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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Margaret Fell</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_Fell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Margaret_Fell.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Margaret Askew</div><br />1614<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Kirkby_Ireleth" title="Kirkby Ireleth">Kirkby Ireleth</a>, Lancashire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 April 1702<span style="display:none">(1702-04-23)</span> (aged 87–88)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">theologian, writer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">founder of the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Religious Society of Friends</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fell" title="Thomas Fell">Thomas Fell</a> (1632 – d. 1658), <a href="/wiki/George_Fox" title="George Fox">George Fox</a> (1669 – d. 1691)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Fell" title="Sarah Fell">Sarah Fell</a>, et al.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Margaret Fell</b> or <b>Margaret Fox</b> (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a></span> Askew, formerly Fell; 1614 – 23 April 1702) was a founder of the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Religious Society of Friends</a>. Known popularly as the "mother of Quakerism," she is considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Valiant_Sixty" title="Valiant Sixty">Valiant Sixty</a> early Quaker preachers and missionaries. Her daughters <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Yeamans" title="Isabel Yeamans">Isabel (Fell) Yeamans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Fell" title="Sarah Fell">Sarah Fell</a> were also leading Quakers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Fell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>She was born Margaret Askew at the family seat of Marsh Grange in the parish of <a href="/wiki/Kirkby_Ireleth" title="Kirkby Ireleth">Kirkby Ireleth</a>, Lancashire (now in Cumbria). She married <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fell" title="Thomas Fell">Thomas Fell</a>, a barrister, in 1632, and became the lady of <a href="/wiki/Swarthmoor_Hall" title="Swarthmoor Hall">Swarthmoor Hall</a>. In 1641, Thomas became a Justice of the Peace for Lancashire, and in 1645 a member of the <a href="/wiki/Long_Parliament" title="Long Parliament">Long Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ceased to be a member from 1647 to 1649, disapproving of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>'s assumption of authority.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Margaret and Thomas had seven daughters and one son; only Thomas and their son were not convinced to the Quaker faith perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1666_Fell_Womens_Speaking_Justified.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/1666_Fell_Womens_Speaking_Justified.jpg/200px-1666_Fell_Womens_Speaking_Justified.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/1666_Fell_Womens_Speaking_Justified.jpg/300px-1666_Fell_Womens_Speaking_Justified.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/1666_Fell_Womens_Speaking_Justified.jpg/400px-1666_Fell_Womens_Speaking_Justified.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The title page of a 1666 edition of Fell's <i>Womens Speaking Justified</i>, in which she advocated for a woman's ability to preach.</figcaption></figure> <p>In late June 1652, <a href="/wiki/George_Fox" title="George Fox">George Fox</a> visited Swarthmoor Hall. Margaret Fell met him, and later wrote that he "opened us a book that we had never read in, nor indeed had never heard that it was our duty to read in it (to wit) the Light of Christ in our consciences, our minds never being turned towards it before."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A day or two later it was lecture day at the parish church, she invited Fox to attend with them; he came in after the singing and asked for liberty to speak. Over the next weeks she and many of her household became convinced.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next six years, Swarthmoor Hall became a centre of <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> activity; she served as an unofficial secretary for the new movement, receiving and forwarding letters from roving missionaries, and occasionally passing along admonitions to them from Fox, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hubberthorne" title="Richard Hubberthorne">Richard Hubberthorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Nayler" title="James Nayler">James Nayler</a>, and others. She wrote many <a href="/wiki/Epistle_(Quaker)" title="Epistle (Quaker)">epistles</a> herself and collected and disbursed funds for those on missions. After her husband's death in 1658, she retained control of Swarthmoor Hall, which remained a meeting place and haven from persecution, though sometimes, in the 1660s, raided by government forces. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SwarthmoreHall-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/SwarthmoreHall-1.jpg/220px-SwarthmoreHall-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/SwarthmoreHall-1.jpg/330px-SwarthmoreHall-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/SwarthmoreHall-1.jpg/440px-SwarthmoreHall-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Because she was one of the few founding members of the Religious Society of Friends who was an established member of the <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a>, Margaret Fell was frequently called upon to intercede in cases of persecution or arrest of leaders such as Fox. After the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a>, she travelled from Lancashire to London to petition King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> and his parliament in 1660 and 1662 for freedom of conscience in religious matters. A submission signed by George Fox and other prominent (male) Quakers was made only subsequently in November 1660. While the structure and phraseology of these submissions were quite different, the import was similar, arguing that, although Friends wished to see the world changed, they would use persuasion rather than violence towards what they regarded as a "heavenly" (i.e. spiritual) end. </p><p>In 1664 Margaret Fell was arrested for failing to take an oath and for allowing Quaker Meetings to be held in her home. She defended herself by saying that "as long as the Lord blessed her with a home, she would worship him in it". She spent six months in Lancaster Gaol, whereafter she was sentenced to life imprisonment and forfeiture of her property. She remained in prison until 1668, during which time she wrote religious pamphlets and epistles. Perhaps her most famous work is "Women's Speaking Justified", a scripture-based argument for women's ministry, and one of the major texts on women's religious leadership in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this short pamphlet, Fell bases her argument for equality of the sexes on one of the basic premises of Quakerism, namely spiritual equality. Her belief was that God created all human beings, therefore both men and women were capable of not only possessing the Inner Light but also the ability to be a prophet.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having been released by order of the King and council, she married George Fox in 1669. On returning to Lancashire after her marriage, she was again imprisoned for about a year in Lancaster for breaking the <a href="/wiki/Conventicle_Act_1664" title="Conventicle Act 1664">Conventicle Act</a>. Shortly after her release, George Fox departed on a religious mission to America, and he too was imprisoned again on his return in 1673. Margaret again travelled to London to intercede on his behalf, and he was eventually freed in 1675. After this, they spent about a year together at Swarthmoor, collaborating on defending the recently created organisational structure of separate women's meetings for discipline against their anti-Fox opponents. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunbrick_Quakers_burial_ground.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sunbrick_Quakers_burial_ground.JPG/220px-Sunbrick_Quakers_burial_ground.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sunbrick_Quakers_burial_ground.JPG/330px-Sunbrick_Quakers_burial_ground.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sunbrick_Quakers_burial_ground.JPG/440px-Sunbrick_Quakers_burial_ground.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2868" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A plaque at the Society of Friends' burial ground in Sunbrick, <a href="/wiki/Urswick" title="Urswick">Urswick</a>, Margaret Fox's resting place</figcaption></figure> <p>George Fox spent most of the rest of his life thereafter abroad or in London until his death in 1691, while Margaret Fell spent most of the rest of her life at Swarthmoor. Surviving both husbands by a number of years, she continued to take an active part in the affairs of the Society including the changes in the 1690s following partial legal tolerance of Quakers, when she was well into her eighties. In the last decade of her life, she firmly opposed the effort of her fellow believers in Lancashire to maintain certain traditional Quaker standards of conduct (for example, in matters of dress). She died aged 87, on the 23rd of April 1702. She was buried in an unmarked grave in the Society of Friends' burial ground at Sunbrick, to the south of <a href="/wiki/Birkrigg_Common" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkrigg Common">Birkrigg Common</a>. </p><p>The Margaret Fell room at <a href="/wiki/Friends_House" title="Friends House">Friends House</a>, London, UK is named after her.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Fell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Margaret Fell's meeting with George Fox and her subsequent conversion are the subject of the first part of the novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Peaceable_Kingdom:_An_American_Saga" title="The Peaceable Kingdom: An American Saga">The Peaceable Kingdom</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Hartog" title="Jan de Hartog">Jan de Hartog</a>. She was the author (or co-author) of at least 23 works in total, mostly in the form of short pamphlets including, <i>False Prophets</i>, <i>Antichrists</i>, <i>Deceivers</i>. All three were written shortly after her conversion to Quakerism in 1655. Some of her more substantial works—including <i>A Call to the Universall Seed of God</i> (1665), <i>Womens Speaking Justified</i> (1666; second edition, 1667), and <i>A Touch-Stone: or, A Perfect Tryal by the Scriptures</i> (1667)—were written during the period of her imprisonment in Lancaster Castle (1664–68). Following her death, several of her works were collected together and published as <i>A Brief Collection of Remarkable Passages and Occurrences</i> (1710). Despite its 535 pages, this collection is nevertheless incomplete and includes only a small sample of letters. Her works are now available in their original form in online databases such as <i>Early English Books Online</i>, or in selective modern anthologies such as <i>Wallace</i> (1992), <i>Booy</i> (2004), <i>Garman et al</i> (1996), and <i>Donawerth & Lush</i> (1996). Elsa F. Glines has published 164 of Fell’s surviving letters in her collection <i>The Letters of Margaret Fell</i> (2003). <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Fell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ross84">Ross 1984</a>: 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ross84">Ross 1984</a>: 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKunze,_Bonnelyn_Young.1994" class="citation book cs1">Kunze, Bonnelyn Young. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29768176"><i>Margaret Fell and the rise of Quakerism</i></a>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2154-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2154-8"><bdi>0-8047-2154-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29768176">29768176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margaret+Fell+and+the+rise+of+Quakerism&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29768176&rft.isbn=0-8047-2154-8&rft.au=Kunze%2C+Bonnelyn+Young.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F29768176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Fell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Spence Manuscripts</i>. Vol. 3. p. 135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spence+Manuscripts&rft.pages=135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Fell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ross84">Ross 1984</a>: 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret Fell, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qhpress.org/texts/fell.html">"Women's Speaking Justified, Proved, and Allowed of by the Scriptures, All such as speak by the Spirit and Power of the Lord Jesus</a>", Quaker Heritage Press Online Texts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield1987" class="citation journal cs1">Schofield, Mary Anne (1987). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Women's Speaking Justified': The Feminine Quaker Voice, 1662–1797". <i>Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 61–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F464160">10.2307/464160</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/464160">464160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tulsa+Studies+in+Women%27s+Literature&rft.atitle=%27Women%27s+Speaking+Justified%27%3A+The+Feminine+Quaker+Voice%2C+1662%E2%80%931797&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-77&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F464160&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F464160%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Mary+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Fell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.friendshouse.co.uk/meeting-rooms/">"Meeting Rooms"</a>. <i>Friends House</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Friends+House&rft.atitle=Meeting+Rooms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.friendshouse.co.uk%2Fmeeting-rooms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Fell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/margaret-fell/">"Margaret Fell"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Margaret+Fell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fmargaret-fell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Fell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Fell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaus_Bernet2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Claus Bernet (2002). "Margaret Fell". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbkl.de/f/fell_m"><i>Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)</i></a></span> (in German). Vol. 20. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 481–494. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88309-091-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-88309-091-3"><bdi>3-88309-091-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Margaret+Fell&rft.btitle=Biographisch-Bibliographisches+Kirchenlexikon+%28BBKL%29&rft.place=Nordhausen&rft.pages=cols.+481-494&rft.pub=Bautz&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=3-88309-091-3&rft.au=Claus+Bernet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbkl.de%2Ff%2Ffell_m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Fell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Donawerth, Jane and Rebecca M. Lush, eds. 2018. <i>Margaret Fell, Women's Speaking Justified and Other Pamphlets</i>. Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies.</li> <li>Gill, Catie, <i>Women in the Seventeenth-Century Quaker Community: A Literary Study of Political Identities, 1650–1700</i>, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ross84" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Isabel (1984). <i>Margaret Fell Mother of Quakerism</i> (2nd ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margaret+Fell+Mother+of+Quakerism&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Fell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Fell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Margaret Fell</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=7421776&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=7421776">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=7421776&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Margaret Fell</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=7421776&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=7421776">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=7421776&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swarthmoorhall.co.uk/">Swarthmoor Hall Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gwyneddmeeting.org/Groups/355258/Margaret_Fell.aspx">An abstract of the life of Margaret Fell</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quakers" title="Template:Quakers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quakers" title="Template talk:Quakers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quakers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quakers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Quakers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quakers" title="List of Quakers">Individuals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Allen_(English_Quaker)" title="William Allen (English Quaker)">William Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barclay" title="Robert Barclay">Robert Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Benezet" title="Anthony Benezet">Anthony Benezet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Brinton" title="Howard Brinton">Howard Brinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cadbury" title="John Cadbury">John Cadbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Coffin" title="Levi Coffin">Levi Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Conway_(philosopher)" title="Anne Conway (philosopher)">Anne Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Corder" title="Susanna Corder">Susanna Corder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dean" title="James Dean">James Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judi_Dench" title="Judi Dench">Judi Dench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Evans_(Quaker_minister)" title="Joshua Evans (Quaker minister)">Joshua Evans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Margaret Fell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fox" title="George Fox">George Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fry" title="Elizabeth Fry">Elizabeth Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Gurney" title="Joseph John Gurney">Joseph John Gurney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Harrison" title="Ruth Harrison">Ruth Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Heath" title="Carl Heath">Carl Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hicks" title="Edward Hicks">Edward Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Hicks" title="Elias Hicks">Elias Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hodgkin" title="Henry Hodgkin">Henry Hodgkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Jones_(writer)" title="Rufus Jones (writer)">Rufus Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Raymond_Kelly_(Quaker_mystic)" title="Thomas Raymond Kelly (Quaker mystic)">Thomas R. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah_Kingsley" title="Zephaniah Kingsley">Zephaniah Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lay" title="Benjamin Lay">Benjamin Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Matthews" title="Dave Matthews">Dave Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Nayler" title="James Nayler">James Nayler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Palmer" title="Parker Palmer">Parker Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pleasants" title="Robert Pleasants">Robert Pleasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross" title="Betsy Ross">Betsy Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Coffin_Starbuck" title="Mary Coffin Starbuck">Mary Coffin Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessamyn_West_(writer)" title="Jessamyn West (writer)">Jessamyn West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilbur_(Quaker_minister)" title="John Wilbur (Quaker minister)">John Wilbur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Jon Wynne-Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Woolman" title="John Woolman">John Woolman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yearly_Meeting" title="Yearly Meeting">Yearly Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_meeting" title="Monthly meeting">Monthly Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Quaker_Action_Group" title="A Quaker Action Group">A Quaker Action Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_Yearly_Meeting" title="Britain Yearly Meeting">Britain Yearly Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Yearly_Meeting_of_Friends" title="Central Yearly Meeting of Friends">Central Yearly Meeting of Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends" title="Conservative Friends">Conservative Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Friends_Church_International" title="Evangelical Friends Church International">Evangelical Friends Church International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_Committee_on_National_Legislation" title="Friends Committee on National Legislation">Friends Committee on National Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_General_Conference" title="Friends General Conference">Friends General Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Friends United Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_World_Committee_for_Consultation" title="Friends World Committee for Consultation">Friends World Committee for Consultation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheist_Quakers" title="Nontheist Quakers">Nontheist Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_Council_for_European_Affairs" title="Quaker Council for European Affairs">Quaker Council for European Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Quaker Peace and Social Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_United_Nations_Office" title="Quaker United Nations Office">Quaker United Nations Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakerism_in_Sichuan" title="Quakerism in Sichuan">Szechwan Yearly Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Gathering_of_Young_Friends" title="World Gathering of Young Friends">World Gathering of Young Friends</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testimonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_peace" title="Testimony of peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_equality" title="Testimony of equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_integrity" title="Testimony of integrity">Integrity ("Truth")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_Simplicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimony of Simplicity">Simplicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_North_America" title="Quakers in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_Latin_America" title="Quakers in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_Europe" title="Quakers in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_Africa" title="Quakers in Africa">Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quaker_businesses,_organizations_and_charities" title="List of Quaker businesses, organizations and charities">Businesses, organizations and charities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_science" title="Quakers in science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_(Quaker)" title="Clerk (Quaker)">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_decision-making" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker decision-making">Decision Making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Discipline_(Quaker)" title="Book of Discipline (Quaker)"><i>Faith and Practice</i> or <i>Book of Discipline</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Quakers" title="History of the Quakers">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Experiment" title="Holy Experiment">Holy Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Quakerism" title="Homosexuality and Quakerism">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inward_light" title="Inward light">Inward light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_meeting_house" title="Friends meeting house">Meeting houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection#Quaker_teaching" title="Christian perfection">Perfectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Query_(Quaker)" title="Query (Quaker)">Query</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Friends_schools" title="List of Friends schools">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_Tapestry" title="Quaker Tapestry">Tapestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_wedding" title="Quaker wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_views_on_women" title="Quaker views on women">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Friends_Service_Committee_Nobel_nominees" title="List of American Friends Service Committee Nobel nominees">ASFC Nobel nominees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q524860#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q524860#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q524860#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119282755">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79100544">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121133084">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121133084">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36589222">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068200803">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261199805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14796078">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1308374">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119282755.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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