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{"title":"Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes Using Nitric Acid Oxidation and DBD Plasma","authors":"M. Vesali Naseh, A. A. Khodadadi, Y. Mortazavi, O. Alizadeh Sahraei, F. Pourfayaz, S. Mosadegh Sedghi","volume":25,"journal":"International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering","pagesStart":33,"pagesEnd":36,"ISSN":"1307-6892","URL":"https:\/\/publications.waset.org\/pdf\/5775","abstract":"In this study, multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)\nwere modified with nitric acid chemically and by dielectric barrier\ndischarge (DBD) plasma in an oxygen-based atmosphere. Used\ncarbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared by chemical vapour\ndeposition (CVD) floating catalyst method. For removing amorphous\ncarbon and metal catalyst, MWNTs were exposed to dry air and\nwashed with hydrochloric acid. Heating purified CNTs under helium\natmosphere caused elimination of acidic functional groups. Fourier\ntransformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) shows formation of\noxygen containing groups such as C=O and COOH. Brunauer,\nEmmett, Teller (BET) analysis revealed that functionalization causes\ngeneration of defects on the sidewalls and opening of the ends of\nCNTs. Results of temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and gas\nchromatography(GC) indicate that nitric acid treatment create more\nacidic groups than plasma treatment.","references":"[1] S. Iijima, \"Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon,\" Nature, vol. 354,\npp. 56, 1991.\n[2] S. Chen, W. She, G. Wu, D. Chen, and M. Jiang, \"A new approach to the\nfunctionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes with both alkyl and\ncarboxyl groups,\" Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 402, pp. 312-317,\n2005.\n[3] P. Serp, M. Corrias, and P. Kalck, \"Carbon nanotubes and nanofibers in\ncatalysis,\" Applied Catalysis A: General, vol 253, pp. 337-358, 2003.\n[4] M. Fleischer, and H. Meixner, \"Selectivity in high-temperature operated\nsemiconductor gas-sensors,\" Sensors and Actuators B, vol. 52, pp. 179-\n187, 1998.\n[5] A. M. Shanmugharaj, J. H. Bae, and K.Y. Lee, \"Physical and chemical\ncharacteristics of multiwalled carbon nanotubes functionalized with\naminosilane and its influence on the properties of natural rubber\ncomposites,\" Composites Science and Technology, vol. 67, pp. 1813-\n1822, 2007.\n[6] W. Xia, Y. Wang, R. Bergstra, S. Kundu, and M. Muhler, \"Surface\ncharacterization of oxygen-functionalized multi-walled carbon\nnanotubes by high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and\ntemperature-programmed desorption,\" Applied Surface Science, vol.\n254, pp. 247-250, 2007.\n[7] T. Kyotani, S. Nakazaki, W. Xu, and A. Tomita, \"Chemical modification\nof the inner walls of carbon nanotubes by HNO oxidation,\" Carbon, vol.\n39, pp. 771 -785, 2001.\n[8] T. Xu, J. Yang J. Liu, and Q. Fu, \"Surface modification of multi-walled\ncarbon nanotubes by O2 plasma,\" Applied SurfaceScience, vol. 253, pp.\n8945-8951, 2007.\n[9] R. Ionescu, E. H. Espinosa, E. Sotter, E. Llobet, X. Vilanova, X.\nCorreig, A. Felten, C. Bittencourt, G. Van Lier, J. C. Charlier, and J.J.\nPireaux, \" Oxygen functionalisation of MWNT and their use as gas\nsensitive thick-film layers,\" Sensors and Actuators B, vol. 113, pp. 36-\n46, 2006.\n[10] M. A. Montes-Moran, D. Suarez, J. A. Menendez, and E. Fuente, \"On\nthe nature of basic sites on carbon surfaces: An overview,\" Carbon, vol.\n42, pp. 1219-1225, 2004.\n[11] Y. Li, S. Wang, Z. Luan, J. Ding, C. Xu and D. Wu, \"A dsorption of\ncadmium(II) from aqueous solution by surface oxidized carbon\nnanotubes,\" Carbon, vol. 41, pp. 1057-1062, 2003.\n[12] B. Rurlle, S. Peeterbroeck, R. Gouttebaron, T. Godfroid, F. Monteverde,\nJ. Dauchot, M. Alexandre, M. Hecq, and P. Dubois, \"Functionalization\nof carbon nanotubes by atomic nitrogen formed in a microwave plasma\nAr +N2 and subsequent poly grafting,\" Journal of Materials Chemistry,\nvol. 17, pp. 157-159, 2007.\n[13] C. Zhao, L. Ji, H. Liu, G. Hu, S. Zhang, M. Yang, and Z. Yang,\n\"Functionalized carbon nanotubes containing isocyanate groups,\"\nJournal of Solid State Chemistry, vol. 177, pp.4394-4398, 2004.\n[14] D. B. Mawhinney, V. Naumenko, A. uznetsova, and J. T. Yates,\n\"Infrared Spectral Evidence for the Etching of Carbon Nanotubes:\nOzone Oxidation at 298 K,\" J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol. 122, pp. 2383-2384,\n2000.\n[15] P. Chingombe, B. Saha, and R. J. Wakeman, \"Surface modification and\ncharacterization of a coal-based activated carbon,\" Carbon, vol. 43, pp.\n3132-3143, 2005.\n[16] H. P. Boehm, \"Surface oxides on carbon and their analysis: a critical\nassessment,\" Carbon, vol. 40, pp.145 -149, 2002.\n[17] S. Tsang, Y. Chen, P. Harris, and M. Green, \"A simple chemical method\nof opening and filling carbon nanotubes,\" Nature, vol.372, pp.159, 1994.\n[18] S. Banerjee, T. Hemraj and S. Wong, \"Covalent surface chemistry of\nsingle-walled carbon nanotubes,\" Adv. Mater, vol. 1, pp. 17, 2005.","publisher":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology","index":"Open Science Index 25, 2009"}