Observations — Copernicus In Situ Component

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#insitu-article-title{color:#FFFFFF;font-size:28px;padding-left:10px;text-transform:uppercase;font-weight:900;margin-top:-3px;} .embed-responsive{position:relative;display:block;height:0;padding:0;overflow:hidden;} .embed-responsive .embed-responsive-item,.embed-responsive iframe,.embed-responsive embed,.embed-responsive object,.embed-responsive video{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;height:100%;width:100%;border:0;} .embed-responsive-16by9{padding-bottom:56.25%;} .embed-responsive-4by3{padding-bottom:75%;} .carousel{position:relative;} .carousel-inner{position:relative;overflow:hidden;width:100%;} .carousel-inner > .item{display:none;position:relative;height:230px;-webkit-transition:0.6s ease-in-out left;-o-transition:0.6s ease-in-out left;transition:0.6s ease-in-out left;} .carousel-inner > .item > img,.carousel-inner > .item > a > img{display:block;max-width:100%;max-height:347px;height:auto;line-height:1;} @media all and (transform-3d),(-webkit-transform-3d){.carousel-inner > .item{-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.6s ease-in-out;-moz-transition:-moz-transform 0.6s ease-in-out;-o-transition:-o-transform 0.6s ease-in-out;transition:transform 0.6s ease-in-out;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;-moz-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden;-webkit-perspective:1000px;-moz-perspective:1000px;perspective:1000px;} .carousel-inner > .item.next,.carousel-inner > .item.active.right{-webkit-transform:translate3d(100%,0,0);transform:translate3d(100%,0,0);left:0;} .carousel-inner > .item.prev,.carousel-inner > .item.active.left{-webkit-transform:translate3d(-100%,0,0);transform:translate3d(-100%,0,0);left:0;} .carousel-inner > .item.next.left,.carousel-inner > .item.prev.right,.carousel-inner > .item.active{-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);transform:translate3d(0,0,0);left:0;} } .carousel-inner > .active,.carousel-inner > .next,.carousel-inner > .prev{display:block;} .carousel-inner > .active{left:0;} .carousel-inner > .next,.carousel-inner > .prev{position:absolute;top:0;width:100%;} .carousel-inner > .next{left:100%;} .carousel-inner > .prev{left:-100%;} .carousel-inner > .next.left,.carousel-inner > .prev.right{left:0;} .carousel-inner > .active.left{left:-100%;} .carousel-inner > .active.right{left:100%;} .carousel-control{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;width:15%;opacity:0.5;filter:alpha(opacity=50);font-size:20px;color:#FFFFFF;text-align:center;text-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.6);background-color:transparent;} .carousel-control.left{background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(left,rgba(0,0,0,0.5) 0%,rgba(0,0,0,0.0001) 100%);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(left,rgba(0,0,0,0.5) 0%,rgba(0,0,0,0.0001) 100%);background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(0,0,0,0.5) 0%,rgba(0,0,0,0.0001) 100%);background-repeat:repeat-x;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#80000000',endColorstr='#00000000',GradientType=1);} .carousel-control.right{left:auto;right:0;background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(left,rgba(0,0,0,0.0001) 0%,rgba(0,0,0,0.5) 100%);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(left,rgba(0,0,0,0.0001) 0%,rgba(0,0,0,0.5) 100%);background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(0,0,0,0.0001) 0%,rgba(0,0,0,0.5) 100%);background-repeat:repeat-x;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#00000000',endColorstr='#80000000',GradientType=1);} .carousel-control:hover,.carousel-control:focus{outline:0;color:#FFFFFF;text-decoration:none;opacity:0.9;filter:alpha(opacity=90);} .carousel-control .icon-prev,.carousel-control .icon-next,.carousel-control .fa-chevron-left,.carousel-control .fa-chevron-right{position:absolute;top:50%;margin-top:-10px;z-index:5;display:inline-block;} .carousel-control .icon-prev,.carousel-control .fa-chevron-left{left:50%;margin-left:-10px;} .carousel-control .icon-next,.carousel-control .fa-chevron-right{right:50%;margin-right:-10px;} .carousel-control .icon-prev,.carousel-control .icon-next{width:20px;height:20px;line-height:1;font-family:serif;} .carousel-control .icon-prev:before{content:'\2039';} .carousel-control .icon-next:before{content:'\203a';} .carousel-indicators{position:absolute;bottom:10px;left:75%;z-index:15;width:20%;margin-left:-10%;padding-left:0;list-style:none;text-align:center;} .carousel-indicators li{display:inline-block;width:8px;height:8px;margin:3px;text-indent:-999px;border:1px solid #FFFFFF;border-radius:10px;cursor:pointer;background-color:#000;background-color:#FFFFFF;} .carousel-indicators .active{margin:0;width:14px;height:14px;background-color:#FFFFFF;} .carousel-caption{position:absolute;left:15%;right:15%;bottom:20px;z-index:10;padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:20px;color:#FFFFFF;text-align:center;text-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.6);} .carousel-caption .btn{text-shadow:none;} @media screen and (min-width:768px){.carousel-control .fa-chevron-left,.carousel-control .fa-chevron-right,.carousel-control .icon-prev,.carousel-control .icon-next{width:30px;height:30px;margin-top:-10px;font-size:30px;} .carousel-control .fa-chevron-left,.carousel-control .icon-prev{margin-left:-10px;} .carousel-control .fa-chevron-right,.carousel-control .icon-next{margin-right:-10px;} .carousel-caption{left:20%;right:20%;padding-bottom:30px;} .carousel-indicators{bottom:20px;} } .clearfix:before,.clearfix:after{content:" ";display:table;} .clearfix:after{clear:both;} .center-block{display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;} .pull-right{float:right !important;} .pull-left{float:left !important;} .hide{display:none !important;} .show{display:block !important;} .invisible{visibility:hidden;} .text-hide{font:0/0 a;color:transparent;text-shadow:none;background-color:transparent;border:0;} .hidden{display:none !important;} .affix{position:fixed;} @-ms-viewport{width:device-width;} .visible-xs{display:none !important;} .visible-sm{display:none !important;} .visible-md{display:none !important;} .visible-lg{display:none !important;} .visible-xs-block,.visible-xs-inline,.visible-xs-inline-block,.visible-sm-block,.visible-sm-inline,.visible-sm-inline-block,.visible-md-block,.visible-md-inline,.visible-md-inline-block,.visible-lg-block,.visible-lg-inline,.visible-lg-inline-block{display:none !important;} @media (max-width:767px){.visible-xs{display:block !important;} table.visible-xs{display:table !important;} tr.visible-xs{display:table-row !important;} th.visible-xs,td.visible-xs{display:table-cell !important;} } @media (max-width:767px){.visible-xs-block{display:block !important;} } @media (max-width:767px){.visible-xs-inline{display:inline !important;} } @media (max-width:767px){.visible-xs-inline-block{display:inline-block !important;} } @media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:991px){.visible-sm{display:block !important;} table.visible-sm{display:table !important;} tr.visible-sm{display:table-row !important;} th.visible-sm,td.visible-sm{display:table-cell !important;} } @media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:991px){.visible-sm-block{display:block !important;} } @media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:991px){.visible-sm-inline{display:inline !important;} } @media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:991px){.visible-sm-inline-block{display:inline-block !important;} } @media (min-width:992px) and (max-width:1199px){.visible-md{display:block !important;} table.visible-md{display:table !important;} tr.visible-md{display:table-row !important;} th.visible-md,td.visible-md{display:table-cell !important;} } @media (min-width:992px) and (max-width:1199px){.visible-md-block{display:block !important;} } @media (min-width:992px) and (max-width:1199px){.visible-md-inline{display:inline !important;} } @media (min-width:992px) and (max-width:1199px){.visible-md-inline-block{display:inline-block !important;} } @media (min-width:1200px){.visible-lg{display:block !important;} table.visible-lg{display:table !important;} tr.visible-lg{display:table-row !important;} th.visible-lg,td.visible-lg{display:table-cell !important;} } @media (min-width:1200px){.visible-lg-block{display:block !important;} } @media (min-width:1200px){.visible-lg-inline{display:inline !important;} } @media (min-width:1200px){.visible-lg-inline-block{display:inline-block !important;} } @media (max-width:767px){.hidden-xs{display:none !important;} } @media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:991px){.hidden-sm{display:none !important;} } @media (min-width:992px) and (max-width:1199px){.hidden-md{display:none !important;} } @media (min-width:1200px){.hidden-lg{display:none !important;} } .visible-print{display:none !important;} @media print{.visible-print{display:block !important;} table.visible-print{display:table !important;} tr.visible-print{display:table-row !important;} th.visible-print,td.visible-print{display:table-cell !important;} } .visible-print-block{display:none !important;} @media print{.visible-print-block{display:block !important;} } .visible-print-inline{display:none !important;} @media print{.visible-print-inline{display:inline !important;} } .btn-primary{background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#783F34 0%,#60332a 100%);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#783F34 0%,#60332a 100%);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#783F34 0%,#60332a 100%);background-repeat:repeat-x;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#FF783F34',endColorstr='#FF60332a',GradientType=0);filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(enabled = false);background-repeat:repeat-x;border-color:#6c781b;} .btn-primary:hover,.btn-primary:focus{background-color:#60332a;background-position:0 -15px;} .btn-primary:active,.btn-primary.active{background-color:#60332a;border-color:#6c781b;} .btn-primary.disabled,.btn-primary.disabled:hover,.btn-primary.disabled:focus,.btn-primary.disabled.focus,.btn-primary.disabled:active,.btn-primary.disabled.active,.btn-primary[disabled],.btn-primary[disabled]:hover,.btn-primary[disabled]:focus,.btn-primary[disabled].focus,.btn-primary[disabled]:active,.btn-primary[disabled].active,fieldset[disabled] .btn-primary,fieldset[disabled] .btn-primary:hover,fieldset[disabled] .btn-primary:focus,fieldset[disabled] .btn-primary.focus,fieldset[disabled] .btn-primary:active,fieldset[disabled] .btn-primary.active{background-color:#60332a;background-image:none;} .navbar-default{border-radius:5px;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,0.15),0 1px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.075);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,0.15),0 1px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.075);} .navbar-default .navbar-nav > .open > a,.navbar-default .navbar-nav > .active > a{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 3px 9px rgba(0,0,0,0.075);box-shadow:inset 0 3px 9px rgba(0,0,0,0.075);} .navbar-brand,.navbar-nav > li > a{text-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,0.25);} .navbar-static-top,.navbar-fixed-top,.navbar-fixed-bottom{border-radius:0;} @media (max-width:767px){.navbar .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .active > a,.navbar .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .active > a:hover,.navbar .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .active > a:focus{color:#fff;} } .color-white,footer .partners{color:#FFFFFF;} .box,.box-full-size,.insitu-box1{width:15%;padding:18px;margin-right:18px;float:left;margin-bottom:18px;} .box-full-size{width:90%;} .insitu-box1{width:100%;height:200px;} .insitu-box1 .insitu-icon-box{min-height:50%;} .insitu-box1 .insitu-icon-box img{max-width:40%;margin-top:15%;} .insitu-box1 h4{margin-top:10%;} .insitu-box1:hover{border:6px solid #E3F37D;} .bg-texture,body{background-color:#FFF;} .margin-content,#header-section .container-fluid#insitu-brand-utils .content,.main-content,.breadcrumbs,.insitu-jumbotron,.images-slider,.menu-sections,footer{margin-left:15%;margin-right:15%;} body{padding:0px;margin:0px;position:relative;z-index:1;} .template-search-by-tags #insitu-article-title{display:none;} #header-section{background-size:cover;background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;width:100%;background-size:cover;background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;} #header-section .container-fluid#insitu-brand-utils{background:rgba(255,255,255,0.8);} #header-section .container-fluid#insitu-brand-utils .content{padding-top:6px;} #header-section .container-fluid#insitu-brand-utils .content .brand .img-brand{margin-top:6px;padding-left:22px;height:58px;} #header-section .container-fluid#insitu-brand-utils .content .brand .website-title{text-decoration:none;position:relative;top:-1px;} #header-section .container-fluid#insitu-brand-utils .content .utils .list-inline.insitu-list-separated{margin-bottom:10px;} @media (max-width:800px){#header-section .container-fluid#insitu-brand-utils .content .utils .list-inline.insitu-list-separated{white-space:nowrap;overflow-x:auto;padding-bottom:1rem;} } #header-section .container-fluid#insitu-brand-utils .content .utils .list-inline.insitu-list-separated li:after{content:'|';margin-left:10px;color:#333333;} #header-section .container-fluid#insitu-brand-utils .content .utils .list-inline.insitu-list-separated li:last-child:after{content:'';} #header-section .container-fluid#insitu-brand-utils .content .utils .list-inline.insitu-list-separated li:last-child{margin-right:-6px;} #header-section .container-fluid#insitu-brand-utils .content .utils .list-inline.insitu-list-separated li{padding-right:6px;} #header-section .container-fluid#insitu-brand-utils .content .utils .col-lg-8.col-md-8.col-sm-12{padding:0;} #header-section .container-fluid#insitu-brand-utils .content .utils .btn.btn-default,#header-section .container-fluid#insitu-brand-utils .content .utils input{font-size:16px;} #header-section .container-fluid#insitu-brand-utils .content .utils input.form-control.search-bar{height:100%;border-color:#FFFFFF;} #header-section .utils .list-inline a{color:#333333;} section#header-section #insitu-brand-utils li#siteaction-newsletter,section#header-section #insitu-brand-utils li#siteaction-sitemap{display:none;} #edit-bar{display:none;} .main-content{background:#FFFFFF;padding:0 10px 20px 10px;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;margin-top:15px;} .breadcrumbs{padding-top:10px;padding-left:10px;margin-top:-28px;} .breadcrumbs .breadcrumb{padding:0px;background:transparent;} .breadcrumbs .breadcrumb li{color:#5C5C5C;} .breadcrumbs .breadcrumb li.home:before{content:"\f041 ";font-family:FontAwesome;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;margin-right:10px;} .insitu-jumbotron{background:#FFFFFF;padding:24px;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;margin-top:0px;} .insitu-jumbotron a{color:#5C5C5C;text-decoration:none;} .insitu-jumbotron a h4{color:#1E1E1E;} .insitu-jumbotron a:hover{color:#1E1E1E;} .insitu-jumbotron a:hover h4{color:#60332a;} .insitu-jumbotron a:hover .circle img{border:9px solid #E3F37D;} .insitu-jumbotron .circle{width:55%;height:55%;position:relative;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;} .insitu-jumbotron .circle img{border-radius:50%;border:9px solid #783F34;max-width:100%;} .images-slider{margin:0px;border-radius:0px;} .images-slider .carousel-caption{background:rgba(0,0,0,0.5);padding-left:24px;padding-right:24px;padding-top:6px;padding-bottom:6px;border-radius:5px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:4%;} .images-slider .carousel-caption h4{font-weight:900;text-shadow:none;color:#FFFFFF;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:18px;} .images-slider .carousel-caption p{text-shadow:none;font-style:italic;} .menu-sections{background:transparent;padding-left:24px;padding-right:24px;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;margin-top:36px;border-radius:0px;height:237px;} footer .partners{padding:24px 24px 0 24px;} footer .partners .partners-banners{border-radius:5px;padding:0px 16px 16px 16px;} footer .partners .partners-banners h4 > a:hover{text-decoration:underline;} footer .partners .partners-banners a{text-decoration:none;} footer .partners .partners-banners img{margin-left:30px;margin-right:30px;margin-bottom:6px;} footer .text{padding:12px 18px 0px 18px;text-align:center;font-size:16px;} footer .text .list-inline.insitu-list-separated{margin-bottom:0px;} footer .text .list-inline.insitu-list-separated li:after{content:'|';margin-left:6px;} footer .text .list-inline.insitu-list-separated li:last-child:after{content:'';} footer .text .list-inline.insitu-list-separated li:last-child{margin-right:-6px;} footer .text .list-inline.insitu-list-separated li{padding-right:0px;} footer .text .list-inline.insitu-list-separated .go-top{color:#444444;text-decoration:none;} footer .text .list-inline.insitu-list-separated .go-top:hover{color:#5B6800;} .insitu-title,#parent-fieldname-title{border-bottom:3px solid #60332a;font-size:20px;margin-top:3px;font-weight:bold;} article.main #parent-fieldname-title{font-size:24px;margin-top:0px;} .event-date{float:left;margin-right:1rem;display:inline-block;padding:10px;border:2px solid #EFEFEF;border-radius:10px;text-align:center;font-size:smaller;min-width:4em;} .news-preview{float:left;margin-right:1rem;display:inline-block;padding:.25rem;padding-top:5px;border-radius:10px;text-align:center;font-size:smaller;min-width:4em;} .news-preview .insitu-img-preview,.news-preview img{width:70px;height:auto;max-height:50px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;border-radius:0px;padding:3px;margin-bottom:3px;} .event-month,.event-day,.event-year{display:block;line-height:1;} .event-month{text-transform:uppercase;} .event-day{font-size:200%;} .snippet .event-title,.snippet .news-title{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;font-weight:900;margin-bottom:0;} .snippet .event-body h4,.snippet .news-body h4{margin-top:0px;} .snippet .event-body,.snippet .news-body{padding-top:5px;padding-bottom:5px;overflow:hidden;} .snippet .news-body{min-height:65px;} .insitu-img-preview{border:none;} .navbar-default{background-image:none;border-radius:0px;border:none;color:#5C5C5C;font-size:16px;} .navbar-default .fa{font-size:20px;} .nav.navbar-nav.insitu-social-icons.collapsed{float:left;margin-left:10px;} .navbar-toggle{margin-top:6px;margin-right:50px;} .nav.navbar-nav.insitu-social-icons.collapsed li{float:left;} .navbar-default.sticky{width:100%;position:fixed;top:0px;z-index:100;border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #60332a;} .navbar-default{z-index:100;} .dropdown-menu{position:absolute;top:100%;left:0;z-index:1000;display:none;float:left;min-width:160px;padding:5px 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"observations Observations Observations \r\n The Copernicus Services rely on environmental measurements collected from ground-based, sea-borne or air-borne monitoring systems, as well as geospatial reference or ancillary data, collectively referred to as “in situ” data. \r\n A wide range of in situ monitoring infrastructures, each created to serve a number of different and diverse purposes, is utilised by the Copernicus Programme in order to produce, enrich and validate its services, improving their accuracy and reliability. \r\n This includes sensors placed on the banks of rivers, carried on weather balloons or airplanes, pulled through the sea by ships, and drifting in the ocean on floats or buoys. It also encompasses data collected by drones or by citizen scientists. \r\n Data about the physical environment has been collected for centuries, and consequently there is a large variety and range of networks and stakeholders involved in the collection and management of such data. \r\n The Copernicus In Situ Component is currently analysing the needs, data gaps and challenges related to the acquisition of, or access to in situ observation data for the Copernicus Programme. This work is being carried out in four thematic domains, several of which are cross-cutting with respect to the needs of the Copernicus Services: \r\n \r\n Meteorology \r\n Oceanography \r\n Atmospheric composition and air quality \r\n Climate. \r\n \r\n Some indicative examples of in situ observation data from these four domains include the following parameters: \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n Meteorology \r\n \r\n Real-time and historic data\r\n \r\n Ground: Weather station data (temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, wind, solar UV etc.) \r\n Atmospheric profiles: temperature, wind, humidity. \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n Climate \r\n \r\n Historical data; harmonised time series. \r\n \r\n \r\n Oceanography \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n Physical: Temperature, salinity, ocean currents, sea surface height, sea ice and mixed-layer depth. \r\n Biological: chlorophyll, dissolved oxygen, nutrients and micro-nutrients e.g. iron, primary production and in regional cases zooplankton, radiative flux and methane. \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n Atmospheric composition \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n Concentrations of major air pollutants (NO x , PM 10 , PM 2.5 , CO, SO 2 , HCHO, Pb, TSP, C 6 H 6 ) \r\n Size-resolved chemical composition of aerosol \r\n Greenhouse gas concentrations (CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O) \r\n Vertically resolved concentration data of pollutant gases and aerosol \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n Terrestrial \r\n \r\n River discharge, Water use, Groundwater, Lakes, Snow cover, Glaciers and ice caps, Ice sheets, Permafrost, Albedo, Land cover (including vegetation type), Fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR), Leaf area index (LAI), Above-ground biomass, Soil carbon, Fire disturbance, Soil moisture. \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n National and international networks \r\n Many in situ data sources are owned and operated by institutions and agencies at the national level. A good example is national air quality monitoring data collected by some National Meteorological Services (NMS), which EU Member States are obliged to report to the European Environment Agency. Another are the maps and data managed by Member State National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies (NMCA). \r\n A growing quantity of in situ data comes from Research Infrastructures and other international collaborations, such as the Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) , an intergovernmental body bringing together the expertise and technological capabilities of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and UNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) . \r\n Research infrastructure \r\n \r\n Scientific research networks also often serve as sources of valuable in situ data for the Copernicus programme. A large number of these exist within Europe, some of which are funded as European Research Infrastructures (RI). In the area of Environment they are coordinating efforts and development in umbrella projects like ENVRIplus . Examples of these RIs include: \r\n \r\n Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) , a pan-European research infrastructure that provides harmonised and high precision data on carbon cycle, greenhouse gas budget and their perturbations. \r\n In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS) , a European Research Infrastructure for global observations of atmospheric composition from commercial aircraft. \r\n ACTRIS, the European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases \r\n European Plate Observing System (EPOS) , provides data for solid Earth science to support a safe and sustainable society \r\n EuroArgo , a European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC) focused on delivering Europe’s component of the Global Argo profiling float programme. \r\n EMSO, the European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and Water Column observatory , also an ERIC, focused on fixed oceanographic and seafloor platforms for ocean observation (including some cabled 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class="breadcrumb">  <a href="javascript:window.print()" class="printButton"> <i class="fa fa-print"></i> Print </a>  <span id="breadcrumbs-home"> <a href="https://insitu.copernicus.eu">Home</a> <span class="breadcrumbSeparator"> » </span> </span> <span id="breadcrumbs-1" dir="ltr"> <span id="breadcrumbs-current">Observations</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row main-content">  <div class="col-lg-8 col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <article class="main"> <div id="viewlet-above-content"> </div> <div class=""> <dl class="portalMessage info" id="kssPortalMessage" style="display:none"> <dt>Info</dt> <dd></dd> </dl> <div id="content"> <div id="viewlet-above-content-title"></div> <div id="viewlet-below-content-title"> </div> <div id="viewlet-above-content-body"> </div> <div id="content-core"> <div class="" id="parent-fieldname-text-a0f1b640ec9949bab70c1e77d85fd795"> <h2>Observations</h2> <p>The Copernicus Services rely on <b>environmental measurements collected from ground-based, sea-borne or air-borne monitoring systems, as well as geospatial reference or ancillary data</b>, collectively referred to as “in situ” data. </p> <p>A wide range of in situ monitoring infrastructures, each created to serve a number of different and diverse purposes, is utilised by the Copernicus Programme in order to produce, enrich and validate its services, improving their accuracy and reliability.</p> <p>This includes sensors placed on the banks of rivers, carried on weather balloons or airplanes, pulled through the sea by ships, and drifting in the ocean on floats or buoys. It also encompasses data collected by drones or by citizen scientists.</p> <p>Data about the physical environment has been collected for centuries, and consequently there is a large variety and range of networks and stakeholders involved in the collection and management of such data.</p> <p>The Copernicus In Situ Component is currently analysing the needs, data gaps and challenges related to the acquisition of, or access to in situ observation data for the Copernicus Programme. This work is being carried out in four thematic domains, several of which are cross-cutting with respect to the needs of the Copernicus Services:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Meteorology</strong></li> <li><strong>Oceanography</strong></li> <li><strong>Atmospheric composition and air quality</strong></li> <li><strong>Climate.</strong></li> </ul> <p>Some indicative examples of in situ observation data from these four domains include the following parameters:</p> <div class="insitu-box-2"> <table class="table table-bordered insitu-table"> <tbody> <tr><th class="text-center"> <p style="text-align: center; "><strong> Meteorology </strong></p> <img src="https://insitu.copernicus.eu/FactSheets/images/Annex3%20-%20Atmospheric%20conditions%20-%2026_iconRounded_English.png" style="width: 70px;" alt="Annex3 - Atmospheric conditions - 26_iconRounded_English.png" title="Annex3 - Atmospheric conditions - 26_iconRounded_English.png" /></th> <td><strong>Real-time and historic data</strong> <ul> <li><strong>Ground:</strong> Weather station data (temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, wind, solar UV etc.)</li> <li><strong>Atmospheric profiles:</strong> temperature, wind, humidity.</li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr><th class="text-center"> <p style="text-align: center; "><strong>Climate</strong></p> </th> <td>Historical data; harmonised time series.</td> </tr> <tr><th class="text-center"> <p><b>Oceanography</b></p> <img src="https://insitu.copernicus.eu/FactSheets/images/Oceanography.png" style="width: 70px;" alt="Oceanography.png" title="Oceanography.png" /></th> <td> <ul> <li><b>Physical: </b>Temperature, salinity, ocean currents, sea surface height, sea ice and mixed-layer depth.</li> <li><b>Biological: </b>chlorophyll, dissolved oxygen, nutrients and micro-nutrients e.g. iron, primary production and in regional cases zooplankton, radiative flux and methane.</li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr><th class="text-center"> <p align="center"><b>Atmospheric composition</b></p> <img src="https://insitu.copernicus.eu/FactSheets/images/Atmosphere.png" style="width: 70px;" alt="Atmosphere.png" title="Atmosphere.png" /></th> <td> <ul> <li>Concentrations of major air pollutants (NO<sub>x</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, CO, SO<sub>2</sub>, HCHO, Pb, TSP, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>)</li> <li>Size-resolved chemical composition of aerosol</li> <li>Greenhouse gas concentrations (CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O)</li> <li>Vertically resolved concentration data of pollutant gases and aerosol</li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr><th class="text-center"> <p><strong>Terrestrial </strong></p> <img src="https://insitu.copernicus.eu/FactSheets/images/Terrestrial.png" style="width: 70px;" alt="Terrestrial.png" title="Terrestrial.png" /></th> <td>River discharge, Water use, Groundwater, Lakes, Snow cover, Glaciers and ice caps, Ice sheets, Permafrost, Albedo, Land cover (including vegetation type), Fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR), Leaf area index (LAI), Above-ground biomass, Soil carbon, Fire disturbance, Soil moisture.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="insitu-box-2"> <h2>National and international networks</h2> <p>Many in situ data sources are owned and operated by institutions and agencies at the national level. A good example is <a title="" href="https://insitu.copernicus.eu/news/how-in-situ-data-brings-air-quality-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions-into-focus" class="external-link" target="_self">national air quality monitoring data</a> collected by some National Meteorological Services (NMS), which EU Member States are obliged to report to the European Environment Agency. Another are the maps and data managed by Member State National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies (NMCA).</p> <p>A growing quantity of in situ data comes from Research Infrastructures and other international collaborations, such as the <a class="external-link" href="http://www.jcomm.info/" target="_self" title="">Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM)</a>, an intergovernmental body bringing together the expertise and technological capabilities of the <a class="external-link" href="https://public.wmo.int/en" target="_self" title="">World Meteorological Organization (WMO)</a> and <a class="external-link" href="http://www.ioc-unesco.org/" target="_self" title="">UNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)</a>.</p> <h2><span>Research infrastructure</span></h2> <div> <p>Scientific research networks also often serve as sources of valuable in situ data for the Copernicus programme. A large number of these exist within Europe, some of which are funded as European Research Infrastructures (RI). In the area of Environment they are coordinating efforts and development in umbrella projects like <a class="external-link" href="http://www.envriplus.eu/" target="_self" title="">ENVRIplus</a>. Examples of these RIs include:</p> <ul> <li><a class="external-link" href="https://www.icos-ri.eu/" target="_self" title=""> Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS)</a>, a pan-European research infrastructure that provides harmonised and high precision data on carbon cycle, greenhouse gas budget and their perturbations.</li> <li><a href="http://www.iagos.org/">In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS)</a>, a European Research Infrastructure for global observations of atmospheric composition from commercial aircraft.</li> <li><a href="http://actris2.nilu.no/">ACTRIS, the European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases</a></li> <li><a class="external-link" href="https://www.epos-ip.org/" target="_self" title="">European Plate Observing System (EPOS)</a>, provides data for solid Earth science to support a safe and sustainable society</li> <li><a class="external-link" href="http://www.euro-argo.eu/" target="_self" title="">EuroArgo</a>, a European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC) focused on delivering Europe’s component of the <a class="external-link" href="http://www.argo.net/" target="_self" title="">Global Argo</a> profiling float programme.</li> <li><a class="external-link" href="http://www.emso-eu.org/" target="_self" title="">EMSO, the European <span>Multidisciplinary </span>Seafloor and Water Column observatory</a>, also an ERIC, focused on fixed oceanographic and seafloor platforms for ocean observation (including some cabled observatories). </li> </ul> </div> <div style="text-align: center; "></div> <div style="text-align: center; "><strong><a title="" href="https://insitu.copernicus.eu/data-access/observations" class="internal-link" target="_self">Access Observation Data</a></strong></div> <div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="viewlet-below-content-body"> <div class="visualClear"></div> <div class="documentActions"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="viewlet-below-content"><div id="category" class="documentByLine"> Filed under: <span> <a href="https://insitu.copernicus.eu/@@search?Subject%3Alist=Observations" class="link-category" rel="nofollow">Observations</a> </span> </div> <div id="viewlet-cookiepolicy" class="portalMessage" style="display:none"> <h1 id="tlspu_cookiepolicy_title">This Site Uses Cookies</h1> <p id="tlspu_cookiepolicy_message">We may use cookies to record some preference settings and to analyse how you use our web site. 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