Rakefet Sela-Sheffy and Gideon Toury, Tel Aviv University- Unit of Culture Research, 2011, pp.19-65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Bietak and Irene Forstner-Muller. "The Topography of New Kingdom Avaris and Per-Ramesses", pp 27-28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBietak" class="citation web cs1">Bietak, Manfred. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33394553">"Manfred Bietak, "A THUTMOSID PALACE PRECINCT AT PERU-NEFER/TELL EL-Dab'a," in: M. Bietak & S. Prell (Eds.), Palaces in Ancient Egypt and the Ancient Near East vol. I: Egypt, Contributions to the Archaeology of Egypt, Nubia and the Levant V, Vienna 2018, 231-257"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manfred+Bietak%2C+%22A+THUTMOSID+PALACE+PRECINCT+AT+PERU-NEFER%2FTELL+EL-Dab%27a%2C%22+in%3A+M.+Bietak+%26+S.+Prell+%28Eds.%29%2C+Palaces+in+Ancient+Egypt+and+the+Ancient+Near+East+vol.+I%3A+Egypt%2C+Contributions+to+the+Archaeology+of+Egypt%2C+Nubia+and+the+Levant+V%2C+Vienna+2018%2C+231-257&rft.aulast=Bietak&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33394553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oeaw.ac.at/en/oeai/research/prehistory-wana-archaeology/archaeology-in-egypt-and-sudan/the-harbour-of-tell-el-daba">"The harbour of Tell el-Dabʿa"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+harbour+of+Tell+el-Dab%CA%BFa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oeaw.ac.at%2Fen%2Foeai%2Fresearch%2Fprehistory-wana-archaeology%2Farchaeology-in-egypt-and-sudan%2Fthe-harbour-of-tell-el-daba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marc van de Mieroop, "A History of Ancient Egypt", 2021, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.auaris.at/html/ez_helmi_en.html#9">Manfred Bietak, The Palatial Precinct at the Nile Branch (Area H)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Bietak, Nicola Math, and Vera Müller, “Report on the excavations of a Hyksos Palace of Tell el Dabᶜa/Avaris.” Ägypten und Levante 22/23 (2013): 15-35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Bietak, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/114746538">"Avaris/Tell el-Dab’a"</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Bietak, "From Where Came the Hyksos and Where Did they go". In M. Marée (ed.), <i>The Second Intermediate Period (Thirteenth - Seventeenth Dynasties): Current Research, Future Prospects</i>, OLA 192, Leuven 2010: Peeters, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Bietak & Constance Van Ruden. "Contact Points: Avaris and Pi-Ramesse", pg 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Pottis, "Beyond the Nile: Egypt and the Classical World", p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Pritchard, ANET, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Bietak. "Hyksos" in The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, First Edition. Edited by Roger S. Bagnall, Kai Brodersen, Craige B. Champion, Andrew Erskine, and Sabine, p. 3356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBietak" class="citation web cs1">Bietak, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auaris.at/html/history_en.html">"Tell-el-Daba - History"</a>. <i>Tell el-Dabca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tell+el-Dabca&rft.atitle=Tell-el-Daba+-+History&rft.aulast=Bietak&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.auaris.at%2Fhtml%2Fhistory_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1998" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Geoffrey T. (1998). "The Toponym Retjenu on a Scarab from Tell el-Dabʿa". <i>Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant</i>. <b>8</b>: 109–112. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1015-5104">1015-5104</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23786957">23786957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%84gypten+und+Levante+%2F+Egypt+and+the+Levant&rft.atitle=The+Toponym+Retjenu+on+a+Scarab+from+Tell+el-Dab%CA%BFa&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=109-112&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23786957%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1015-5104&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuhoux2003" class="citation book cs1">Duhoux, Yves (2003). <i>Des minoens en Egypte? "Keftiou" et "les îles au milieu du Grand vert"</i>. Liège: Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-1261-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-429-1261-8"><bdi>90-429-1261-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Des+minoens+en+Egypte%3F+%22Keftiou%22+et+%22les+%C3%AEles+au+milieu+du+Grand+vert%22&rft.place=Li%C3%A8ge&rft.pub=Univ.+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-429-1261-8&rft.aulast=Duhoux&rft.aufirst=Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Nicholas_Reeves2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Reeves" title="Nicholas Reeves">Carl Nicholas Reeves</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jLpmQgAACAAJ"><i>Ancient Egypt: the great discoveries : a year-by-year chronicle</i></a>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05105-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05105-4"><bdi>978-0-500-05105-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egypt%3A+the+great+discoveries+%3A+a+year-by-year+chronicle&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05105-4&rft.au=Carl+Nicholas+Reeves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjLpmQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvaris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManfred_Bietak1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Bietak" title="Manfred Bietak">Manfred Bietak</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5RdyAAAAMAAJ"><i>Avaris, the capital of the Hyksos: recent excavations at Tell el-Dabʻa</i></a>. British Museum Press for the Trustees of the British Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-0968-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-0968-8"><bdi>978-0-7141-0968-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avaris%2C+the+capital+of+the+Hyksos%3A+recent+excavations+at+Tell+el-Dab%CA%BBa&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press+for+the+Trustees+of+the+British+Museum&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-0968-8&rft.au=Manfred+Bietak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5RdyAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvaris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBietak2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Bietak" title="Manfred Bietak">Bietak, Manfred</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/114746538">"Avaris/Tell el-Dab'a"</a>. In Bagnall, Roger S.; et al. (eds.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Ancient History</i>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah15052.pub2">10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah15052.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405179355" title="Special:BookSources/9781405179355"><bdi>9781405179355</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avaris%2FTell+el-Dab%27a&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+History&rft.pages=1-16&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah15052.pub2&rft.isbn=9781405179355&rft.aulast=Bietak&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F114746538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvaris" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Avaris" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Avaris">Avaris</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auaris.at/index.html">Tell el-Dabʿa Homepage</a> - available in German and English</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital of Egypt">Capital of Egypt</a> </b><br>1785 BC - 1580 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Thebes</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Avaris&params=30.787419_N_31.821367_E_region:EG_type:landmark_source:dewiki&title=Avaris+%28Hatwaret%2C+Rowaty%2C+Tell+ed-Dab%27a%29"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°47′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">31°49′17″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.787419°N 31.821367°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.787419; 31.821367</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Avaris (Hatwaret, Rowaty, Tell ed-Dab'a)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avaris&oldid=1252774060">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avaris&oldid=1252774060</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Avaris&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Monkbot" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1729634116"> <span>Last edited on 22 October 2024, at 21:55</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%AB%E1%88%AA%E1%88%B5" title="አቫሪስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አቫሪስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="أواريس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أواريس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Аварис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аварис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80varis" title="Àvaris – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àvaris" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi-ramses" title="Pi-ramses – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pi-ramses" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auaris" title="Auaris – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Auaris" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%82_(%CE%91%CE%AF%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Άβαρις (Αίγυπτος) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άβαρις (Αίγυπτος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="اواریس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اواریس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="아바리스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아바리스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1" title="אווריס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אווריס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ავარისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავარისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avarisz" title="Avarisz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Avarisz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="اواريس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اواريس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awaris" title="Awaris – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Awaris" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81varis" title="Ávaris – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ávaris" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Аварис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аварис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Аварис – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аварис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Avaris" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆவரிஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆவரிஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA" title="อวาริส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อวาริส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81" title="Аваріс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аваріс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="اواریس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اواریس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%93%A6%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="阿瓦里斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿瓦里斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; 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