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aria-controls="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fossil_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Fossil history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Diversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Habitats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Habitats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasites_and_predators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasites_and_predators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Parasites and predators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasites_and_predators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy_and_physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Anatomy and physiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anatomy and physiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anatomy_and_locomotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy_and_locomotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Anatomy and locomotion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomy_and_locomotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Circulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respiration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Respiration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Gills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_breathing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_breathing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Air breathing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_breathing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digestion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digestion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Digestion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digestion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excretion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excretion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Excretion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excretion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Brain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensory_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensory_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Sensory systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensory_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Cognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Electrogenesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endothermy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endothermy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Endothermy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endothermy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction_and_life-cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction_and_life-cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Reproduction and life-cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction_and_life-cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNA_repair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA_repair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>DNA repair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA_repair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defenses_against_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defenses_against_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Defenses against disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defenses_against_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Behavior</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behavior subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shoaling_and_schooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shoaling_and_schooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Shoaling and schooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shoaling_and_schooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conservation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overfishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overfishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Overfishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overfishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Other threats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance_to_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance_to_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Importance to humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Importance_to_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Importance to humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Importance_to_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Economic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Recreation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 227 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-227" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">227 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eungk%C3%B4t" title="Eungkôt – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Eungkôt" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis" title="Vis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fische" title="Fische – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Fische" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Балык – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Балык" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%93%E1%88%A3" title="ዓሣ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዓሣ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyeli" title="Kyeli – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kyeli" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="मछली – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मछली" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisc" title="Fisc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fisc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D4%A5%D1%81%D1%8B%D3%A1" title="Аԥсыӡ – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аԥсыӡ" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%83" title="سمك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سمك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisces" title="Pisces – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pisces" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ձուկեր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ձուկեր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pescu" title="Pescu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Pescu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AAsson" title="Pêsson – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Pêsson" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B" title="মাছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মাছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pexe" title="Pexe – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pexe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names" title="Names – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Names" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pira" title="Pira – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pira" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challwa" title="Challwa – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Challwa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C4%B1q" title="Balıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Balıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="بالیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بالیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulam" title="Ulam – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Ulam" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B" title="মাছ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাছ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwak" title="Iwak – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Iwak" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AE" title="Hî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Балыҡтар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Балыҡтар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Рыбы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рыбы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Рыбы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рыбы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sira" title="Sira – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sira" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fis" title="Fis – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Fis" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Риба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Риба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiisch" title="Fiisch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Fiisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%89%E0%BC%8D" title="ཉ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཉ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribe" title="Ribe – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ribe" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesk" title="Pesk – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pesk" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Загаһан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Загаһан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peixos" title="Peixos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Peixos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%83" title="Пулă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пулă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isda" title="Isda – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Isda" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rybovit%C3%AD_obratlovci" title="Rybovití obratlovci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rybovití obratlovci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hove" title="Hove – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hove" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pysgodyn" title="Pysgodyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pysgodyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahim" title="Zahim – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Zahim" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisk" title="Fisk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fisk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AA" title="حوت – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حوت" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fische" title="Fische – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fische" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryby" title="Ryby – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Ryby" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalad" title="Kalad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kalad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Ψάρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψάρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Калт – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Калт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pez" title="Pez – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pez" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C5%9Doj" title="Fiŝoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fiŝoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peci" title="Peci – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Peci" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrain" title="Arrain – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arrain" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%94mel%C3%A3wo" title="Tɔmelãwo – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Tɔmelãwo" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="ماهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machhri" title="Machhri – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Machhri" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiskur" title="Fiskur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fiskur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson" title="Poisson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Poisson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisken" title="Fisken – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fisken" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iasc" title="Iasc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iasc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eeast" title="Eeast – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Eeast" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iasg" title="Iasg – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Iasg" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peixes" title="Peixes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Peixes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Чкъаьрий – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Чкъаьрий" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%9A" title="魚 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="魚" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%80" title="માછલી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="માછલી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%B8g-%C3%A8" title="Ǹg-è – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ǹg-è" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%81%D0%BD" title="Заһсн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Заһсн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EA%B3%A0%EA%B8%B0" title="물고기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물고기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kifi" title="Kifi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kifi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ձկներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձկներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="मछली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मछली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryby" title="Ryby – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ryby" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribe" title="Ribe – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ribe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tola" title="Tola – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Tola" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisho" title="Fisho – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fisho" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish" title="Fish – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Fish" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan" title="Ikan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ikan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan" title="Ikan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ikan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisce" title="Pisce – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pisce" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisc" title="Pisc – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Pisc" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%96%83%E1%93%97%E1%92%83" title="ᐃᖃᓗᒃ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᖃᓗᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqaluk" title="Iqaluk – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Iqaluk" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C3%A6%D1%81%C3%A6%D0%B3%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Кæсæгтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кæсæгтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intlanzi" title="Intlanzi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Intlanzi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhlanzi" title="Inhlanzi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inhlanzi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiskur" title="Fiskur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fiskur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesce" title="Pesce – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pesce" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%92" title="דג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwak" title="Iwak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Iwak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpakpaya%C9%A3" title="Kpakpayaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kpakpayaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81" title="ಮೀನು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೀನು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asan" title="Asan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Asan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="თევზები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თევზები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%88" title="گاڈ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گاڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ABb%C3%AB" title="Rëbë – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Rëbë" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Балықтар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Балықтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pysk" title="Pysk – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pysk" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaki" title="Samaki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Samaki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Чери – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Чери" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwason" title="Pwason – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwason" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poson" title="Poson – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Poson" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%C3%AE" title="Masî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Masî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Балык – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Балык" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Кол – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кол" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABsc_(animal)" title="Pësc (animal) – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Pësc (animal)" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8A" title="Чавахъ – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Чавахъ" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B2" title="ປາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscis" title="Piscis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Piscis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zivis" title="Zivis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zivis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ABsch" title="Fësch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fësch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4_(%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Гъед (гьайванар) – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гъед (гьайванар)" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDuvys" title="Žuvys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žuvys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8sse" title="Vèsse – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vèsse" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mb%C3%ADsi" title="Mbísi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mbísi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pex" title="Pex – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pex" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/finpe" title="finpe – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="finpe" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8s" title="Pès – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pès" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halak" title="Halak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Halak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Риби – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Риби" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondro" title="Trondro – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Trondro" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="മത്സ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മത്സ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="मासा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मासा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ჩხომი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩხომი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%83" title="سمك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سمك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="ماهی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ماهی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan" title="Ikan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ikan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%89%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯉꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯉꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan" title="Ikan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ikan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%80" title="Ngṳ̀ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngṳ̀" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Загас – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Загас" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%84%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8_(%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA)" title="ငါး (တိရစ္ဆာန်) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ငါး (တိရစ္ဆာန်)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika" title="Ika – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ika" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vissen_(dieren)" title="Vissen (dieren) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vissen (dieren)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visk" title="Visk – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Visk" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE" title="माछा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="माछा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="न्या – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="न्या" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E9%A1%9E" title="魚類 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="魚類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisce" title="Pisce – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Pisce" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasker" title="Fasker – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fasker" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fesh" title="Fesh – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Fesh" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisk" title="Fisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisk" title="Fisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%AEsson" title="Paîsson – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Paîsson" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peis" title="Peis – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Peis" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Кол – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кол" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9B" title="ମାଛ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମାଛ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurxummiilee" title="Qurxummiilee – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Qurxummiilee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baliqlar" title="Baliqlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Baliqlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%80" title="ਮੱਛੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੱਛੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foting" title="Foting – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Foting" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%86%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="مچھی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مچھی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish" title="Fish – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Fish" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pichon" title="Pichon – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Pichon" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pis" title="Pis – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Pis" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisch" title="Fisch – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Fisch" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryby" title="Ryby – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ryby" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peixe" title="Peixe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peixe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C4%B1q" title="Balıq – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Balıq" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C4%B1q" title="Balıq – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Balıq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fesch" title="Fesch – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Fesch" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C8%99te" title="Pește – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pește" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challwa" title="Challwa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Challwa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Рыбы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Рыбы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Рыбы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рыбы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Балык – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Балык" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="मत्स्याः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मत्स्याः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A9" title="ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%86%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="مچھی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="مچھی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish" title="Fish – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fish" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshku" title="Peshku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Peshku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisci" title="Pisci – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pisci" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%94" title="මාළු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මාළු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish" title="Fish – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fish" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%87%D9%8A" title="مڇي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مڇي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryby_(v_naj%C5%A1ir%C5%A1om_zmysle)" title="Ryby (v najširšom zmysle) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ryby (v najširšom zmysle)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribe" title="Ribe – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ribe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisze" title="Fisze – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Fisze" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaay" title="Malaay – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Malaay" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ماسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisi" title="Fisi – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Fisi" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Рибе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рибе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riba" title="Riba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Riba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauk" title="Lauk – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Lauk" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kala" title="Kala – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kala" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiskar" title="Fiskar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fiskar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isda" title="Isda – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Isda" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="மீன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslm" title="Aslm – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Aslm" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslem" title="Aslem – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aslem" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Балыклар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Балыклар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%82%83" title="ပႃ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပႃ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qulih" title="Qulih – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Qulih" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AA" title="చేప – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చేప" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="ปลา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปลา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D2%B3%D3%A3" title="Моҳӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Моҳӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%97" title="ᎠᏣᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏣᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮೀನ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಮೀನ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C4%B1k" title="Balık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Balık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balyk" title="Balyk – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Balyk" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3" title="Чорыг – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Чорыг" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Риби – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Риби" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%86%DA%BE%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مچھلی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مچھلی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duzbya" title="Duzbya – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Duzbya" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesi" title="Pesi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pesi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalad" title="Kalad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kalad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1" title="Cá – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cá" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fit" title="Fit – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Fit" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kala" title="Kala – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kala" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pexhon" title="Pexhon – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pexhon" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%9A" title="魚 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="魚" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visschn" title="Visschn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Visschn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isda" title="Isda – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Isda" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B1%BC" title="鱼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鱼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A9" title="פיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E9%A1%9E" title="魚類 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="魚類" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mase" title="Mase – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mase" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDovis" title="Žovis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žovis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B1%BC" title="鱼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鱼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diing" title="Diing – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Diing" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sada" title="Sada – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Sada" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan" title="Ikan – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Ikan" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwak" title="Iwak – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Iwak" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kus mw-list-item"><a href="https://kus.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zii%C5%8B" title="Ziiŋ – Kusaal" lang="kus" hreflang="kus" data-title="Ziiŋ" data-language-autonym="Kʋsaal" data-language-local-name="Kusaal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kʋsaal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%A3" title="ᥙᥣ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥙᥣ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q152#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Gill-bearing non-tetrapod aquatic vertebrates</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For fish as eaten by humans, see <a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish as food</a>. For the superclass of living fish, see <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fish_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fish (disambiguation)">Fish (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota biota-infobox"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);">Fish<div><small>Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">535–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:38.923076923077px; width:181.07692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:38.923076923077px; width:181.07692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:39.923076923077px; width:179.07692307692px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Cambrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Cambrian">Middle Cambrian</a> – <a href="/wiki/Recent" class="mw-redirect" title="Recent">Recent</a></small></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Balantiocheilos_melanopterus_-_Karlsruhe_Zoo_02_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bala shark, a bony fish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Balantiocheilos_melanopterus_-_Karlsruhe_Zoo_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Balantiocheilos_melanopterus_-_Karlsruhe_Zoo_02_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Balantiocheilos_melanopterus_-_Karlsruhe_Zoo_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Balantiocheilos_melanopterus_-_Karlsruhe_Zoo_02_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Balantiocheilos_melanopterus_-_Karlsruhe_Zoo_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Balantiocheilos_melanopterus_-_Karlsruhe_Zoo_02_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4888" data-file-height="2746" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section"><a href="/wiki/Bala_shark" title="Bala shark">Bala shark</a>, a bony fish </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="min-width:15em;text-align:center;background:rgb(235,235,210);"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a><span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Vertebrata" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olfactores" title="Olfactores">Olfactores</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subphylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);">Groups included </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="section-content"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Jawless fish</a></dd> <dd><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Placodermi" class="mw-redirect" title="Placodermi">Armoured fish</a></dd> <dd><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii">Spiny sharks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Cartilaginous fish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Bony fish</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Ray-finned fish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Lobe-finned fish</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);"><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistically</a> included but traditionally excluded taxa </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="section-content"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapods</a></dd> <dd></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227369696">.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox{text-align:left;width:200px;font-size:100%}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td:not(.image-section){padding:2px 10px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox th.section-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.section-content{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.list-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.taxon-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.image-section{text-align:center;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy{margin:0 auto;text-align:left;background:transparent;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy tr{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy td{padding:1px}</style> <p>A <b>fish</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <b>fish</b> or <b>fishes</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anamniotes" title="Anamniotes">anamniotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gill</a>-bearing <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> with swimming <a href="/wiki/Fish_fin" title="Fish fin">fins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Craniate" title="Craniate">a hard skull</a>, but lacking <a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">limbs</a> with <a href="/wiki/Digit_(anatomy)" title="Digit (anatomy)">digits</a>. Fish can be grouped into the more <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> <a href="/wiki/Jawless_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawless fish">jawless fish</a> and the more common <a href="/wiki/Jawed_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawed fish">jawed fish</a>, the latter including all <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">living</a> <a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartilaginous fish">cartilaginous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bony_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Bony fish">bony fish</a>, as well as the extinct <a href="/wiki/Placoderm" title="Placoderm">placoderms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acanthodian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthodian">acanthodians</a>. Most fish are <a href="/wiki/Ectotherm" title="Ectotherm">cold-blooded</a>, their body temperature varying with the surrounding water, though some large <a href="/wiki/Nekton" title="Nekton">active swimmers</a> like <a href="/wiki/White_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="White shark">white shark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a> can hold a higher <a href="/wiki/Core_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Core temperature">core temperature</a>. Many fish can <a href="/wiki/Communication_in_aquatic_animals#Acoustic" title="Communication in aquatic animals">communicate acoustically</a> with each other, such as during <a href="/wiki/Courtship_display" title="Courtship display">courtship displays</a>. </p><p>The earliest fish appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> as small <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">filter feeders</a>; they continued to <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolve</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a>, diversifying into many forms. The earliest fish with dedicated respiratory gills and <a href="/wiki/Paired_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Paired fins">paired fins</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ostracoderm" title="Ostracoderm">ostracoderms</a>, had heavy <a href="/wiki/Armour_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armour (anatomy)">bony plates</a> that served as protective <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeletons</a> against <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a>. The first fish with <a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">jaws</a>, the placoderms, appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> and greatly diversified during the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a>, the "Age of Fishes". </p><p>Bony fish, distinguished by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Swim_bladder" title="Swim bladder">swim bladders</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Ossified" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossified">ossified</a> <a href="/wiki/Endoskeleton" title="Endoskeleton">endoskeletons</a>, emerged as the <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(ecology)" title="Dominance (ecology)">dominant</a> group of fish after the <a href="/wiki/End-Devonian_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="End-Devonian extinction">end-Devonian extinction</a> wiped out the <a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex</a> placoderms. Bony fish are further divided into the <a href="/wiki/Lobe-finned_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobe-finned fish">lobe-finned</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray-finned_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray-finned fish">ray-finned fish</a>. About 96% of all living fish species today are <a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">teleosts</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">crown group</a> of ray-finned fish that can <a href="/wiki/Cranial_kinesis" title="Cranial kinesis">protrude their jaws</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapoda">tetrapods</a>, a mostly <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a> <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> of vertebrates that have dominated the top <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic levels</a> in both <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_ecosystem" title="Terrestrial ecosystem">terrestrial ecosystems</a> since the Late <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a>, evolved from lobe-finned fish during the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>, developing air-breathing <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a> <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> to swim bladders. Despite the <a href="/wiki/Cladistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladistic">cladistic</a> lineage, tetrapods are usually not considered to be fish, making "fish" a <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> group. </p><p>Fish have been an important <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resource</a> for <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> since <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> times, especially <a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">as food</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence fishing">subsistence fishers</a> harvest fish in <a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">wild fisheries</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fish_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish farm">farm</a> them in <a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">ponds</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Offshore_aquaculture" title="Offshore aquaculture">breeding cages</a> in the ocean. Fish are caught for <a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">recreation</a>, or raised by <a href="/wiki/Fishkeeping" title="Fishkeeping">fishkeepers</a> as <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamental fish">ornaments</a> for private and public exhibition in <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">aquaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garden_pond" title="Garden pond">garden ponds</a>. Fish have had a role in <a href="/wiki/Human_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Human culture">human culture</a> through the ages, serving as <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a>, religious symbols, and as the subjects of art, books and movies. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The word <i>fish</i> is inherited from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a>, and is related to <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fisch</i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">piscis</i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Irish language">Old Irish</a> <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">īasc</i></span>, though the exact root is unknown; some authorities reconstruct a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> root <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text">*<i lang="ine">peysk-</i></span>, attested only in <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fish" title="Evolution of fish">Evolution of fish</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_history">Fossil history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_fish_evolution" title="Timeline of fish evolution">Timeline of fish evolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunkleosteus_profile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Dunkleosteus_profile.jpg/220px-Dunkleosteus_profile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Dunkleosteus_profile.jpg/330px-Dunkleosteus_profile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Dunkleosteus_profile.jpg/440px-Dunkleosteus_profile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5542" data-file-height="3694" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Dunkleosteus" title="Dunkleosteus">Dunkleosteus</a></i> was a giant <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> armoured <a href="/wiki/Placodermi" class="mw-redirect" title="Placodermi">placoderm</a>, c. 400 <a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">mya</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>About 530 million years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a>, fishlike animals with a <a href="/wiki/Notochord" title="Notochord">notochord</a> and eyes at the front of the body, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Haikouichthys" title="Haikouichthys">Haikouichthys</a></i>, appear in the <a href="/wiki/Fossil_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil record">fossil record</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shu_2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shu_2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a>, other jawless forms such as <a href="/wiki/Conodont" title="Conodont">conodonts</a> appear.<sup id="cite_ref-Donoghue_Purnell_2009_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donoghue_Purnell_2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miller_Clark_1984_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_Clark_1984-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Jawed vertebrates</a> appear in the <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a>, with giant armoured <a href="/wiki/Placodermi" class="mw-redirect" title="Placodermi">placoderms</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dunkleosteus" title="Dunkleosteus">Dunkleosteus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jawed fish, too, appeared during the Silurian:<sup id="cite_ref-Choo_Min_Wenjin_2014_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choo_Min_Wenjin_2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the cartilaginous <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a><sup id="cite_ref-Andreev_Sansom_2022a_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andreev_Sansom_2022a-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andreev_Sansom_2022b_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andreev_Sansom_2022b-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the bony <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a>, fish diversity greatly increased, including among the placoderms, lobe-finned fishes, and early sharks, earning the Devonian the epithet "the age of fishes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton2005p._35:_Fig_2.10,_p._73:_Fig_3.25_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton2005p._35:_Fig_2.10,_p._73:_Fig_3.25-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dalton_2006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalton_2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3></div> <p>Fishes are a <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyletic</a> group, since any <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> containing all fish, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata</a> or (for bony fish) <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a>, also contains the clade of <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a> (four-limbed vertebrates, mostly terrestrial), which are usually not considered fish.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_2016_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_2016-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some tetrapods, such as <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetaceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ichthyopterygia" title="Ichthyopterygia">ichthyosaurs</a>, have <a href="/wiki/Secondary_aquatic_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary aquatic adaptation">secondarily acquired</a> a fish-like body shape through <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Fishes_of_the_World" title="Fishes of the World">Fishes of the World</a></i> comments that "it is increasingly widely accepted that tetrapods, including ourselves, are simply modified bony fishes, and so we are comfortable with using the taxon Osteichthyes as a clade, which now includes all tetrapods".<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_2016_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_2016-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> of extant fish is unevenly distributed among the various groups; <a href="/wiki/Teleosts" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleosts">teleosts</a>, bony fishes <a href="/wiki/Cranial_kinesis" title="Cranial kinesis">able to protrude their jaws</a>, make up 96% of fish species.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton2005175–184_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton2005175–184-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_2016_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_2016-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a><sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_&_Sallan_2012_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_&_Sallan_2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows the <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">evolutionary relationships</a> of all groups of living fishes (with their respective diversity<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_2016_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_2016-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and the tetrapods.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN2023_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN2023-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">Extinct</a> groups are marked with a <a href="/wiki/Dagger_(mark)" title="Dagger (mark)">dagger</a> (†); groups of uncertain placement<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_&_Sallan_2012_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_&_Sallan_2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are labelled with a question mark (?) and dashed lines (- - - - -). </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrata">Vertebrates</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Agnathans" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnathans">Jawless fishes</a> (118 species: <a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lampreys" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampreys">lampreys</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petromyzon_marinus_Linnaeus_1758_Fig_106_(Matschie_et_al._1909).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Petromyzon_marinus_Linnaeus_1758_Fig_106_%28Matschie_et_al._1909%29.svg/100px-Petromyzon_marinus_Linnaeus_1758_Fig_106_%28Matschie_et_al._1909%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Petromyzon_marinus_Linnaeus_1758_Fig_106_%28Matschie_et_al._1909%29.svg/150px-Petromyzon_marinus_Linnaeus_1758_Fig_106_%28Matschie_et_al._1909%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Petromyzon_marinus_Linnaeus_1758_Fig_106_%28Matschie_et_al._1909%29.svg/200px-Petromyzon_marinus_Linnaeus_1758_Fig_106_%28Matschie_et_al._1909%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:1px dashed;">? </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Thelodonti" title="Thelodonti">Thelodonti</a>, †<a href="/wiki/Conodonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Conodonta">Conodonta</a>, †<a href="/wiki/Anaspida" title="Anaspida">Anaspida</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg/50px-Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg/75px-Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg/100px-Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="176" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ConodontZICA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ConodontZICA.png/90px-ConodontZICA.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ConodontZICA.png/135px-ConodontZICA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ConodontZICA.png/180px-ConodontZICA.png 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="229" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lasanius_NT_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lasanius_NT_small.jpg/70px-Lasanius_NT_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lasanius_NT_small.jpg/105px-Lasanius_NT_small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lasanius_NT_small.jpg/140px-Lasanius_NT_small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="222" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px dashed;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Galeaspida" title="Galeaspida">Galeaspida</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Galeaspid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/A_Galeaspid.jpg/50px-A_Galeaspid.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/A_Galeaspid.jpg/75px-A_Galeaspid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/A_Galeaspid.jpg/100px-A_Galeaspid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="429" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Osteostraci" title="Osteostraci">Osteostraci</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cephalaspis_Lyellii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cephalaspis_Lyellii.jpg/100px-Cephalaspis_Lyellii.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cephalaspis_Lyellii.jpg/150px-Cephalaspis_Lyellii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cephalaspis_Lyellii.jpg/200px-Cephalaspis_Lyellii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Jawed</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Placodermi" class="mw-redirect" title="Placodermi">Placodermi</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunkleosteus_terrelli_2023_reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dunkleosteus_terrelli_2023_reconstruction.png/130px-Dunkleosteus_terrelli_2023_reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dunkleosteus_terrelli_2023_reconstruction.png/195px-Dunkleosteus_terrelli_2023_reconstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dunkleosteus_terrelli_2023_reconstruction.png/260px-Dunkleosteus_terrelli_2023_reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="2655" data-file-height="1492" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:1px dashed;">? </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii">Acanthodii</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplacanthus_reconstructed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Diplacanthus_reconstructed.jpg/50px-Diplacanthus_reconstructed.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Diplacanthus_reconstructed.jpg/75px-Diplacanthus_reconstructed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Diplacanthus_reconstructed.jpg/100px-Diplacanthus_reconstructed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4008" data-file-height="5040" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px dashed;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> (>1,100 species: <a href="/wiki/Sharks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharks">sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray (fish)">rays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ratfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratfish">chimaeras</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notorynchus_cepedianus_(Broadnose_sevengill_shark).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Notorynchus_cepedianus_%28Broadnose_sevengill_shark%29.gif/140px-Notorynchus_cepedianus_%28Broadnose_sevengill_shark%29.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Notorynchus_cepedianus_%28Broadnose_sevengill_shark%29.gif/210px-Notorynchus_cepedianus_%28Broadnose_sevengill_shark%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Notorynchus_cepedianus_%28Broadnose_sevengill_shark%29.gif/280px-Notorynchus_cepedianus_%28Broadnose_sevengill_shark%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="130" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Lobe-finned fish</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Actinistia" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinistia">Actinistia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> (2 species: <a href="/wiki/Coelacanth" title="Coelacanth">coelacanths</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coelacanth-bgiu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Coelacanth-bgiu.png/100px-Coelacanth-bgiu.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Coelacanth-bgiu.png/150px-Coelacanth-bgiu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Coelacanth-bgiu.png/200px-Coelacanth-bgiu.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="330" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Rhipidistia" title="Rhipidistia">Rhipidistia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dipnoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipnoi">Dipnoi</a> (6 species: <a href="/wiki/Lungfish#Extant_lungfish" title="Lungfish">lungfish</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lepidosiren_paradoxa2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Lepidosiren_paradoxa2.jpg/140px-Lepidosiren_paradoxa2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Lepidosiren_paradoxa2.jpg/210px-Lepidosiren_paradoxa2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Lepidosiren_paradoxa2.jpg/280px-Lepidosiren_paradoxa2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2264" data-file-height="388" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a> (>38,000 species, not considered fish: amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salamender_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Salamender_%28PSF%29.png/90px-Salamender_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Salamender_%28PSF%29.png/135px-Salamender_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Salamender_%28PSF%29.png/180px-Salamender_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1933" data-file-height="970" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Ray-finned fish</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Cladistia" title="Cladistia">Cladistia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> (14 species: <a href="/wiki/Bichirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bichirs">bichirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reedfish" title="Reedfish">reedfish</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polypterus_bichir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Polypterus_bichir.jpg/130px-Polypterus_bichir.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Polypterus_bichir.jpg/195px-Polypterus_bichir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Polypterus_bichir.jpg/260px-Polypterus_bichir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1886" data-file-height="528" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Actinopteri" title="Actinopteri">Actinopteri</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Chondrostei" title="Chondrostei">Chondrostei</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> (27 species: <a href="/wiki/Sturgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Sturgeons">sturgeons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paddlefish" title="Paddlefish">paddlefish</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acipenser_gueldenstaedtii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Acipenser_gueldenstaedtii.jpg/130px-Acipenser_gueldenstaedtii.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Acipenser_gueldenstaedtii.jpg/195px-Acipenser_gueldenstaedtii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Acipenser_gueldenstaedtii.jpg/260px-Acipenser_gueldenstaedtii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="293" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Neopterygii" title="Neopterygii">Neopterygii</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Holostei" title="Holostei">Holostei</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ginglymodi" title="Ginglymodi">Ginglymodi</a> (7 species: <a href="/wiki/Gar" title="Gar">gars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alligator_gar" title="Alligator gar">alligator gars</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lepisosteus_platostomus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lepisosteus_platostomus.jpg/130px-Lepisosteus_platostomus.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lepisosteus_platostomus.jpg/195px-Lepisosteus_platostomus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lepisosteus_platostomus.jpg/260px-Lepisosteus_platostomus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2632" data-file-height="681" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Halecomorphi" title="Halecomorphi">Halecomorphi</a> (2 species: <a href="/wiki/Bowfin" title="Bowfin">bowfin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amia_ocellicauda" title="Amia ocellicauda">eyetail bowfin</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amia_calva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Amia_calva.jpg/130px-Amia_calva.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Amia_calva.jpg/195px-Amia_calva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Amia_calva.jpg/260px-Amia_calva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="761" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Teleostei" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleostei">Teleostei</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> (>32,000 species) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Engraulis_ringens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Engraulis_ringens.jpg/130px-Engraulis_ringens.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Engraulis_ringens.jpg/195px-Engraulis_ringens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Engraulis_ringens.jpg/260px-Engraulis_ringens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="515" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last" style="border-right:none;border-left:none;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">vertebrates</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last" style="border-right:none;border-left:none;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_fish" title="Taxonomy of fish">Taxonomy of fish</a></div> <p>Fishes (without tetrapods) are a <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> group and for this reason, the class <i>Pisces</i> seen in older reference works is no longer used in formal classifications. Traditional classification divides fish into three <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">classes</a> (Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes), and with extinct forms sometimes classified within those groups, sometimes as their own classes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fish account for more than half of vertebrate species. As of 2016, there are over 32,000 described species of bony fish, over 1,100 species of cartilaginous fish, and over 100 hagfish and lampreys. A third of these fall within the nine largest families; from largest to smallest, these are <a href="/wiki/Cyprinidae" title="Cyprinidae">Cyprinidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gobiidae" title="Gobiidae">Gobiidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cichlidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cichlidae">Cichlidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Characidae" title="Characidae">Characidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loricariidae" title="Loricariidae">Loricariidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balitoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Balitoridae">Balitoridae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serranidae" title="Serranidae">Serranidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Labridae">Labridae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scorpaenidae" title="Scorpaenidae">Scorpaenidae</a>. About 64 families are <a href="/wiki/Monotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic">monotypic</a>, containing only one species.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_2016_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_2016-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diversity">Diversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity of fish</a></div> <p>Fish range in size from the huge 16-metre (52 ft) <a href="/wiki/Whale_shark" title="Whale shark">whale shark</a><sup id="cite_ref-McClain_Balk_Benfield_Branch_2015_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClain_Balk_Benfield_Branch_2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to some tiny teleosts only 8-millimetre (0.3 in) long, such as the cyprinid <i><a href="/wiki/Paedocypris_progenetica" title="Paedocypris progenetica">Paedocypris progenetica</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Kottelat_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kottelat-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Stout_infantfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Stout infantfish">stout infantfish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fishbase_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fishbase-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 408px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 406px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhincodon_typus_fgbnms_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Largest: whale shark"><img alt="Largest: whale shark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Rhincodon_typus_fgbnms_%28cropped%29.jpg/609px-Rhincodon_typus_fgbnms_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="406" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Rhincodon_typus_fgbnms_%28cropped%29.jpg/914px-Rhincodon_typus_fgbnms_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Rhincodon_typus_fgbnms_%28cropped%29.jpg/1218px-Rhincodon_typus_fgbnms_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1778" data-file-height="765" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Largest: <a href="/wiki/Whale_shark" title="Whale shark">whale shark</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paedocypris_progenetica_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Smallest: e.g. P. progenetica"><img alt="Smallest: e.g. P. progenetica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Paedocypris_progenetica_001.jpg/262px-Paedocypris_progenetica_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Paedocypris_progenetica_001.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Smallest: e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Paedocypris_progenetica" title="Paedocypris progenetica">P. progenetica</a></i></div> </li> </ul> <p>Swimming performance varies from fish such as tuna, <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carangidae" title="Carangidae">jacks</a> that can cover 10–20 body-lengths per second to species such as <a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">eels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a> that swim no more than 0.5 body-lengths per second.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelfmanColletteFacey1997103_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelfmanColletteFacey1997103-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 308.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 306.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salmo_salar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fastest: e.g. salmon, 10–20 body lengths/second"><img alt="Fastest: e.g. salmon, 10–20 body lengths/second" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Salmo_salar.jpg/460px-Salmo_salar.jpg" decoding="async" width="307" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Salmo_salar.jpg/690px-Salmo_salar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Salmo_salar.jpg/919px-Salmo_salar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="807" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fastest: e.g. <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, 10–20 body lengths/second</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anguilla_japonica_1856.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Slowest: e.g. eel, 0.5 body lengths/second"><img alt="Slowest: e.g. eel, 0.5 body lengths/second" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Anguilla_japonica_1856.jpg/298px-Anguilla_japonica_1856.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Anguilla_japonica_1856.jpg/447px-Anguilla_japonica_1856.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Anguilla_japonica_1856.jpg/596px-Anguilla_japonica_1856.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1007" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Slowest: e.g. <a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">eel</a>, 0.5 body lengths/second</div> </li> </ul> <p>A typical fish is <a href="/wiki/Ectothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectothermic">cold-blooded</a>, has a <a href="/wiki/Streamlines,_streaklines_and_pathlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Streamlines, streaklines and pathlines">streamlined</a> body for rapid swimming, extracts oxygen from water using gills, has two sets of paired fins, one or two dorsal fins, an anal fin and a tail fin, jaws, skin covered with <a href="/wiki/Scale_(zoology)" title="Scale (zoology)">scales</a>, and lays eggs. Each criterion has exceptions, creating a wide diversity in body shape and way of life. For example, some fast-swimming fish are warm-blooded, while some slow-swimming fish have abandoned streamlining in favour of other body shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelfmanColletteFacey19973,_33–36_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelfmanColletteFacey19973,_33–36-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Humpback_anglerfish.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ambush predator: anglerfish"><img alt="Ambush predator: anglerfish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Humpback_anglerfish.png/192px-Humpback_anglerfish.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Humpback_anglerfish.png/288px-Humpback_anglerfish.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Humpback_anglerfish.png/384px-Humpback_anglerfish.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="473" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ambush_predator" title="Ambush predator">Ambush predator</a>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Anglerfish" title="Anglerfish">anglerfish</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 256px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 254px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atl_mackerel_photo3_exp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Streamlined, somewhat warm-blooded: mackerel"><img alt="Streamlined, somewhat warm-blooded: mackerel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Atl_mackerel_photo3_exp.jpg/381px-Atl_mackerel_photo3_exp.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Atl_mackerel_photo3_exp.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="213" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Streamlines,_streaklines_and_pathlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Streamlines, streaklines and pathlines">Streamlined</a>, somewhat <a href="/wiki/Warm-blooded" title="Warm-blooded">warm-blooded</a>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hippocampus_hippocampus_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tail not used for swimming: seahorse"><img alt="Tail not used for swimming: seahorse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hippocampus_hippocampus_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Hippocampus_hippocampus_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hippocampus_hippocampus_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Hippocampus_hippocampus_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hippocampus_hippocampus_%28cropped%29.jpg/399px-Hippocampus_hippocampus_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2119" data-file-height="1910" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tail not <a href="/wiki/Fish_locomotion" title="Fish locomotion">used for swimming</a>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Seahorse" title="Seahorse">seahorse</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phycodurus_eques_P2023146_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Camouflaged: leafy seadragon"><img alt="Camouflaged: leafy seadragon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phycodurus_eques_P2023146_%28cropped%29.JPG/210px-Phycodurus_eques_P2023146_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phycodurus_eques_P2023146_%28cropped%29.JPG/315px-Phycodurus_eques_P2023146_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phycodurus_eques_P2023146_%28cropped%29.JPG/420px-Phycodurus_eques_P2023146_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2557" data-file-height="2194" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflaged</a>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Leafy_seadragon" title="Leafy seadragon">leafy seadragon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 267.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 265.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Cleaner_Clingfish_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="No scales: clingfish"><img alt="No scales: clingfish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Eastern_Cleaner_Clingfish_%28cropped%29.jpg/398px-Eastern_Cleaner_Clingfish_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Eastern_Cleaner_Clingfish_%28cropped%29.jpg/597px-Eastern_Cleaner_Clingfish_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Eastern_Cleaner_Clingfish_%28cropped%29.jpg/796px-Eastern_Cleaner_Clingfish_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="764" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">No <a href="/wiki/Fish_scale" title="Fish scale">scales</a>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Clingfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Clingfish">clingfish</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 90.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 88.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyphotilapia_frontosa_mouthbrooding.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mouthbrooder: front cichlid with young in mouth"><img alt="Mouthbrooder: front cichlid with young in mouth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cyphotilapia_frontosa_mouthbrooding.jpg/133px-Cyphotilapia_frontosa_mouthbrooding.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cyphotilapia_frontosa_mouthbrooding.jpg/200px-Cyphotilapia_frontosa_mouthbrooding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cyphotilapia_frontosa_mouthbrooding.jpg/267px-Cyphotilapia_frontosa_mouthbrooding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mouthbrooder" title="Mouthbrooder">Mouthbrooder</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cyphotilapia_frontosa" title="Cyphotilapia frontosa">front cichlid</a> with <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_fish" title="Juvenile fish">young</a> in mouth</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitats">Habitats</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_habitat_diversity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Fish_habitat_diversity.svg/550px-Fish_habitat_diversity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Fish_habitat_diversity.svg/825px-Fish_habitat_diversity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Fish_habitat_diversity.svg/1100px-Fish_habitat_diversity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Different fish species are adapted to a wide variety of freshwater and marine habitats.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fish species are roughly divided equally between <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> and marine (oceanic) ecosystems; there are some 15,200 freshwater species and around 14,800 marine species.<sup id="cite_ref-Manel_Guerin_Mouillot_Blanchet_2020_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manel_Guerin_Mouillot_Blanchet_2020-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a> constitute the center of diversity for marine fishes,<sup id="cite_ref-Hubert_Meyer_Bruggemann_Guérin_2012_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubert_Meyer_Bruggemann_Guérin_2012-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas continental freshwater fishes are most diverse in large <a href="/wiki/River_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="River basin">river basins</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforests</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Basin">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a> basins.<sup id="cite_ref-van_der_Sleen_Albert_2022_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_der_Sleen_Albert_2022-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 5,600 fish species inhabit <a href="/wiki/Neotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotropic">Neotropical</a> freshwaters alone, such that <a href="/wiki/Neotropical_fish" title="Neotropical fish">Neotropical fishes</a> represent about 10% of all <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> species on the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Albert_Carvalho_Petry_2011_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albert_Carvalho_Petry_2011-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fish are abundant in most bodies of water. They can be found in nearly all aquatic environments, from high <a href="/wiki/Mountain_stream" title="Mountain stream">mountain streams</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Salvelinus" title="Salvelinus">char</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gudgeon_(fish)" title="Gudgeon (fish)">gudgeon</a>) to the <a href="/wiki/Abyssal_zone" title="Abyssal zone">abyssal</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Hadal_zone" title="Hadal zone">hadal</a> depths of the deepest oceans (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cusk-eels" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusk-eels">cusk-eels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snailfish" title="Snailfish">snailfish</a>), although none have been found in the deepest 25% of the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deepest living fish in the ocean so far found is a cusk-eel, <i><a href="/wiki/Abyssobrotula_galatheae" title="Abyssobrotula galatheae">Abyssobrotula galatheae</a></i>, recorded at the bottom of the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Trench" title="Puerto Rico Trench">Puerto Rico Trench</a> at 8,370 m (27,460 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of temperature, <a href="/wiki/Jonah%27s_icefish" title="Jonah's icefish">Jonah's icefish</a> live in cold<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> waters of the Southern Ocean, including under the <a href="/wiki/Filchner%E2%80%93Ronne_Ice_Shelf" title="Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf">Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf</a> at a latitude of 79°S,<sup id="cite_ref-Purser_Hehemann_2022_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purser_Hehemann_2022-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Desert_pupfish" title="Desert pupfish">desert pupfish</a> live in desert springs, streams, and marshes, sometimes highly saline, with water temperatures as high as 36 C.<sup id="cite_ref-USFWS_1993_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USFWS_1993-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shrode_Gerking_1977_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shrode_Gerking_1977-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few fish live mostly on land or lay their eggs on land near water.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mudskipper" title="Mudskipper">Mudskippers</a> feed and interact with one another on mudflats and go underwater to hide in their burrows.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A single <a href="/wiki/Undescribed_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Undescribed species">undescribed species</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Phreatobius" title="Phreatobius">Phreatobius</a></i> has been called a true "land fish" as this worm-like catfish strictly lives among waterlogged <a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">leaf litter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cavefish" title="Cavefish">Cavefish</a> of multiple families live in <a href="/wiki/Underground_lake" title="Underground lake">underground lakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Underground_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground river">underground rivers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Helfman_2007_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helfman_2007-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parasites_and_predators">Parasites and predators</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">Predatory fish</a></div> <p>Like other animals, fish suffer from <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitism</a>. Some species use <a href="/wiki/Cleaner_fish" title="Cleaner fish">cleaner fish</a> to remove external parasites. The best known of these are the <a href="/wiki/Bluestreak_cleaner_wrasse" title="Bluestreak cleaner wrasse">bluestreak cleaner wrasses</a> of <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> oceans. These small fish maintain cleaning stations where other fish congregate and perform specific movements to attract the attention of the cleaners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelfmanColletteFacey1997380_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelfmanColletteFacey1997380-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cleaning behaviors have been observed in a number of fish groups, including an interesting case between two cichlids of the same genus, <i><a href="/wiki/Orange_chromide" title="Orange chromide">Etroplus maculatus</a></i>, the cleaner, and the much larger <i><a href="/wiki/Etroplus_suratensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Etroplus suratensis">E. suratensis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fish occupy many <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic levels</a> in freshwater and marine <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food webs</a>. Fish at the higher levels <a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">are predatory</a>, and a substantial part of their prey consists of other fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Myers_Worm_2003_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers_Worm_2003-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, mammals such as <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a> feed on fish, alongside birds such as <a href="/wiki/Gannet" title="Gannet">gannets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cormorant" title="Cormorant">cormorants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 83.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 81.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Initial_phase_parrotfish_feeding_at_Shaab_Marsa_Alam,_Red_Sea,_Egypt_-SCUBA_(6336981391).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A parrotfish feeding on algae on a coral reef"><img alt="A parrotfish feeding on algae on a coral reef" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Initial_phase_parrotfish_feeding_at_Shaab_Marsa_Alam%2C_Red_Sea%2C_Egypt_-SCUBA_%286336981391%29.jpg/122px-Initial_phase_parrotfish_feeding_at_Shaab_Marsa_Alam%2C_Red_Sea%2C_Egypt_-SCUBA_%286336981391%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Initial_phase_parrotfish_feeding_at_Shaab_Marsa_Alam%2C_Red_Sea%2C_Egypt_-SCUBA_%286336981391%29.jpg/184px-Initial_phase_parrotfish_feeding_at_Shaab_Marsa_Alam%2C_Red_Sea%2C_Egypt_-SCUBA_%286336981391%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Initial_phase_parrotfish_feeding_at_Shaab_Marsa_Alam%2C_Red_Sea%2C_Egypt_-SCUBA_%286336981391%29.jpg/245px-Initial_phase_parrotfish_feeding_at_Shaab_Marsa_Alam%2C_Red_Sea%2C_Egypt_-SCUBA_%286336981391%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Parrotfish" title="Parrotfish">parrotfish</a> feeding on <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reef</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arothron_hispidus_is_being_cleaned_by_Hawaiian_cleaner_wrasses,_Labroides_phthirophagus_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A cleaner fish removing parasites from its client, a pufferfish"><img alt="A cleaner fish removing parasites from its client, a pufferfish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Arothron_hispidus_is_being_cleaned_by_Hawaiian_cleaner_wrasses%2C_Labroides_phthirophagus_1.jpg/230px-Arothron_hispidus_is_being_cleaned_by_Hawaiian_cleaner_wrasses%2C_Labroides_phthirophagus_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Arothron_hispidus_is_being_cleaned_by_Hawaiian_cleaner_wrasses%2C_Labroides_phthirophagus_1.jpg/346px-Arothron_hispidus_is_being_cleaned_by_Hawaiian_cleaner_wrasses%2C_Labroides_phthirophagus_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Arothron_hispidus_is_being_cleaned_by_Hawaiian_cleaner_wrasses%2C_Labroides_phthirophagus_1.jpg/461px-Arothron_hispidus_is_being_cleaned_by_Hawaiian_cleaner_wrasses%2C_Labroides_phthirophagus_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1563" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Cleaner_fish" title="Cleaner fish">cleaner fish</a> removing <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasites</a> from its client, a <a href="/wiki/Tetraodontidae" title="Tetraodontidae">pufferfish</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barracuda_with_prey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A barracuda preying on a smaller fish"><img alt="A barracuda preying on a smaller fish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Barracuda_with_prey.jpg/276px-Barracuda_with_prey.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Barracuda_with_prey.jpg/414px-Barracuda_with_prey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Barracuda_with_prey.jpg/552px-Barracuda_with_prey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1172" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Barracuda" title="Barracuda">barracuda</a> preying on a smaller fish</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1031_california_sealion_wright_odfw_(35281910502).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sea lion, a predatory mammal, eating a large salmonid"><img alt="Sea lion, a predatory mammal, eating a large salmonid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/1031_california_sealion_wright_odfw_%2835281910502%29.jpg/252px-1031_california_sealion_wright_odfw_%2835281910502%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/1031_california_sealion_wright_odfw_%2835281910502%29.jpg/378px-1031_california_sealion_wright_odfw_%2835281910502%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/1031_california_sealion_wright_odfw_%2835281910502%29.jpg/504px-1031_california_sealion_wright_odfw_%2835281910502%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">Sea lion</a>, a predatory mammal, eating a large <a href="/wiki/Salmonidae" title="Salmonidae">salmonid</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 193.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 191.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cormorant_with_fish_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cormorant with fish prey"><img alt="Cormorant with fish prey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cormorant_with_fish_%28cropped%29.jpg/287px-Cormorant_with_fish_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cormorant_with_fish_%28cropped%29.jpg/431px-Cormorant_with_fish_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cormorant_with_fish_%28cropped%29.jpg/574px-Cormorant_with_fish_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cormorant" title="Cormorant">Cormorant</a> with fish prey</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy_and_physiology">Anatomy and physiology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fish_anatomy" title="Fish anatomy">Fish anatomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_physiology" title="Fish physiology">Fish physiology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatomy_and_locomotion">Anatomy and locomotion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fish_locomotion" title="Fish locomotion">Fish locomotion</a></div> <p>The body of a typical fish is adapted for efficient swimming by alternately contracting paired sets of <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a> on either side of the backbone. These contractions form S-shaped curves that move down the body. As each curve reaches the tail fin, force is applied to the water, moving the fish forward. The other fins act as <a href="/wiki/Flight_control_surfaces" title="Flight control surfaces">control surfaces</a> like an aircraft's flaps, enabling the fish to steer in any direction.<sup id="cite_ref-Sfakiotakis_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sfakiotakis-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 313.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 311.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lampanyctodes_hectoris_(Hector%27s_lanternfish).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anatomy of a typical fish (lanternfish shown): 1) gill cover 2) lateral line 3) dorsal fin 4) fat fin 5) caudal peduncle 6) caudal fin 7) anal fin 8) photophores 9) pelvic fins 10) pectoral fins"><img alt="Anatomy of a typical fish (lanternfish shown): 1) gill cover 2) lateral line 3) dorsal fin 4) fat fin 5) caudal peduncle 6) caudal fin 7) anal fin 8) photophores 9) pelvic fins 10) pectoral fins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Lampanyctodes_hectoris_%28Hector%27s_lanternfish%29.svg/467px-Lampanyctodes_hectoris_%28Hector%27s_lanternfish%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="312" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Lampanyctodes_hectoris_%28Hector%27s_lanternfish%29.svg/701px-Lampanyctodes_hectoris_%28Hector%27s_lanternfish%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Lampanyctodes_hectoris_%28Hector%27s_lanternfish%29.svg/934px-Lampanyctodes_hectoris_%28Hector%27s_lanternfish%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anatomy of a typical fish (<a href="/wiki/Lanternfish" title="Lanternfish">lanternfish</a> shown):<br />1) <a href="/wiki/Gill_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Gill cover">gill cover</a> 2) <a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">lateral line</a> 3) dorsal fin 4) fat fin<br />5) caudal peduncle 6) caudal fin 7) anal fin 8) <a href="/wiki/Photophore" title="Photophore">photophores</a> 9) pelvic fins 10) pectoral fins</div> </li> </ul> <p>Since body tissue is denser than water, fish must compensate for the difference or they will sink. Many bony fish have an internal organ called a <a href="/wiki/Swim_bladder" title="Swim bladder">swim bladder</a> that allows them to adjust their <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a> by increasing or decreasing the amount of gas it contains.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fish_scale" title="Fish scale">scales of fish</a> provide protection from <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predators</a> at the cost of adding stiffness and weight.<sup id="cite_ref-Quan_Yang_Lapeyriere_Schaible_2020_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quan_Yang_Lapeyriere_Schaible_2020-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish scales are often highly reflective; this <a href="/wiki/Camouflage#Silvering" title="Camouflage">silvering provides camouflage</a> in the open ocean. Because the water all around is the same colour, reflecting an image of the water offers near-invisibility.<sup id="cite_ref-Herring_2002_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herring_2002-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swim_bladder.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gas-filled swim bladder of a rudd helps maintain neutral buoyancy."><img alt="Gas-filled swim bladder of a rudd helps maintain neutral buoyancy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Swim_bladder.jpg/200px-Swim_bladder.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Swim_bladder.jpg/300px-Swim_bladder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Swim_bladder.jpg/400px-Swim_bladder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="235" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gas-filled <a href="/wiki/Swim_bladder" title="Swim bladder">swim bladder</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Scardinius_erythrophthalmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Scardinius erythrophthalmus">rudd</a> helps maintain neutral <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_scales.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silvered scales of a rohu provide protection and camouflage."><img alt="Silvered scales of a rohu provide protection and camouflage." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Fish_scales.jpg/160px-Fish_scales.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Fish_scales.jpg/240px-Fish_scales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Fish_scales.jpg/320px-Fish_scales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silvered <a href="/wiki/Fish_scale" title="Fish scale">scales</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Rohu" title="Rohu">rohu</a> provide protection and camouflage.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circulation">Circulation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_gill_respiration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fish_gill_respiration.jpg/330px-Fish_gill_respiration.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fish_gill_respiration.jpg/495px-Fish_gill_respiration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fish_gill_respiration.jpg/660px-Fish_gill_respiration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption>The fish heart pumps blood to the gills, where it picks up oxygen. The blood then flows without further pumping to the body, from where it returns to the heart.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fish have a <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">closed-loop circulatory system</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> pumps the blood in a single loop throughout the body; for comparison, the mammal heart has two loops, one for the lungs to pick up oxygen, one for the body to deliver the oxygen. In fish, the heart pumps blood through the gills. Oxygen-rich blood then flows without further pumping, unlike in mammals, to the body tissues. Finally, oxygen-depleted blood returns to the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respiration">Respiration</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gills">Gills</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fish_gill" title="Fish gill">Fish gill</a></div> <p>Fish exchange gases using <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a> on either side of the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a>. Gills consist of comblike structures called filaments. Each filament contains a <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillary</a> network that provides a large <a href="/wiki/Surface_area" title="Surface area">surface area</a> for exchanging <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. Fish exchange gases by pulling oxygen-rich water through their mouths and pumping it over their gills. Capillary blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction to the water, resulting in efficient <a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_exchange" title="Countercurrent exchange">countercurrent exchange</a>. The gills push the oxygen-poor water out through openings in the sides of the pharynx. Cartilaginous fish have multiple gill openings: sharks usually have five, sometimes six or seven pairs; they often have to swim to oxygenate their gills. Bony fish have a single gill opening on each side, hidden beneath a protective bony cover or <a href="/wiki/Operculum_(fish)" title="Operculum (fish)">operculum</a>. They are able to oxygenate their gills using muscles in the head.<sup id="cite_ref-Romer_1977_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romer_1977-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_breathing">Air breathing</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_fish" title="Amphibious fish">amphibious fish</a></div> <p>Some 400 species of fish in 50 families can breathe air, enabling them to live in oxygen-poor water or to emerge on to land.<sup id="cite_ref-Graham_Wegner_2010_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham_Wegner_2010-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ability of fish to do this is potentially limited by their single-loop circulation, as oxygenated blood from their air-breathing organ will mix with deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the rest of the body. Lungfish, bichirs, ropefish, bowfins, snakefish, and the African knifefish have evolved to reduce such mixing, and to reduce oxygen loss from the gills to oxygen-poor water. Bichirs and lungfish have tetrapod-like paired lungs, requiring them to surface to gulp air, and making them obligate air breathers. Many other fish, including inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Rock_pool" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock pool">rock pools</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zone</a>, are facultative air breathers, able to breathe air when out of water, as may occur daily at <a href="/wiki/Low_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Low tide">low tide</a>, and to use their gills when in water. Some coastal fish like <a href="/wiki/Dialommus_macrocephalus" title="Dialommus macrocephalus">rockskippers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mudskipper" title="Mudskipper">mudskippers</a> choose to leave the water to feed in habitats temporarily exposed to the air.<sup id="cite_ref-Graham_Wegner_2010_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham_Wegner_2010-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some catfish absorb air through their digestive tracts.<sup id="cite_ref-Armbruster1998_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armbruster1998-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digestion">Digestion</h3></div> <p>The digestive system consists of a tube, the gut, leading from the mouth to the anus. The mouth of most fishes contains teeth to grip prey, bite off or scrape plant material, or crush the food. An <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a> carries food to the stomach where it may be stored and partially digested. A sphincter, the pylorus, releases food to the intestine at intervals. Many fish have finger-shaped pouches, <a href="/wiki/Pyloric_caeca" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyloric caeca">pyloric caeca</a>, around the pylorus, of doubtful function. The <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a> secretes enzymes into the intestine to digest the food; other enzymes are secreted directly by the intestine itself. The <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> produces <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a> which helps to break up fat into an emulsion which can be absorbed in the intestine.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excretion">Excretion</h3></div> <p>Most fish release their nitrogenous wastes as <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>. This may be excreted through the gills or <a href="/wiki/Filter_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter (chemistry)">filtered</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>. Salt is excreted by the rectal gland.<sup id="cite_ref-Burton_Burton_2017_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burton_Burton_2017-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saltwater fish tend to lose water by <a href="/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis">osmosis</a>; their kidneys return water to the body, and produce a concentrated urine. The reverse happens in <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">freshwater fish</a>: they tend to gain water osmotically, and produce a dilute urine. Some fish have kidneys able to operate in both freshwater and saltwater.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Royal_Society_1971_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Royal_Society_1971-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brain">Brain</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_brain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram showing the pairs of olfactory, telencephalon, and optic lobes, followed by the cerebellum and the mylencephalon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Fish_brain.png/110px-Fish_brain.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Fish_brain.png/165px-Fish_brain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Fish_brain.png/220px-Fish_brain.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="1206" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">rainbow trout</a> brain, from above</figcaption></figure> <p>Fish have small brains relative to body size compared with other vertebrates, typically one-fifteenth the brain mass of a similarly sized bird or mammal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelfmanColletteFacey199748–49_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelfmanColletteFacey199748–49-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some fish have relatively large brains, notably <a href="/wiki/Mormyridae" title="Mormyridae">mormyrids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a>, which have brains about as large for their body weight as birds and <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelfmanColletteFacey1997191_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelfmanColletteFacey1997191-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the front of the brain are the <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_bulb" title="Olfactory bulb">olfactory lobes</a>, a pair of structures that receive and process signals from the <a href="/wiki/Nostril" title="Nostril">nostrils</a> via the two <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_nerve" title="Olfactory nerve">olfactory nerves</a>. Fish that hunt primarily by smell, such as hagfish and sharks, have very large olfactory lobes. Behind these is the <a href="/wiki/Telencephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Telencephalon">telencephalon</a>, which in fish deals mostly with olfaction. Together these structures form the forebrain. Connecting the forebrain to the midbrain is the <a href="/wiki/Diencephalon" title="Diencephalon">diencephalon</a>; it works with <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pineal_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Pineal body">pineal body</a> is just above the diencephalon; it detects light, maintains <a href="/wiki/Circadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Circadian">circadian</a> rhythms, and controls color changes. The <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a> contains the two <a href="/wiki/Midbrain#Corpora_quadrigemina" title="Midbrain">optic lobes</a>. These are very large in species that hunt by sight, such as <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">rainbow trout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cichlid" title="Cichlid">cichlids</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Metencephalon" title="Metencephalon">hindbrain</a> controls swimming and balance.The single-lobed cerebellum is the biggest part of the brain; it is small in hagfish and <a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lampreys</a>, but very large in <a href="/wiki/Mormyrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormyrid">mormyrids</a>, processing their <a href="/wiki/Electric_fish" title="Electric fish">electrical sense</a>. The brain stem or <a href="/wiki/Myelencephalon" title="Myelencephalon">myelencephalon</a> controls some muscles and body organs, and governs respiration and <a href="/wiki/Osmoregulation" title="Osmoregulation">osmoregulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelfmanColletteFacey199748–49_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelfmanColletteFacey199748–49-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensory_systems">Sensory systems</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sensory_systems_in_fish" title="Sensory systems in fish">Sensory systems in fish</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">lateral line</a> system is a network of sensors in the skin which detects gentle currents and vibrations, and senses the motion of nearby fish, whether predators or prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Bleckmann_Zelick_2009_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bleckmann_Zelick_2009-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be considered both a sense of <a href="/wiki/Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch">touch</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">hearing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Blind_cave_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Blind cave fish">Blind cave fish</a> navigate almost entirely through the sensations from their lateral line system.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some fish, such as catfish and sharks, have the <a href="/wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini" title="Ampullae of Lorenzini">ampullae of Lorenzini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electroreceptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroreceptor">electroreceptors</a> that detect weak electric currents on the order of millivolt.<sup id="cite_ref-Albert_Crampton_2006_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albert_Crampton_2006-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vision_in_fish" title="Vision in fish">Vision</a> is an important <a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">sensory system</a> in fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Guthrie_1986_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie_1986-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish eyes are similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a> <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> like <a href="/wiki/Bird_vision" title="Bird vision">birds</a> and mammals, but have a more <a href="/wiki/Spherical" class="mw-redirect" title="Spherical">spherical</a> <a href="/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">lens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guthrie_1986_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie_1986-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retinas</a> generally have both <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cones</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Scotopic_vision" title="Scotopic vision">scotopic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Photopic_vision" title="Photopic vision">photopic vision</a>); many species have <a href="/wiki/Colour_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour vision">colour vision</a>, often with three types of cone.<sup id="cite_ref-Guthrie_1986_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie_1986-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teleosts can see <a href="/wiki/Polarized_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarized light">polarized light</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Hawryshyn_2010_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawryshyn_2010-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some such as cyprinids have a fourth type of cone that detects <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guthrie_1986_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie_1986-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amongst <a href="/wiki/Jawless_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawless fish">jawless fish</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lamprey</a> has well-developed eyes,<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer-Rochow_1996_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-Rochow_1996-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfish</a> has only primitive eyespots.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamb_Collin_Pugh_2007_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamb_Collin_Pugh_2007-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hearing_in_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing in fish">Hearing</a> too is an important sensory system in fish. Fish sense sound using their lateral lines and <a href="/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">otoliths</a> in their ears, inside their heads. Some can detect sound through the swim bladder.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins_1981_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins_1981-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some fish, including salmon, are capable of <a href="/wiki/Magnetoreception" title="Magnetoreception">magnetoreception</a>; when the axis of a magnetic field is changed around a circular tank of young fish, they reorient themselves in line with the field.<sup id="cite_ref-Quinn_1980_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinn_1980-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_1986_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_1986-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mechanism of fish magnetoreception remains unknown;<sup id="cite_ref-Formicki_Korzelecka‐Orkisz_Tański_2019_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Formicki_Korzelecka‐Orkisz_Tański_2019-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> experiments in birds imply a quantum <a href="/wiki/Radical_pair_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical pair mechanism">radical pair mechanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hore_Mouritsen_2022_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hore_Mouritsen_2022-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognition">Cognition</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fish_intelligence" title="Fish intelligence">Fish intelligence</a></div> <p>The cognitive capacities of fish include <a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">self-awareness</a>, as seen in <a href="/wiki/Mirror_test" title="Mirror test">mirror tests</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manta_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Manta rays">Manta rays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wrasse" title="Wrasse">wrasses</a> placed in front of a mirror repeatedly check whether their reflection's behavior mimics their body movement.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Choerodon" title="Choerodon">Choerodon</a></i> wrasse, <a href="/wiki/Archerfish" title="Archerfish">archerfish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic cod</a> can solve problems and invent tools.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">monogamous</a> cichlid <i><a href="/wiki/Amatitlania_siquia" title="Amatitlania siquia">Amatitlania siquia</a></i> exhibits pessimistic behavior when prevented from being with its partner.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish orient themselves using landmarks; they may use mental maps based on multiple landmarks. Fish are able to learn to traverse mazes, showing that they possess spatial memory and visual discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Behavioral research suggests that fish are <a href="/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">sentient</a>, capable of experiencing <a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">pain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrogenesis">Electrogenesis</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electroreception_system_in_Elephantfish.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Electroreception_system_in_Elephantfish.svg/330px-Electroreception_system_in_Elephantfish.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Electroreception_system_in_Elephantfish.svg/495px-Electroreception_system_in_Elephantfish.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Electroreception_system_in_Elephantfish.svg/660px-Electroreception_system_in_Elephantfish.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Elephantnose_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephantnose fish">elephantnose fish</a> is a weakly electric fish which generates an <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric field</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Electric_organ_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric organ (biology)">electric organ</a> and then uses its <a href="/wiki/Electroreception_and_electrogenesis" title="Electroreception and electrogenesis">electroreceptive organs</a> to locate objects by the distortions they cause in its electric field.<sup id="cite_ref-von_der_Emde_1999_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-von_der_Emde_1999-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Electroreception_and_electrogenesis" title="Electroreception and electrogenesis">Electroreception and electrogenesis</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Electric_fish" title="Electric fish">Electric fish</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mormyridae" title="Mormyridae">elephantfishes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gymnarchus" title="Gymnarchus">African knifefish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electrophorus_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrophorus (fish)">electric eels</a> have some of their muscles adapted to <a href="/wiki/Electroreception_and_electrogenesis" title="Electroreception and electrogenesis">generate electric fields</a>. They use the field to locate and identify objects such as prey in the waters around them, which may be turbid or dark.<sup id="cite_ref-Albert_Crampton_2006_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albert_Crampton_2006-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strongly electric fish like the electric eel can in addition use their <a href="/wiki/Electric_organ_(fish)" title="Electric organ (fish)">electric organs</a> to generate shocks powerful enough to stun their prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Catania_2015_high-voltage_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catania_2015_high-voltage-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endothermy">Endothermy</h3></div> <p>Most fish are exclusively cold-blooded or <a href="/wiki/Ectothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectothermic">ectothermic</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Scombroidei" title="Scombroidei">Scombroidei</a> are <a href="/wiki/Warm-blooded" title="Warm-blooded">warm-blooded</a> (endothermic), including the <a href="/wiki/Billfish" title="Billfish">billfishes</a> and tunas.<sup id="cite_ref-Block1993_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Block1993-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lampris_guttatus" title="Lampris guttatus">opah</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lampriform" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampriform">lampriform</a>, uses whole-body endothermy, generating heat with its swimming muscles to warm its body while countercurrent exchange minimizes heat loss.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the cartilaginous fishes, sharks of the families <a href="/wiki/Lamnidae" title="Lamnidae">Lamnidae</a> (such as the great white shark) and <a href="/wiki/Alopiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alopiidae">Alopiidae</a> (thresher sharks) are endothermic. The degree of endothermy varies from the billfishes, which warm only their eyes and brain, to the <a href="/wiki/Bluefin_tuna" title="Bluefin tuna">bluefin tuna</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Porbeagle_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Porbeagle shark">porbeagle shark</a>, which maintain body temperatures more than 20 °C (68 °F) above the ambient water.<sup id="cite_ref-Block1993_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Block1993-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Reproductive_method"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction_and_life-cycle">Reproduction and life-cycle</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fish_reproduction" title="Fish reproduction">Fish reproduction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salmonlarvakils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Salmonlarvakils.jpg/170px-Salmonlarvakils.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Salmonlarvakils.jpg/255px-Salmonlarvakils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Salmonlarvakils.jpg/340px-Salmonlarvakils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1249" data-file-height="1821" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a> fry hatching from the egg, keeping its <a href="/wiki/Yolk_sac" title="Yolk sac">yolk sac</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The primary reproductive organs are paired <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guimaraes_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guimaraes-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eggs are released from the ovary to the <a href="/wiki/Oviduct" title="Oviduct">oviducts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brito_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brito-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 97% of fish, including salmon and goldfish, are <a href="/wiki/Oviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviparous">oviparous</a>, meaning that the eggs are shed into the water and develop outside the mother's body.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eggs are usually fertilized outside the mother's body, with the male and female fish shedding their <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a> into the surrounding water. In a few oviparous fish, such as the <a href="/wiki/Skate_(fish)" title="Skate (fish)">skates</a>, fertilization is internal: the male uses an <a href="/wiki/Ichthyology_terms#I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyology terms">intromittent organ</a> to deliver sperm into the female's genital opening of the female.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_Kendall_2009_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_Kendall_2009-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marine fish release large numbers of small eggs into the open water column. Newly hatched young of oviparous fish are <a href="/wiki/Ichthyoplankton" title="Ichthyoplankton">planktonic larvae</a>. They have a large <a href="/wiki/Yolk_sac" title="Yolk sac">yolk sac</a> and do not resemble juvenile or adult fish. The larval period in oviparous fish is usually only some weeks, and larvae rapidly grow and <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">change in structure</a> to become juveniles. During this transition, larvae must switch from their yolk sac to feeding on <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a> prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_Kendall_2009_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_Kendall_2009-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some fish such as <a href="/wiki/Embiotocidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Embiotocidae">surf-perches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goodeidae" title="Goodeidae">splitfins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lemon_shark" title="Lemon shark">lemon sharks</a> are <a href="/wiki/Viviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Viviparous">viviparous</a> or live-bearing, meaning that the mother retains the eggs and nourishes the embryos via a structure analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a> to connect the mother's blood supply with the embryo's.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_Kendall_2009_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_Kendall_2009-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNA_repair">DNA repair</h3></div> <p>Embryos of externally fertilized fish species are directly exposed during their development to environmental conditions that may <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">damage their DNA</a>, such as pollutants, <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV light</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">reactive oxygen species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dey2023_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dey2023-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To deal with such DNA damages, a variety of different <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> pathways are employed by fish embryos during their development.<sup id="cite_ref-Dey2023_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dey2023-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years <a href="/wiki/Zebrafish" title="Zebrafish">zebrafish</a> have become a useful model for assessing environmental pollutants that might be genotoxic, i.e. cause DNA damage.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defenses_against_disease">Defenses against disease</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Immune system</a></div> <p>Fish have both non-specific and immune defenses against disease. Non-specific defenses include the skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a> that traps and inhibits the growth of <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>. If <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> breach these defenses, the <a href="/wiki/Innate_immune_system" title="Innate immune system">innate immune system</a> can mount an <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammatory response</a> that increases blood flow to the infected region and delivers <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="White blood cells">white blood cells</a> that attempt to destroy pathogens, non-specifically. Specific defenses respond to particular antigens, such as <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> on the surfaces of <a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria" title="Pathogenic bacteria">pathogenic bacteria</a>, recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system" title="Adaptive immune system">adaptive immune system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelfmanColletteFacey199795–96_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelfmanColletteFacey199795–96-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immune systems evolved in <a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">deuterostomes</a> as shown in the cladogram.<sup id="cite_ref-Flajnik_Kasahara_2010_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flajnik_Kasahara_2010-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:95%;line-height:110%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">Deuterostomes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>  <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">hemichordates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cephalochordate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordate">cephalochordates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urochordate" class="mw-redirect" title="Urochordate">urochordates</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">Vertebrates</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>  <a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Jawless fishes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  <b><a href="/wiki/Variable_lymphocyte_receptor" title="Variable lymphocyte receptor">VLR adaptive immunity</a></b>   </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>  <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Jawed fishes and tetrapods</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> <b><a href="/wiki/V(D)J_recombination" title="V(D)J recombination">V(D)J adaptive immunity</a></b>   </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  <b><a href="/wiki/Innate_immunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Innate immunity">innate immunity</a></b>   </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Immune organs vary by type of fish. The jawless fish have <a href="/wiki/Lymphoid_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphoid tissue">lymphoid tissue</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Pronephros" title="Pronephros">anterior kidney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Granulocyte" title="Granulocyte">granulocytes</a> in the gut. They have <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immunity_in_jawless_fish" title="Adaptive immunity in jawless fish">their own type of adaptive immune system</a>; it makes use of <a href="/wiki/Variable_lymphocyte_receptor" title="Variable lymphocyte receptor">variable lymphocyte receptors</a> (VLR) to generate immunity to a wide range of antigens, The result is much like that of jawed fishes and tetrapods, but it may have <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">evolved separately</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flajnik_Kasahara_2010_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flajnik_Kasahara_2010-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All jawed fishes have an <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system" title="Adaptive immune system">adaptive immune system</a> with B and T <a href="/wiki/Lymphocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphocytes">lymphocytes</a> bearing <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoglobulin">immunoglobulins</a> and <a href="/wiki/T_cell_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="T cell receptor">T cell receptors</a> respectively. This makes use of <a href="/wiki/V(D)J_recombination" title="V(D)J recombination">Variable–Diversity–Joining rearrangement</a> (V(D)J) to create immunity to a wide range of antigens. This system evolved once and is basal to the jawed vertebrate clade.<sup id="cite_ref-Flajnik_Kasahara_2010_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flajnik_Kasahara_2010-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cartilaginous fish have three specialized organs that contain immune system cells: the epigonal organs around the gonads, <a href="/wiki/Leydig%27s_organ" title="Leydig's organ">Leydig's organ</a> within the esophagus, and a <a href="/wiki/Spiral_valve" title="Spiral valve">spiral valve</a> in their intestine, while their <a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">thymus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a> have similar functions to those of the same organs in the immune systems of tetrapods.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teleosts have lymphocytes in the thymus, and other immune cells in the spleen and other organs.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior">Behavior</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shoaling_and_schooling">Shoaling and schooling</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banco_de_peces_trompeta_(Macroramphosus_scolopax),_islas_Azores,_Portugal,_2020-07-27,_DD_40.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Banco_de_peces_trompeta_%28Macroramphosus_scolopax%29%2C_islas_Azores%2C_Portugal%2C_2020-07-27%2C_DD_40.jpg/220px-Banco_de_peces_trompeta_%28Macroramphosus_scolopax%29%2C_islas_Azores%2C_Portugal%2C_2020-07-27%2C_DD_40.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Banco_de_peces_trompeta_%28Macroramphosus_scolopax%29%2C_islas_Azores%2C_Portugal%2C_2020-07-27%2C_DD_40.jpg/330px-Banco_de_peces_trompeta_%28Macroramphosus_scolopax%29%2C_islas_Azores%2C_Portugal%2C_2020-07-27%2C_DD_40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Banco_de_peces_trompeta_%28Macroramphosus_scolopax%29%2C_islas_Azores%2C_Portugal%2C_2020-07-27%2C_DD_40.jpg/440px-Banco_de_peces_trompeta_%28Macroramphosus_scolopax%29%2C_islas_Azores%2C_Portugal%2C_2020-07-27%2C_DD_40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4946" data-file-height="4231" /></a><figcaption>Fish such as these <a href="/wiki/Snipefish" class="mw-redirect" title="Snipefish">snipefishes</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">school</a> for safety from predators, and to spawn.<sup id="cite_ref-Pitcher_1986_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitcher_1986-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <i>shoal</i> is a loosely organised group where each fish swims and forages independently but is attracted to other members of the group and adjusts its behaviour, such as swimming speed, so that it remains close to the other members of the group. A <i>school</i> is a much more tightly organised group, synchronising its swimming so that all fish move at the same speed and in the same direction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelfmanColletteFacey1997375_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelfmanColletteFacey1997375-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schooling is sometimes an <a href="/wiki/Antipredator_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipredator adaptation">antipredator adaptation</a>, offering improved vigilance against predators. It is often more efficient to gather food by working as a group, and individual fish optimise their strategies by choosing to join or leave a shoal. When a predator has been noticed, prey fish respond defensively, resulting in collective shoal behaviours such as synchronised movements. Responses do not consist only of attempting to hide or flee; antipredator tactics include for example scattering and reassembling. Fish also aggregate in shoals to spawn.<sup id="cite_ref-Pitcher_1986_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitcher_1986-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Capelin" title="Capelin">capelin</a> migrates annually in large schools between its feeding areas and its spawning grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Gjøsæter_1998_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gjøsæter_1998-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_communication_in_aquatic_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic communication in aquatic animals">Acoustic communication in aquatic animals</a></div> <p>Fish communicate by transmitting acoustic signals (sounds) to each other. This is most often in the context of feeding, aggression or courtship.<sup id="cite_ref-Bioacoustics_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bioacoustics-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sounds emitted vary with the species and stimulus involved. Fish can produce either stridulatory sounds by moving components of the skeletal system, or can produce non-stridulatory sounds by manipulating specialized organs such as the swimbladder.<sup id="cite_ref-Journal_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Journal-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_grunts_-_Haemulon_flavolineatum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/French_grunts_-_Haemulon_flavolineatum.jpg/220px-French_grunts_-_Haemulon_flavolineatum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/French_grunts_-_Haemulon_flavolineatum.jpg/330px-French_grunts_-_Haemulon_flavolineatum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/French_grunts_-_Haemulon_flavolineatum.jpg/440px-French_grunts_-_Haemulon_flavolineatum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haemulon_flavolineatum" title="Haemulon flavolineatum">French grunt fish</a> makes sounds by grinding its teeth. </figcaption></figure> <p>Some fish produce sounds by rubbing or grinding their bones together. These sounds are stridulatory. In <i><a href="/wiki/Haemulon_flavolineatum" title="Haemulon flavolineatum">Haemulon flavolineatum</a></i>, the French grunt fish, as it produces a grunting noise by grinding its teeth together, especially when in distress. The grunts are at a frequency of around 700 Hz, and last approximately 47 milliseconds.<sup id="cite_ref-Journal_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Journal-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The longsnout seahorse, <i><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_reidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippocampus reidi">Hippocampus reidi</a></i> produces two categories of sounds, 'clicks' and 'growls', by rubbing their coronet bone across the grooved section of their neurocranium.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clicks are produced during courtship and feeding, and the frequencies of clicks were within the range of 50 Hz-800 Hz. The frequencies are at the higher end of the range during spawning, when the female and male fishes were less than fifteen centimeters apart. Growls are produced when the <i>H. reidi</i> are stressed. The 'growl' sounds consist of a series of sound pulses and are emitted simultaneously with body vibrations.<sup id="cite_ref-Zoology_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zoology-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some fish species create noise by engaging specialized muscles that contract and cause swimbladder vibrations. <a href="/wiki/Oyster_toadfish" title="Oyster toadfish">Oyster toadfish</a> produce loud grunts by contracting sonic muscles along the sides of the swim bladder.<sup id="cite_ref-Experimental_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Experimental-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female and male toadfishes emit short-duration grunts, often as a fright response.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to short-duration grunts, male toadfishes produce "boat whistle calls".<sup id="cite_ref-plos_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plos-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These calls are longer in duration, lower in frequency, and are primarily used to attract mates.<sup id="cite_ref-plos_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plos-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The various sounds have frequency range of 140 Hz to 260 Hz.<sup id="cite_ref-plos_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plos-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The frequencies of the calls depend on the rate at which the sonic muscles contract.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Experimental_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Experimental-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The red drum, <i><a href="/wiki/Sciaenops_ocellatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciaenops ocellatus">Sciaenops ocellatus</a></i>, produces drumming sounds by vibrating its swimbladder. Vibrations are caused by the rapid contraction of sonic muscles that surround the dorsal aspect of the swimbladder. These vibrations result in repeated sounds with frequencies from 100 to >200 Hz. <i>S. ocellatus</i> produces different calls depending on the stimuli involved, such as courtship or a predator's attack. Females do not produce sounds, and lack sound-producing (sonic) muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsevier_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2></div> <p>The 2024 <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">IUCN</a> <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">Red List</a> names 2,168 fish species that are endangered or critically endangered.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Included are species such as <a href="/wiki/Gadus_morhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadus morhua">Atlantic cod</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cyprinodon_diabolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprinodon diabolis">Devil's Hole pupfish</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coelacanth" title="Coelacanth">coelacanths</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">great white sharks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because fish live underwater they are more difficult to study than terrestrial animals and plants, and information about fish populations is often lacking. However, freshwater fish seem particularly threatened because they often live in relatively small water bodies. For example, the Devil's Hole pupfish occupies only a single 3 by 6 metres (10 by 20 ft) pool.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelfmanColletteFacey1997449–450_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelfmanColletteFacey1997449–450-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overfishing">Overfishing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Time_series_for_collapse_of_Atlantic_northwest_cod.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Time_series_for_collapse_of_Atlantic_northwest_cod.png/330px-Time_series_for_collapse_of_Atlantic_northwest_cod.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Time_series_for_collapse_of_Atlantic_northwest_cod.png/495px-Time_series_for_collapse_of_Atlantic_northwest_cod.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Time_series_for_collapse_of_Atlantic_northwest_cod.png/660px-Time_series_for_collapse_of_Atlantic_northwest_cod.png 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Atlantic_northwest_cod_fishery" title="Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery">Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_2001_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_2001-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> reports that "in 2017, 34 percent of the fish stocks of the world's marine fisheries were classified as overfished".<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_2020_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_2020-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overfishing is a major threat to edible fish such as cod and <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overfishing eventually causes <a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">fish stocks</a> to collapse, because the survivors cannot produce enough young to replace those removed. Such commercial extinction does not mean that the species is extinct, merely that it can no longer sustain a fishery. In the case of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_sardine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific sardine">Pacific sardine</a> fishery off the California coast, the catch steadily declined from a 1937 peak of 800,000 tonnes to an economically inviable 24,000 tonnes in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelfmanColletteFacey1997462_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelfmanColletteFacey1997462-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Atlantic_northwest_cod_fishery" title="Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery">case of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery</a>, overfishing reduced the fish population to 1% of its historical level by 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_2001_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_2001-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries scientists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">fishing industry</a> have sharply differing views on the resiliency of fisheries to intensive fishing. In many coastal regions the fishing industry is a major employer, so governments are predisposed to support it.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, scientists and conservationists push for stringent protection, warning that many stocks could be destroyed within fifty years.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_threats">Other threats</h3></div> <p>A key stress on both freshwater and marine ecosystems is <a href="/wiki/Habitat_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat degradation">habitat degradation</a> including <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>, the building of dams, removal of water for use by humans, and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">exotic</a> species including predators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelfmanColletteFacey1997463_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelfmanColletteFacey1997463-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freshwater fish, especially if <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to a region (occurring nowhere else), may be threatened with extinction for all these reasons, as is the case for three of Spain's ten endemic freshwater fishes.<sup id="cite_ref-Elvira_1995_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elvira_1995-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> River dams, especially major schemes like the <a href="/wiki/Kariba_Dam" title="Kariba Dam">Kariba Dam</a> (Zambezi river) and the <a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a> (<a href="/wiki/River_Nile" class="mw-redirect" title="River Nile">River Nile</a>) on rivers with economically important fisheries, have caused large reductions in fish catch.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Industrial bottom trawling <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">can damage seabed habitats</a>, as has occurred on the <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bank" title="Georges Bank">Georges Bank</a> in the North Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-Duplisea_Frisk_Trenkel_2016_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duplisea_Frisk_Trenkel_2016-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Introduction of aquatic <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> is widespread. It modifies ecosystems, causing biodiversity loss, and can harm fisheries. Harmful species include fish but are not limited to them;<sup id="cite_ref-Lovell_Stone_2006_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovell_Stone_2006-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the arrival of a <a href="/wiki/Comb_jelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Comb jelly">comb jelly</a> in the Black Sea damaged the <a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovy</a> fishery there.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lovell_Stone_2006_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovell_Stone_2006-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opening of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in 1869 made possible <a href="/wiki/Lessepsian_migration" title="Lessepsian migration">Lessepsian migration</a>, facilitating the arrival of hundreds of Indo-Pacific marine species of fish, algae and invertebrates in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, deeply impacting its overall biodiversity <sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ecology.<sup id="cite_ref-Golani_1998_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golani_1998-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The predatory <a href="/wiki/Nile_perch" title="Nile perch">Nile perch</a> was deliberately introduced to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> in the 1960s as a commercial and sports fish. The lake had high biodiversity, with some 500 <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> species of <a href="/wiki/Cichlid" title="Cichlid">cichlid</a> fish. It drastically altered the lake's ecology, and <a href="/wiki/Fishing_on_Lake_Victoria" title="Fishing on Lake Victoria">simplified the fishery</a> from multi-species to just three: the Nile perch, the <a href="/wiki/Silver_cyprinid" title="Silver cyprinid">silver cyprinid</a>, and another introduced fish, the <a href="/wiki/Nile_tilapia" title="Nile tilapia">Nile tilapia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Haplochromine" title="Haplochromine">haplochromine</a> cichlid populations have collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-Coulter_Allanson_Bruton_1986_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulter_Allanson_Bruton_1986-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Achieng_1990_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Achieng_1990-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance_to_humans">Importance to humans</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trawlers_overfishing_cod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Trawlers_overfishing_cod.jpg/280px-Trawlers_overfishing_cod.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Trawlers_overfishing_cod.jpg/420px-Trawlers_overfishing_cod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Trawlers_overfishing_cod.jpg/560px-Trawlers_overfishing_cod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Trawler_(fishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trawler (fishing)">trawler</a> hauling in a large catch of <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a>, 2016 </figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout history, humans have used <a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">fish as a food source</a> for <a href="/wiki/Dietary_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary protein">dietary protein</a>. Historically and today, most fish harvested for human consumption has come by means of catching wild fish. However, fish farming, which has been practiced since about 3,500 BCE in ancient China,<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is becoming increasingly important in many nations. Overall, about one-sixth of the world's protein is estimated to be provided by fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Helfman_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helfman-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a> is accordingly a large global business which provides income for millions of people.<sup id="cite_ref-Helfman_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helfman-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Defense_Fund" title="Environmental Defense Fund">Environmental Defense Fund</a> has a guide on which fish are safe to eat, given the state of pollution in today's world, and which fish are obtained in a sustainable way.<sup id="cite_ref-EDF_fish_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDF_fish-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020, over 65 million tonnes (Mt) of marine fish and 10 Mt of freshwater fish were captured, while some 50 Mt of fish, mainly freshwater, were farmed. Of the marine species captured in 2020, <a href="/wiki/Anchoveta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchoveta">anchoveta</a> represented 4.9 Mt, <a href="/wiki/Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a> 3.5 Mt, <a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">skipjack tuna</a> 2.8 Mt, and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_herring" title="Atlantic herring">Atlantic herring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">yellowfin tuna</a> 1.6 Mt each; eight more species had catches over 1 Mt.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreation">Recreation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fishkeeping" title="Fishkeeping">Fishkeeping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Recreational fishing</a></div> <p>Fish have been recognized as a source of beauty for almost as long as used for food, appearing in <a href="/wiki/Cave_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave art">cave art</a>, being raised as <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamental fish">ornamental fish</a> in ponds, and displayed in <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">aquariums</a> in homes, offices, or public settings. Recreational fishing is fishing primarily for pleasure or competition; it can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is fishing for profit, or <a href="/wiki/Artisanal_fishing" title="Artisanal fishing">artisanal fishing</a>, which is fishing primarily for food. The most common form of recreational fishing employs a <a href="/wiki/Fishing_rod" title="Fishing rod">rod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishing_reel" title="Fishing reel">reel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishing_line" title="Fishing line">line</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish_hook" title="Fish hook">hooks</a>, and a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Bait_(luring_substance)" title="Bait (luring substance)">baits</a>. Recreational fishing is particularly popular in North America and Europe; government agencies often actively manage target fish species.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fish_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish in culture">Fish in culture</a></div> <p>Fish themes have symbolic significance in many religions. In ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, fish offerings were made to the gods from the very earliest times.<sup id="cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish were also a major symbol of <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a>, the god of water.<sup id="cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish frequently appear as filling motifs in <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seals</a> from the <a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">Old Babylonian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1830 BC – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1531 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> (911–609 BC) periods.<sup id="cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_138-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting during the <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite Period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600 BC – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1155 BC) and lasting until the early <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Period</a> (550–30 BC), healers and exorcists dressed in ritual garb resembling the bodies of fish.<sup id="cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_138-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Period</a> (312–63 BC), the legendary Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">culture hero</a> <a href="/wiki/Oannes_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oannes (mythology)">Oannes</a> was said to have dressed in the skin of a fish.<sup id="cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_138-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish were sacred to the Syrian goddess <a href="/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis">Atargatis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hyde2008_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyde2008-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, during her festivals, only her priests were permitted to eat them.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyde2008_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyde2008-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Book of Jonah</a>, the central figure, a <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> named <a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>, is swallowed by a giant fish after being thrown overboard by the crew of the ship he is travelling on.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherwood_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherwood-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christians</a> used the <i><a href="/wiki/Ichthys" title="Ichthys">ichthys</a></i>, a symbol of a fish, to represent Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyde2008_139-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyde2008-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coffman2008_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coffman2008-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a> said to take the form of a fish are <a href="/wiki/Ikatere" title="Ikatere">Ikatere</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-TeAra_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TeAra-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the shark-god <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81mohoali%CA%BBi" title="Kāmohoaliʻi">Kāmohoaliʻi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaiʻi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a> of the Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constellation <a href="/wiki/Pisces_(constellation)" title="Pisces (constellation)">Pisces</a> ("The Fishes") is associated with a legend from Ancient Rome that <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> and her son <a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a> were rescued by two fishes.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fish feature prominently in art,<sup id="cite_ref-Moyle_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moyle-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Finding_Nemo" title="Finding Nemo">Finding Nemo</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and books such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea" title="The Old Man and the Sea">The Old Man and the Sea</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large fish, particularly sharks, have frequently been the subject of <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror movies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">thrillers</a>, notably the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Jaws_(novel)" title="Jaws (novel)">Jaws</a></i>, made into a film which in turn has been parodied and imitated many times.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Piranhas are shown in a similar light to sharks in films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Piranha_(1978_film)" title="Piranha (1978 film)">Piranha</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Matsya_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Avatar of Vishnu as a Matsya, India"><img alt="Avatar of Vishnu as a Matsya, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Matsya_painting.jpg/193px-Matsya_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Matsya_painting.jpg/290px-Matsya_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Matsya_painting.jpg/387px-Matsya_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="977" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a>, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 250.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 248.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartolomeo_Passerotti_-_The_Fishmonger%27s_Shop_-_WGA17072.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Fishmonger's Shop, Bartolomeo Passerotti, 1580s"><img alt="The Fishmonger's Shop, Bartolomeo Passerotti, 1580s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bartolomeo_Passerotti_-_The_Fishmonger%27s_Shop_-_WGA17072.jpg/373px-Bartolomeo_Passerotti_-_The_Fishmonger%27s_Shop_-_WGA17072.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bartolomeo_Passerotti_-_The_Fishmonger%27s_Shop_-_WGA17072.jpg/560px-Bartolomeo_Passerotti_-_The_Fishmonger%27s_Shop_-_WGA17072.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bartolomeo_Passerotti_-_The_Fishmonger%27s_Shop_-_WGA17072.jpg/746px-Bartolomeo_Passerotti_-_The_Fishmonger%27s_Shop_-_WGA17072.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="770" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Fishmonger's Shop</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Passerotti" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomeo Passerotti">Bartolomeo Passerotti</a>, 1580s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldfish_Matisse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Goldfish by Henri Matisse, 1912"><img alt="Goldfish by Henri Matisse, 1912" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c1/Goldfish_Matisse.jpg/179px-Goldfish_Matisse.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c1/Goldfish_Matisse.jpg/269px-Goldfish_Matisse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c1/Goldfish_Matisse.jpg/358px-Goldfish_Matisse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Goldfish_(Matisse)" title="Goldfish (Matisse)">Goldfish</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a>, 1912</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fish" title="Outline of fish">Outline of fish</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep sea fish">Deep sea fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_acute_toxicity_syndrome" title="Fish acute toxicity syndrome">Fish acute toxicity syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_development" title="Fish development">Fish development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_common_names" title="List of fish common names">List of fish common names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_families" title="List of fish families">List of fish families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">Otolith</a> – bone used for determining the age of a fish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pregnancy (fish)">Pregnancy (fish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_fish" title="Walking fish">Walking fish</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The temperature is often around 0 C. The freezing point of seawater at the surface is -1.85 C, falling to -2.62 C at a depth of 1000 metres. However, the water can be <a href="/wiki/Supercooled" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercooled">supercooled</a> somewhat below these temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Haumann_Moorman_Riser_Smedsrud_2020_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haumann_Moorman_Riser_Smedsrud_2020-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dwds.de/wb/Fisch">"DWDS – Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache"</a>. <i>DWDS</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731172104/https://www.dwds.de/wb/Fisch">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Ultraviolet Polarization Vision and Visually Guided Behavior in Fishes". <i>Brain, Behavior and Evolution</i>. <b>75</b> (3): 186–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000314275">10.1159/000314275</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-8977">0006-8977</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20733294">20733294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain%2C+Behavior+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Ultraviolet+Polarization+Vision+and+Visually+Guided+Behavior+in+Fishes&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=186-194&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0006-8977&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20733294&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000314275&rft.aulast=Hawryshyn&rft.aufirst=Craig+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer-Rochow_1996-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meyer-Rochow_1996_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer-RochowStewart1996" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer-Rochow, V. Benno; Stewart, Duncan (1996). "Review of larval and postlarval eye ultrastructure in the lamprey (cyclostomata) with special emphasis on Geotria australis (gray)". <i>Microscopy Research and Technique</i>. <b>35</b> (6): 431–444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0029%2819961215%2935%3A6%3C431%3A%3AAID-JEMT3%3E3.0.CO%3B2-L">10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19961215)35:6<431::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-L</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9016447">9016447</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22940203">22940203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microscopy+Research+and+Technique&rft.atitle=Review+of+larval+and+postlarval+eye+ultrastructure+in+the+lamprey+%28cyclostomata%29+with+special+emphasis+on+Geotria+australis+%28gray%29&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=431-444&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22940203%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9016447&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0029%2819961215%2935%3A6%3C431%3A%3AAID-JEMT3%3E3.0.CO%3B2-L&rft.aulast=Meyer-Rochow&rft.aufirst=V.+Benno&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lamb_Collin_Pugh_2007-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lamb_Collin_Pugh_2007_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambCollinPugh2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lamb, Trevor D.; Collin, Shaun P.; Pugh, Edward N. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3143066">"Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup"</a>. <i>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</i>. <b>8</b> (12): 960–976. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrn2283">10.1038/nrn2283</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-003X">1471-003X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3143066">3143066</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18026166">18026166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+vertebrate+eye%3A+opsins%2C+photoreceptors%2C+retina+and+eye+cup&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=960-976&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3143066%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1471-003X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18026166&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrn2283&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Trevor+D.&rft.au=Collin%2C+Shaun+P.&rft.au=Pugh%2C+Edward+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3143066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish" class="Z3988"></span> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12052-008-0091-2.pdf">Lamb et al.'s "The origin of the Vertebrate Eye", 2008.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawkins_1981-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins_1981_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins1981" class="citation book cs1">Hawkins, A. D. (1981). "6. The Hearing Abilities of Fish". In Tavolga, William N.; Popper, Arthur N.; Fay, Richard R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=EU+fish+quota+deal+hammered+out&rft.date=2006-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F6197433.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/news81778444.html">"Ocean study predicts the collapse of all seafood fisheries by 2050"</a>. <i>phys.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070315014325/http://www.physorg.com/news81778444.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1998). <i>Recreational Fisheries: Social, Economic and Management Aspects</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-852-38248-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-852-38248-6"><bdi>978-0-852-38248-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recreational+Fisheries%3A+Social%2C+Economic+and+Management+Aspects&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-852-38248-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlackGreen1992-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_138-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_138-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_138-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackGreen1992" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana"><i>Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/The_British_Museum_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The British Museum Press">The British Museum Press</a>. pp. 82–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1705-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1705-8"><bdi>978-0-7141-1705-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180220073403/https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Demons+and+Symbols+of+Ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+An+Illustrated+Dictionary&rft.pages=82-83&rft.pub=The+British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-1705-8&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Green%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05LXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DInana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyde2008-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hyde2008_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyde2008_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyde2008_139-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde2008" class="citation book cs1">Hyde, Walter Woodburn (2008) [1946]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H_VLAwAAQBAJ&q=Atargatis"><i>Paganism to Christianity in the Roman Empire</i></a>. Eugene, Oregon: <a href="/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wipf and Stock Publishers">Wipf and Stock Publishers</a>. pp. 57–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60608-349-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60608-349-9"><bdi>978-1-60608-349-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317010624/https://books.google.com/books?id=H_VLAwAAQBAJ&q=Atargatis">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paganism+to+Christianity+in+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=57-58&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60608-349-9&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=Walter+Woodburn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH_VLAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DAtargatis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherwood-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sherwood_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwood2000" class="citation book cs1">Sherwood, Yvonne (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kivijc6ZX5QC&q=Jonah"><i>A Biblical Text and Its Afterlives: The Survival of Jonah in Western Culture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 1–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79561-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79561-6"><bdi>978-0-521-79561-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317010619/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kivijc6ZX5QC&q=Jonah">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biblical+Text+and+Its+Afterlives%3A+The+Survival+of+Jonah+in+Western+Culture&rft.pages=1-8&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79561-6&rft.aulast=Sherwood&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKivijc6ZX5QC%26q%3DJonah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coffman2008-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coffman2008_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffman2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Coffman, Elesha (8 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/asktheexpert/oct26.html">"What is the origin of the Christian fish symbol?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130092733/http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/asktheexpert/oct26.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=What+is+the+origin+of+the+Christian+fish+symbol%3F&rft.date=2008-08-08&rft.aulast=Coffman&rft.aufirst=Elesha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fch%2Fasktheexpert%2Foct26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TeAra-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TeAra_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/ngarara-reptiles/page-2">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Ngārara – reptiles, Page 2. From sea to land', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand"</a>. Bradford Haami<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Ng%C4%81rara+%E2%80%93+reptiles%2C+Page+2.+From+sea+to+land%27%2C+Te+Ara+-+the+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Bradford+Haami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fngarara-reptiles%2Fpage-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThrum1907" class="citation book cs1">Thrum, Thomas (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/pac/hft/hft27.htm"><i>Hawaiian Folk Tales</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/A._C._McClurg" title="A. C. McClurg">A. C. McClurg</a>. p. 86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawaiian+Folk+Tales&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=A.+C.+McClurg&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Thrum&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fpac%2Fhft%2Fhft27.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandyopadhyaya2007" class="citation book cs1">Bandyopadhyaya, Jayantanuja (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gwUF11NRyT4C&dq=matsya+avatar+Purana&pg=PA136"><i>Class and Religion in Ancient India</i></a>. Anthem Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-332-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-332-8"><bdi>978-1-84331-332-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008120302/https://books.google.com/books?id=gwUF11NRyT4C&dq=matsya+avatar+Purana&pg=PA136">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class+and+Religion+in+Ancient+India&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-332-8&rft.aulast=Bandyopadhyaya&rft.aufirst=Jayantanuja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgwUF11NRyT4C%26dq%3Dmatsya%2Bavatar%2BPurana%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Fasti" title="Fasti">Fasti</a></i> 2.457ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moyle-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moyle_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoyleMoyle1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Moyle" title="Peter B. Moyle">Moyle, Peter B.</a>; Moyle, Marilyn A. (May 1991). "Introduction to fish imagery in art". <i>Environmental Biology of Fishes</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 5–23. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991EnvBF..31....5M">1991EnvBF..31....5M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00002153">10.1007/bf00002153</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33458630">33458630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Biology+of+Fishes&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+fish+imagery+in+art&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-23&rft.date=1991-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33458630%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00002153&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991EnvBF..31....5M&rft.aulast=Moyle&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft.au=Moyle%2C+Marilyn+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTidwell2009" class="citation journal cs1">Tidwell, Christy (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanpopularculture.com/journal/articles/spring_2009/tidwell.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Fish Are Just like People, Only Flakier': Environmental Practice and Theory in <i>Finding Nemo</i>"</a>. <i>Americana: The Journal of American Popular Culture</i> (8).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Americana%3A+The+Journal+of+American+Popular+Culture&rft.atitle=%27Fish+Are+Just+like+People%2C+Only+Flakier%27%3A+Environmental+Practice+and+Theory+in+Finding+Nemo&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Tidwell&rft.aufirst=Christy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanpopularculture.com%2Fjournal%2Farticles%2Fspring_2009%2Ftidwell.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurgaSai2017" class="citation journal cs1">Durga, P.; Sai, Kanaka (2017). "Nature of Existential Struggle in <i>The Old Man and the Sea</i>". <i>Journal of English Language and Literature JOELL</i>. <b>4</b> (4): 19–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+English+Language+and+Literature+JOELL&rft.atitle=Nature+of+Existential+Struggle+in+The+Old+Man+and+the+Sea&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=19-21&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Durga&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Sai%2C+Kanaka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlabaster2023" class="citation book cs1">Alabaster, Jay (2023). "The Goofy Great White: Jaws and Our Love for an Apex Predator". In Jackson, Kathy Merlock; Simpson, Philip L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Moment+of+Science&rft.atitle=Piranha+%E2%80%93+Ferocious+Fighter+or+Scavenging+Softie%3F&rft.date=2009-07-03&rft.aulast=Zollinger&rft.aufirst=Sue+Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianapublicmedia.org%2Famomentofscience%2Fpiranhaferocious-fighter-scavenging-softie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton2005" class="citation book cs1">Benton, M. J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VThUUUtM8A4C"><i>Vertebrate Palaeontology</i></a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-140514449-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-140514449-0"><bdi>978-140514449-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vertebrate+Palaeontology&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-140514449-0&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVThUUUtM8A4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelfmanColletteFacey1997" class="citation book cs1">Helfman, G.; Collette, B.; Facey, D. (1997). <i>The Diversity of Fishes</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86542-256-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86542-256-8"><bdi>978-0-86542-256-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diversity+of+Fishes&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-86542-256-8&rft.aulast=Helfman&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Facey%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2016" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Joseph S. (2016). "Taxonomic Diversity". <i>Fishes of the World</i>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-34233-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-34233-6"><bdi>978-1-118-34233-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Taxonomic+Diversity&rft.btitle=Fishes+of+the+World&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-118-34233-6&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Joseph+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Eschmeyer, William N.; Fong, Jon David (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/">"Catalog of Fishes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/California_Academy_of_Sciences" title="California Academy of Sciences">California Academy of Sciences</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203659/http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catalog+of+Fishes&rft.pub=California+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Eschmeyer&rft.aufirst=William+N.&rft.au=Fong%2C+Jon+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearcharchive.calacademy.org%2Fresearch%2Fichthyology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Helfman, G.; Collette, B.; Facey, D.; Bowen, B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/helfman/"><i>The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2494-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2494-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-2494-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826212914/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/helfman/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diversity+of+Fishes%3A+Biology%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Ecology&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-2494-2&rft.aulast=Helfman&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.&rft.au=Facey%2C+D.&rft.au=Bowen%2C+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwellpublishing.com%2Fhelfman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Moyle, Peter B. (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cu-J9tqy4IQC&q=Fish%3A+An+Enthusiast%27s+Guide"><i>Fish: An Enthusiast's Guide</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317010703/https://books.google.com/books?id=cu-J9tqy4IQC&q=Fish%3A+An+Enthusiast%27s+Guide">Archived</a> 17 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91665-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91665-4">978-0-520-91665-4</a> – good lay text.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Moyle, Peter B.; Cech, Joseph J. (2003). <i>Fishes, An Introduction to Ichthyology</i> (5th ed.). Benjamin Cummings. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-100847-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-100847-2"><bdi>978-0-13-100847-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishes%2C+An+Introduction+to+Ichthyology&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-13-100847-2&rft.aulast=Moyle&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft.au=Cech%2C+Joseph+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Scales" title="Helen Scales">Scales, Helen</a> (2018). <i>Eye of the shoal: A Fishwatcher's Guide to Life, the Ocean and Everything</i>. Bloomsbury Sigma. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-3684-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-3684-4"><bdi>978-1-4729-3684-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eye+of+the+shoal%3A+A+Fishwatcher%27s+Guide+to+Life%2C+the+Ocean+and+Everything&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Sigma&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4729-3684-4&rft.aulast=Scales&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Shubin" title="Neil Shubin">Shubin, Neil</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c008kdNwR1cC"><i>Your inner fish: A journey into the 3.5 billion year history of the human body</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27745-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27745-9"><bdi>978-0-307-27745-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317010712/https://books.google.com/books?id=c008kdNwR1cC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Your+inner+fish%3A+A+journey+into+the+3.5+billion+year+history+of+the+human+body&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-307-27745-9&rft.aulast=Shubin&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc008kdNwR1cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uctv.tv/search-details.aspx?showID=16412"><i>UCTV</i> interview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114070358/https://books.google.com/books?id=c008kdNwR1cC">Archived</a> 14 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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aquarium fish</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Fish" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Fish">Fish</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://db.angfa.org.au/">ANGFA</a> – Illustrated database of freshwater fishes of Australia and New Guinea</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fishbase.se/search.php">FishBase online</a> – Comprehensive database with information on over 29,000 fish species</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121215023321/http://fishdata.siu.edu/">Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center – Data outlet for fisheries and aquaculture research center in the central US</a> at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> (archived 15 December 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080312223952/http://www.nativefish.org/">The Native Fish Conservancy – Conservation and study of North American freshwater fishes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 12 March 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/topic/2888">United Nation</a> – Fisheries and Aquaculture Department: Fish and seafood utilization</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fish" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diversity_of_fish" title="Template:Diversity of fish"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diversity_of_fish" title="Template talk:Diversity of fish"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diversity_of_fish" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diversity of fish"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fish" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fish</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About <a class="mw-selflink selflink">fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoichthyology" title="Ethnoichthyology">Ethnoichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fish" title="Evolution of fish">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">Environmental impact of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">- as food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_fish" title="Fear of fish">Fear of -</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">Fish kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_in_fish" title="Hypoxia in fish">Hypoxia in -</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antennarius_striatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Striated frogfish"><img alt="Striated frogfish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/140px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/210px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/280px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="209" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_anatomy" title="Fish anatomy">Anatomy</a><br /> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Fish_physiology" title="Fish physiology">physiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_determination_in_fish" title="Age determination in fish">Age determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilliformity" title="Anguilliformity">Anguilliformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_bone" title="Fish bone">Bone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermal_bone" title="Dermal bone">dermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intramembranous_ossification" title="Intramembranous ossification">intramembranous ossification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleithrum" title="Cleithrum">Cleithrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">Chromatophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_fin" title="Fish fin">Fins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal fin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_gill" title="Fish gill">Gill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Branchial_arch" title="Branchial arch">branchial arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_raker" title="Gill raker">gill raker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_slit" title="Gill slit">gill slit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_arch" title="Pharyngeal arch">pharyngeal arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_slit" title="Pharyngeal slit">pharyngeal slit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudobranch" title="Pseudobranch">pseudobranch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossohyal" title="Glossohyal">Glossohyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_jaw" title="Fish jaw">Jaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyomandibula" title="Hyomandibula">hyomandibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_jaw" title="Pharyngeal jaw">pharyngeal jaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leydig%27s_organ" title="Leydig's organ">Leydig's organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthner_cell" title="Mauthner cell">Mauthner cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristics" title="Meristics">Meristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(fish)" title="Operculum (fish)">Operculum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_papillare" title="Operculum papillare">papillare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papilla_(fish_anatomy)" title="Papilla (fish anatomy)">Papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophore" title="Photophore">Photophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_effect" title="Root effect">Root effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_cartilage" title="Shark cartilage">Shark cartilage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_scale" title="Fish scale">Scales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganoine" title="Ganoine">ganoine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_valve" title="Spiral valve">Spiral valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suckermouth" title="Suckermouth">Suckermouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swim_bladder" title="Swim bladder">Swim bladder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physoclisti" title="Physoclisti">physoclisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physostome" title="Physostome">physostome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">Teeth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_teeth" title="Pharyngeal teeth">pharyngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_tooth" title="Shark tooth">shark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleost_leptins" title="Teleost leptins">Teleost leptins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Fish_Library" title="Digital Fish Library">Digital Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_systems_in_fish" title="Sensory systems in fish">Sensory<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini" title="Ampullae of Lorenzini">Ampullae of Lorenzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbel_(anatomy)" title="Barbel (anatomy)">Barbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamic_reception" title="Hydrodynamic reception">Hydrodynamic reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroreception_and_electrogenesis" title="Electroreception and electrogenesis">Electroreception and electrogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamming_avoidance_response" title="Jamming avoidance response">Jamming avoidance response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">Lateral line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">Otolith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Capacity for pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schreckstoff" title="Schreckstoff">Schreckstoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_wave_detection_by_animals" title="Surface wave detection by animals">Surface wave detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_in_fishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision in fishes">Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weberian_apparatus" title="Weberian apparatus">Weberian apparatus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_reproduction" title="Fish reproduction">Reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_nest" title="Bubble nest">Bubble nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clasper" title="Clasper">Clasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_case_(Chondrichthyes)" title="Egg case (Chondrichthyes)">Egg case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_development" title="Fish development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyoplankton" title="Ichthyoplankton">Ichthyoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_fish" title="Juvenile fish">Juvenile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_history_theory" title="Life history theory">Life history theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milt" title="Milt">Milt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthbrooder" title="Mouthbrooder">Mouthbrooder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_fish" title="Polyandry in fish">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_in_fish" title="Pregnancy in fish">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_hermaphroditism" title="Sequential hermaphroditism">Sequential hermaphroditism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spawning_trigger" title="Spawning trigger">triggers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_locomotion" title="Fish locomotion">Locomotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fin_and_flipper_locomotion" title="Fin and flipper locomotion">Fin and flipper locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_fish" title="Amphibious fish">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_fish" title="Walking fish">Walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_fish" title="Flying fish">Flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undulatory_locomotion" title="Undulatory locomotion">Undulatory locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradeoffs_for_locomotion_in_air_and_water" title="Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water">Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RoboTuna" title="RoboTuna">RoboTuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />behaviour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_predation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic predation">Aquatic predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">Aquatic respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bait_ball" title="Bait ball">Bait ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_feeder" title="Bottom feeder">Bottom feeders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_fish" title="Cleaner fish">Cleaner fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corallivore" title="Corallivore">Corallivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_fish" title="Electric fish">Electric fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">Filter feeders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Migratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paedophagy" title="Paedophagy">Paedophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">Predatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">Salmon run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run">Sardine run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidophagy" title="Lepidophagy">Scale eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Schooling fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_in_fish" title="Sleep in fish">Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venomous_fish" title="Venomous fish">Venomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_intelligence" title="Fish intelligence">Intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">habitat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavefish" title="Cavefish">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coldwater_fish" title="Coldwater fish">Coldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_fish" title="Deep-sea fish">Deep-sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euryhaline" title="Euryhaline">Euryhaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundfish">Groundfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_fish" title="Tropical fish">Tropical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bait_fish" title="Bait fish">Bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_fishing" title="Coarse fishing">Coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_fish" title="Game fish">Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_fish" title="Genetically modified fish">Genetically modified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogenic_fish" title="Hallucinogenic fish">Hallucinogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oily_fish" title="Oily fish">Oily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisonous_fish" title="Poisonous fish">Poisonous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_fish" title="Rough fish">Rough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefish_(fisheries_term)" title="Whitefish (fisheries term)">Whitefish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_aquaculture" title="Octopus aquaculture">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmonids" title="Aquaculture of salmonids">Salmonids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">Predatory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billfish" title="Billfish">billfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">sprats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">flatfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">pollock</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Jawless</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperoartia">lampreys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Cartilaginous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocephali" title="Holocephali">chimaeras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Bony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">spiny-finned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">fleshy-finned</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_aquarium_life" title="Lists of aquarium life">Aquarium life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_fish" title="Blind fish">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_common_names" title="List of fish common names">Fish common names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_families" title="List of fish families">Fish families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ichthyology" title="Glossary of ichthyology">Glossary of ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_fish" title="List of largest fish">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smallest_fish" title="List of smallest fish">Smallest</a></li> <li>Threatened <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_rays" title="List of threatened rays">rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_sharks" title="List of threatened sharks">sharks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prehistoric_fish" title="Lists of prehistoric fish">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_fishes" title="Category:Lists of fishes">more lists...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Fish" title="Category:Fish">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fishes" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fishes">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aquatic_ecosystems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aquatic_ecosystems" title="Template:Aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aquatic_ecosystems" title="Template talk:Aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aquatic_ecosystems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aquatic_ecosystems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_components_and_freshwater_ecosystems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General components and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecosystem" title="Freshwater ecosystem">freshwater ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_ecology" title="Acoustic ecology">Acoustic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">Anoxic waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic adaptation">Aquatic adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">Aquatic animal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_insect" title="Aquatic insect">Insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_mammal" title="Aquatic mammal">Mammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_bird" title="Water bird">Water bird</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_biomonitoring" title="Aquatic biomonitoring">Aquatic biomonitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">Aquatic plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model_in_biology#Aquatic_population_dynamics" title="Agent-based model in biology">Aquatic population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_predation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic predation">Aquatic predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">Aquatic respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_science" title="Aquatic science">Aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">Benthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_dissolved_organic_matter" title="Colored dissolved organic matter">Colored dissolved organic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecohydrology" title="Ecohydrology">Ecohydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">Food chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">Food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIS_and_aquatic_science" title="GIS and aquatic science">GIS and aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobenthos" title="Macrobenthos">Macrobenthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiobenthos" title="Meiobenthos">Meiobenthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Microbial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_food_web" title="Microbial food web">Microbial food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_loop" title="Microbial loop">Microbial loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekton" title="Nekton">Nekton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuston" title="Neuston">Neuston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_(ecology)" title="Particle (ecology)">Particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">Plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuston" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleuston">Pleuston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity_(ecology)" title="Productivity (ecology)">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_trap" title="Sediment trap">Sediment trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">Siltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_analysis#Stable_isotope_analysis_in_aquatic_ecosystems" title="Isotope analysis">Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substrate_(marine_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrate (marine biology)">Substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_camouflage" title="Underwater camouflage">Underwater camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">Zooplankton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/140px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/210px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/280px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="551" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freshwater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biome" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater biome">Freshwater biome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater environmental quality parameters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyporheic_zone" title="Hyporheic zone">Hyporheic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_ecosystem" title="Lake ecosystem">Lake ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">Lake stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophyte">Macrophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">Fish pond</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheotaxis" title="Rheotaxis">Rheotaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">River ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">Stream bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_state_index" title="Trophic state index">Trophic state index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_and_lowland" title="Upland and lowland">Upland and lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecoregions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_(WWF)" title="List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)">List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_in_Africa_and_Madagascar" title="List of freshwater ecoregions in Africa and Madagascar">Africa and Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_of_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="List of freshwater ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_ecoregions" title="List of marine ecoregions">List of marine ecoregions</a></li> <li>Specific examples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_ecology_of_the_Everglades" title="Geography and ecology of the Everglades">Everglades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecology_of_Maharashtra" title="Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_of_the_North_Pacific_Subtropical_Gyre" title="Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre">North Pacific Subtropical Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_the_San_Francisco_Estuary" title="Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary">San Francisco Estuary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Marine_ecosystems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">Marine ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-ratio_(oceanography)" title="F-ratio (oceanography)">f-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_fertilization" title="Iron fertilization">Iron fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_marine_ecosystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Large marine ecosystem">Large marine ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chemistry" title="Marine chemistry">Marine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_food_web" title="Marine food web">Marine food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_primary_production" title="Marine primary production">Marine primary production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fertilization" title="Ocean fertilization">Ocean fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_physical-biological_process" title="Oceanic physical-biological process">Oceanic physical-biological process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_turbidity" title="Ocean turbidity">Ocean turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophore" title="Photophore">Photophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorson%27s_rule" title="Thorson's rule">Thorson's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_shunt" title="Viral shunt">Viral shunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_fall" title="Whale fall">Whale fall</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maldivesfish2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/140px-Maldivesfish2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/210px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/280px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">Marine life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census of Marine Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_community" title="Deep-sea community">Deep-sea community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_coral" title="Deep-water coral">Deep-water coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_fungi" title="Marine fungi">Marine fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_invertebrates" title="Marine invertebrates">Marine invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_larval_ecology" title="Marine larval ecology">Marine larval ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">Seagrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashore_wildlife" title="Seashore wildlife">Seashore wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_bacteriophage" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine bacteriophage">Marine bacteriophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_prokaryotes" title="Marine prokaryotes">Marine prokaryotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protists" title="Marine protists">Marine protists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_viruses" title="Marine viruses">Marine viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_vertebrate" title="Marine vertebrate">Vertebrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">Marine mammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">Marine reptile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_fish" title="Saltwater fish">Saltwater fish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_fish" title="Deep-sea fish">Deep-sea fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic fish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">Seabird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">Bay mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_coastal_ecosystem" title="Marine coastal ecosystem">Marine coastal ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_Seamount#Ecology" title="Davidson Seamount">Davidson Seamount § Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_ecology" title="Intertidal ecology">Intertidal ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine biomes">Marine biomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_reef" title="Oyster reef">Oyster reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass_meadow" title="Seagrass meadow">Seagrass meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_ground" title="Sponge ground">Sponge ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_reef" title="Sponge reef">Sponge reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">Coral bleaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_values_of_mangroves" title="Ecological values of mangroves">Ecological values of mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_and_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries and climate change">Fisheries and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_Ecosystem_Research_and_Man%27s_Impact_On_European_Seas" title="Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas">HERMIONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Human impact on marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation_activism" title="Marine conservation activism">Marine conservation activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/16px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/24px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/32px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lakes" title="Portal:Lakes">Lakes portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/16px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/24px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Aquatic_ecology" title="Category:Aquatic ecology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marine_aquatic_ecosystem_components" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marine_aquatic_ecosystems" title="Template:Marine aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marine_aquatic_ecosystems" title="Template talk:Marine aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marine_aquatic_ecosystems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marine aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marine_aquatic_ecosystem_components" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">Marine</a> <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic ecosystem</a> components</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em"><a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">Marine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean chemistry">Marine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li>Ecosystems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_marine_ecosystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Large marine ecosystem">large marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-ratio_(oceanography)" title="F-ratio (oceanography)"><i>f</i>-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_food_web" title="Marine food web">Food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_fertilization" title="Iron fertilization">Iron fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fertilization" title="Ocean fertilization">Ocean nourishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_physical-biological_process" title="Oceanic physical-biological process">Oceanic physical-biological process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_primary_production" title="Marine primary production">Primary production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_turbidity" title="Ocean turbidity">Ocean turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophore" title="Photophore">Photophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorson%27s_rule" title="Thorson's rule">Thorson's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_shunt" title="Viral shunt">Viral shunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_fall" title="Whale fall">Whale fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marine_biology" title="Category:Marine biology">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maldivesfish2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/140px-Maldivesfish2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/210px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/280px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em"><a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">Marine<br />life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_bacteriophage" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine bacteriophage">Bacteriophages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep sea fish">deep sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep sea communities">Deep sea communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_creature" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep sea creature">Deep sea creature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_coral" title="Deep-water coral">Deep-water coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_invertebrates" title="Marine invertebrates">Invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_larval_ecology" title="Marine larval ecology">Larvae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine microorganism">Microorganisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_prokaryotes" title="Marine prokaryotes">Prokaryotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protists" title="Marine protists">Protists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">Reptiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">Seabirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashore_wildlife" title="Seashore wildlife">Seashore wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_vertebrate" title="Marine vertebrate">Vertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_viruses" title="Marine viruses">Viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em"><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine<br />habitats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">Bay mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_Seamount#Ecology" title="Davidson Seamount">Davidson Seamount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_ecology" title="Intertidal ecology">Intertidal ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine biomes">Marine biomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">Seagrass meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_ground" title="Sponge ground">Sponge grounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_reef" title="Sponge reef">Sponge reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">Coral bleaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_values_of_mangroves" title="Ecological values of mangroves">Ecological values of mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_and_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries and climate change">Fisheries and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_Ecosystem_Research_and_Man%27s_Impact_On_European_Seas" title="Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas">HERMIONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Human impact on marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation_activism" title="Marine conservation activism">Marine conservation activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine Protected Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/48px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/64px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg/32px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg/48px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg/64px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="1039" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Marine_life" title="Portal:Marine life">Marine life portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evolution_of_fish" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolution_of_fish" title="Template:Evolution of fish"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolution_of_fish" title="Template talk:Evolution of fish"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolution_of_fish" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolution of fish"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evolution_of_fish" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fish" title="Evolution of fish">Evolution of fish</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_fish_evolution" title="Timeline of fish evolution">Timeline of fish evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:80px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Forerunners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Basal member <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Pikaia" title="Pikaia">Pikaia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalochordate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordate">Cephalochordate</a> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Cathaymyrus" title="Cathaymyrus">Cathaymyrus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancelet" title="Lancelet">Lancelet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactores" title="Olfactores">Olfactores</a> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Haikouella" class="mw-redirect" title="Haikouella">Haikouella</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">Tunicate</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Myllokunmingiidae" title="Myllokunmingiidae">Myllokunmingiidae</a>? (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Haikouichthys" title="Haikouichthys">Haikouichthys</a></i>, <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Myllokunmingia" title="Myllokunmingia">Myllokunmingia</a></i>)</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Zhongxiniscus" title="Zhongxiniscus">Zhongxiniscus</a></i>?</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schematic_anatomical_reconstruction_of_Pikaia_flipped.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Forerunner"><img alt="Forerunner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Schematic_anatomical_reconstruction_of_Pikaia_flipped.png/80px-Schematic_anatomical_reconstruction_of_Pikaia_flipped.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Schematic_anatomical_reconstruction_of_Pikaia_flipped.png/120px-Schematic_anatomical_reconstruction_of_Pikaia_flipped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Schematic_anatomical_reconstruction_of_Pikaia_flipped.png/160px-Schematic_anatomical_reconstruction_of_Pikaia_flipped.png 2x" data-file-width="2063" data-file-height="361" /></a></span> <p><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Myxine_glutinosa_Gervais.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cyclostome"><img alt="Cyclostome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Myxine_glutinosa_Gervais.jpg/80px-Myxine_glutinosa_Gervais.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Myxine_glutinosa_Gervais.jpg/120px-Myxine_glutinosa_Gervais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Myxine_glutinosa_Gervais.jpg/160px-Myxine_glutinosa_Gervais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="429" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ConodontZICA.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Conodont"><img alt="Conodont" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ConodontZICA.png/80px-ConodontZICA.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ConodontZICA.png/120px-ConodontZICA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ConodontZICA.png/160px-ConodontZICA.png 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="229" /></a></span> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astraspis_desiderata.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pteraspidomorph"><img alt="Pteraspidomorph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Astraspis_desiderata.png/80px-Astraspis_desiderata.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Astraspis_desiderata.png/120px-Astraspis_desiderata.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Astraspis_desiderata.png/160px-Astraspis_desiderata.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coccosteus_reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Placoderm"><img alt="Placoderm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coccosteus_reconstruction.png/80px-Coccosteus_reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coccosteus_reconstruction.png/120px-Coccosteus_reconstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coccosteus_reconstruction.png/160px-Coccosteus_reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="955" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ischnacanthus_gracilis_life_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Acanthodian"><img alt="Acanthodian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ischnacanthus_gracilis_life_restoration.jpg/80px-Ischnacanthus_gracilis_life_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ischnacanthus_gracilis_life_restoration.jpg/120px-Ischnacanthus_gracilis_life_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ischnacanthus_gracilis_life_restoration.jpg/160px-Ischnacanthus_gracilis_life_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="364" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ctenacanthus_concinnus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cartilaginous fish"><img alt="Cartilaginous fish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ctenacanthus_concinnus.png/80px-Ctenacanthus_concinnus.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ctenacanthus_concinnus.png/120px-Ctenacanthus_concinnus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ctenacanthus_concinnus.png/160px-Ctenacanthus_concinnus.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qingmenodus_(life_restoration).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bony fish"><img alt="Bony fish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Qingmenodus_%28life_restoration%29.png/80px-Qingmenodus_%28life_restoration%29.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Qingmenodus_%28life_restoration%29.png/120px-Qingmenodus_%28life_restoration%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Qingmenodus_%28life_restoration%29.png/160px-Qingmenodus_%28life_restoration%29.png 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="168" /></a></span></span> </p> <br /><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:80px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Jawless fish</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyclostomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclostomata">Cyclostomata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">Hagfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperoartia">Hyperoartia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">Lamprey</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Conodonts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Protoconodont" title="Protoconodont">Protoconodonta</a>?</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Paraconodontida" title="Paraconodontida">Paraconodontida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Conodonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Conodonta">Conodonta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Ostracoderm" title="Ostracoderm">Ostracoderms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Pteraspidomorphi" title="Pteraspidomorphi">Pteraspidomorphi</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Thelodonti" title="Thelodonti">Thelodonti</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Anaspida" title="Anaspida">Anaspida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Cephalaspidomorphi" title="Cephalaspidomorphi">Cephalaspidomorphi</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Galeaspida" title="Galeaspida">Galeaspida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Pituriaspida" title="Pituriaspida">Pituriaspida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Osteostraci" title="Osteostraci">Osteostraci</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:80px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Jawed fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Placoderm" title="Placoderm">Placoderms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Antiarchi" title="Antiarchi">Antiarchi</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Arthrodira" title="Arthrodira">Arthrodira</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Brindabellaspida" class="mw-redirect" title="Brindabellaspida">Brindabellaspida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Petalichthyida" title="Petalichthyida">Petalichthyida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Phyllolepida" title="Phyllolepida">Phyllolepida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Ptyctodontida" title="Ptyctodontida">Ptyctodontida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Rhenanida" title="Rhenanida">Rhenanida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Acanthothoraci" title="Acanthothoraci">Acanthothoraci</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Pseudopetalichthyida" title="Pseudopetalichthyida">Pseudopetalichthyida</a>?</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Stensioellida" class="mw-redirect" title="Stensioellida">Stensioellida</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii">Acanthodii</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Acanthodiformes" title="Acanthodiformes">Acanthodiformes</a></li> <li>†"<a href="/wiki/Climatiiformes" title="Climatiiformes">Climatiiformes</a>"</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Diplacanthiformes" title="Diplacanthiformes">Diplacanthiformes</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Ischnacanthiformes" title="Ischnacanthiformes">Ischnacanthiformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Cartilaginous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elasmobranchii" title="Elasmobranchii">Elasmobranchii</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Ctenacanthiformes" title="Ctenacanthiformes">Ctenacanthiformes</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Hybodontiformes" title="Hybodontiformes">Hybodontiformes</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Phoebodontiformes" title="Phoebodontiformes">Phoebodontiformes</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Xenacanthida" title="Xenacanthida">Xenacanthida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Shark</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocephali" title="Holocephali">Holocephali</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Eugeneodontida" title="Eugeneodontida">Eugeneodontida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Iniopterygiformes" title="Iniopterygiformes">Iniopterygiformes</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Petalodontiformes" title="Petalodontiformes">Petalodontiformes</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Symmoriiformes" title="Symmoriiformes">Symmoriiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimaera" title="Chimaera">Chimaera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Bony</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Lobe-finned</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Onychodontiformes" title="Onychodontiformes">Onychodontiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelacanth" title="Coelacanth">Coelacanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhipidistia" title="Rhipidistia">Rhipidistia</a> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Porolepiformes" title="Porolepiformes">Porolepiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">Lungfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrapodomorpha" title="Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Ray-finned</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>"<a href="/wiki/Palaeonisciformes" title="Palaeonisciformes">Palaeonisciformes</a>"</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cladistia" title="Cladistia">Cladistia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polypteriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypteriformes">Polypteriformes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chondrostei" title="Chondrostei">Chondrostei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acipenseriformes" title="Acipenseriformes">Acipenseriformes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopterygii" title="Neopterygii">Neopterygii</a> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Pycnodontiformes" title="Pycnodontiformes">Pycnodontiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halecomorphi" title="Halecomorphi">Halecomorphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginglymodi" title="Ginglymodi">Ginglymodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">Teleost</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:80px;text-align:center">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prehistoric_fish" title="Lists of prehistoric fish">Lists of prehistoric fish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acanthodian_genera" title="List of acanthodian genera">spiny sharks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_placoderm_genera" title="List of placoderm genera">placoderms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_cartilaginous_fish_genera" title="List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish genera">cartilaginous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_bony_fish_genera" title="List of prehistoric bony fish genera">bony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sarcopterygian_genera" title="List of sarcopterygian genera">lobe-finned</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transitional_fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="List of transitional fossils">List of transitional fossils</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:80px;text-align:center">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric life">Prehistoric life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional fossils">Transitional fossils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_paleontology" title="Vertebrate paleontology">Vertebrate paleontology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>† extinct</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="*_Toxins_**_cardiotoxin_**_cytotoxin_**_enterotoxin_**_hemotoxin_**_hepatotoxin_**_neurotoxin_**_phototoxin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Toxins" title="Template:Toxins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Toxins" title="Template talk:Toxins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Toxins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Toxins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="*_Toxins_**_cardiotoxin_**_cytotoxin_**_enterotoxin_**_hemotoxin_**_hepatotoxin_**_neurotoxin_**_phototoxin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">Toxins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotoxicity" title="Cardiotoxicity">cardiotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytotoxicity" title="Cytotoxicity">cytotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterotoxin" title="Enterotoxin">enterotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemotoxin" title="Hemotoxin">hemotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatotoxin" title="Hepatotoxin">hepatotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">neurotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototoxin" title="Phototoxin">phototoxin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microbial_toxin" title="Microbial toxin">Bacterial<br /> toxins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exotoxin" title="Exotoxin">Exotoxin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gram_positive" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gram-positive_bacteria" title="Gram-positive bacteria">Gram<br /> positive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacilli" title="Bacilli">Bacilli</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Clostridium" title="Clostridium">Clostridium</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_tetani" title="Clostridium tetani">tetani</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetanospasmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetanospasmin">Tetanospasmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanolysin" title="Tetanolysin">Tetanolysin</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens" title="Clostridium perfringens">perfringens</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens_alpha_toxin" title="Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin">Alpha toxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_enterotoxin" title="Clostridium enterotoxin">Enterotoxin</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_difficile_(bacteria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clostridium difficile (bacteria)">difficile</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_difficile_toxin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Clostridium difficile toxin A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_difficile_toxin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Clostridium difficile toxin B">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum" title="Clostridium botulinum">botulinum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Other:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrax_toxin" title="Anthrax toxin">Anthrax toxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeriolysin_O" title="Listeriolysin O">Listeriolysin O</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coccus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccus">Cocci</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Streptolysin" title="Streptolysin">Streptolysin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukocidin" title="Leukocidin">Leukocidin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panton%E2%80%93Valentine_leukocidin" title="Panton–Valentine leukocidin">Panton–Valentine leukocidin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus" title="Staphylococcus">Staphylococcus</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_alpha_toxin" title="Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin">Staphylococcus aureus alpha</a>/<a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_beta_toxin" title="Staphylococcus aureus beta toxin">beta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_delta_toxin" title="Staphylococcus aureus delta toxin">delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exfoliatin" title="Exfoliatin">Exfoliatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndrome_toxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic shock syndrome toxin">Toxic shock syndrome toxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterotoxin_type_B" title="Enterotoxin type B">Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cord_factor" title="Cord factor">Cord factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphtheria_toxin" title="Diphtheria toxin">Diphtheria toxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria" title="Gram-negative bacteria">Gram<br /> negative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiga_toxin" title="Shiga toxin">Shiga toxin</a>/Verotoxin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat-stable_enterotoxin" title="Heat-stable enterotoxin"><i>E. coli</i> heat-stable enterotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_toxin" title="Cholera toxin">Cholera toxin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Heat-labile_enterotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat-labile enterotoxin">Heat-labile enterotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertussis_toxin" title="Pertussis toxin">Pertussis toxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_exotoxin" title="Pseudomonas exotoxin">Pseudomonas exotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extracellular_adenylate_cyclase" title="Extracellular adenylate cyclase">Extracellular adenylate cyclase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exotoxin#Types" title="Exotoxin">Mechanisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Exotoxin#Type_I:_cell_surface-active" title="Exotoxin">type I</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superantigen" title="Superantigen">Superantigen</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exotoxin#Type_II:_membrane_damaging" title="Exotoxin">type II</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pore-forming_toxin" title="Pore-forming toxin">Pore-forming toxin</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exotoxin#Type_III:_intracellular" title="Exotoxin">type III</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AB_toxin" title="AB toxin">AB toxin</a>/<a href="/wiki/AB5_toxin" title="AB5 toxin">AB5</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Endotoxin">Endotoxin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide" title="Lipopolysaccharide">Lipopolysaccharide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipid_A" title="Lipid A">Lipid A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_endotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta endotoxin"><i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> delta endotoxin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cry1Ac" title="Cry1Ac">Cry1Ac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry3Bb1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cry3Bb1">Cry3Bb1</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <i>B. thuringiensis</i> toxins <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cry6Aa" title="Cry6Aa">Cry6Aa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry34Ab1" title="Cry34Ab1">Cry34Ab1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virulence_factor" title="Virulence factor">Virulence<br /> factor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clumping_factor_A" title="Clumping factor A">Clumping factor A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibronectin_binding_protein_A" title="Fibronectin binding protein A">Fibronectin binding protein A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">Mycotoxins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">Aflatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatoxin" title="Amatoxin">Amatoxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-Amanitin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Amanitin">alpha-amanitin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta-Amanitin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Amanitin">beta-amanitin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Amanitin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Amanitin">gamma-amanitin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epsilon-Amanitin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epsilon-Amanitin">epsilon-amanitin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Nitropropionic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Nitropropionic acid">beta-Nitropropionic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrinin" title="Citrinin">Citrinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytochalasin" title="Cytochalasin">Cytochalasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">Ergotamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumonisin" title="Fumonisin">Fumonisin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fumonisin_B1" title="Fumonisin B1">Fumonisin B1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fumonisin_B2" title="Fumonisin B2">Fumonisin B2</a>, Fumonisin B3, <a href="/wiki/Fumonisin_B4" title="Fumonisin B4">Fumonisin B4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliotoxin" title="Gliotoxin">Gliotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolitrem_B" title="Lolitrem B">Lolitrem B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orellanine" title="Orellanine">Orellanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochratoxin" title="Ochratoxin">Ochratoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patulin" title="Patulin">Patulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalloidin" title="Phalloidin">Phalloidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterigmatocystin" title="Sterigmatocystin">Sterigmatocystin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichothecene" title="Trichothecene">Trichothecene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomitoxin" title="Vomitoxin">Vomitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeranol" title="Zeranol">Zeranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zearalenone" title="Zearalenone">Zearalenone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> toxins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amygdalin" title="Amygdalin">Amygdalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisatin" title="Anisatin">Anisatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiarin" title="Antiarin">Antiarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucine" title="Brucine">Brucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaconine" title="Chaconine">Chaconine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicutoxin" title="Cicutoxin">Cicutoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coniine" title="Coniine">Coniine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnin" title="Daphnin">Daphnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphinine" title="Delphinine">Delphinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divicine" title="Divicine">Divicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djenkolic_acid" title="Djenkolic acid">Djenkolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcarinol" title="Falcarinol">Falcarinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossypol" title="Gossypol">Gossypol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenalin" title="Helenalin">Helenalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledol" title="Ledol">Ledol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linamarin" title="Linamarin">Linamarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotaustralin" title="Lotaustralin">Lotaustralin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimosine" title="Mimosine">Mimosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenanthotoxin" title="Oenanthotoxin">Oenanthotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleandrin" title="Oleandrin">Oleandrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persin" title="Persin">Persin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoanemonin" title="Protoanemonin">Protoanemonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudaconitine" title="Pseudaconitine">Pseudaconitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retronecine" title="Retronecine">Retronecine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resiniferatoxin" title="Resiniferatoxin">Resiniferatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscine_hydrobromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoscine hydrobromide">Scopolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solamargine" title="Solamargine">Solamargine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solanidine" title="Solanidine">Solanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solanine" title="Solanine">Solanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solasodamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Solasodamine">Solasodamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solasodine" title="Solasodine">Solasodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solasonine" title="Solasonine">Solasonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solauricidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Solauricidine">Solauricidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solauricine" class="mw-redirect" title="Solauricine">Solauricine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strychnine" title="Strychnine">Strychnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swainsonine" title="Swainsonine">Swainsonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagetitoxin" title="Tagetitoxin">Tagetitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinyatoxin" title="Tinyatoxin">Tinyatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomatine" title="Tomatine">Tomatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxalbumin" title="Toxalbumin">Toxalbumin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrin" title="Abrin">Abrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin">Ricin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutin_(toxin)" title="Tutin (toxin)">Tutin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">Invertebrate</a> <br />toxins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">Scorpion</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androctonus_australis_hector_insect_toxin" title="Androctonus australis hector insect toxin">Androctonus australis hector insect toxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charybdotoxin" title="Charybdotoxin">Charybdotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurotoxin" title="Maurotoxin">Maurotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agitoxin" title="Agitoxin">Agitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margatoxin" title="Margatoxin">Margatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slotoxin" title="Slotoxin">Slotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scyllatoxin" title="Scyllatoxin">Scyllatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hefutoxin" title="Hefutoxin">Hefutoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HgeTx1" title="HgeTx1">HgeTx1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HsTx1" title="HsTx1">HsTx1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliotoxin" title="Kaliotoxin">Kaliotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lq2" title="Lq2">Lq2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birtoxin" title="Birtoxin">Birtoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestoxin" title="Bestoxin">Bestoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BmKAEP" title="BmKAEP">BmKAEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaiodotoxin" title="Phaiodotoxin">Phaiodotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperatoxin" title="Imperatoxin">Imperatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandinus_imperator_(Pi3)_toxin" title="Pandinus imperator (Pi3) toxin">Pi3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">Spider</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrotoxin" title="Latrotoxin">Latrotoxin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Latrotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Latrotoxin">Alpha-latrotoxin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSTX" title="CSTX">CSTX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupiennin" title="Cupiennin">Cupiennins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoneutria_nigriventer_toxin-3" title="Phoneutria nigriventer toxin-3">PhTx3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromatoxin" title="Stromatoxin">Stromatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanillotoxin" title="Vanillotoxin">Vanillotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huwentoxin" title="Huwentoxin">Huwentoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">Conotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eledoisin" title="Eledoisin">Eledoisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onchidal" title="Onchidal">Onchidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrate</a> <br />toxins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fish</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatoxin" title="Ciguatoxin">Ciguatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">Amphibian</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allopumiliotoxin_267A" title="Allopumiliotoxin 267A">(+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">Batrachotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufotoxin" title="Bufotoxin">Bufotoxins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arenobufagin" title="Arenobufagin">Arenobufagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufotalin" title="Bufotalin">Bufotalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinobufagin" title="Cinobufagin">Cinobufagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinobufagenin" title="Marinobufagenin">Marinobufagin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epibatidine" title="Epibatidine">Epibatidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histrionicotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Histrionicotoxin">Histrionicotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumiliotoxin_251D" title="Pumiliotoxin 251D">Pumiliotoxin 251D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samandarin" title="Samandarin">Samandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samandaridine" title="Samandaridine">Samandaridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tarichatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zetekitoxin_AB" title="Zetekitoxin AB">Zetekitoxin AB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptile</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Snake_venom" title="Snake venom">Snake venom</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bungarotoxin" title="Bungarotoxin">Bungarotoxin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Bungarotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Bungarotoxin">Alpha-Bungarotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Bungarotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Bungarotoxin">Beta-Bungarotoxin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calciseptine" title="Calciseptine">Calciseptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taicatoxin" title="Taicatoxin">Taicatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcicludine" title="Calcicludine">Calcicludine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotoxin_III" title="Cardiotoxin III">Cardiotoxin III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Toxicology" title="Category:Toxicology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brood_parasites" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brood_parasite" title="Template:Brood parasite"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brood_parasite" title="Template talk:Brood parasite"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brood_parasite" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brood parasite"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Brood_parasites" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Brood_parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Brood parasite">Brood parasites</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">Anseriformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-headed_duck" title="Black-headed duck">Black-headed duck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">Passeriformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cowbird" title="Cowbird">Cowbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo-finch" title="Cuckoo-finch">Cuckoo-finch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viduidae" title="Viduidae">Viduidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiny_cowbird" title="Shiny cowbird">Shiny cowbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-headed_cowbird" title="Brown-headed cowbird">Brown-headed cowbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screaming_cowbird" title="Screaming cowbird">Screaming cowbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_cowbird" title="Giant cowbird">Giant cowbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronzed_cowbird" title="Bronzed cowbird">Bronzed cowbird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">Cuculiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_cuckoo" title="Common cuckoo">Common cuckoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_cuckoo" title="Striped cuckoo">Striped cuckoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheasant_cuckoo" title="Pheasant cuckoo">Pheasant cuckoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_koel" title="Asian koel">Asian koel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_cuckoo" title="Jacobin cuckoo">Jacobin cuckoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuckoo" title="Indian cuckoo">Indian cuckoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diederik_cuckoo" title="Diederik cuckoo">Diederik cuckoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_spotted_cuckoo" title="Great spotted cuckoo">Great spotted cuckoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel-billed_cuckoo" title="Channel-billed cuckoo">Channel-billed cuckoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piciformes" title="Piciformes">Piciformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honeyguide" title="Honeyguide">Honeyguide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_honeyguide" title="Lesser honeyguide">Lesser honeyguide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_honeyguide" title="Greater honeyguide">Greater honeyguide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of <a href="/wiki/Mouthbrooder" title="Mouthbrooder">Mouthbrooders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synodontis_multipunctatus" title="Synodontis multipunctatus">Cuckoo catfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Nestmakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pungtungia_herzi" title="Pungtungia herzi">Pungtungia herzi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_bee" title="Cuckoo bee">Cuckoo bees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aglae" title="Aglae">Aglae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coelioxys" title="Coelioxys">Coelioxys</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxyini" title="Dioxyini">Dioxyini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericrocidini" title="Ericrocidini">Ericrocidini</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euaspis" title="Euaspis">Euaspis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exaerete" title="Exaerete">Exaerete</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isepeolini" title="Isepeolini">Isepeolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melectini" title="Melectini">Melectini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadinae" title="Nomadinae">Nomadinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osirini" title="Osirini">Osirini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protepeolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Protepeolini">Protepeolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhathymini" title="Rhathymini">Rhathymini</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psithyrus" title="Psithyrus">Bombus (Psithyrus)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphecodes" title="Sphecodes">Sphecodes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stelis_(bee)" title="Stelis (bee)">Stelis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">Wasps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ammophila_sabulosa" title="Ammophila sabulosa">Ammophila sabulosa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceropalinae" title="Ceropalinae">Ceropalinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_wasp" title="Cuckoo wasp">Cuckoo wasps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_paper_wasp" title="Cuckoo paper wasp">Cuckoo paper wasps</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolichovespula_adulterina" title="Dolichovespula adulterina">Dolichovespula adulterina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyssonini" title="Nyssonini">Nyssonini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapygidae" title="Sapygidae">Sapygidae</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stizoides" title="Stizoides">Stizoides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vespula_austriaca" title="Vespula austriaca">Vespula austriaca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vespula_infernalis" title="Vespula infernalis">Vespula infernalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vespula_squamosa" title="Vespula squamosa">Vespula squamosa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lycaenidae" title="Lycaenidae">Lycaenid butterflies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Phengaris_alcon" title="Phengaris alcon">Phengaris alcon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Large_blue" title="Large blue">Phengaris arion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phengaris_rebeli" title="Phengaris rebeli">Phengaris rebeli</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Pisces</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q152">Q152</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pisces" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pisces">Pisces</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Pisces">Pisces</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=5673746">5673746</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/21430E9C-6188-A40A-2DCF-177F0B48AFD2">21430E9C-6188-A40A-2DCF-177F0B48AFD2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11676">11676</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/E48F627B-CFB0-4C41-8B2B-2DDA1EEF39D2">E48F627B-CFB0-4C41-8B2B-2DDA1EEF39D2</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4017269-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85048726">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933179r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933179r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574027">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ryby"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116093&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000051343&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533781005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638092">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fish&oldid=1256343874">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fish&oldid=1256343874</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fish" title="Category:Fish">Fish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aquatic_ecology" title="Category:Aquatic ecology">Aquatic ecology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fishing" title="Category:Fishing">Fishing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ichthyology" title="Category:Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Obsolete_vertebrate_taxa" title="Category:Obsolete vertebrate taxa">Obsolete vertebrate taxa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seafood" title="Category:Seafood">Seafood</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paraphyletic_groups" title="Category:Paraphyletic groups">Paraphyletic groups</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cite_IUCN_without_doi" title="Category:Cite IUCN without doi">Cite IUCN without doi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles 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8.44% 181.326 39 Template:Cite_book"," 6.46% 138.776 13 Template:Sfn"," 6.07% 130.380 19 Template:Cite_web"," 5.64% 121.192 4 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.412","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23426231,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAchieng1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlabaster2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlbertCarvalhoPetry2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlbertCrampton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndreevSansomLiZhao2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAriD\u0026#039;Agostino2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmbruster1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalcombe2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBandyopadhyaya2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeard2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenton1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenton2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergSolomonMartin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBertucciRuppéWassenberghCompère2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackGreen1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBleckmannZelick2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlockFinnerty1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritoBazzoli,_N.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuck1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurtonBurton2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCareyLawson1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCatania2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChilmonczyk1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChooZhuZhaoJia2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoffman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColsonPatekBrainerdLewis1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoulterAllansonBrutonGreenwood1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonoghuePurnell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDupliseaFriskTrenkel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurgaSai2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElvira1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFineKingCameron2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFineWaybright2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlajnikKasahara2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFormickiKorzelecka-OrkiszTański2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedmanSallan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGjøsæter1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodfrey-Smith2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolani1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldman1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrahamWegner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreene1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuimaraes-Cruzdos_Santos,_José_E.Santos,_Gilmar_B.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuthrie1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamiltonButler2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansenZapata1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaumannMoormanRiserSmedsrud2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawkins1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawryshyn2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelfman2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHelfmanColletteFacey1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendersonWalker1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerring2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHickleyTompkins1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoreMouritsen2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHubertMeyerBruggemannGuérin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHyde2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacksonMarmulla2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnowlerBarbier2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohdaHottaTakeyamaAwata2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKottelatBritzHeok_HuiWitte2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambCollinPugh2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaubuLouâpreDechaume-Moncharmont2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLovellStoneFernandez2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaetz1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManelGuerinMouillotBlanchet2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshSada1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClainBalkBenfieldBranch2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer-RochowStewart1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerClark1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerKendall2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoyleMoyle1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMusick2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyersWorm2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliveiraLadichAbed-NavandiSouto2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParmentierTockFalguièreBeauchaud2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitcher1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurserHehemannBoehringerTippenhauer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuanYangLapeyriereSchaible2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinn1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicciBohnenstiehlEgglestonKellogg2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRigbyBarretoCarlsonFernando2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomerParsons1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSciences\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSfakiotakisLaneDavies1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherwood2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShrodeGerking1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShuConway_MorrisHanZhang2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkoglund1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSobel1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpalding2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThrum1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTidwell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWegnerSnodgrassDewarHyde2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinmannBlackRichterItzkowitz2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodruff2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWymanWard1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYanceyGerringerDrazenRowden2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZapataChibaVara1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZollinger2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_SleenAlbert2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_der_Emde1999\"] = 1,\n [\"Reproductive_method\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Aquatic ecosystems\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Brood parasite\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite iucn\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 67,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 19,\n [\"Clade\"] = 20,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 5,\n [\"Diversity of fish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Evolution of fish\"] = 1,\n [\"Extinct\"] = 2,\n [\"FishBase\"] = 2,\n [\"For-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Fossilrange\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 7,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 13,\n [\"Marine aquatic ecosystems\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Okina\"] = 1,\n [\"Paraphyletic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Plural form\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 13,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Toxins\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-04-03T23:04:11Z","dateModified":"2024-11-09T13:22:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7f\/Balantiocheilos_melanopterus_-_Karlsruhe_Zoo_02_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"vertebrate animal that lives in water and (typically) has gills"}</script> </body> </html>