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class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 137 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-137" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">137 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208_%E1%8A%A5.%E1%8A%A4.%E1%8A%A0." title="1208 እ.ኤ.አ. – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1208 እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B8_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۲۰۸ (میلادی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۲۰۸ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%AE" title="১২০৮ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১২০৮" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208_n%C3%AE" title="1208 nî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1208 nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208." title="1208. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1208." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B8_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۲۰۸ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۲۰۸ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208%E5%B9%B4" title="1208年 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1208年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208%EB%85%84" title="1208년 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1208년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AE" title="१२०८ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१२०८" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208." title="1208. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1208." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%AE" title="মারি ১২০৮ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারি ১২০৮" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208-%C3%A6%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="1208-æм аз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1208-æм аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1208 жыл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1208 жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208_(almanak_jilyen)" title="1208 (almanak jilyen) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="1208 (almanak jilyen)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208_%D0%B8" title="1208 и – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="1208 и" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208._gads" title="1208. gads – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1208. gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208_m." title="1208 m. – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1208 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AE" title="इ.स. १२०८ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स. १२०८" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B8" title="۱۲۰۸ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۲۰۸" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208_ni%C3%A8ng" title="1208 nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1208 nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%82%E1%81%80%E1%81%88" title="၁၂၀၈ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၂၀၈" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AE" title="सन् १२०८ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सन् १२०८" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208%E5%B9%B4" title="1208年 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1208年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%A8%E0%AD%A6%E0%AD%AE" title="୧୨୦୮ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୨୦୮" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AE" title="१२०८ – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="१२०८" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="1208 год – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1208 год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AE" title="१२०८ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="१२०८" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208%D8%B9" title="1208ع – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="1208ع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A1%D9%A2%D9%A0%D9%A8" title="١٢٠٨ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٢٠٨" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208." title="1208. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1208." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208_%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="1208 ел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1208 ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._1751" title="พ.ศ. 1751 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ.ศ. 1751" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_1208" title="Соли 1208 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соли 1208" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208%D8%A1" title="1208ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1208ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208%E5%B9%B4" title="1208年 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1208年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208%E5%B9%B4" title="1208年 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1208年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208%E5%B9%B4" title="1208年 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1208年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/1208" title="1208 – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="1208" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5238#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/1208" title="View the content 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the year 1208. For the punk band, see <a href="/wiki/1208_(band)" title="1208 (band)">1208 (band)</a>. For the 2008 cell phone model, see <a href="/wiki/Nokia_1208" title="Nokia 1208">Nokia 1208</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calendar year</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Years</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Millennium</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th century</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Decades</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1180s" title="1180s">1180s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1190s" title="1190s">1190s</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1200s_(decade)" title="1200s (decade)">1200s</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1210s" title="1210s">1210s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1220s" title="1220s">1220s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1205" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1205">1205</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1206" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1206">1206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1207" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1207">1207</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/AD_1208" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1208">1208</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1209" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1209">1209</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1210" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1210">1210</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1211" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1211">1211</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Year_nav" title="Template:Year nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Year_nav" title="Template talk:Year nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Year_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Year nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Category:1208" title="Category:1208">1208 by topic</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sovereign_states_in_1208&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of sovereign states in 1208 (page does not exist)">Political entities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_1208" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state leaders in 1208">State leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_13th-century_religious_leaders" title="List of 13th-century religious leaders">Religious leaders</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Birth and death categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:1208_births" title="Category:1208 births">Births</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:1208_deaths" title="Category:1208 deaths">Deaths</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Establishments and disestablishments categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:1208_establishments" title="Category:1208 establishments">Establishments</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1208_disestablishments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1208 disestablishments (page does not exist)">Disestablishments</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Art and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/1208_in_poetry" title="1208 in poetry">1208 in poetry</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Template:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Template talk:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption style="font-size:125%"><span class="summary dtstart">1208 in various <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendars</a></span></caption><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a></td><td>1208<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MCCVIII</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></td><td>1961</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian calendar</a></td><td>657<br />ԹՎ ՈԾԷ</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian calendar</a></td><td>5958</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Balinese saka calendar</a></td><td>1129–1130</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a></td><td>614–615</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber calendar</a></td><td>2158</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English Regnal year</a></td><td>9 <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">Joh. 1</a> – 10 <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">Joh. 1</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendar</a></td><td>1752</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese calendar</a></td><td>570</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a></td><td>6716–6717</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">丁卯</a>年 (Fire <a href="/wiki/Rabbit_(zodiac)" title="Rabbit (zodiac)">Rabbit</a>)<br />3905 or 3698<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />戊辰年 (Earth <a href="/wiki/Dragon_(zodiac)" title="Dragon (zodiac)">Dragon</a>)<br />3906 or 3699</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></td><td>924–925</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian calendar</a></td><td>2374</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a></td><td>1200–1201</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></td><td>4968–4969</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendars</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></i></td><td>1264–1265</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Shaka Samvat</a></i></td><td>1129–1130</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></i></td><td>4308–4309</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene calendar</a></td><td>11208</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo calendar</a></td><td>208–209</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian calendar</a></td><td>586–587</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></td><td>604–605</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dgen_(Kamakura_period)" title="Jōgen (Kamakura period)">Jōgen</a> 2<br />(承元２年)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese calendar</a></td><td>1116–1117</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a></td><td>1208<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MCCVIII</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean calendar</a></td><td>3541</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Minguo_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Minguo calendar">Minguo calendar</a></td><td>704 before <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">ROC</a><br />民前704年</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></td><td>−260</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Thai solar calendar</a></td><td>1750–1751</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan calendar</a></td><td>阴火兔年<br />(female Fire-<a href="/wiki/Rabbit_(zodiac)" title="Rabbit (zodiac)">Rabbit</a>)<br />1334 or 953 or 181<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />阳土龙年<br />(male Earth-<a href="/wiki/Dragon_(zodiac)" title="Dragon (zodiac)">Dragon</a>)<br />1335 or 954 or 182</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ermordung_Philipps_von_Schwaben.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ermordung_Philipps_von_Schwaben.jpg/300px-Ermordung_Philipps_von_Schwaben.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ermordung_Philipps_von_Schwaben.jpg/450px-Ermordung_Philipps_von_Schwaben.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Ermordung_Philipps_von_Schwaben.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Murder of <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia" title="Philip of Swabia">Philip of Swabia</a> (1177–1208)</figcaption></figure> <p>Year <b>1208</b> (<b><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">MCCVIII</a></b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Leap_year_starting_on_Tuesday" title="Leap year starting on Tuesday">leap year starting on Tuesday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1208&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_place">By place</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1208&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1208&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – A fire breaks out in the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song Chinese</a> capital city of <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, raging for four days and nights, destroying 58,097 houses over an area of more than 3 miles (4.8 km), killing 59 people, and an unrecorded number of other people, who are trampled while attempting to flee. The government provides temporary lodging for 5,345 people, in nearby <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> monasteries. The collective victims of the disaster are given 160,000 strings of cash, along with 400 tons of rice. Some of the government officials who lose their homes take up residence in rented <a href="/wiki/Boathouse" title="Boathouse">boathouses</a> on the nearby <a href="/wiki/West_Lake" title="West Lake">West Lake</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1208&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_15" title="January 15">January 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Castelnau" title="Pierre de Castelnau">Pierre de Castelnau</a> is murdered by heretics supported by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_VI,_Count_of_Toulouse" title="Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse">Raymond VI</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Toulouse" title="County of Toulouse">Toulouse</a>. He is held responsible and excommunicated by Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_31" title="January 31">January 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lena" title="Battle of Lena">Battle of Lena</a>: Swedish forces under King <a href="/wiki/Eric_X_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric X of Sweden">Eric X</a> defeat the invading Danish army (some 12,000 men). King <a href="/wiki/Sverker_II_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Sverker II of Sweden">Sverker II</a> ("the Younger") is deposed as king of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and is succeeded by Eric X.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a>: The Crusader <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword" title="Livonian Brothers of the Sword">Livonian Brothers of the Sword</a>, supported by tribes of <a href="/wiki/Livonians" title="Livonians">Livs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Letts</a>, initiate raids into <a href="/wiki/Ugandi_County" title="Ugandi County">Ugandi County</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, resulting in the Estonian fight for independence.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – Innocent III places <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> under <a href="/wiki/Papal_Interdict_of_1208" title="Papal Interdict of 1208">a Papal Interdict</a>, as punishment for <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John, King of England</a> ("Lackland")'s refusal to accept <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Langton" title="Stephen Langton">Stephen Langton</a> as archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Canterbury" title="Diocese of Canterbury">Canterbury</a>. During the interdict, religious services as <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriages</a>, burials, or baptisms cannot be performed.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John confiscates church property of clergy who are unwilling to conduct services. Many bishops in the country flee abroad to the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Autumn – <a href="/wiki/William_Marshal,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke">William Marshal</a> is recalled and humiliated by King John at court in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, while John gives his <a href="/wiki/Justiciar" title="Justiciar">justiciar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meiler_Fitzhenry" title="Meiler Fitzhenry">Meiler Fitzhenry</a> the order to invade Marshal's lands there, burning the town of <a href="/wiki/New_Ross" title="New Ross">New Ross</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia" title="Philip of Swabia">Philip of Swabia</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a>, is assassinated in <a href="/wiki/Bamberg" title="Bamberg">Bamberg</a> by the German count <a href="/wiki/Otto_VIII,_Count_Palatine_of_Bavaria" title="Otto VIII, Count Palatine of Bavaria">Otto of Wittelsbach</a>, because Philip has refused to give him his 10-year-old daughter <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Swabia" title="Beatrice of Swabia">Beatrice</a> in marriage.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_30" title="June 30">June 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippopolis_(1208)" title="Battle of Philippopolis (1208)">Battle of Philippopolis</a>: Bulgarian forces under Emperor (<i><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a></i>) <a href="/wiki/Boril_of_Bulgaria" title="Boril of Bulgaria">Boril</a> are defeated by the Latin army (some 30,000 men) led by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Flanders" title="Henry of Flanders">Henry of Flanders</a>, near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_27" title="August 27">August 27</a> – Queen <a href="/wiki/Irene_Angelina" title="Irene Angelina">Irene Angelina</a> dies in childbirth after the death of her husband Philip of Swabia at <a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen_Castle" title="Hohenstaufen Castle">Hohenstaufen Castle</a>, leaving four daughters: Beatrice, <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Swabia" title="Maria of Swabia">Maria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunigunde_of_Hohenstaufen" title="Kunigunde of Hohenstaufen">Kunigunde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Swabia" title="Elisabeth of Swabia">Elisabeth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_11" title="November 11">November 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a> is elected by the German nobles as king of Germany at <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>. He is engaged to Beatrice and travels to <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> where he receives the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Crown_of_Lombardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Crown of Lombardy">Iron Crown</a> and the title of <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a>, which continues until the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_topic">By topic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1208&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literature">Literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1208&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Cour%C3%A7on" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert of Courçon">Robert of Courçon</a>, an English cardinal, writes his <i>Summa</i> – devoted to questions of <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> and ethics – dealing at length with the question of <a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">usury</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religion">Religion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1208&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a> – Innocent III asks the nobles in Northern <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a> to take military action (the so-called <a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a>) against the <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1208&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Births"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon" title="James I of Aragon">James I</a> ("the Conqueror"), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1276" title="1276">1276</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_van_Holland_(died_1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ada van Holland (died 1258)">Ada van Holland</a>, Dutch <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">noblewoman</a> and abbess (d. <a href="/wiki/1258" title="1258">1258</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berke" title="Berke">Berke</a> Khan, Mongol ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1266" title="1266">1266</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_of_Masovia" title="Bolesław I of Masovia">Bolesław I of Masovia</a>, Polish nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1248" title="1248">1248</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloman_of_Galicia" title="Coloman of Galicia">Coloman of Galicia</a>, Hungarian prince of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Halych" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Halych">Halych</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1241" title="1241">1241</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gissur_%C3%9Eorvaldsson" title="Gissur Þorvaldsson">Gissur Þorvaldsson</a>, Icelandic chieftain (or <i><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">goði</a></i>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1268" title="1268">1268</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolbeinn_ungi_Arn%C3%B3rsson" title="Kolbeinn ungi Arnórsson">Kolbeinn ungi Arnórsson</a>, Icelandic chieftain (d. <a href="/wiki/1245" title="1245">1245</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Haakonsson" title="Knut Haakonsson">Knut Haakonsson</a>, Norwegian nobleman (<i><a href="/wiki/Earl#Norway" title="Earl">jarl</a></i>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1261" title="1261">1261</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Skulesdatter" title="Margaret Skulesdatter">Margaret Skulesdatter</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Norway</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1270" title="1270">1270</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sempad_the_Constable" title="Sempad the Constable">Sempad the Constable</a>, Armenian nobleman (d. 1276)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_6th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester</a>, English nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1265" title="1265">1265</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Beaumont,_6th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Thomas de Beaumont, 6th Earl of Warwick">Thomas de Beaumont</a>, English nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1242" title="1242">1242</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1208&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_15" title="January 15">January 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Castelnau" title="Pierre de Castelnau">Pierre de Castelnau</a>, French priest (assassinated)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28" title="January 28">January 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Cuenca" title="Julian of Cuenca">Julian of Cuenca</a>, Spanish bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1127" title="1127">1127</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mark_Ibn_Kunbar" title="Mark Ibn Kunbar">Mark Ibn Kunbar</a>, Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic</a> priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_22" title="April 22">April 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Poitou" title="Philip of Poitou">Philip of Poitou</a> (or Poitiers), bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Durham" title="Diocese of Durham">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia" title="Philip of Swabia">Philip of Swabia</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1177" title="1177">1177</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_27" title="August 27">August 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Irene_Angelina" title="Irene Angelina">Irene Angelina</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_29" title="August 29">August 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Kittlitz" title="Dietrich von Kittlitz">Dietrich von Kittlitz</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Dresden%E2%80%93Meissen" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Dresden–Meissen">Meissen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_6" title="October 6">October 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_de_Muschamp" title="Geoffrey de Muschamp">Geoffrey de Muschamp</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Coventry" title="Diocese of Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_9" title="November 9">November 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sancha_of_Castile,_Queen_of_Aragon" title="Sancha of Castile, Queen of Aragon">Sancha of Castile</a>, queen consort of Aragon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_29" title="December 29">December 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhangzong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Zhangzong of Jin">Zhangzong of Jin</a>, Chinese emperor (b. <a href="/wiki/1168" title="1168">1168</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_Haraldsdotter" title="Bridget Haraldsdotter">Bridget Haraldsdotter</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermengol_VIII,_Count_of_Urgell" class="mw-redirect" title="Ermengol VIII, Count of Urgell">Ermengol VIII</a> (or Armengol), count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Urgell" title="County of Urgell">Urgell</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1158" title="1158">1158</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolbeinn_Tumason" title="Kolbeinn Tumason">Kolbeinn Tumason</a>, Icelandic chieftain and poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1173" title="1173">1173</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Birgersson,_Riksjarl_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Knut Birgersson, Riksjarl of Sweden">Knut Birgersson</a>, Swedish nobleman (<i><a href="/wiki/Swedish_jarls" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish jarls">jarl</a></i>) and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Sgouros" title="Leo Sgouros">Leo Sgouros</a> (or Sgurus), Byzantine governor and <a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">despot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Peter of Angoulême">Peter of Angoulême</a>, Latin bishop and patriarch of <a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Latin Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV_of_Forcalquier" title="William IV of Forcalquier">William IV of Forcalquier</a>, French nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1130" title="1130">1130</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27qub_ibn_Ishaq_al-Israili" title="Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili">Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili</a>, Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> physician</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1208&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSumption1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sumption,_Lord_Sumption" title="Jonathan Sumption, Lord Sumption">Sumption, Jonathan</a> (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/albigensiancrusa00jona"><i>The Albigensian Crusade</i></a></span>. London, England: Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-11064-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-11064-9"><bdi>0-571-11064-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Albigensian+Crusade&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Faber&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-571-11064-9&rft.aulast=Sumption&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falbigensiancrusa00jona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1208" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osvnews.com/2019/07/12/church-history-pope-innocent-iii-and-the-interdict/">"Church history: Pope Innocent III and the interdict - Our Sunday Visitor"</a>. <i>osvnews.com</i>. July 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=osvnews.com&rft.atitle=Church+history%3A+Pope+Innocent+III+and+the+interdict+-+Our+Sunday+Visitor&rft.date=2019-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fosvnews.com%2F2019%2F07%2F12%2Fchurch-history-pope-innocent-iii-and-the-interdict%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1208" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>King John</i> by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ciggaar, Krijna Nelly (1996). <i>Western Travellers to Constantinople: The West and Byzantium, 962–1204</i>, p. 240. Brill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunham, S. A. (1835). <i>A History of the Germanic Empire, Vol I</i>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hywel Williams (2005). <i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i>, p. 133. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8">0-304-35730-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pierre de Castelnau"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pierre_de_Castelnau">"Pierre de Castelnau" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 591.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pierre+de+Castelnau&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=591&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1208" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1208&oldid=1272894484">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1208&oldid=1272894484</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1208" title="Category:1208">1208</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2011" title="Category:Use mdy dates from February 2011">Use mdy dates from February 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 January 2025, at 18:11<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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