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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cellular+network" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Cellular_network&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frequency_reuse&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency reuse">Frequency reuse</a>)</span></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the infrastructure of cellular networks. For the companies that provide services on these networks, see <a href="/wiki/Mobile_network_operator" title="Mobile network operator">Mobile network operator</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <p>A <b>cellular network</b> or <b>mobile network</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">telecommunications network</a> where the link to and from end nodes is <a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">wireless</a> and the network is distributed over land areas called <i><b>cells</b></i>, each served by at least one fixed-location <a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">transceiver</a> (such as a <a href="/wiki/Base_station" title="Base station">base station</a>). These base stations provide the cell with the network coverage which can be used for transmission of voice, data, and other types of content via <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a>. Each cell's coverage area is determined by factors such as the power of the transceiver, the terrain, and the frequency band being used. A cell typically uses a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to avoid interference and provide guaranteed service quality within each cell.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zander_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zander-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CellTowerRichmondHill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/CellTowerRichmondHill.jpg/220px-CellTowerRichmondHill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/CellTowerRichmondHill.jpg/330px-CellTowerRichmondHill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/CellTowerRichmondHill.jpg/440px-CellTowerRichmondHill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3157" data-file-height="4765"></a><figcaption>Top of a cellular radio tower</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indoor_Sendeanlage_Deutsche_Telekom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Indoor_Sendeanlage_Deutsche_Telekom.jpg/220px-Indoor_Sendeanlage_Deutsche_Telekom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Indoor_Sendeanlage_Deutsche_Telekom.jpg/330px-Indoor_Sendeanlage_Deutsche_Telekom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Indoor_Sendeanlage_Deutsche_Telekom.jpg/440px-Indoor_Sendeanlage_Deutsche_Telekom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032"></a><figcaption>Indoor cell site in Germany</figcaption></figure> 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <p>When joined together, these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables numerous <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">devices</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptops</a> equipped with <a href="/wiki/Mobile_broadband_modem" title="Mobile broadband modem">mobile broadband modems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wearable_technology" title="Wearable technology">wearable devices</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">smartwatches</a>, to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if some of the devices are moving through more than one cell during transmission. The design of cellular networks allows for seamless <a href="/wiki/Handover" title="Handover">handover</a>, enabling uninterrupted communication when a device moves from one cell to another. </p><p>Modern cellular networks utilize advanced technologies such as <a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">Multiple Input Multiple Output</a> (MIMO), <a href="/wiki/Beamforming" title="Beamforming">beamforming</a>, and small cells to enhance network capacity and efficiency. </p><p>Cellular networks offer a number of desirable features:<sup id="cite_ref-Zander_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zander-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>More capacity than a single large transmitter, since the same frequency can be used for multiple links as long as they are in different cells</li> <li>Mobile devices use less power than a single transmitter or satellite since the cell towers are closer</li> <li>Larger coverage area than a single terrestrial transmitter, since additional cell towers can be added indefinitely and are not limited by the horizon</li> <li>Capability of utilizing higher frequency signals (and thus more available bandwidth / faster data rates) that are not able to propagate at long distances</li> <li>With data compression and multiplexing, several video (including digital video) and audio channels may travel through a higher frequency signal on a single wideband carrier</li></ul> <p>Major telecommunications providers have deployed voice and data cellular networks over most of the inhabited land area of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. This allows mobile phones and other devices to be connected to the <a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">public switched telephone network</a> and public <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet access</a>. In addition to traditional voice and data services, cellular networks now support <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of Things</a> (IoT) applications, connecting devices such as <a href="/wiki/Smart_meter" title="Smart meter">smart meters</a>, vehicles, and industrial sensors. </p><p>The evolution of cellular networks from <a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a> to <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> has progressively introduced faster speeds, lower latency, and support for a larger number of devices, enabling advanced applications in fields such as healthcare, transportation, and <a href="/wiki/Smart_city" title="Smart city">smart cities</a>. </p><p>Private cellular networks can be used for research<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or for large organizations and fleets, such as dispatch for local public safety agencies or a taxicab company, as well as for local wireless communications in enterprise and industrial settings such as factories, warehouses, mines, power plants, substations, oil and gas facilities and ports.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Concept"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Concept</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Cell_signal_encoding"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Cell signal encoding</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Frequency_reuse"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Frequency reuse</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Directional_antennas"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Directional antennas</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Broadcast_messages_and_paging"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Broadcast messages and paging</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Movement_from_cell_to_cell_and_handing_over"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Movement from cell to cell and handing over</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Mobile_phone_network"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Mobile phone network</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Structure_of_the_mobile_phone_cellular_network"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Structure of the mobile phone cellular network</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Small_cells"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Small cells</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Cellular_handover_in_mobile_phone_networks"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Cellular handover in mobile phone networks</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Cellular_frequency_choice_in_mobile_phone_networks"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Cellular frequency choice in mobile phone networks</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Cell_size"><span class="tocnumber">8.5</span> <span class="toctext">Cell size</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Concept">Concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cellular_network&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Concept" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cellular_network" title="Special:EditPage/Cellular network">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frequency_reuse.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Frequency_reuse.svg/220px-Frequency_reuse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="225"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 177px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Frequency_reuse.svg/220px-Frequency_reuse.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Frequency_reuse.svg/330px-Frequency_reuse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Frequency_reuse.svg/440px-Frequency_reuse.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Example of frequency reuse factor or pattern, with four frequencies (F1-F4)</figcaption></figure> <p>In a <a href="/wiki/Cellular_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular radio">cellular radio</a> system, a land area to be supplied with radio service is divided into cells in a pattern dependent on terrain and reception characteristics. These cell patterns roughly take the form of regular shapes, such as hexagons, squares, or circles although hexagonal cells are conventional. Each of these cells is assigned with multiple frequencies (<i>f</i><sub>1</sub> – <i>f</i><sub>6</sub>) which have corresponding <a href="/wiki/Radio_base_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio base station">radio base stations</a>. The group of frequencies can be reused in other cells, provided that the same frequencies are not reused in adjacent cells, which would cause <a href="/wiki/Co-channel_interference" title="Co-channel interference">co-channel interference</a>. </p><p>The increased <a href="/wiki/Channel_capacity" title="Channel capacity">capacity</a> in a cellular network, compared with a network with a single transmitter, comes from the mobile communication switching system developed by <a href="/wiki/Amos_E._Joel_Jr." title="Amos E. Joel Jr.">Amos Joel</a> of Bell Labs<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that permitted multiple callers in a given area to use the same frequency by switching calls to the nearest available cellular tower having that frequency available. This strategy is viable because a given radio frequency can be reused in a different area for an unrelated transmission. In contrast, a single transmitter can only handle one transmission for a given frequency. Inevitably, there is some level of <a href="/wiki/Co-channel_interference" title="Co-channel interference">interference</a> from the signal from the other cells which use the same frequency. Consequently, there must be at least one cell gap between cells which reuse the same frequency in a standard <a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Frequency-division multiple access">frequency-division multiple access</a> (FDMA) system. </p><p>Consider the case of a taxi company, where each radio has a manually operated channel selector knob to tune to different frequencies. As drivers move around, they change from channel to channel. The drivers are aware of which <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> approximately covers some area. When they do not receive a signal from the transmitter, they try other channels until finding one that works. The taxi drivers only speak one at a time when invited by the base station operator. This is a form of <a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access" title="Time-division multiple access">time-division multiple access</a> (TDMA). </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cellular_network&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">History of mobile phones</a></div> <p>The history of cellular phone technology began on December 11, 1947 with an internal memo written by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_H._Ring" title="Douglas H. Ring">Douglas H. Ring</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> engineer in which he proposed development of a cellular telephone system by AT&T.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first commercial cellular network, the <a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a> generation, was launched in Japan by <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">Nippon Telegraph and Telephone</a> (NTT) in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>. Within five years, the NTT network had been expanded to cover the whole population of Japan and became the first nationwide 1G network. It was an analog <a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">wireless network</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a> had developed cellular technology since 1947, and had cellular networks in operation in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a> prior to 1979, but commercial service was delayed by the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_the_Bell_System" title="Breakup of the Bell System">breakup of the Bell System</a>, with cellular assets transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Bell_Operating_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Bell Operating Companies">Regional Bell Operating Companies</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">wireless revolution</a> began in the early 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-Golio_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golio-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to the transition from analog to <a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">digital networks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baliga_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baliga-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MOSFET invented at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> between 1955 and 1960,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lojek1202_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lojek1202-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was adapted for cellular networks by the early 1990s, with the wide adoption of <a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">power MOSFET</a>, <a href="/wiki/LDMOS" title="LDMOS">LDMOS</a> (<a href="/wiki/RF_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="RF amplifier">RF amplifier</a>), and <a href="/wiki/RF_CMOS" title="RF CMOS">RF CMOS</a> (<a href="/wiki/RF_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="RF circuit">RF circuit</a>) devices leading to the development and proliferation of digital wireless mobile networks.<sup id="cite_ref-Baliga_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baliga-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Asif_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asif-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O'Neill_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Neill-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first commercial digital cellular network, the <a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a> generation, was launched in 1991. This sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G analog network operators. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Cell_signal_encoding">Cell signal encoding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cellular_network&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cell signal encoding" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>To distinguish signals from several different transmitters, a number of <a href="/wiki/Channel_access_method" title="Channel access method">channel access methods</a> have been developed, including <a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Frequency-division multiple access">frequency-division multiple access</a> (FDMA, used by analog and <a href="/wiki/D-AMPS" class="mw-redirect" title="D-AMPS">D-AMPS</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> systems), <a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access" title="Time-division multiple access">time-division multiple access</a> (TDMA, used by <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">code-division multiple access</a> (CDMA, first used for <a href="/wiki/Personal_Communications_Service" title="Personal Communications Service">PCS</a>, and the basis of <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Zander_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zander-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With FDMA, the transmitting and receiving frequencies used by different users in each cell are different from each other. Each cellular call was assigned a pair of frequencies (one for base to mobile, the other for mobile to base) to provide <a href="/wiki/Full-duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-duplex">full-duplex</a> operation. The original <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_Service" title="Advanced Mobile Phone Service">AMPS</a> systems had 666 channel pairs, 333 each for the <a href="/wiki/Competitive_local_exchange_carrier" title="Competitive local exchange carrier">CLEC</a> "A" system and <a href="/wiki/Incumbent_local_exchange_carrier" title="Incumbent local exchange carrier">ILEC</a> "B" system. The number of channels was expanded to 416 pairs per carrier, but ultimately the number of RF channels limits the number of calls that a cell site could handle. FDMA is a familiar technology to telephone companies, which used <a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">frequency-division multiplexing</a> to add channels to their point-to-point wireline plants before <a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">time-division multiplexing</a> rendered FDM obsolete. </p><p>With TDMA, the transmitting and receiving time slots used by different users in each cell are different from each other. TDMA typically uses <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a> signaling to <a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">store and forward</a> bursts of voice data that are fit into time slices for transmission, and expanded at the receiving end to produce a somewhat normal-sounding voice at the receiver. TDMA must introduce <a href="/wiki/Latency_(audio)" title="Latency (audio)">latency</a> (time delay) into the audio signal. As long as the latency time is short enough that the delayed audio is not heard as an echo, it is not problematic. TDMA is a familiar technology for telephone companies, which used <a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">time-division multiplexing</a> to add channels to their point-to-point wireline plants before <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> rendered FDM obsolete. </p><p>The principle of CDMA is based on <a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">spread spectrum</a> technology developed for military use during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and improved during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> into <a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum" title="Direct-sequence spread spectrum">direct-sequence spread spectrum</a> that was used for early CDMA cellular systems and <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>. DSSS allows multiple simultaneous phone conversations to take place on a single wideband RF channel, without needing to channelize them in time or frequency. Although more sophisticated than older multiple access schemes (and unfamiliar to legacy telephone companies because it was not developed by <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>), CDMA has scaled well to become the basis for 3G cellular radio systems. </p><p>Other available methods of multiplexing such as <a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a>, a more sophisticated version of <a href="/wiki/Antenna_diversity" title="Antenna diversity">antenna diversity</a>, combined with active <a href="/wiki/Beamforming" title="Beamforming">beamforming</a> provides much greater <a href="/wiki/Spatial_multiplexing" title="Spatial multiplexing">spatial multiplexing</a> ability compared to original AMPS cells, that typically only addressed one to three unique spaces. Massive MIMO deployment allows much greater channel reuse, thus increasing the number of subscribers per cell site, greater data throughput per user, or some combination thereof. <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_Amplitude_Modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrature Amplitude Modulation">Quadrature Amplitude Modulation</a> (QAM) modems offer an increasing number of bits per symbol, allowing more users per megahertz of bandwidth (and decibels of SNR), greater data throughput per user, or some combination thereof. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Frequency_reuse">Frequency reuse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cellular_network&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Frequency reuse" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>The key characteristic of a cellular network is the ability to reuse frequencies to increase both coverage and capacity. As described above, adjacent cells must use different frequencies, however, there is no problem with two cells sufficiently far apart operating on the same frequency, provided the masts and cellular network users' equipment do not transmit with too much power.<sup id="cite_ref-Zander_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zander-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The elements that determine frequency reuse are the reuse distance and the reuse factor. The reuse distance, <i>D</i> is calculated as </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D=R{\sqrt {3N}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>D</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>3</mn> <mi>N</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D=R{\sqrt {3N}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eb6b6e214988dcc641ab488ee9f6d6e0f21327fc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.949ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D=R{\sqrt {3N}}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11.949ex;height: 3.009ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eb6b6e214988dcc641ab488ee9f6d6e0f21327fc" data-alt="{\displaystyle D=R{\sqrt {3N}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span>,</dd></dl> <p>where <i>R</i> is the cell radius and <i>N</i> is the number of cells per cluster. Cells may vary in radius from 1 to 30 kilometres (0.62 to 18.64 mi). The boundaries of the cells can also overlap between adjacent cells and large cells can be divided into smaller cells.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The frequency reuse factor is the rate at which the same frequency can be used in the network. It is <i>1/K</i> (or <i>K</i> according to some books) where <i>K</i> is the number of cells which cannot use the same frequencies for transmission. Common values for the frequency reuse factor are 1/3, 1/4, 1/7, 1/9 and 1/12 (or 3, 4, 7, 9 and 12, depending on notation).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In case of <i>N</i> sector antennas on the same base station site, each with different direction, the base station site can serve N different sectors. <i>N</i> is typically 3. A <b>reuse pattern</b> of <i>N/K</i> denotes a further division in frequency among <i>N</i> sector antennas per site. Some current and historical reuse patterns are 3/7 (North American AMPS), 6/4 (Motorola NAMPS), and 3/4 (<a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>). </p><p>If the total available <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> is <i>B</i>, each cell can only use a number of frequency channels corresponding to a bandwidth of <i>B/K</i>, and each sector can use a bandwidth of <i>B/NK</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division multiple access</a>-based systems use a wider frequency band to achieve the same rate of transmission as FDMA, but this is compensated for by the ability to use a frequency reuse factor of 1, for example using a reuse pattern of 1/1. In other words, adjacent base station sites use the same frequencies, and the different base stations and users are separated by codes rather than frequencies. While <i>N</i> is shown as 1 in this example, that does not mean the CDMA cell has only one sector, but rather that the entire cell bandwidth is also available to each sector individually. </p><p>Recently also <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access">orthogonal frequency-division multiple access</a> based systems such as <a href="/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="3GPP Long Term Evolution">LTE</a> are being deployed with a frequency reuse of 1. Since such systems do not spread the signal across the frequency band, inter-cell radio resource management is important to coordinate resource allocation between different cell sites and to limit the inter-cell interference. There are various means of <a href="/wiki/Inter-cell_interference_coordination" title="Inter-cell interference coordination">inter-cell interference coordination</a> (ICIC) already defined in the standard.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coordinated scheduling, multi-site MIMO or multi-site beamforming are other examples for inter-cell radio resource management that might be standardized in the future. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Directional_antennas">Directional antennas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cellular_network&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Directional antennas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CellTowersAtCorners.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/CellTowersAtCorners.gif" decoding="async" width="382" height="454" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="454"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 382px;height: 454px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/CellTowersAtCorners.gif" data-width="382" data-height="454" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Cellular telephone frequency reuse pattern. See <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4144411">U.S. patent 4,144,411</a></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Cell towers frequently use a <a href="/wiki/Directional_antenna" title="Directional antenna">directional signal</a> to improve reception in higher-traffic areas. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) limits omnidirectional cell tower signals to 100 watts of power. If the tower has directional antennas, the FCC allows the cell operator to emit up to 500 watts of <a href="/wiki/Effective_radiated_power" title="Effective radiated power">effective radiated power</a> (ERP).<sup id="cite_ref-Drucker_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drucker-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the original cell towers created an even, omnidirectional signal, were at the centers of the cells and were omnidirectional, a cellular map can be redrawn with the cellular telephone towers located at the corners of the hexagons where three cells converge.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each tower has three sets of directional antennas aimed in three different directions with 120 degrees for each cell (totaling 360 degrees) and receiving/transmitting into three different cells at different frequencies. This provides a minimum of three channels, and three towers for each cell and greatly increases the chances of receiving a usable signal from at least one direction. </p><p>The numbers in the illustration are channel numbers, which repeat every 3 cells. Large cells can be subdivided into smaller cells for high volume areas.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cell phone companies also use this directional signal to improve reception along highways and inside buildings like stadiums and arenas.<sup id="cite_ref-Drucker_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drucker-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Broadcast_messages_and_paging">Broadcast messages and paging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cellular_network&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Broadcast messages and paging" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>Practically every cellular system has some kind of broadcast mechanism. This can be used directly for distributing information to multiple mobiles. Commonly, for example in <a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">mobile telephony</a> systems, the most important use of broadcast information is to set up channels for one-to-one communication between the mobile transceiver and the base station. This is called <i>paging</i>. The three different paging procedures generally adopted are sequential, parallel and selective paging. </p><p>The details of the process of paging vary somewhat from network to network, but normally we know a limited number of cells where the phone is located (this group of cells is called a Location Area in the <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> or <a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a> system, or Routing Area if a data packet session is involved; in <a href="/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="3GPP Long Term Evolution">LTE</a>, cells are grouped into Tracking Areas). Paging takes place by sending the broadcast message to all of those cells. Paging messages can be used for information transfer. This happens in <a href="/wiki/Paging_(telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paging (telecommunications)">pagers</a>, in <a href="/wiki/CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA">CDMA</a> systems for sending <a href="/wiki/Short_message_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short message service">SMS</a> messages, and in the <a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a> system where it allows for low downlink latency in packet-based connections. </p><p>In LTE/4G, the Paging procedure is initiated by the MME when data packets need to be delivered to the UE. </p><p>Paging types supported by the MME are: </p> <ul><li>Basic.</li> <li>SGs_CS and SGs_PS.</li> <li>QCI_1 through QCI_9.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Movement_from_cell_to_cell_and_handing_over">Movement from cell to cell and handing over</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cellular_network&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Movement from cell to cell and handing over" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>In a primitive taxi system, when the taxi moved away from a first tower and closer to a second tower, the taxi driver manually switched from one frequency to another as needed. If communication was interrupted due to a loss of a signal, the taxi driver asked the base station operator to repeat the message on a different frequency. </p><p>In a cellular system, as the distributed mobile transceivers move from cell to cell during an ongoing continuous communication, switching from one cell frequency to a different cell frequency is done electronically without interruption and without a base station operator or manual switching. This is called the <a href="/wiki/Handover" title="Handover">handover</a> or handoff. Typically, a new channel is automatically selected for the mobile unit on the new base station which will serve it. The mobile unit then automatically switches from the current channel to the new channel and communication continues. </p><p>The exact details of the mobile system's move from one base station to the other vary considerably from system to system (see the example below for how a mobile phone network manages handover). </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Mobile_phone_network">Mobile phone network</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cellular_network&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mobile phone network" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GSM_ArchitecturePL.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="3G network" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/GSM_ArchitecturePL.svg/300px-GSM_ArchitecturePL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 202px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/GSM_ArchitecturePL.svg/300px-GSM_ArchitecturePL.svg.png" data-alt="3G network" data-width="300" data-height="202" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/GSM_ArchitecturePL.svg/450px-GSM_ArchitecturePL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/GSM_ArchitecturePL.svg/600px-GSM_ArchitecturePL.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>WCDMA network architecture</figcaption></figure> <p>The most common example of a cellular network is a mobile phone (cell phone) network. A <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a> is a portable telephone which receives or makes calls through a <a href="/wiki/Cell_site" title="Cell site">cell site</a> (base station) or transmitting tower. <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> are used to transfer signals to and from the cell phone. </p><p>Modern mobile phone networks use cells because radio frequencies are a limited, shared resource. Cell-sites and handsets change frequency under computer control and use low power transmitters so that the usually limited number of radio frequencies can be simultaneously used by many callers with less interference. </p><p>A cellular network is used by the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">mobile phone operator</a> to achieve both coverage and capacity for their subscribers. Large geographic areas are split into smaller cells to avoid line-of-sight signal loss and to support a large number of active phones in that area. All of the cell sites are connected to <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">telephone exchanges</a> (or switches), which in turn connect to the <a href="/wiki/Public_telephone_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Public telephone network">public telephone network</a>. </p><p>In cities, each cell site may have a range of up to approximately <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> mile (0.80 km), while in rural areas, the range could be as much as 5 miles (8.0 km). It is possible that in clear open areas, a user may receive signals from a cell site 25 miles (40 km) away. In rural areas with low-band coverage and tall towers, basic voice and messaging service may reach 50 miles (80 km), with limitations on bandwidth and number of simultaneous calls. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since almost all mobile phones use <a href="/wiki/Cellular_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular technology">cellular technology</a>, including <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>, <a href="/wiki/CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA">CDMA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Phone System">AMPS</a> (analog), the term "cell phone" is in some regions, notably the US, used interchangeably with "mobile phone". However, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">satellite phones</a> are mobile phones that do not communicate directly with a ground-based cellular tower but may do so indirectly by way of a satellite. </p><p>There are a number of different digital cellular technologies, including: <a href="/wiki/Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Global System for Mobile Communications">Global System for Mobile Communications</a> (GSM), <a href="/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service" title="General Packet Radio Service">General Packet Radio Service</a> (GPRS), <a href="/wiki/CdmaOne" title="CdmaOne">cdmaOne</a>, <a href="/wiki/CDMA2000" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">Evolution-Data Optimized</a> (EV-DO), <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution">Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution</a> (EDGE), <a href="/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System">Universal Mobile Telecommunications System</a> (UMTS), <a href="/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications">Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications</a> (DECT), <a href="/wiki/Digital_AMPS" title="Digital AMPS">Digital AMPS</a> (IS-136/TDMA), and <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Digital_Enhanced_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Digital Enhanced Network">Integrated Digital Enhanced Network</a> (iDEN). The transition from existing analog to the digital standard followed a very different path in Europe and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence, multiple digital standards surfaced in the US, while <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and many countries converged towards the <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> standard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_of_the_mobile_phone_cellular_network">Structure of the mobile phone cellular network</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cellular_network&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Structure of the mobile phone cellular network" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A simple view of the cellular mobile-radio network consists of the following: </p> <ul><li>A network of radio <a href="/wiki/Base_station" title="Base station">base stations</a> forming the <a href="/wiki/Base_station_subsystem" title="Base station subsystem">base station subsystem</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Network_switching_subsystem" title="Network switching subsystem">core circuit switched network</a> for handling voice calls and text</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/GPRS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPRS">packet switched network</a> for handling mobile data</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">public switched telephone network</a> to connect subscribers to the wider telephony network</li></ul> <p>This network is the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> system network. There are many functions that are performed by this network in order to make sure customers get the desired service including mobility management, registration, call set-up, and <a href="/wiki/Handoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Handoff">handover</a>. </p><p>Any phone connects to the network via an RBS (<a href="/wiki/Radio_Base_Station" title="Radio Base Station">Radio Base Station</a>) at a corner of the corresponding cell which in turn connects to the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_switching_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile switching center">Mobile switching center</a> (MSC). The MSC provides a connection to the <a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">public switched telephone network</a> (PSTN). The link from a phone to the RBS is called an <i>uplink</i> while the other way is termed <i>downlink</i>. </p><p>Radio channels effectively use the transmission medium through the use of the following multiplexing and access schemes: <a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Frequency-division multiple access">frequency-division multiple access</a> (FDMA), <a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access" title="Time-division multiple access">time-division multiple access</a> (TDMA), <a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">code-division multiple access</a> (CDMA), and <a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">space-division multiple access</a> (SDMA). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small_cells">Small cells</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cellular_network&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Small cells" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Small_cell" title="Small cell">Small cell</a></div> <p>Small cells, which have a smaller coverage area than base stations, are categorised as follows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microcell" title="Microcell">Microcell</a> -> less than 2 kilometres,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picocell" title="Picocell">Picocell</a> -> less than 200 metres,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femtocell" title="Femtocell">Femtocell</a> -> around 10 metres,</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attocell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attocell (page does not exist)">Attocell</a> -> 1–4 metres</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cellular_handover_in_mobile_phone_networks">Cellular handover in mobile phone networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cellular_network&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cellular handover in mobile phone networks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Handover" title="Handover">Handover</a></div> <p>As the phone user moves from one cell area to another cell while a call is in progress, the mobile station will search for a new channel to attach to in order not to drop the call. Once a new channel is found, the network will command the mobile unit to switch to the new channel and at the same time switch the call onto the new channel. </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA">CDMA</a>, multiple CDMA handsets share a specific radio channel. The signals are separated by using a <a href="/wiki/Pseudorandom_noise" title="Pseudorandom noise">pseudonoise</a> code (PN code) that is specific to each phone. As the user moves from one cell to another, the handset sets up radio links with multiple cell sites (or sectors of the same site) simultaneously. This is known as "soft handoff" because, unlike with traditional <a href="/wiki/Cellular_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular technology">cellular technology</a>, there is no one defined point where the phone switches to the new cell. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/IS-95" class="mw-redirect" title="IS-95">IS-95</a> inter-frequency handovers and older analog systems such as <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Mobile_Telephone" title="Nordic Mobile Telephone">NMT</a> it will typically be impossible to test the target channel directly while communicating. In this case, other techniques have to be used such as pilot beacons in IS-95. This means that there is almost always a brief break in the communication while searching for the new channel followed by the risk of an unexpected return to the old channel. </p><p>If there is no ongoing communication or the communication can be interrupted, it is possible for the mobile unit to spontaneously move from one cell to another and then notify the base station with the strongest signal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cellular_frequency_choice_in_mobile_phone_networks">Cellular frequency choice in mobile phone networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cellular_network&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cellular frequency choice in mobile phone networks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">Cellular frequencies</a></div> <p>The effect of frequency on cell coverage means that different frequencies serve better for different uses. Low frequencies, such as 450 MHz NMT, serve very well for countryside coverage. <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> 900 (900 MHz) is suitable for light urban coverage. <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> 1800 (1.8 GHz) starts to be limited by structural walls. <a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a>, at 2.1 GHz is quite similar in coverage to <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> 1800. </p><p>Higher frequencies are a disadvantage when it comes to coverage, but it is a decided advantage when it comes to capacity. Picocells, covering e.g. one floor of a building, become possible, and the same frequency can be used for cells which are practically neighbors. </p><p>Cell service area may also vary due to interference from transmitting systems, both within and around that cell. This is true especially in CDMA based systems. The receiver requires a certain <a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal-to-noise ratio</a>, and the transmitter should not send with too high transmission power in view to not cause interference with other transmitters. As the receiver moves away from the transmitter, the power received decreases, so the <a href="/wiki/Power_control" title="Power control">power control</a> algorithm of the transmitter increases the power it transmits to restore the level of received power. As the interference (noise) rises above the received power from the transmitter, and the power of the transmitter cannot be increased anymore, the signal becomes corrupted and eventually unusable. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=CDMA-based_systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CDMA-based systems (page does not exist)">CDMA-based systems</a>, the effect of interference from other mobile transmitters in the same cell on coverage area is very marked and has a special name, <i><a href="/wiki/Cell_breathing_(telephony)" title="Cell breathing (telephony)">cell breathing</a></i>. </p><p>One can see examples of cell coverage by studying some of the coverage maps provided by real operators on their web sites or by looking at independently crowdsourced maps such as <a href="/wiki/Opensignal" title="Opensignal">Opensignal</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=CellMapper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CellMapper (page does not exist)">CellMapper</a>. In certain cases they may mark the site of the transmitter; in others, it can be calculated by working out the point of strongest coverage. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Cellular_repeater" title="Cellular repeater">cellular repeater</a> is used to extend cell coverage into larger areas. They range from wideband repeaters for consumer use in homes and offices to smart or digital repeaters for industrial needs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cell_size">Cell size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cellular_network&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cell size" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The following table shows the dependency of the coverage area of one cell on the frequency of a <a href="/wiki/CDMA2000" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000</a> network:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Frequency (MHz) </th> <th>Cell radius (km) </th> <th>Cell area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>Relative cell count </th></tr> <tr> <td>450 </td> <td>48.9 </td> <td>7521 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>950 </td> <td>26.9 </td> <td>2269 </td> <td>3.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1800 </td> <td>14.0 </td> <td>618 </td> <td>12.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2100 </td> <td>12.0 </td> <td>449 </td> <td>16.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cellular_network&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg/220px-Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="459"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg/220px-Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg/330px-Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg/440px-Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Cellular network standards and generation timeline.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lists and technical information: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_technology" title="Mobile technology">Mobile technologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a> networks (the first digital networks, <a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone" title="Mobile radio telephone">0G</a> were analog): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_Switched_Data" title="Circuit Switched Data">Circuit Switched Data</a> (CSD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPRS">GPRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDGE" class="mw-redirect" title="EDGE">EDGE</a>(IMT-SC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolved_EDGE" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolved EDGE">Evolved EDGE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_AMPS" title="Digital AMPS">Digital AMPS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_Digital_Packet_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular Digital Packet Data">Cellular Digital Packet Data</a> (CDPD)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CdmaOne" title="CdmaOne">cdmaOne</a> (IS-95) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_Switched_Data" title="Circuit Switched Data">Circuit Switched Data</a> (CSD)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Handy-phone_System" title="Personal Handy-phone System">Personal Handy-phone System</a> (PHS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Digital_Cellular" title="Personal Digital Cellular">Personal Digital Cellular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> networks: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System">UMTS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="W-CDMA">W-CDMA</a> (air interface)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-CDMA">TD-CDMA</a> (air interface)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD-SCDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-SCDMA">TD-SCDMA</a> (air interface) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">HSPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSDPA" class="mw-redirect" title="HSDPA">HSDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSPA%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="HSPA+">HSPA+</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDMA2000" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OFDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDMA">OFDMA</a> (air interface) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EVDO" class="mw-redirect" title="EVDO">EVDO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SVDO" title="SVDO">SVDO</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> networks: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IMT_Advanced" title="IMT Advanced">IMT Advanced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> (TD-LTE) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced" title="LTE Advanced">LTE Advanced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="LTE Advanced Pro">LTE Advanced Pro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX-Advanced" class="mw-redirect" title="WiMAX-Advanced">WiMAX-Advanced</a> (WirelessMAN-Advanced)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Mobile_Broadband" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra Mobile Broadband">Ultra Mobile Broadband</a> (never commercialized)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.20" title="IEEE 802.20">MBWA</a> (IEEE 802.20, Mobile Broadband Wireless Access, HC-SDMA, iBurst, has been shut down)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> networks: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G_NR" title="5G NR">5G NR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G-Advanced" class="mw-redirect" title="5G-Advanced">5G-Advanced</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Starting with EVDO the following techniques can also be used to improve performance: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">SDMA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beamforming" title="Beamforming">Beamforming</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">Cellular frequencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDMA_frequency_bands" title="CDMA frequency bands">CDMA frequency bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSM_frequency_bands" title="GSM frequency bands">GSM frequency bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMTS_frequency_bands" title="UMTS frequency bands">UMTS frequency bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_frequency_bands" title="LTE frequency bands">LTE frequency bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G_NR_frequency_bands" title="5G NR frequency bands">5G NR frequency bands</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deployed networks by technology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UMTS_networks" title="List of UMTS networks">List of UMTS networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_CDMA2000_networks" title="List of CDMA2000 networks">List of CDMA2000 networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LTE_networks" title="List of LTE networks">List of LTE networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deployed_WiMAX_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of deployed WiMAX networks">List of deployed WiMAX networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_5G_NR_networks" title="List of 5G NR networks">List of 5G NR networks</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deployed networks by country (including technology and frequencies) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile network operators of Europe">List of mobile network operators of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_the_Americas" title="List of mobile network operators of the Americas">List of mobile network operators of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_the_Asia_Pacific_region" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile network operators of the Asia Pacific region">List of mobile network operators of the Asia Pacific region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_the_Middle_East_and_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile network operators of the Middle East and Africa">List of mobile network operators of the Middle East and Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators" title="List of mobile network operators">List of mobile network operators</a> (summary)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_country_code" title="Mobile country code">Mobile country code</a> - code, frequency, and technology for each operator in each country</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" title="Comparison of mobile phone standards">Comparison of mobile phone standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_phone_brands_by_country" title="List of mobile phone brands by country">List of mobile phone brands by country</a> (manufacturers)</li></ul> <p>Equipment: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_repeater" title="Cellular repeater">Cellular repeater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_router" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular router">Cellular router</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_mobile_radio" title="Professional mobile radio">Professional mobile radio</a> (PMR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenBTS" title="OpenBTS">OpenBTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_radio_head" title="Remote radio head">Remote radio head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_transceiver_station" title="Base transceiver station">Baseband unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_access_network" title="Radio access network">Radio access network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_cell_sites" title="Mobile cell sites">Mobile cell sites</a></li></ul> <p>Other: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_diversity" title="Antenna diversity">Antenna diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_traffic" title="Cellular traffic">Cellular traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a> (multiple-input and multiple-output)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_edge_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile edge computing">Mobile edge computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_radiation_and_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile phone radiation and health">Mobile phone radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_simulation" title="Network simulation">Network simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Communications_Service" title="Personal Communications Service">Personal Communications Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_resource_management" title="Radio resource management">Radio resource management</a> (RRM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routing_in_cellular_networks" title="Routing in cellular networks">Routing in cellular networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal strength">Signal strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_47_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cellular_network&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eitc.org/research-opportunities/5g-and-beyond-mobile-wireless-technology/5g-and-beyond-technology-roadmap/cellular-cellular-technology-and-ran/cellular-networks-base-stations-and-5g-ran/cellular-networks-1/cellular-networks-cells-and-base-stations-1/cellular-networks-cells-and-base-stations">"Cellular Networks, Cells, and Base Stations — EITC"</a>. <i>www.eitc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eitc.org&rft.atitle=Cellular+Networks%2C+Cells%2C+and+Base+Stations+%E2%80%94+EITC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eitc.org%2Fresearch-opportunities%2F5g-and-beyond-mobile-wireless-technology%2F5g-and-beyond-technology-roadmap%2Fcellular-cellular-technology-and-ran%2Fcellular-networks-base-stations-and-5g-ran%2Fcellular-networks-1%2Fcellular-networks-cells-and-base-stations-1%2Fcellular-networks-cells-and-base-stations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACellular+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zander-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zander_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zander_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zander_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zander_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuowang_MiaoJens_ZanderKi_Won_SungBen_Slimane2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guowang_Miao" title="Guowang Miao">Guowang Miao</a>; Jens Zander; Ki Won Sung; Ben Slimane (2016). <i>Fundamentals of Mobile Data Networks</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107143210" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107143210"><bdi>978-1107143210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Mobile+Data+Networks&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1107143210&rft.au=Guowang+Miao&rft.au=Jens+Zander&rft.au=Ki+Won+Sung&rft.au=Ben+Slimane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACellular+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Simonite2013" class="citation web cs1">Tom Simonite (24 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/view/510341/googles-private-cell-phone-network/">"Google's Private Cell Phone Network Could Be a Threat to Cellular Carriers | MIT Technology Review"</a>. Technologyreview.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201118/http://www.technologyreview.com/view/510341/googles-private-cell-phone-network/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Asad Abidi Recognized for Work in RF-CMOS". <i>IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 57–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FN-SSC.2008.4785694">10.1109/N-SSC.2008.4785694</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1098-4232">1098-4232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Solid-State+Circuits+Society+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Asad+Abidi+Recognized+for+Work+in+RF-CMOS&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-58&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FN-SSC.2008.4785694&rft.issn=1098-4232&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACellular+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. E. Flood. Telecommunication Networks. Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, UK, 1997. chapter 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120430205327/http://www.thereversephone.com/phone-networks/phone-networks/">"Phone Networks"</a>. The Reverse Phone. 8 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thereversephone.com/phone-networks/phone-networks/">the original</a> on 30 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Nomor Research. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nomor.de/uploads/a4/81/a4815c4dc585be33c81f0ec7a15deed7/2010-12-WhitePaper_LTE_HetNet_ICIC.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Privateline.com. 1 January 2006. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.privateline.com/Cellbasics/Cellbasics02.html">the original</a> on 17 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cellular+Telephone+Basics&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Privateline.com&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.privateline.com%2FCellbasics%2FCellbasics02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACellular+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4144411">U.S. patent 4,144,411</a></span> – <i>Cellular Radiotelephone System for Different Cell Sizes</i> – Richard H. Frenkiel (Bell Labs), filed 22 September 1976, issued 13 March 1979</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paetsch, Michael (1993): The evolution of mobile communications in the US and Europe. Regulation, technology, and markets. Boston, London: Artech House (The Artech House mobile communications library).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColin_Chandler2003" class="citation web cs1">Colin Chandler (3 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/ITU-D/tech/events/2003/slovenia2003/Presentations/Day%203/3.3.1_Chandler.pdf">"CDMA 2000 and CDMA 450"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CDMA+2000+and+CDMA+450&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2003-12-03&rft.au=Colin+Chandler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2FITU-D%2Ftech%2Fevents%2F2003%2Fslovenia2003%2FPresentations%2FDay%25203%2F3.3.1_Chandler.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACellular+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cellular_network&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li>P. Key, D. Smith. Teletraffic Engineering in a competitive world. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam Netherlands, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0444502681" title="Special:BookSources/978-0444502681">978-0444502681</a>. Chapter 1 (Plenary) and 3 (mobile).</li> <li>William C. Y. Lee, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Mobile_Cellular_Telecommunications_Syste.html?id=fS91Sly6vYgC">Mobile Cellular Telecommunications Systems</a></i> (1989), McGraw-Hill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-071-00790-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-071-00790-0">978-0-071-00790-0</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cellular_network&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaciti1995" class="citation web cs1">Raciti, Robert C. (July 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130715020839/http://scis.nova.edu/~raciti/cellular.html">"CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY"</a>. Nova Southeastern University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scis.nova.edu/~raciti/cellular.html">the original</a> on 15 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CELLULAR+TECHNOLOGY&rft.pub=Nova+Southeastern+University&rft.date=1995-07&rft.aulast=Raciti&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscis.nova.edu%2F~raciti%2Fcellular.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACellular+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.staracle.com/general/mobileNetworkHistory.php">A History of Cellular Networks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mystudytech.com/what-are-cellular-networks-1g-to-6g-features-evolution/">What are cellular networks? 1G to 6G Features & Evolution</a></li> <li>Technical Details with Call Flow about <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paktechpoint.com/lte-paging-procedure/">LTE Paging Procedure</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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</div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شبكة خلوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شبكة خلوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobil_%C5%9F%C9%99b%C9%99k%C9%99" title="Mobil şəbəkə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mobil şəbəkə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="সেলুলার নেটওয়ার্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সেলুলার নেটওয়ার্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Сотавая сувязь – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сотавая сувязь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Сотавая сувязь – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сотавая сувязь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Клетъчна мрежа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клетъчна мрежа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xarxa_cel%C2%B7lular" title="Xarxa cel·lular – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xarxa cel·lular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0_%C3%A7%D1%8B%D1%85%C4%83%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Карасла çыхăну – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Карасла çыхăну" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celul%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_r%C3%A1diov%C3%A1_s%C3%AD%C5%A5" title="Celulární rádiová síť – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Celulární rádiová síť" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilfunknetz" title="Mobilfunknetz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mobilfunknetz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobiilsidev%C3%B5rk" title="Mobiilsidevõrk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mobiilsidevõrk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%88%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C_%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%85%CE%BF" title="Κυψελωτό δίκτυο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κυψελωτό δίκτυο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_de_celdas" title="Red de celdas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Red de celdas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movtelefonio" title="Movtelefonio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Movtelefonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sare_zelular" title="Sare zelular – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sare zelular" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="شبکه سلولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبکه سلولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_de_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9phonie_mobile" title="Réseau de téléphonie mobile – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réseau de téléphonie mobile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%85%80_(%EC%9D%B4%EB%8F%99_%ED%86%B5%EC%8B%A0)" title="셀 (이동 통신) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="셀 (이동 통신)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%BB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BA" title="Բջջային կապ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բջջային կապ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="सेलुलर नेटवर्क – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सेलुलर नेटवर्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-retaro" title="Radio-retaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Radio-retaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan_seluler" title="Jaringan seluler – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jaringan seluler" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxhoxho_lwamakhukhu" title="Uxhoxho lwamakhukhu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Uxhoxho lwamakhukhu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars%C3%ADmakerfi" title="Farsímakerfi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Farsímakerfi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rete_di_telecomunicazione_cellulare" title="Rete di telecomunicazione cellulare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rete di telecomunicazione cellulare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תקשורת סלולרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקשורת סלולרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2" title="ಸೆಲ್ಯುಲರ್‌ ಜಾಲ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೆಲ್ಯುಲರ್‌ ಜಾಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%AD%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ფიჭური კავშირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფიჭური კავშირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Ұялы байланыс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұялы байланыс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilusis_ry%C5%A1ys" title="Mobilusis ryšys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mobilusis ryšys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="सेल्युलर नेटवर्क – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सेल्युलर नेटवर्क" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%AD%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3" title="ფიჭური რსხუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფიჭური რსხუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%BB%E5%8B%95%E4%BD%93%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="移動体通信ネットワーク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="移動体通信ネットワーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilnett" title="Mobilnett – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mobilnett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilnett" title="Mobilnett – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mobilnett" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_celular" title="Red celular – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Red celular" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefonia_kom%C3%B3rkowa" title="Telefonia komórkowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Telefonia komórkowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_de_telefonia_celular" title="Rede de telefonia celular – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rede de telefonia celular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Сотовая связь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сотовая связь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rrjeti_celular" title="Rrjeti celular – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rrjeti celular" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celul%C3%A1rna_r%C3%A1diov%C3%A1_sie%C5%A5" title="Celulárna rádiová sieť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Celulárna rádiová sieť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matkapuhelinverkko" title="Matkapuhelinverkko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Matkapuhelinverkko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%82%D3%99" title="Кәрәзле элемтә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кәрәзле элемтә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCcresel_a%C4%9F" title="Hücresel ağ – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hücresel ağ" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Стільниковий зв'язок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стільниковий зв'язок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1ng_thi%E1%BA%BFt_b%E1%BB%8B_di_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng" title="Mạng thiết bị di động – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mạng thiết bị di động" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%82%E7%AA%9D%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="蜂窝网络 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蜂窝网络" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%8B%95%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="流動網絡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="流動網絡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%82%E7%AA%9D%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="蜂窝网络 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蜂窝网络" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul 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