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It was formed on 9 September 1938, initially as a women's voluntary service, and existed until 1 February 1949, when it was merged into the [[Women's Royal Army Corps]]. The ATS had its roots in the [[Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (Britain)|Women's Auxiliary Army Corps]] (WAAC), which was formed in 1917 as a voluntary service. During the [[World War I|First World War]] its members served in a number of jobs including clerks, cooks, telephonists and waitresses. The WAAC was disbanded after four years in 1921. Prior to the Second World War, the government decided to establish a new Corps for women, and an advisory council, which included members of the [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] (TA), a section of the [[First Aid Nursing Yeomanry|Women's Transport Service]] (FANY) and the [[Women's Legion]], was set up. The council decided that the ATS would be attached to the Territorial Army, and the women serving would receive two thirds the pay of male soldiers. [[File:ATS Memorial.jpg|thumb|right|alt="White statue of a woman in uniform, with a chapel in the background. Photographed 1877"|upright|An ATS memorial at the [[National Memorial Arboretum]].]] All women in the army joined the ATS except for nurses, who joined [[Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service]] (QAIMNS), medical and dental officers, who were commissioned directly into the Army and held army ranks, and those remaining in the FANY, known as Free FANYs. ==In action== [[File:The Auxiliary Territorial Service in the United Kingdom 1939 - 1945 H36315.jpg|thumb|right|Two members of an ATS searchlight unit.]] The first recruits to the ATS were employed as cooks, clerks and storekeepers. At the outbreak of the Second World War, 300 ATS members were billeted to France. As the German Army advanced through France, the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]] was driven back towards the English Channel. This led to the evacuation of troops from [[Battle of Dunkirk|Dunkirk]] in May 1940, and some ATS telephonists were among the last British personnel to leave the country. As more men joined the war effort, it was decided to increase the size of the ATS, with numbers reaching 65,000 by September 1941. Women between the ages of 17 and 43 were allowed to join, although these rules were relaxed in order to allow WAAC veterans to join up to the age of 50. The duties of members were also expanded, seeing ATS orderlies, drivers, postal workers and ammunition inspectors.<ref>Margaret Dady, ''Women's War: Life in the Auxiliary Territorial Service'' (1986)</ref> Over the six-year period of the War, about 500 ATS personnel were trained to operate the [[Cinetheodolite]], with the highest number being in 1943–44, when 305 ATS were in active service using this equipment.<ref>Margaret Lang, Senior Commander K.T Staff, School of A. A. Artillery, Manorbier in ''The Kine Gazette'', December 1945. Printed by E.H. Leach, South Parade, Tenby</ref> One application of this specialist camera was in gunnery practice, where a pair of Cinetheodolites a known distance apart filmed the shell bursts from [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft artillery]] against [[Target tug|target drones]] towed by an aircraft. By comparing the filmed location of the shells' detonation and the target, accurate calculations of their relative position could be made that would reveal any systematic error in the [[Sight (device)|gunsights]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://ww2today.com/27th-december-1942-the-life-of-an-ats-ack-ack-girl| title = The life of an ATS Ack-Ack girl| access-date = 2015-01-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.atsremembered.org.uk/gunners.htm| title = Personal statements from ATS gunners| access-date = 2015-01-15}}</ref> ==The National Service Act== [[File:INF3-117 Forces Recruitment ATS They can%27t get on without us Artist Dugdale.jpg|thumb|right|upright|ATS recruitment poster, with AA gun in background]] In December 1941, Parliament passed the National Service Act, which called up unmarried women between 20 and 30 years old to join one of the auxiliary services. These were the ATS, the [[Women's Royal Naval Service]] (WRNS), the [[Women's Auxiliary Air Force]] (WAAF) and the [[First Aid Nursing Yeomanry|Women's Transport Service]]. Married women were also later called up, although pregnant women and those with young children were exempt. Other options under the Act included joining the [[Royal Voluntary Service|Women's Voluntary Service]] (WVS), which supplemented the emergency services at home, or the [[Women's Land Army]], helping on farms.<ref>Dady, ''Women's War: Life in the Auxiliary Territorial Service'' (1986)</ref> There was also provision made in the act for objection to service on moral grounds, as about a third of those on the [[conscientious objector]]s list were women. A number of women were prosecuted as a result of the act, some even being imprisoned. Despite this, by 1943 about nine out of ten women were taking an active part in the war effort. Women were barred from serving in battle, but due to shortages of men, ATS members, as well as members of the other women's voluntary services, took over many support tasks, such as [[radar]] operators, forming part of the crews of [[anti-aircraft gun]]s and [[Royal Military Police|military police]]. However, these roles were not without risk, and there were, according to the [[Imperial War Museum]], 717 casualties during World War II.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://archive.iwm.org.uk/upload/pdf/Info42.pdf| title = The Auxiliary Territorial Service in the Second World War| publisher = The Imperial War Museum| access-date = 2009-02-27| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131227213716/http://archive.iwm.org.uk/upload/pdf/Info42.pdf| archive-date = 27 December 2013| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}</ref> [[File:Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) women working on a Churchill tank at a Royal Army Ordnance Corps depot, 10 October 1942. H24517 - Restoration.jpg|thumb|left|ATS women working on a [[Churchill tank]] at a Royal Army Ordnance Corps depot, 10 October 1942.]] [[File:ATS Cine Projector Operators, Aldershot, Hampshire, England, UK, 1941 D5503.jpg|thumb|right|Two projectionists of the Auxiliary Territorial Service operate a projector at the field stores, Aldershot, in 1941.]] The first 'Mixed' Heavy Anti-Aircraft (HAA) battery of the [[Royal Artillery]] ([[435th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery|435 (Mixed) HAA Battery]]) was formed on 25 June 1941, and took over an operational gun site in [[Richmond Park]], south-west London, in August. It was the forerunner of hundreds of similar units with the ATS supplying two-thirds of the personnel: at its height in 1943 three-quarters of [[Anti-Aircraft Command]]'s HAA batteries were mixed. Several Heavy Anti-Aircraft regiments deployed to North West Europe with [[21st Army Group]] in 1944–45 were 'Mixed' regiments.<ref name = Routledge>Brig N.W. Routledge, ''History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55'', London: Royal Artillery Institution/Brassey's, 1994, {{ISBN|1-85753-099-3}}, pp. 399–401.</ref> A secret trial (the 'Newark Experiment' in April 1941) having shown that women were capable of operating heavy searchlight equipment and coping with conditions on the often desolate searchlight sites, members of the ATS began training at [[Rhyl]] to replace male personnel in searchlight regiments. At first they were employed in searchlight Troop headquarters, but in July 1942 the [[London Electrical Engineers|26th (London Electrical Engineers) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery]] became the first 'Mixed' regiment, with seven Troops of ATS women posted to it, forming the whole of 301 Battery and half of 339 Battery. In October that year the all-women 301 Battery was transferred to the new [[93rd Searchlight Regiment|93rd (Mixed) Searchlight Regiment]], the last searchlight regiment formed during World War II, which by August 1943 comprised about 1500 women out of an establishment of 1674. Many other searchlight and anti-aircraft regiments on Home Defence followed, freeing men aged under 30 of medical category A1 for transfer to the infantry.<ref name = Routledge/><ref>Keith Brigstock 'Royal Artillery Searchlights', presentation to Royal Artillery Historical Society at Larkhill, 17 January 2007.</ref><ref>Norman E. H. Litchfield, ''The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges)'', Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-9508205-2-0}}.</ref><ref>{{citation |authorlink=Lionel Ellis |first=Major L. F. |last=Ellis |series=[[History of the Second World War]], United Kingdom Military Series |title=Victory in the West", Vol II: "The Defeat of Germany" |location= London |publisher=HM Stationery Office |year=1968 |edition=Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004 |isbn=1-845740-59-9}}, Appendix IV.</ref> Similarly, by 1943 the ATS represented 10 per cent of the [[Royal Corps of Signals]], having taken over the major part of the signal office and operating duties in the [[War Office]] and Home Commands, and ATS companies were sent to work on the lines of communications of active overseas theatres.<ref>Maj-Gen R. F. H. Nalder, ''The Royal Corps of Signals: A History of its Antecedents and Developments (Circa 1800–1955)'', London: Royal Signals Institution, 1958, p. 352.</ref> [[File:Hrh_Princess_Elizabeth_in_the_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service,_April_1945_TR2832.jpg|thumb|right|[[Elizabeth II|Princess Elizabeth]] in her ATS uniform in front of an Army ambulance.]] [[File:Prime Minister Winston Churchill of Great Britain, accompanied by his daughter, Mary Churchill, leaves the "Little... - NARA - 198765.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mary Soames, Baroness Soames|Mary Churchill]], in her ATS uniform, accompanying her father Prime Minister Winston Churchill]] By [[VE Day]] and before [[Demobilization of the British Armed Forces after World War II|demobilization of the British armed forces]], there were over 190,000 members of the women's Auxiliary Territorial Service. Famous members of the ATS included [[Mary Soames, Baroness Soames|Mary Churchill]], youngest daughter of the [[prime minister]], [[Winston Churchill]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Wrigley, Chris.|title=Winston Churchill: A biographical companion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBUslUOGOgkC&pg=PA124|year=2002|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara|isbn=978-0-87436-990-8|page=124}}</ref> and Princess Elizabeth, later Queen [[Elizabeth II]], eldest daughter of [[George VI|the King]], who trained as a lorry driver, ambulance driver and mechanic.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/Publiclife/EarlyPublicLife/Earlypubliclife.aspx | title = Her Majesty the Queen – Early Public Life| publisher = Official website of the British Monarchy| access-date = 2009-02-27| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090216023059/http://www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/Publiclife/EarlyPublicLife/Earlypubliclife.aspx| archive-date= 16 February 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Our Queen at War: Princess Elizabeth's role in the British armed forces during the Second World War |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/queen-birthday-second-world-war-mechanic-driver-princess-ats-a9473351.html |last=Barr |first=Sabrina |date=2020-04-22 |access-date=2022-09-15 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> ==Post-war== After the cessation of hostilities women continued to serve in the ATS, as well as in the WRNS and WAAF. It was succeeded by the [[Women's Royal Army Corps]] (WRAC), which formed on 1 February 1949 under Army Order 6. ==Ranks== Initially ranks were completely different from those of the army, but used the same rank insignia, although the crown was replaced by a laurel wreath.<ref name="ranks">"Badges of Rank in the ATS", ''The Times'', 30 September 1939</ref> Members were required to salute their own superior officers, but not other organisations' officers, although it was considered courteous to do so.<ref name="ranks" /> [[File:At An ATS Motor Transport Company Training Centre, Camberley, Surrey, 1941 D5719.jpg|thumb|ATS trainees have various parts of an engine explained to them by their instructor, 1941]] On 9 May 1941, the ATS rank structure was reorganised, and as of July 1941 the ATS was given full military status and members were no longer volunteers. The [[Other ranks (UK)|other ranks]] now held almost identical ranks to army personnel, but officers continued to have a separate rank system, that was somewhat modified. All uniforms and badges of rank remained the same, although crowns replaced laurel wreaths in the rank insignia. Members were now required to salute all superior officers. The only holders of the rank of chief controller were the first three directors, promoted to the rank on their appointment, and [[Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood|Princess Mary]], who held it from 1939 and was appointed the ATS's honorary controller-commandant in August 1941. When other ranks were assigned to mixed-sex [[Royal Artillery]] batteries of [[Anti-Aircraft Command]] starting in 1941, they were accorded the Royal Artillery ranks of [[gunner (rank)|gunner]], [[lance-bombardier]], and [[bombardier (rank)|bombardier]] (instead of private, lance-corporal, and corporal), and wore the RA's braided white [[lanyard]] on the right shoulder and the 'grenade' collar badge above the left breast pocket of their uniform tunic.<ref>Col J.D. Sainsbury, ''The Hertfordshire Yeomanry Regiments, Royal Artillery, Part 2: The Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment 1938–1945 and the Searchlight Battery 1937–1945; Part 3: The Post-war Units 1947–2002'', Welwyn: Hertfordshire Yeomanry and Artillery Trust/Hart Books, 2003, {{ISBN|0-948527-06-4}}, Plate 9, p. 7.</ref> ===Officers=== {| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;" |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" ! ! colspan=10| General officers ! colspan=6| Field officers ! colspan=8| Junior officers ! colspan=12| |- style="text-align:center;" {{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armies/OF/ATS Pre-1941}} {{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armies/OF/ATS Post-1941}} |- style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan=2| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British Army|United Kingdom]]<br>(1928–1953) | colspan=2| [[File:British Army (1920-1953) OF-10.svg|50px|Field Marshal]] | colspan=2| [[File:British Army (1920-1953) OF-9.svg|50px|General]] | colspan=2| [[File:British Army (1920-1953) OF-8.svg|50px|Lieutenant-General]] | colspan=2| [[File:British Army (1920-1953) OF-7.svg|50px|Major-General]] | colspan=2| [[File:British Army (1928-1953) OF-6.svg|50px|Brigadier]] | colspan=2| [[File:British Army (1920-1953) OF-5.svg|50px|Colonel]] | colspan=2| [[File:British Army (1920-1953) OF-4.svg|50px|Lieutenant-Colonel]] | colspan=2| [[File:British Army (1920-1953) OF-3.svg|50px|Major]] | colspan=2| [[File:British Army (1920-1953) OF-2.svg|50px|Captain]] | colspan=3| [[File:British Army (1920-1953) OF-1b.svg|50px|Lieutenant]] | colspan=3| [[File:British Army (1920-1953) OF-1a.svg|50px|Second Lieutenant]] | colspan=6| '''[[File:British Army (1920-1953) OF (D).svg|50px|Officer Cadet]]''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan=2| [[Field Marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] | colspan=2| [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] | colspan=2| [[Lieutenant-General (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] | colspan=2| [[Major-General (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] | colspan=2| [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] | colspan=2| [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|Colonel]] | colspan=2| [[Lieutenant-Colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-Colonel]] | colspan=2| [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]] | colspan=2| [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] | colspan=3| [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lieutenant]] | colspan=3| [[Second Lieutenant#United Kingdom and Commonwealth|Second Lieutenant]] | colspan=6| [[Officer Cadet#United Kingdom|Officer Cadet]] {{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}} |} ===Other ranks=== {| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;" |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC; text-align:center;" ! Rank group ! colspan=22| Senior NCOs ! colspan=6| Junior NCOs ! colspan=8| Enlisted |- style="text-align:center;" {{Ranks and insignia of NATO armies/OR/ATS Pre-1941}} {{Ranks and insignia of NATO armies/OR/ATS Post-1941}} |- style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan=2 | {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British Army|United Kingdom]]<br>(1920 – 1953) | colspan=3| [[File:British Army (1920-1953) OR-9b.svg|50px]] | colspan=3| [[File:British Army (1920-1953) OR-9a.svg|50px]] | colspan=1| [[File:British Army (1920-1953) OR-8.svg|50px]] | colspan=1| [[File:British Army (1920-1953) OR-7.svg|50px]] | colspan=2| [[File:British Army (1920-1953) OR-6.svg|50px]] | colspan=6| [[File:British Army (1920-1953) OR-4.svg|50px]] | colspan=6 rowspan=2| '''''No equivalent''''' | colspan=4| [[File:British Army (1920-1953) OR-3.svg|50px]] | colspan=2| [[File:British Army (1920-1953) OR-2.svg|50px]] | colspan=8| '''No insignia'''{{Hr}} |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan=6| [[Warrant Officer (United Kingdom)#British Army|Warrant Officer Class I]] | colspan=1| [[Warrant Officer (United Kingdom)#British Army|Warrant Officer Class II]] | colspan=1| [[Warrant Officer (United Kingdom)#British Army|Warrant Officer Class III]]<ref group="note">1938-1940</ref> | colspan=2| [[Staff Sergeant|Staff]]/[[Colour Sergeant]] | colspan=6| [[Sergeant]] | colspan=4| [[Corporal]] | colspan=2| [[Lance Corporal]] | colspan=8| [[Private (rank)|Private]]<br />(or equivalent) {{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armies/OR/Blank}} |} ==List of Directors ATS== [[File:ATS 'Ack-Ack Girls' memorial at the National Memorial Arboretum.jpg|thumb|ATS 'Ack-Ack Girls' memorial at the [[National Memorial Arboretum]]. The badges depicted are those of the ATS, [[Royal Artillery]] and [[Anti-Aircraft Command]].]] * [[Helen Gwynne-Vaughan|Chief Controller Dame Helen Gwynne-Vaughan]], July 1939 – July 1941 * [[Jean Knox|Chief Controller Jean Knox]], July 1941 – October 1943 * [[Leslie Whateley|Chief Controller Dame Leslie Whateley]], October 1943 – April 1946 * [[Mary Tyrwhitt|Senior Controller Dame Mary Tyrwhitt]], April 1946 – January 1949 ==Notable ATS personnel== {{See also|Category:Auxiliary Territorial Service soldiers|Category:Auxiliary Territorial Service officers}} [[File:Hrh Princess Elizabeth Undergoing Instruction at the Auxiliary Territorial Service Training Centre, April 1945 H41676.jpg|thumb|right|Princess Elizabeth (centre) with officers of the ATS Training Centre]] [[File:1940 POSTER ADVOCATING ENLISTMENT IN THE ARMY. כרזה משנות ה-40 המפארת את לובשות המדים הצבאיים.D247-031.jpg|thumb|ATS recruitment poster from [[Mandatory Palestine]], in English and Hebrew]] {{div col}} * [[Julian Phelps Allan]] * [[Betty Harvie Anderson, Baroness Skrimshire of Quarter]] * [[Henrietta Barnett (WRAF officer)|Henrietta Barnett]], later Director of the [[Women's Royal Air Force|WRAF]] * [[Violet Bathurst, Lady Apsley]] * [[Joan Bernard]] * [[Bridget Boland]] * [[Nadia Cattouse]] * [[Mary Soames|Mary Spencer-Churchill]] (later Baroness Soames) * [[Mary Colvin]]l * [[Ena Collymore-Woodstock]] * [[Primrose Cumming]] * [[Elizabeth II|Princess Elizabeth]] (later Queen Elizabeth II) * [[Margaret Fairchild]] * [[Pamela Frankau]] * [[Christian Fraser-Tytler]] * [[William Gell (RAF officer)|Edith Gell]] * [[Murder of Gay Gibson|Gay Gibson]] * [[Valerie Goulding]] * [[Susan Hibbert]] * [[Elisabeth Kirkby]] * [[Esme Langley]] * [[Margot Marshall]] * [[Linda McCullough Thew]] * [[Bridget Monckton, 11th Lady Ruthven of Freeland]] * [[Stella Moray]] * [[Maisie Mosco]] * [[Jennifer Moyle]] * [[Eileen Nolan]] * [[Julia Pirie]] * [[Elisabeth Rivers-Bulkeley]] * [[Yvonne Rudelatt]] * [[Stella Schmolle]] * [[Nancy Salmon]] * [[Betty Webb (code breaker)]] * [[Leslie Whateley]] * [[Estelle White]] * [[Celia Whitelaw, Viscountess Whitelaw]] {{div col end}} ==See also== {{div col}} *[[Air Transport Auxiliary]] *[[National Association of Training Corps for Girls]] *[[Women's Auxiliary Air Force]] *[[Women's Royal Naval Service]] {{div col end}} ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * Bidwell Shelford. ''Women's Royal Army Corps'' (1997) 141pp * Bigland, Eileen. ''Britain's other army: The story of the A.T.S'' (1946), an official history * Cowper, J. M. ''The Auxiliary Territorial Service'' (1949), an official history * Crang, Jeremy A. "The revival of the British women's auxiliary services in the late nineteen-thirties," ''Historical Research'' (May 2010) Volume 83, Issue 220, pages 343–357, online at EBSCO * Crang, Jeremy A. "'Come into the Army, Maud': Women, Military Conscription, and the Markham Inquiry," ''Defence Studies,'' Nov 2008, Vol. 8 Issue 3, pp 381–395, online at EBSCO * Dady, Margaret. ''Women's War: Life in the Auxiliary Territorial Service'' (1986) * De Groot, Gerard J. "'I love the scent of cordite in your hair': Gender dynamics in mixed anti-craft batteries" ''History,'' Jan 1997, Vol. 82 Issue 265, pp 73–92 * Kerr, Dorothy Brewer. ''Girls Behind the Guns: With the Auxiliary Territorial Service in World War II'' (1990) * Noakes, Lucy. ''Women in the British Army: War and the Gentle Sex, 1907–48'' (2006), pp 61–81 on ATS of war years * Robinson, Vee. ''Sisters in Arms'' (1996) {{ISBN|0004720849}} A personal memoir by an ATS anti-aircraft gun crew member. ==External links== {{Commons category|Auxiliary Territorial Service}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150627221001/http://www.atsfanyuniforms.co.uk/ ATS/F.A.N.Y Uniforms] * [http://www.atsremembered.org.uk/ ATS Remembered] {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}} {{The British Army}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:British administrative corps]] [[Category:All-female military units and formations]] [[Category:British women in World War II]] [[Category:Military units and formations established in 1938]] [[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1949]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a 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