CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="id" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kebakaran hutan dan lahan - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )idwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","Januari","Februari","Maret","April","Mei","Juni","Juli","Agustus","September","Oktober","November","Desember"],"wgRequestId":"021412bf-9c9c-4e83-90c9-9b2f36402f6c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan","wgTitle":"Kebakaran hutan dan lahan","wgCurRevisionId":26496206,"wgRevisionId":26496206,"wgArticleId":26198,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung","CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)","Pranala Commons dari Wikidata","Templat webarchive tautan wayback","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda LCCN","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NKC","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NARA","Artikel yang dipertanyakan keakuratannya","Kebakaran hutan dan lahan","Bencana alam","Kehutanan","Kehutanan dan lingkungan"],"wgPageViewLanguage": "id","wgPageContentLanguage":"id","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan","wgRelevantArticleId":26198,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"accuracy":{"levels":2}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"id","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"id"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q169950","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":[ "brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.watchlist-notice","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.Bagikan","ext.gadget.CurIDLink","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","oojs-ui.styles.icons-media","oojs-ui-core.icons","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Wildfire-ISS007_Mosaic2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="742"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Wildfire-ISS007_Mosaic2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="495"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="396"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kebakaran hutan dan lahan - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Sunting" href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (id)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//id.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.id"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Umpan Atom Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan rootpage-Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Lompat ke isi</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu utama</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" title="Kunjungi Halaman Utama [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Halaman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Daftar-isi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Isi"><span>Daftar isi</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru" title="Daftar perubahan terbaru dalam wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terbaru</span></a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik"><span>Artikel pilihan</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini"><span>Peristiwa terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru"><span>Halaman baru</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Halaman sembarang</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi"><span>Warung Kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Portal komunitas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan."><span>Bantuan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar"><span>Pancapilar</span></a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman"><span>Kebijakan</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir"><span>Bak pasir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Kebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Kebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Kebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Kebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Penyebab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyebab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Penyebab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penyebab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ciri_fisik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciri_fisik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ciri fisik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ciri_fisik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Statistik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penyebab_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyebab_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Penyebab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penyebab_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dampak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dampak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dampak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dampak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kebakaran hutan dan lahan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 66 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حرائق الغابات – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرائق الغابات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%9F%C9%99_yan%C4%9F%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1" title="Meşə yanğınları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Meşə yanğınları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Горски пожар – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Горски пожар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B2" title="দাবানল – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দাবানল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B" title="ནགས་ཚལ་མེ་སྐྱོན་ཐོན་ཉེན་གྱི་ – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནགས་ཚལ་མེ་སྐྱོན་ཐོན་ཉེན་གྱི་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0umski_po%C5%BEar" title="Šumski požar – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šumski požar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئاگرکەوتنەوەی دارستان – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاگرکەوتنەوەی دارستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%C4%95" title="Вăрман пушарĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăрман пушарĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauffeuer" title="Lauffeuer – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lauffeuer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC" title="Αγροτοδασική πυρκαγιά – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγροτοδασική πυρκαγιά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Wildfire" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbara_incendio" title="Arbara incendio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arbara incendio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastikup%C3%B5leng" title="Maastikupõleng – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maastikupõleng" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baso-sute" title="Baso-sute – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baso-sute" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84" title="آتش‌سوزی جنگل – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آتش‌سوزی جنگل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastopalo" title="Maastopalo – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maastopalo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natoerbr%C3%A2n" title="Natoerbrân – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Natoerbrân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsca%C3%AD" title="Falscaí – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Falscaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falaisg" title="Falaisg – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Falaisg" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="שרפת יער – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שרפת יער" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2" title="दावानल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दावानल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0umski_po%C5%BEar" title="Šumski požar – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šumski požar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Անտառային հրդեհներ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անտառային հրդեհներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Անտառային հրդեհներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Անտառային հրդեհներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villieldur" title="Villieldur – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Villieldur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendio_boschivo" title="Incendio boschivo – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Incendio boschivo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E7%81%AB%E4%BA%8B" title="山火事 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="山火事" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96" title="Орман өрті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Орман өрті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಾಳ್ಗಿಚ್ಚು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಳ್ಗಿಚ್ಚು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EB%B6%88" title="산불 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산불" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focon_savaje" title="Focon savaje – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Focon savaje" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%9B%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%B2" title="ໄຟປ່າ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໄຟປ່າ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%BEa_ugunsgr%C4%93ks" title="Meža ugunsgrēks – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Meža ugunsgrēks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doro_tanety" title="Doro tanety – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Doro tanety" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80" title="കാട്ടുതീ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാട്ടുതീ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="वणवा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वणवा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebakaran_liar" title="Kebakaran liar – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kebakaran liar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="တောမီး – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တောမီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B" title="डढेलो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="डढेलो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurbrand" title="Natuurbrand – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Natuurbrand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%97" title="ਜੰਗਲੀ ਅੱਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੰਗਲੀ ਅੱਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DA%AF" title="جنگلی اگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنگلی اگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%81%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%81%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87" title="ځنګل سوځېدنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ځنګل سوځېدنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendiu_de_p%C4%83dure" title="Incendiu de pădure – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Incendiu de pădure" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Тыа умайыыта – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тыа умайыыта" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wildfire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0umski_po%C5%BEar" title="Šumski požar – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šumski požar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wildfire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%BEar_v_naravi" title="Požar v naravi – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Požar v naravi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjarri_i_eg%C3%ABr" title="Zjarri i egër – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zjarri i egër" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шумски пожар – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шумски пожар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markbrand" title="Markbrand – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Markbrand" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80" title="காட்டுத்தீ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காட்டுத்தீ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="దావానలం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దావానలం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="ไฟป่า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฟป่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napakalaking_sunog" title="Napakalaking sunog – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Napakalaking sunog" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orman_yang%C4%B1n%C4%B1" title="Orman yangını – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Orman yangını" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A2%DA%AF" title="جنگلی آگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنگلی آگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBrmon_yong%CA%BBinlari" title="Oʻrmon yongʻinlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻrmon yongʻinlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1y_r%E1%BB%ABng" title="Cháy rừng – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cháy rừng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A5vadje_feu" title="Såvadje feu – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Såvadje feu" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E7%81%AB" title="山火 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="山火" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="וואלד פייער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואלד פייער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E7%81%AB" title="野火 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="野火" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3e-sio-soa%E2%81%BF" title="Hóe-sio-soaⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hóe-sio-soaⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E7%81%AB" title="山火 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="山火" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q169950#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&oldid=26496206" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&id=26496206&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wildfire" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q169950" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333525">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Tak_akurat plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Keakuratan artikel ini <b>diragukan</b> dan artikel ini <b>perlu diperiksa ulang</b> dengan mencantumkan referensi yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Diskusi terkait dapat dibaca pada the <a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan#Disputed" title="Pembicaraan:Kebakaran hutan dan lahan">halaman pembicaraan</a>. Harap <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">pastikan</a> akurasi artikel ini dengan <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ST" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ST">sumber tepercaya</a>. Lihat diskusi mengenai artikel ini di <a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan" title="Pembicaraan:Kebakaran hutan dan lahan">halaman diskusinya</a>.</span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Penghapusan_templat_pemeliharaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:Penghapusan templat pemeliharaan">Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Wildfire-ISS007_Mosaic2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Wildfire-ISS007_Mosaic2.jpg/400px-Wildfire-ISS007_Mosaic2.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Wildfire-ISS007_Mosaic2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Kebakaran di Gunung <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California" title="San Bernardino, California">San Bernardino, California</a> (gambar diambil dari <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kebakaran hutan dan lahan</b> atau <b>karhutla</b> adalah suatu peristiwa terbakarnya hutan dan/atau lahan, baik secara alami maupun oleh perbuatan manusia, sehingga mengakibatkan kerusakan lingkungan yang menimbukan kerugian ekologi, ekonomi, sosial budaya dan politik.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedangkan dalam definisi kamus Cambridge, <b>kebakaran hutan,</b> <b>kebakaran liar,</b> atau <b>kebakaran pedesaan</b> adalah <a href="/wiki/Api" title="Api">api</a> yang tidak terkendali di daerah memiliki <a href="/wiki/Vegetasi" title="Vegetasi">vegetasi</a> yang mudah terbakar.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bergantung pada jenis vegetasi yang ada, api liar juga dapat diklasifikasikan lebih spesifik sebagai <b>kebakaran</b> <b><a href="/wiki/Kebakaran_semak_di_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebakaran semak di Australia">semak</a></b> (di <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>), <b>kebakaran</b> <b>padang pasir</b>, <b>kebakaran</b> <b>hutan</b>, <b>kebakaran</b> <b>rumput</b>, <b>kebakaran</b> <b>bukit</b>, <b>kebakaran</b> <b>gambut</b>, atau <b>kebakaran</b> <b>vegetasi</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cbbcco.uk_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cbbcco.uk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banyak organisasi menganggap <b>kebakaran</b> <b>liar</b> sebagai <b>api</b> yang tidak direncanakan dan tidak diinginkan,<sup id="cite_ref-CIFFC_Glossary_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIFFC_Glossary-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sementara <b>kebakaran</b> <b>hutan</b> adalah istilah yang lebih luas.<sup id="cite_ref-CIFFC_Glossary_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIFFC_Glossary-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-US_F&W_Fire_Mgt_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_F&W_Fire_Mgt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penyebab umum termasuk <a href="/wiki/Petir" title="Petir">petir</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kecerobohan_manusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kecerobohan manusia (halaman belum tersedia)">kecerobohan manusia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Pembakaran_disengaja" title="Pembakaran disengaja">pembakaran yang disengaja</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arang" title="Arang">Arang</a> <a href="/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil">fosil</a> menunjukkan bahwa kebakaran hutan dimulai segera setelah munculnya tanaman di daratan 420 juta tahun yang lalu.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kebakaran hutan yang terjadi sepanjang sejarah kehidupan di darat mengundang dugaan bahwa api pasti telah mengakibatkan efek <a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">evolusi</a> pada sebagian besar <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> <a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">ekosistem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bumi adalah planet yang secara intrinsik mudah terbakar karena vegetasinya yang kaya <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musim_kemarau" title="Musim kemarau">iklim kering musiman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oksigen_atmosfer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oksigen atmosfer (halaman belum tersedia)">oksigen atmosfer</a>, dan pemantikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Petir" title="Petir">petir</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Vulkanik" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulkanik">vulkanik</a> yang meluas.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kebakaran hutan dapat dikarakterisasi dalam hal penyebab penyalaan, sifat fisiknya, bahan yang mudah terbakar, dan efek cuaca pada api.<sup id="cite_ref-UToronto_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UToronto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kebakaran hutan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada harta benda dan kehidupan manusia, meskipun kebakaran hutan yang terjadi secara alami mungkin memiliki efek menguntungkan pada vegetasi asli, hewan, dan ekosistem yang telah berevolusi dengan api.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penyebab">Penyebab</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Penyebab" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penyebab"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ada tiga penyebab alami utama penyulutan kebakaran hutan:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scott2000_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">cuaca kering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petir" title="Petir">petir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letusan_gunung" title="Letusan gunung">erupsi vulkanik</a></li></ul> <p>Penyebab langsung yang paling umum dari manusia terhadap api adalah pembakaran yang disengaja, rokok yang dibuang, <a href="/wiki/Busur_listrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Busur listrik">busur</a> kabel <a href="/wiki/Busur_listrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Busur listrik">listrik</a> (seperti yang dideteksi oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemetaan_busur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemetaan busur (halaman belum tersedia)">pemetaan busur</a>), dan percikan dari peralatan.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penyulutan kebakaran hutan liar melalui kontak dengan pecahan peluru senapan yang panas juga dimungkinkan dalam kondisi yang tepat.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kebakaran hutan juga dapat dimulai di masyarakat yang mengalami <a href="/w/index.php?title=Budidaya_berpindah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Budidaya berpindah (halaman belum tersedia)">perladangan berpindah</a>, yaitu ketika tanah dibuka dan ditanami dengan cepat hingga tanah kehilangan kesuburannya, dan dilakukannya pembersihan dengan cara menebang <a href="/wiki/Peladangan" title="Peladangan">serta membakar</a> lahan.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daerah berhutan yang ditebangi oleh penebangan mendorong dominasi rumput yang mudah terbakar, dan <a href="/wiki/Batu_laterit_kalimantan" title="Batu laterit kalimantan">jalan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Batu_laterit_kalimantan" title="Batu laterit kalimantan">jalan pembalakan</a> hutan yang ditumbuhi <a href="/wiki/Vegetasi" title="Vegetasi">vegetasi</a> dapat berperan sebagai koridor api. Kebakaran padang rumput tahunan di <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> selatan sebagian berasal dari penghancuran daerah berhutan oleh <a href="/wiki/Herbisida" title="Herbisida">herbisida</a> <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Bersenjata_Amerika_Serikat" title="Angkatan Bersenjata Amerika Serikat">militer AS</a>, bahan peledak, dan operasi pembersihan lahan secara mekanis dan pembakaran selama <a href="/wiki/Perang_Vietnam" title="Perang Vietnam">Perang Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penyebab paling umum dari kebakaran hutan bervariasi di seluruh dunia. Di <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a> bagian <a href="/wiki/Barat_laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Barat laut">barat laut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilat" class="mw-disambig" title="Kilat">kilat</a> berperan sebagai sumber utama penyulutan. Di bagian lain dunia, keterlibatan manusia adalah kontributor utama. Di <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Tengah" title="Amerika Tengah">Amerika Tengah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko">Meksiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selandia_Baru" title="Selandia Baru">Selandia Baru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Selatan" title="Amerika Selatan">Amerika Selatan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a>, kebakaran hutan dapat dikaitkan dengan aktivitas manusia seperti <a href="/wiki/Pertanian" title="Pertanian">pertanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peternakan" title="Peternakan">peternakan</a>, dan pembakaran konversi lahan. Di <a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a> dan di <a href="/wiki/Cekungan_Mediterania" class="mw-redirect" title="Cekungan Mediterania">Cekungan Mediterania</a>, kecerobohan manusia adalah penyebab utama kebakaran hutan.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di Amerika Serikat dan Australia, sumber kebakaran hutan dapat ditelusuri baik untuk sambaran petir dan aktivitas manusia (seperti percikan api mesin, puntung rokok yang terbuang, atau <a href="/wiki/Arson" class="mw-redirect" title="Arson">pembakaran</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Krock_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krock-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_lapisan_batubara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebakaran lapisan batubara (halaman belum tersedia)">Kebakaran lapisan batubara</a> membakar ribuan di seluruh dunia, seperti yang terjadi di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burning_Mountain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burning Mountain (halaman belum tersedia)">Burning Mountain</a>, New South Wales; <a href="/wiki/Centralia,_Pennsylvania" title="Centralia, Pennsylvania">Centralia</a>, Pennsylvania, dan beberapa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenaga_batubara_di_Cina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenaga batubara di Cina (halaman belum tersedia)">kebakaran batu bara di Tiongkok</a>. Kebakaran jenis ini juga dapat membesar secara tiba-tiba dan menyulut bahan yang mudah terbakar di dekatnya.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ciri_fisik">Ciri fisik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Ciri fisik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ciri fisik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Kebakaran hutan terjadi ketika semua elemen yang diperlukan dalam penyulutan api dikumpulkan di area yang rentan: sumber penyalaan dihadapkan dengan bahan yang mudah terbakar seperti <a href="/wiki/Vegetasi" title="Vegetasi">vegetasi</a>, yang mengalami panas yang cukup dan memiliki pasokan oksigen yang cukup dari udara sekitar. Kadar air yang tinggi biasanya mencegah penyulutan dan memperlambat perambatan, karena suhu yang lebih tinggi diperlukan untuk menguapkan air di dalam material dan memanaskan material mencapai <a href="/wiki/Titik_api" title="Titik api">titik api</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FireBehavior_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FireBehavior-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIFC_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIFC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hutan lebat biasanya memberikan lebih banyak bayangan, menghasilkan suhu lingkungan yang lebih rendah dan <a href="/wiki/Kelembapan" title="Kelembapan">kelembaban</a> yang lebih besar, dan karena hal-hal itulah hutan lebat tidak begitu rentan terhadap kebakaran hutan.<sup id="cite_ref-Graham,_et_al.,_12_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham,_et_al.,_12-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bahan yang kurang padat seperti rumput dan daun lebih mudah terbakar karena mengandung lebih sedikit air daripada bahan yang lebih padat seperti cabang dan batang.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tanaman terus menerus kehilangan air karena <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspirasi" title="Evapotranspirasi">evapotranspirasi</a>, tetapi kehilangan air ini biasanya diseimbangkan dengan air yang diserap dari tanah, kelembaban, atau hujan.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ketika keseimbangan ini tidak dipertahankan, tanaman mengering dan karenanya lebih mudah terbakar, sering kali sebagai akibat dari kekeringan.<sup id="cite_ref-Structure_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Structure-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Forestfire5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Forestfire5.jpg/265px-Forestfire5.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Forestfire5.jpg/398px-Forestfire5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Forestfire5.jpg/530px-Forestfire5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption>Kebakaran hutan besar</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistik">Statistik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Statistik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Statistik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jumlah luas hutan yang terbakar setiap tahunnya sekitar: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a>: 21.100 <a href="/wiki/Hektare" title="Hektare">hektare</a> (211 <a href="/wiki/Km%C2%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Km²">km²</a>, 52.140 <a href="/wiki/Ekar" title="Ekar">ekar</a>, 81 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mil%C2%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mil² (halaman belum tersedia)">mil²</a> ; 0,04% Prancis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>: 182.000 ha (1.820 km², 449.732 ekar, 703 mil²; 2% wilayah negara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>: 424.900 ha (4.249 km², 1,05 juta ekar, 1.641 mil²; 4,6% wilayah negara; 20 meninggal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a>: 120.530 ha (1.205,3 km², 297.836 ekar, 465 mil²; 1,3% wilayah negara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>: 286.400 ha (2.864 km², 707.668 ekar, 1.106 mil²; 3.1% wilayah negara; 17 meninggal)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a>: 1,74 juta hektare (17.400 km², 4,3 juta ekar, 6.718 mil²; 0,18% wilayah negara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> - Sumber data: sebelum 1997 dari Badan Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan (BAPEDAL) dan Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) - Collaborative Environmental Project in Indonesia (CEPI). Data 1997/1998 dari Asian Development Bank (ADB) . Data 1999-2005 berasal dari Departemen Kehutanan Indonesia. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a> dan <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a>: 3,6 juta hektare ( 36.000 km², 8,9 juta ekar, 13.900 mil²).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a>: 49.323 hektare ( 492 km², 121.880 ekar, 190 mil²).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>: 118.881 hektare (1.189 km², 293.761 ekar, 459 mil²).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a>: 161.798 hektare (1.618 km², 399.812 ekar, 625 mil²).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a> dan <a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a>: 9,8 juta hektare ( 97.550 km², 24,1 juta ekar, 37.664 mil²). Sumber data dari ADB.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a>: 44.090 hektare (441 km², 108.989 ekar, 170 mil² ).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>: 8.255 hektare ( 83 km², 20.399 ekar, 32 mil²).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>: 14.351 hektare (144 km², 35.462 ekar, 55 mil²).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a>: 36.691 hektare (367 km², 90.665 ekar, 142 mil²).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>: 3.745 hektare ( 37 km², 9.254 ekar, 14 mil²).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a>: 13.991 hektare (140 km², 34.573 ekar, 54 mil²).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>: 13.328 hektare (133 km², 32.934 ekar, 51 mil²).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penyebab_2">Penyebab</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Penyebab" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penyebab"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penyebab Kebakaran hutan, antara lain: </p> <ul><li>Sambaran <a href="/wiki/Petir" title="Petir">petir</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Hutan" title="Hutan">hutan</a> yang kering karena <a href="/wiki/Musim_kemarau" title="Musim kemarau">musim kemarau</a> yang panjang.</li> <li>Kecerobohan <a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a> antara lain membuang puntung <a href="/wiki/Rokok" title="Rokok">rokok</a> sembarangan dan lupa mematikan api di perkemahan.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gurupendidikan.co.id/pengertian-dan-dampak-tenaga-vulkanik-beserta-8-jenis-aktivitas-magma-terlengkap/">Aktivitas vulkanis</a> seperti terkena aliran lahar atau awan panas dari letusan gunung berapi.</li> <li>Tindakan yang disengaja seperti untuk membersihkan lahan pertanian atau membuka lahan pertanian baru dan tindakan vandalisme.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebakaran_bawah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebakaran bawah">Kebakaran di bawah tanah/ground fire</a> pada daerah tanah gambut yang dapat menyulut kebakaran di atas tanah pada saat musim kemarau.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dampak">Dampak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Dampak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Dampak"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dampak yang ditimbulkan dari kebakaran liar antara lain: </p> <ol><li>Menyebarkan <a href="/wiki/Emisi_gas_buang" title="Emisi gas buang">emisi gas</a> <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">karbon dioksida</a> ke <a href="/wiki/Atmosfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosfer">atmosfer</a>. Kebakaran hutan pada <a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a> menimbulkan emisi / penyebaran sebanyak 2,6 miliar ton karbon dioksida ke atmosfer (sumber majala Nature 2002). Sebagai perbandingan total emisi karbon dioksida di seluruh dunia pada tahun tersebut adalah 6 miliar ton.</li> <li>Terbunuhnya satwa liar dan musnahnya tanaman baik karena kebakaran, terjebak asap atau rusaknya habitat. Kebakaran juga dapat menyebabkan banyak spesies endemik/khas di suatu daerah turut punah sebelum sempat dikenali/diteliti.</li> <li>Menyebabkan banjir selama beberapa minggu di saat musim hujan dan kekeringan di saat musim kemarau.</li> <li>Kekeringan yang ditimbulkan dapat menyebabkan terhambatnya jalur pengangkutan lewat sungai dan menyebabkan kelaparan di daerah-daerah terpencil.</li> <li>Kekeringan juga akan mengurangi volume air waduk pada saat musim kemarau yang mengakibatkan terhentinya pembangkit listrik (PLTA) pada musim kemarau.</li> <li>Musnahnya bahan baku industri perkayuan, mebel/furniture. Lebih jauh lagi hal ini dapat mengakibatkan perusahaan perkayuan terpaksa ditutup karena kurangnya bahan baku dan puluhan ribu pekerja menjadi penganggur/kehilangan pekerjaan.</li> <li>Meningkatnya jumlah penderita penyakit infeksi saluran pernapasan atas <a href="/wiki/Infeksi_saluran_napas_atas" title="Infeksi saluran napas atas">(ISPA)</a> dan kanker paru-paru. Hal ini bisa menyebabkan kematian bagi penderita berusia lanjut dan anak-anak. Polusi asap ini juga bisa menambah parah penyakit para penderita TBC/asma.</li> <li>Asap yang ditimbulkan menyebabkan gangguan di berbagai segi kehidupan masyarakat antara lain pendidikan, agama dan ekonomi. Banyak sekolah yang terpaksa diliburkan pada saat kabut asap berada di tingkat yang berbahaya. Penduduk dihimbau tidak bepergian jika tidak ada keperluan mendesak. Hal ini mengganggu kegiatan keagamaan dan mengurangi kegiatan perdagangan/ekonomi. Gangguan asap juga terjadi pada sarana perhubungan/transportasi yaitu berkurangnya batas pandang. Banyak pelabuhan udara yang ditutup pada saat pagi hari di musim kemarau karena jarak pandang yang terbatas bisa berbahaya bagi penerbangan. Sering terjadi kecelakaan tabrakan antar perahu di sungai-sungai, karena terbatasnya jarak pandang.</li> <li>Musnahnya bangunan, mobil, sarana umum dan harta benda lainnya.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wildfire" class="extiw" title="commons:Wildfire"><b><i>Wildfire</i></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_kebakaran_hutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar kebakaran hutan (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar kebakaran hutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemadam_kebakaran_udara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemadam kebakaran udara (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemadam kebakaran udara</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defensible_space&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defensible space (halaman belum tersedia)">Defensible space</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baumgardner, D., et al. 2003. Warming of the Arctic lower stratosphere by light absorbing particle. American Geophysical Union fall meeting. Dec. 8-12. San Francisco.</li> <li>Fromm, M., et al. 2003. Stratospheric smoke down under: Injection from Australian fires/convection in January 2003. American Geophysical Union fall meeting. Dec. 8-12. San Francisco.</li> <li>Makarim, N., et al. (BAPEDAL and CIDA-CEPI). 1998, Assessment of 1997 Land and Forest Fires in Indonesia: National Coordination. From "International Forest Fire News" #18, page 4-12, January 1998.</li> <li>Wang, P.K. 2003. The physical mechanism of injecting biomass burning materials into the stratosphere during fire-induced thunderstorms. American Geophysical Union fall meeting. Dec. 8-12. San Francisco.</li></ul> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Nomor P.32/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/3/2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813154617/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=90587&dict=CALD"><i>Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary</i></a> (edisi ke-Third). Cambridge University Press. 2008. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-85804-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-521-85804-5">978-0-521-85804-5</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=90587&dict=CALD">versi asli</a> tanggal 13 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Advanced+Learner%27s+Dictionary&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85804-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdefine.asp%3Fkey%3D90587%26dict%3DCALD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cbbcco.uk-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cbbcco.uk_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016185535/http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/earth/natural_disasters/forest_fire">"Forest fire videos – See how fire started on Earth"</a>. <i>BBC Earth</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/fire/earth/natural_disasters/forest_fire">versi asli</a> tanggal 16 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2016-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Earth&rft.atitle=Forest+fire+videos+%E2%80%93+See+how+fire+started+on+Earth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Ffire%2Fearth%2Fnatural_disasters%2Fforest_fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIFFC_Glossary-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIFFC_Glossary_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIFFC_Glossary_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciffc.ca/sites/default/files/2019-03/CIFFC_Canadian_Wildland_Fire_Mgmt_Glossary_2017_10_24.pdf">"CIFFC Canadian Wildland Fire Management Glossary"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Interagency+Forest+Fire+Centre&rft.atitle=CIFFC+Canadian+Wildland+Fire+Management+Glossary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciffc.ca%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2019-03%2FCIFFC_Canadian_Wildland_Fire_Mgmt_Glossary_2017_10_24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_F&W_Fire_Mgt-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US_F&W_Fire_Mgt_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101065507/https://www.fws.gov/fire/what_we_do/wildland_fire_use.shtml">"US Fish & Wildlife Service Fire Management"</a>. <i>US F&W Fire Management</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/fire/what_we_do/wildland_fire_use.shtml">versi asli</a> tanggal 2020-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+F%26W+Fire+Management&rft.atitle=US+Fish+%26+Wildlife+Service+Fire+Management&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fws.gov%2Ffire%2Fwhat_we_do%2Fwildland_fire_use.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Scott, Andrew C.; Glasspool, Ian J. (2006-07-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1544139">"The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>103</b> (29): 10861–10865. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..10310861S">2006PNAS..10310861S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0604090103">10.1073/pnas.0604090103</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1544139">1544139</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16832054">16832054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+diversification+of+Paleozoic+fire+systems+and+fluctuations+in+atmospheric+oxygen+concentration&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=10861-10865&rft.date=2006-07-18&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1544139&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PNAS..10310861S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16832054&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0604090103&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Andrew+C.&rft.au=Glasspool%2C+Ian+J.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1544139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bowman, David M. J. S.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Balch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jennifer Balch (halaman belum tersedia)">Balch, Jennifer K.</a>; Artaxo, Paulo; Bond, William J.; Carlson, Jean M.; Cochrane, Mark A.; D’Antonio, Carla M.; DeFries, Ruth S.; Doyle, John C. (2009-04-24). "Fire in the Earth System". <i>Science</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>324</b> (5926): 481–484. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324..481B">2009Sci...324..481B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1163886">10.1126/science.1163886</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19390038">19390038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Fire+in+the+Earth+System&rft.volume=324&rft.issue=5926&rft.pages=481-484&rft.date=2009-04-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1163886&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19390038&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...324..481B&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=David+M.+J.+S.&rft.au=Balch%2C+Jennifer+K.&rft.au=Artaxo%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Bond%2C+William+J.&rft.au=Carlson%2C+Jean+M.&rft.au=Cochrane%2C+Mark+A.&rft.au=D%E2%80%99Antonio%2C+Carla+M.&rft.au=DeFries%2C+Ruth+S.&rft.au=Doyle%2C+John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UToronto-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UToronto_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Flannigan, M.D.; B.D. Amiro; K.A. Logan; B.J. Stocks & B.M. Wotton (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325095123/https://www.firelab.utoronto.ca/pubs/2005_flannigan_wotton_etal.pdf">"Forest Fires and Climate Change in the 21st century"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change</i>. <b>11</b> (4): 847–859. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11027-005-9020-7">10.1007/s11027-005-9020-7</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firelab.utoronto.ca/pubs/2005_flannigan_wotton_etal.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 25 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mitigation+and+Adaptation+Strategies+for+Global+Change&rft.atitle=Forest+Fires+and+Climate+Change+in+the+21st+century&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=847-859&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11027-005-9020-7&rft.aulast=Flannigan&rft.aufirst=M.D.&rft.au=B.D.+Amiro&rft.au=K.A.+Logan&rft.au=B.J.+Stocks&rft.au=B.M.+Wotton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firelab.utoronto.ca%2Fpubs%2F2005_flannigan_wotton_etal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170101205343/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780128027493">"The Ecological Importance of Mixed-Severity Fires – ScienceDirect"</a>. <i>www.sciencedirect.com</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780128027493">versi asli</a> tanggal 1 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2016-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sciencedirect.com&rft.atitle=The+Ecological+Importance+of+Mixed-Severity+Fires+%E2%80%93+ScienceDirect&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Fbook%2F9780128027493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hutto, Richard L. (2008-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.umt.edu/biosci_pubs/279">"The Ecological Importance of Severe Wildfires: Some Like It Hot"</a>. <i>Ecological Applications</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>18</b> (8): 1827–1834. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F08-0895.1">10.1890/08-0895.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1939-5582">1939-5582</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19263880">19263880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Applications&rft.atitle=The+Ecological+Importance+of+Severe+Wildfires%3A+Some+Like+It+Hot&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1827-1834&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft.issn=1939-5582&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19263880&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F08-0895.1&rft.aulast=Hutto&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.umt.edu%2Fbiosci_pubs%2F279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209105351/http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/docs/wfprevnttrat.pdf">"Wildfire Prevention Strategies"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. March 1998. hlm. 17. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwcg.gov/pms/docs/wfprevnttrat.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 9 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wildfire+Prevention+Strategies&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=National+Wildfire+Coordinating+Group&rft.date=1998-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwcg.gov%2Fpms%2Fdocs%2Fwfprevnttrat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott2000-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scott2000_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Scott, A (2000). "The Pre-Quaternary history of fire". <i>Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</i>. <b>164</b> (1–4): 281–329. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PPP...164..281S">2000PPP...164..281S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0031-0182%2800%2900192-9">10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00192-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=The+Pre-Quaternary+history+of+fire&rft.volume=164&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=281-329&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0031-0182%2800%2900192-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PPP...164..281S&rft.au=Scott%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pyne, Stephen J.; Andrews, Patricia L.; Laven, Richard D. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=yT6bzpUyFIwC&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq=world+start+ignition+wildfire"><i>Introduction to wildland fire</i></a> (edisi ke-2nd). John Wiley and Sons. hlm. 65. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-471-54913-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-471-54913-0">978-0-471-54913-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+wildland+fire&rft.pages=65&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-471-54913-0&rft.aulast=Pyne&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft.au=Andrews%2C+Patricia+L.&rft.au=Laven%2C+Richard+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DyT6bzpUyFIwC%26pg%3DPA56%26lpg%3DPA56%26dq%3Dworld%2Bstart%2Bignition%2Bwildfire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813154949/http://www.ucan.org/energy/electricity/sunrise_powerlink/news_8_investigation_sdg_e_could_be_liable_for_power_line_wildfires">"News 8 Investigation: SDG&E Could Be Liable For Power Line Wildfires"</a>. UCAN News. 5 November 2007. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucan.org/energy/electricity/sunrise_powerlink/news_8_investigation_sdg_e_could_be_liable_for_power_line_wildfires">versi asli</a> tanggal 13 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+8+Investigation%3A+SDG%26E+Could+Be+Liable+For+Power+Line+Wildfires&rft.pub=UCAN+News&rft.date=2007-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucan.org%2Fenergy%2Felectricity%2Fsunrise_powerlink%2Fnews_8_investigation_sdg_e_could_be_liable_for_power_line_wildfires&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Finney, Mark A.; Maynard, Trevor B.; McAllister, Sara S.; Grob, Ian J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo49966"><i>A Study of Ignition by Rifle Bullets</i></a>. Fort Collins, CO: United States Forest Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+Ignition+by+Rifle+Bullets&rft.place=Fort+Collins%2C+CO&rft.pub=United+States+Forest+Service&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Finney&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft.au=Maynard%2C+Trevor+B.&rft.au=McAllister%2C+Sara+S.&rft.au=Grob%2C+Ian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpurl.fdlp.gov%2FGPO%2Fgpo49966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">The Associated Press (16 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813162512/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F11%2F16%2Fapworld%2F20061116114312&sec=apworld">"Orangutans in losing battle with slash-and-burn Indonesian farmers"</a>. TheStar online. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/11/16/apworld/20061116114312&sec=apworld">versi asli</a> tanggal 13 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orangutans+in+losing+battle+with+slash-and-burn+Indonesian+farmers&rft.pub=TheStar+online&rft.date=2006-11-16&rft.au=The+Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3Ffile%3D%2F2006%2F11%2F16%2Fapworld%2F20061116114312%26sec%3Dapworld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karki, 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Liu, Zhihua; Yang, Jian; Chang, Yu; Weisberg, Peter J.; He, Hong S. (June 2012). "Spatial patterns and drivers of fire occurrence and its future trend under climate change in a boreal forest of Northeast China". <i>Global Change Biology</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>18</b> (6): 2041–2056. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012GCBio..18.2041L">2012GCBio..18.2041L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2486.2012.02649.x">10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02649.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1354-1013">1354-1013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology&rft.atitle=Spatial+patterns+and+drivers+of+fire+occurrence+and+its+future+trend+under+climate+change+in+a+boreal+forest+of+Northeast+China&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2041-2056&rft.date=2012-06&rft.issn=1354-1013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2486.2012.02649.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012GCBio..18.2041L&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Zhihua&rft.au=Yang%2C+Jian&rft.au=Chang%2C+Yu&rft.au=Weisberg%2C+Peter+J.&rft.au=He%2C+Hong+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">de Rigo, Daniele; Libertà, Giorgio; Houston Durrant, Tracy; Artés Vivancos, Tomàs; San-Miguel-Ayanz, Jesús (2017). <i>Forest fire danger extremes in Europe under climate change: variability and uncertainty</i>. Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union. hlm. 71. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2760%2F13180">10.2760/13180</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-92-79-77046-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-92-79-77046-3">978-92-79-77046-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forest+fire+danger+extremes+in+Europe+under+climate+change%3A+variability+and+uncertainty&rft.place=Luxembourg&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Publication+Office+of+the+European+Union&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2760%2F13180&rft.isbn=978-92-79-77046-3&rft.aulast=de+Rigo&rft.aufirst=Daniele&rft.au=Libert%C3%A0%2C+Giorgio&rft.au=Houston+Durrant%2C+Tracy&rft.au=Art%C3%A9s+Vivancos%2C+Tom%C3%A0s&rft.au=San-Miguel-Ayanz%2C+Jes%C3%BAs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krock-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krock_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Krock, Lexi (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027041902/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/fire/world.html">"The World on Fire"</a>. NOVA online – Public Broadcasting System (PBS). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/fire/world.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 27 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+on+Fire&rft.pub=NOVA+online+%E2%80%93+Public+Broadcasting+System+%28PBS%29&rft.date=2002-06&rft.aulast=Krock&rft.aufirst=Lexi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Ffire%2Fworld.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Balch, Jennifer K.; Bradley, Bethany A.; Abatzoglou, John T.; Nagy, R. Chelsea; Fusco, Emily J.; Mahood, Adam L. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5358354">"Human-started wildfires expand the fire niche across the United States"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>114</b> (11): 2946–2951. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PNAS..114.2946B">2017PNAS..114.2946B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1617394114">10.1073/pnas.1617394114</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1091-6490">1091-6490</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5358354">5358354</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28242690">28242690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Human-started+wildfires+expand+the+fire+niche+across+the+United+States&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2946-2951&rft.date=2017&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5358354&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PNAS..114.2946B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28242690&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1617394114&rft.issn=1091-6490&rft.aulast=Balch&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+K.&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Bethany+A.&rft.au=Abatzoglou%2C+John+T.&rft.au=Nagy%2C+R.+Chelsea&rft.au=Fusco%2C+Emily+J.&rft.au=Mahood%2C+Adam+L.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5358354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Krajick, Kevin (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100903032505/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/10013541.html">"Fire in the hole"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/10013541.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2010-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Fire+in+the+hole&rft.date=2005-05&rft.aulast=Krajick&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2F10013541.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FireBehavior-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FireBehavior_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217125737/http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/410-2/appendixB.pdf">"National Wildfire Coordinating Group Fireline Handbook, Appendix B: Fire Behavior"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. April 2006. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/410-2/appendixB.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 17 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Wildfire+Coordinating+Group+Fireline+Handbook%2C+Appendix+B%3A+Fire+Behavior&rft.pub=National+Wildfire+Coordinating+Group&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwcg.gov%2Fpms%2Fpubs%2F410-2%2FappendixB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIFC-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIFC_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081105175208/http://www.nifc.gov/preved/comm_guide/wildfire/fire_4.html">"The Science of Wildland fire"</a>. National Interagency Fire Center. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nifc.gov/preved/comm_guide/wildfire/fire_4.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 5 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Wildland+fire&rft.pub=National+Interagency+Fire+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nifc.gov%2Fpreved%2Fcomm_guide%2Fwildfire%2Ffire_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham,_et_al.,_12-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graham,_et_al.,_12_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graham, <i>et al</i>., 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide For Wildland Fire Management</i>, 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27148069">"Ashes cover areas hit by Southern Calif. fires"</a>. NBC News. Associated Press. 15 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ashes+cover+areas+hit+by+Southern+Calif.+fires&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2008-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F27148069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Structure-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Structure_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217125731/http://www.fs.fed.us/projects/hfi/2003/november/documents/forest-structure-wildfire.pdf">"Influence of Forest Structure on Wildfire Behavior and the Severity of Its Effects"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. US Forest Service. November 2003. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/projects/hfi/2003/november/documents/forest-structure-wildfire.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 17 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Influence+of+Forest+Structure+on+Wildfire+Behavior+and+the+Severity+of+Its+Effects&rft.pub=US+Forest+Service&rft.date=2003-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Fprojects%2Fhfi%2F2003%2Fnovember%2Fdocuments%2Fforest-structure-wildfire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKebakaran+hutan+dan+lahan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nifc.gov/information.html">Current Wildland Fire Information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050811235832/http://www.nifc.gov/information.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2005-08-11 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usfa.fema.gov/applications/publications/tr060.cfm">FEMA report on the East Bay Hills Fire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030302203435/http://www.usfa.fema.gov/applications/publications/tr060.cfm">Diarsipkan</a> 2003-03-02 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/">Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoaboutnetwork.com/view/news/531/">Interesting Forest Fire Policy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051123164116/http://www.infoaboutnetwork.com/view/news/531/">Diarsipkan</a> 2005-11-23 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.californiachaparal.com/">Details on chaparral fires in California</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906133204/http://www.californiachaparal.com/">Diarsipkan</a> 2008-09-06 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nifc.gov/safety_study/10-18-lces.html">The 10 standard fire orders and 18 watch out situations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050907194815/http://www.nifc.gov/safety_study/10-18-lces.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2005-09-07 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siadex.ugr.es/">SIADEX: A decision support system for fighting forest fires in Andalusia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050924030844/http://siadex.ugr.es/">Diarsipkan</a> 2005-09-24 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Indonesia" lang="Indonesia">(Indonesia)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i-library.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=34&id=154&Itemid=79">Kliping Kebakaran Lahan dan Hutan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927123100/http://www.i-library.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=34&id=154&Itemid=79">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-09-27 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25847331">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kehutanan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kehutanan" title="Templat:Kehutanan"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Kehutanan" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Kehutanan"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kehutanan&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kehutanan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kehutanan" title="Kehutanan">Kehutanan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tipe hutan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Bedasarkan status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutan_negara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutan negara (halaman belum tersedia)">Hutan negara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutan_hak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutan hak (halaman belum tersedia)">Hutan hak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutan_adat" title="Hutan adat">Hutan adat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Bedasarkan fungsi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutan_lindung" title="Hutan lindung">Hutan lindung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutan_konservasi" title="Hutan konservasi">Hutan konservasi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawasan_suaka_alam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasan suaka alam">Kawasan suaka alam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cagar_alam" title="Cagar alam">Cagar alam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suaka_margasatwa" title="Suaka margasatwa">Suaka margasatwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_pelestarian_alam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan pelestarian alam (halaman belum tersedia)">Kawasan pelestarian alam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taman_nasional" title="Taman nasional">Taman nasional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taman_hutan_raya" title="Taman hutan raya">Taman hutan raya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taman_wisata_alam" title="Taman wisata alam">Taman wisata alam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taman_buru" title="Taman buru">Taman buru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutan_produksi" title="Hutan produksi">Hutan produksi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutan_produksi_terbatas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutan produksi terbatas (halaman belum tersedia)">Hutan produksi terbatas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutan_produksi_tetap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutan produksi tetap (halaman belum tersedia)">Hutan produksi tetap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_hutan_dengan_tujuan_khusus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan hutan dengan tujuan khusus (halaman belum tersedia)">Kawasan hutan dengan tujuan khusus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perhutanan_kota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perhutanan kota (halaman belum tersedia)">Perhutanan kota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cagar_biosfer" title="Cagar biosfer">Cagar biosfer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Bedasarkan iklim</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutan_hujan_tropis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutan hujan tropis">Hutan hujan tropis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutan_musim" title="Hutan musim">Hutan musim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutan_kerangas" title="Hutan kerangas">Hutan kerangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutan_gambut" title="Hutan gambut">Hutan gambut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutan_rawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutan rawa (halaman belum tersedia)">Hutan rawa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutan_payau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutan payau (halaman belum tersedia)">Hutan payau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutan_pantai" title="Hutan pantai">Hutan pantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabana" title="Sabana">Sabana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecoforestry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecoforestry (halaman belum tersedia)">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehutanan_analog" title="Kehutanan analog">Kehutanan analog</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kehutanan_berkelanjutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kehutanan berkelanjutan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kehutanan berkelanjutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kehutanan_energi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kehutanan energi (halaman belum tersedia)">Kehutanan energi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehutanan_masyarakat" title="Kehutanan masyarakat">Kehutanan masyarakat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kehutanan_perkebunan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kehutanan perkebunan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kehutanan perkebunan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutan_desa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutan desa (halaman belum tersedia)">Hutan desa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutan_alam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutan alam (halaman belum tersedia)">Hutan alam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutan_homogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutan homogen (halaman belum tersedia)">Hutan homogen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutan_heterogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutan heterogen (halaman belum tersedia)">Hutan heterogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoforestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycoforestry">Mycoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutan_rakyat" title="Hutan rakyat">Hutan rakyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanatani" title="Wanatani">Wanatani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:12_year_old_restoration_plot_Doi_Suthep-Pui_National_Park_N._Thailand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/12_year_old_restoration_plot_Doi_Suthep-Pui_National_Park_N._Thailand.jpg/125px-12_year_old_restoration_plot_Doi_Suthep-Pui_National_Park_N._Thailand.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/12_year_old_restoration_plot_Doi_Suthep-Pui_National_Park_N._Thailand.jpg/188px-12_year_old_restoration_plot_Doi_Suthep-Pui_National_Park_N._Thailand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/12_year_old_restoration_plot_Doi_Suthep-Pui_National_Park_N._Thailand.jpg/250px-12_year_old_restoration_plot_Doi_Suthep-Pui_National_Park_N._Thailand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3334" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ekologi_hutan" title="Ekologi hutan">Ekologi</a> dan<br /> <a href="/wiki/Manajemen_hutan" title="Manajemen hutan">manajemen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aforestasi" title="Aforestasi">Aforestasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alometri_pohon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alometri pohon (halaman belum tersedia)">Alometri pohon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arborikultur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arborikultur (halaman belum tersedia)">Arborikultur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur_pohon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsitektur pohon (halaman belum tersedia)">Arsitektur pohon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestasi" title="Deforestasi">Deforestasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degradasi" class="mw-disambig" title="Degradasi">Degradasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrologi" title="Dendrologi">Dendrologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrokronologi" title="Dendrokronologi">Dendrokronologi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekologi_api&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekologi api (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekologi api</a></li> <li>Hutan <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informatika_hutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Informatika hutan (halaman belum tersedia)">informatika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventarisasi_hutan" title="Inventarisasi hutan">Inventarisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_hama_terintegrasi_hutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manajemen hama terintegrasi hutan (halaman belum tersedia)">Manajemen hama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patologi_hutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patologi hutan (halaman belum tersedia)">Patologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlindungan_hutan" title="Perlindungan hutan">Perlindungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorasi_hutan" title="Restorasi hutan">Restorasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutan_primer" title="Hutan primer">Hutan primer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayu_bersertifikat" title="Kayu bersertifikat">Kayu bersertifikat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_hutan_berkelanjutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manajemen hutan berkelanjutan (halaman belum tersedia)">Manajemen berkelanjutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemanfaatan_hutan" title="Pemanfaatan hutan">Pemanfaatan hutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembakaran_terkendali" title="Pembakaran terkendali">Pembakaran terkendali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penipisan_ekologis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penipisan ekologis (halaman belum tersedia)">Penipisan ekologis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengukuran_pohon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengukuran pohon (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengukuran pohon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permodelan_pertumbuhan_dan_hasil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permodelan pertumbuhan dan hasil (halaman belum tersedia)">Permodelan pertumbuhan dan hasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboisasi" title="Reboisasi">Reboisasi</a></li> <li>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reboisasi_urban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reboisasi urban (halaman belum tersedia)">urban</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvikultur" title="Silvikultur">Silvikultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvologi" title="Silvologi">Silvologi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kehutanan_dan_lingkungan" title="Kategori:Kehutanan dan lingkungan">Lingkungan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daur_ulang_kayu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daur ulang kayu (halaman belum tersedia)">Daur ulang kayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengawahutanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengawahutanan">Deforestasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujan_asam" title="Hujan asam">Hujan asam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragmentasi_hutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragmentasi hutan">Fragmentasi hutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jasa_ekologis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jasa ekologis (halaman belum tersedia)">Jasa ekologis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebakaran_liar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebakaran liar">Kebakaran hutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kematian_hutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kematian hutan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kematian hutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peladangan" title="Peladangan">Peladangan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ladang_berpindah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ladang berpindah (halaman belum tersedia)">Ladang berpindah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembalakan_liar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pembalakan liar">Pembalakan liar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengurangan_emisi_dari_deforestasi_dan_degradasi_hutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengurangan emisi dari deforestasi dan degradasi hutan (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengurangan emisi dari deforestasi dan degradasi hutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekuestrasi_karbon" title="Sekuestrasi karbon">Sekuestrasi karbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebang_habis" title="Tebang habis">Tebang habis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebang_pilih" title="Tebang pilih">Tebang pilih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spesies_invasif" title="Spesies invasif">Spesies invasif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Industri_kayu" title="Kategori:Industri kayu">Industri kayu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomi_kayu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatomi kayu (halaman belum tersedia)">Anatomi kayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasil_hutan" title="Hasil hutan">Hasil hutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penebangan_kayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Penebangan kayu">Penebangan kayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terubusan" class="mw-redirect" title="Terubusan">Terubusan</a></li> <li>Manufaktur <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kayu_gelondongan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kayu gelondongan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kayu gelondongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industri_pulp_dan_kertas" title="Industri pulp dan kertas">Industri pulp dan kertas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penggergajian_kayu" title="Penggergajian kayu">Penggergajian kayu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Produk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayu_lapis" title="Kayu lapis">Kayu lapis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kayu_serpih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kayu serpih (halaman belum tersedia)">Kayu serpih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venir_kayu" title="Venir kayu">Venir kayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papan_partikel" title="Papan partikel">Papan partikel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papan_serat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papan serat (halaman belum tersedia)">Papan serat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnitur" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnitur">Furnitur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biochar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biochar (halaman belum tersedia)">Biochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomassa" title="Biomassa">Biomassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arang" title="Arang">Arang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasil_hutan_non-kayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasil hutan non-kayu">Hasil hutan non-kayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekstraksi_resin" title="Ekstraksi resin">Resin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karet" title="Karet">Karet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulit_kayu_penyamakan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kulit kayu penyamakan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kulit kayu penyamakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalur_rel_hutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalur rel hutan">Jalur rel hutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutan_tanaman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutan tanaman (halaman belum tersedia)">Hutan tanaman</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Budi_daya_pohon_natal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Budi daya pohon natal (halaman belum tersedia)">Budi daya pohon natal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Budi_daya_kenanga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Budi daya kenanga (halaman belum tersedia)">Budi daya kenanga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Budi_daya_sengon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Budi daya sengon (halaman belum tersedia)">Budi daya sengon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutan_jati" title="Hutan jati">Hutan jati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutan_pinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutan pinus (halaman belum tersedia)">Hutan pinus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Budi_daya_pohon-pohon_keras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Budi daya pohon-pohon keras (halaman belum tersedia)">Budi daya pohon-pohon keras</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayu" title="Kayu">Kayu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pekerjaan_kehutanan" title="Kategori:Pekerjaan kehutanan">Pekerjaan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rimbawan" title="Rimbawan">Rimbawan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arboris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arboris (halaman belum tersedia)">Arboris</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemotong_kayu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemotong kayu (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemotong kayu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemasang_choker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemasang choker (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemasang choker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi_hutan" title="Ekologi hutan">Ekologis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemadam_kebakaran_liar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemadam kebakaran liar (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemadam kebakaran liar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembawa_kayu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembawa kayu (halaman belum tersedia)">Pembawa kayu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengukur_kayu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengukur kayu (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengukur kayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penebang_kayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Penebang kayu">Penebang kayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagawana" title="Jagawana">Jagawana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyadap_getah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyadap getah (halaman belum tersedia)">Penyadap getah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kebijakan and<br /> organisasi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Organisasi kehutanan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Tropical_Timber_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Tropical Timber Organization (halaman belum tersedia)">ITTO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Forest_Research_Organizations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Union of Forest Research Organizations (halaman belum tersedia)">IUFRO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_Stewardship_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forest Stewardship Council (halaman belum tersedia)">FSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perum_Perhutani" class="mw-redirect" title="Perum Perhutani">Perum Perhutani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutan_Tanaman_Industri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutan Tanaman Industri (halaman belum tersedia)">Hutan Tanaman Industri</a></li> <li>Kementrian <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direktorat_Jenderal_Kehutanan,_Departemen_Pertanian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Direktorat Jenderal Kehutanan, Departemen Pertanian (halaman belum tersedia)">Direktorat Jenderal Kehutanan, Departemen Pertanian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Departemen_Kehutanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Departemen Kehutanan (halaman belum tersedia)">Departemen Kehutanan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Departemen_Kehutanan_dan_Perkebunan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Departemen Kehutanan dan Perkebunan (halaman belum tersedia)">Departemen Kehutanan dan Perkebunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kementerian_Kehutanan_Indonesia" title="Kementerian Kehutanan Indonesia">Kementerian Kehutanan Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kementerian_Lingkungan_Hidup_dan_Kehutanan_Republik_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia">Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebijakan_kehutanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebijakan kehutanan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kebijakan kehutanan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Undang-undang <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_Nomor_41_Tahun_1999&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 (halaman belum tersedia)">Undang-undang Nomor 41 Tahun 1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-Undang_Nomor_19_Tahun_2004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2004 (halaman belum tersedia)">Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2004</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perhutanan_sosial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perhutanan sosial (halaman belum tersedia)">Perhutanan sosial</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_Agraria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reformasi Agraria (halaman belum tersedia)">Reformasi Agraria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konflik_Agraria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konflik Agraria (halaman belum tersedia)">Konflik Agraria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izin_pemanfaatan_hutan" title="Izin pemanfaatan hutan">Izin pemanfaatan hutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasan_hutan" title="Kawasan hutan">Kawasan hutan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_Sekolah_menengah_kejuruan_jurusan_kehutanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar Sekolah menengah kejuruan jurusan kehutanan (halaman belum tersedia)">Sekolah menengah kejuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_Universitas_jurusan_kehutanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar Universitas jurusan kehutanan (halaman belum tersedia)">Universitas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbor_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbor Day (halaman belum tersedia)">Arbor Day</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Big_Tree_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Big Tree Plant (halaman belum tersedia)">Big Tree Plant</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Billion_Tree_Campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Billion Tree Campaign (halaman belum tersedia)">Billion Tree Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Green_Wall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Green Wall (halaman belum tersedia)">Great Green Wall</a> (Africa)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Day_of_Forests&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Day of Forests (halaman belum tersedia)">International Day of Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Year_of_Forests&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Year of Forests (halaman belum tersedia)">International Year of Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Million_Tree_Initiative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Million Tree Initiative (halaman belum tersedia)">Million Tree Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three-North_Shelter_Forest_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Three-North Shelter Forest Program (halaman belum tersedia)">Three-North Shelter Forest Program</a> (China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Forestry_Congress" title="World Forestry Congress">World Forestry Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169950#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169950#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169950#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85146723">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115117&CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10644887">National Archives (US)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&oldid=26496206">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&oldid=26496206</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_yang_dipertanyakan_keakuratannya" title="Kategori:Artikel yang dipertanyakan keakuratannya">Artikel yang dipertanyakan keakuratannya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan" title="Kategori:Kebakaran hutan dan lahan">Kebakaran hutan dan lahan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bencana_alam" title="Kategori:Bencana alam">Bencana alam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kehutanan" title="Kategori:Kehutanan">Kehutanan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kehutanan_dan_lingkungan" title="Kategori:Kehutanan dan lingkungan">Kehutanan dan lingkungan</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_menggunakan_parameter_yang_tidak_didukung" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung">Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_sumber_berbahasa_Inggris_(en)" title="Kategori:CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)">CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pranala_Commons_dari_Wikidata" title="Kategori:Pranala Commons dari Wikidata">Pranala Commons dari Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Templat_webarchive_tautan_wayback" title="Kategori:Templat webarchive tautan wayback">Templat webarchive tautan wayback</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_LCCN" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda LCCN">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda LCCN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NKC" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NKC">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NKC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NARA" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NARA">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NARA</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 5 November 2024, pukul 16.13.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. Lihat <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Ketentuan Penggunaan</a> untuk rincian lebih lanjut.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Kebijakan privasi</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tentang">Tentang Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Penyangkalan_umum">Penyangkalan</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Kode Etik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Pengembang</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/id.wikipedia.org">Statistik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Pernyataan kuki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//id.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Tampilan seluler</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-556c5f94cd-vrwjd","wgBackendResponseTime":141,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.467","walltime":"0.847","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1700,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":98608,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":182,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":52942,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 484.030 1 -total"," 20.17% 97.605 1 Templat:Kehutanan"," 19.69% 95.325 3 Templat:Navbox"," 17.02% 82.372 1 Templat:Takakurat"," 12.31% 59.582 1 Templat:Ambox"," 12.00% 58.079 1 Templat:Commons"," 11.41% 55.229 4 Templat:Cite_book"," 11.13% 53.852 1 Templat:Sister_project"," 10.66% 51.598 1 Templat:Side_box"," 9.17% 44.409 1 Templat:Authority_control"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.274","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":3778832,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-7f58d5dcf5-7fhtc","timestamp":"20241110112641","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kebakaran hutan dan lahan","url":"https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kebakaran_hutan_dan_lahan","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q169950","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q169950","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Kontributor dari proyek Wikimedia."},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-08-11T14:51:54Z","dateModified":"2024-11-05T16:13:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/13\/Wildfire-ISS007_Mosaic2.jpg","headline":"kebakaran yang menghanguskan kawasan hutan, semak, rerumputan, atau sejenisnya"}</script> </body> </html>