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id="toc-Historical_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seat_of_the_Khmer_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seat_of_the_Khmer_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Seat of the Khmer Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seat_of_the_Khmer_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_of_Angkor_Wat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_of_Angkor_Wat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Construction of Angkor Wat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_of_Angkor_Wat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jayavarman_VII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jayavarman_VII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Jayavarman VII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jayavarman_VII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zhou_Daguan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zhou_Daguan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Zhou Daguan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zhou_Daguan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Angkorian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Angkorian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>End of the Angkorian period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Angkorian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_with_the_Ayutthaya_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_the_Ayutthaya_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>War with the Ayutthaya Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_the_Ayutthaya_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erosion_of_the_state_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erosion_of_the_state_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Erosion of the state religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erosion_of_the_state_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neglect_of_public_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neglect_of_public_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Neglect of public works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neglect_of_public_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_disaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_disaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4</span> <span>Natural disaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_disaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration,_preservation,_and_threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration,_preservation,_and_threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Restoration, preservation, and threats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration,_preservation,_and_threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water-table_dropping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water-table_dropping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Water-table dropping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-table_dropping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Looting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Looting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>Looting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Looting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unsustainable_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsustainable_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.3</span> <span>Unsustainable tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unsustainable_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.4</span> <span>COVID-19</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Religious history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Angkorian_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Angkorian_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-Angkorian religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Angkorian_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shiva_and_the_lingam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shiva_and_the_lingam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Shiva and the lingam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shiva_and_the_lingam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaishnavism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaishnavism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Vaishnavism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaishnavism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahayana_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahayana_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mahayana Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahayana_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindu_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Hindu restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_pluralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_pluralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Religious pluralism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_pluralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theravada_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theravada_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Theravada Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theravada_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Archaeological sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms_and_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_and_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Terms and phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms_and_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Angkor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1" title="أنغكور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنغكور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D6%84%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Անկքորի տաճարներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Անկքորի տաճարներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="अंकोर – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="अंकोर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anqkor" title="Anqkor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Anqkor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ангкор – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ангкор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ангкор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ангкор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ngk%C3%B4r" title="Ângkôr – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ângkôr" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81_(%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE)" title="Άνγκορ (περιοχή) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άνγκορ (περιοχή)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1" title="آنگکور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنگکور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%99%EC%BD%94%EB%A5%B4_%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%81" title="앙코르 유적 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앙코르 유적" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Անգկոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անգկոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="अंकोर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंकोर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8" title="אנגקור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנגקור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ანგკორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანგკორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ангкор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ангкор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ангкор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ангкор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasodharapura" title="Yasodharapura – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Yasodharapura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankora" title="Ankora – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ankora" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankoras" title="Ankoras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ankoras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="अङ्कोर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अङ्कोर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC" title="അങ്കോർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അങ്കോർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="आंग्कोर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आंग्कोर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1" title="انجكور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انجكور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1" title="آنگکور – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آنگکور" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ангкор – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ангкор" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor_(stad)" title="Angkor (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Angkor (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="अङ्कोर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अङ्कोर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E9%81%BA%E8%B7%A1" title="アンコール遺跡 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンコール遺跡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%9A" title="ក្រុងអង្គរ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ក្រុងអង្គរ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ангкор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ангкор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angk%C3%B3r_(komplex_stavieb)" title="Angkór (komplex stavieb) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Angkór (komplex stavieb)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ангкор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ангкор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="அங்கோர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அங்கோர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3" title="เมืองพระนคร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เมืองพระนคร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ангкор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ангкор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ангкор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ангкор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E5%93%A5%E5%8F%A4%E8%BF%B9" title="吴哥古迹 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="吴哥古迹" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E5%93%A5" title="吳哥 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="吳哥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E5%93%A5%E5%8F%A4%E8%BF%B9" title="吴哥古迹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="吴哥古迹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Angkor&params=13_24_45_N_103_52_0_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°24′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">103°52′0″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.41250°N 103.86667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.41250; 103.86667</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the largest temple at Angkor, see <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city of the Khmer Empire</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Angkor</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="km">អង្គរ</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_Wat_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Angkor_Wat_Temple.jpg/250px-Angkor_Wat_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Angkor_Wat_Temple.jpg/375px-Angkor_Wat_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Angkor_Wat_Temple.jpg/500px-Angkor_Wat_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> complex</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambodia_relief_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Angkor is located in Cambodia"><img alt="Angkor is located in Cambodia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cambodia_relief_map.svg/250px-Cambodia_relief_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cambodia_relief_map.svg/375px-Cambodia_relief_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cambodia_relief_map.svg/500px-Cambodia_relief_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1215" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.316%;left:29.24%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Angkor"><img alt="Angkor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Angkor</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Cambodia</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/Yasodharapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasodharapura">Yasodharapura</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Siem_Reap_province" title="Siem Reap province">Siem Reap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Angkor&params=13_24_45_N_103_52_0_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°24′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">103°52′0″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.41250°N 103.86667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.41250; 103.86667</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Archaeological site</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Builder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_II" title="Suryavarman II">Suryavarman II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">late 9th century AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">1431 AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical">Post-classical</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Restored and ruined</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Management</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/APSARA" title="APSARA">APSARA</a> authority</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public access</th><td class="infobox-data">Ticket required for foreigners</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Architecture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Architectural styles</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bakheng" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakheng">Bakheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre_Rup" title="Pre Rup">Pre Rup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banteay_Srei" title="Banteay Srei">Banteay Srei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khleang" class="mw-redirect" title="Khleang">Khleang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baphuon" title="Baphuon">Baphuon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">Bayon</a> and post-Bayon</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title category" style="font-size:125%;">Angkor</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#0177d3;font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #ffffff; text-decoration: inherit;">UNESCO World Heritage Site</span></a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Karta_AngkorWat.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Karta_AngkorWat.PNG/220px-Karta_AngkorWat.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Karta_AngkorWat.PNG/330px-Karta_AngkorWat.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Karta_AngkorWat.PNG/440px-Karta_AngkorWat.PNG 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country" title="World Heritage Sites by country">Location</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Siem_Reap_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Siem Reap Province">Siem Reap Province</a>, Cambodia</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Includes</th><td class="infobox-data">Angkor, <a href="/wiki/Roluos_(temples)" title="Roluos (temples)">Roluos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Banteay_Srei" title="Banteay Srei">Banteay Srei</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/668">668</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1992 (16th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">Endangered</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1992–2004</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">40,100 ha</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px"><div style="position:relative;width:240px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambodia_relief_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Angkor is located in Cambodia"><img alt="Angkor is located in Cambodia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cambodia_relief_map.svg/240px-Cambodia_relief_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cambodia_relief_map.svg/360px-Cambodia_relief_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cambodia_relief_map.svg/480px-Cambodia_relief_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1215" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:27.778%;left:29.259%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="1"><img alt="1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>1</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:24.677%;left:31.067%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Roluos_(temples)" title="2"><img alt="2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>2</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.96%;left:31.155%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Banteay_Srei" title="3"><img alt="3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>3</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambodia_relief_map.svg" title="File:Cambodia relief map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>1 = Angkor, 2 = <a href="/wiki/Banteay_Srei" title="Banteay Srei">Banteay Srei</a>, 3 = <a href="/wiki/Roluos_(temples)" title="Roluos (temples)">Roluos</a></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Aksar_Khmer.svg/40px-Aksar_Khmer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Aksar_Khmer.svg/60px-Aksar_Khmer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Aksar_Khmer.svg/80px-Aksar_Khmer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="225" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> text.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer script</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Angkor</b> (<a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>: <span lang="km">អង្គរ</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="km-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Khmer" title="Help:IPA/Khmer">[ʔɑŋkɔː]</a></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'capital city'), also known as <b><a href="/wiki/Yasodharapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasodharapura">Yasodharapura</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>: <span lang="km">យសោធរបុរៈ</span>; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">यशोधरपुर</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-KhDict_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KhDict-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nath_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nath-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a>, located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. The city and empire flourished from approximately the 9th to the 15th centuries. The city houses the <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>, one of Cambodia's most popular tourist attractions. </p><p>The name <i>Angkor</i> is derived from <i>nokor</i> (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">នគរ</span></span>), a <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> word meaning "kingdom" which in turn derived from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i>nagara</i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">नगर</span></span>), meaning "city".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Angkorian period began in AD 802, when the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> monarch <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_II" title="Jayavarman II">Jayavarman II</a> declared himself a "universal monarch" and "<a href="/wiki/Devaraja" title="Devaraja">god-king</a>", and lasted until the late 14th century, first falling under <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthayan</a> suzerainty in 1351. A Khmer rebellion against Siamese authority resulted in the 1431 sacking of Angkor by Ayutthaya, causing its population to migrate south to <a href="/wiki/Longvek" title="Longvek">Longvek</a>. The alternate name, Yasodharapura, was derived from the name of the foster mother of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Lord Krishna</a> in Hinduism. Hinduism was the largest religion in the ancient Khmer Empire, and many temples were constructed by Khmer kings dedicated to Hindu deities, including <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>. </p><p>The ruins of Angkor are located amid forests and farmland north of the Great Lake (<a href="/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap" title="Tonlé Sap">Tonlé Sap</a>) and south of the <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Kulen" title="Phnom Kulen">Kulen Hills</a>, near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Siem_Reap" title="Siem Reap">Siem Reap</a> city (13°24′N, 103°51′E), in <a href="/wiki/Siem_Reap_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Siem Reap Province">Siem Reap Province</a>. The temples of the Angkor area number over one thousand, ranging in scale from nondescript piles of brick rubble scattered through rice fields to the Angkor Wat, said to be the world's largest single religious monument. Many of the temples at Angkor have been restored, and together, they comprise the most significant site of <a href="/wiki/Khmer_architecture" title="Khmer architecture">Khmer architecture</a>. Visitors approach two million annually, and the entire expanse, including Angkor Wat and <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Thom" title="Angkor Thom">Angkor Thom</a> is collectively protected as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. The popularity of the site among tourists presents multiple challenges to the preservation of the ruins. </p><p>In 2007, an international team of researchers using satellite photographs and other modern techniques concluded that Angkor had been the largest pre-industrial city in the world by surface area, with an elaborate infrastructure system connecting an <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> of at least 1,000 square kilometres (390 sq mi) to the well-known temples at its core.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_PNAS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans_PNAS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angkor is considered to be a "hydraulic city" because it had a complicated water management network, which was used for systematically stabilizing, storing, and dispersing water throughout the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_PNAS_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans_PNAS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This network is believed to have been used for irrigation in order to offset the unpredictable monsoon season and to also support the increasing population.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_PNAS_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans_PNAS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the size of its population remains a topic of research and debate, newly identified agricultural systems in the Angkor area may have supported between 750,000 and one million people.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_overview">Historical overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_Thom_Porta_Sud_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Angkor_Thom_Porta_Sud_interior.jpg/170px-Angkor_Thom_Porta_Sud_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Angkor_Thom_Porta_Sud_interior.jpg/255px-Angkor_Thom_Porta_Sud_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Angkor_Thom_Porta_Sud_interior.jpg/340px-Angkor_Thom_Porta_Sud_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>South gate into <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Thom" title="Angkor Thom">Angkor Thom</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_sunrise.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Angkor_sunrise.JPG/220px-Angkor_sunrise.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Angkor_sunrise.JPG/330px-Angkor_sunrise.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Angkor_sunrise.JPG/440px-Angkor_sunrise.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3005" /></a><figcaption>Angkor Wat at sunrise</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seat_of_the_Khmer_Empire">Seat of the Khmer Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Seat of the Khmer Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Angkorian period may have begun shortly after 800 AD, when the Khmer King <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_II" title="Jayavarman II">Jayavarman II</a> announced the independence of Kambujadesa (<a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Sdok_Kok_Thom#Inscription" title="Sdok Kok Thom">Sdok Kok Thom inscription</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès196897_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès196897-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2014353–354_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2014353–354-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> circa 781 <a href="/wiki/Indrapura_(Khmer)" title="Indrapura (Khmer)">Indrapura</a> was the first capital of <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_II" title="Jayavarman II">Jayavarman II</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Banteay_Prey_Nokor" title="Banteay Prey Nokor">Banteay Prei Nokor</a>, near today's <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Cham_(city)" title="Kampong Cham (city)">Kompong Cham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham1989324_ff_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham1989324_ff-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After he eventually returned to his home, the former kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a>, he quickly built up his influence, conquered a series of competing kings, and in 790 became king of a kingdom called <b>Kambuja</b> by the Khmer. He then moved his court northwest to <a href="/wiki/Mahendraparvata" title="Mahendraparvata">Mahendraparvata</a>, in present day <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Kulen" title="Phnom Kulen">Kulen mountains</a>, inland north from the great lake of <a href="/wiki/Tonle_Sap" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonle Sap">Tonle Sap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham200153_ff_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham200153_ff-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199234_ff_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler199234_ff-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also established the city of <a href="/wiki/Hariharalaya" title="Hariharalaya">Hariharalaya</a> (now known as Roluos) at the northern end of <a href="/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap" title="Tonlé Sap">Tonlé Sap</a>. Through a program of military campaigns, alliances, marriages and land grants, he achieved a unification of the country bordered by <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> (now Central Vietnam) to the east, the ocean to the south and a place identified by a stone inscription as "the land of <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mangoes</a>" to the west. In 802, Jayavarman articulated his new status by declaring himself "universal monarch" (<i>chakravartin</i>) and, in a move that was to be imitated by his successors and that linked him to the cult of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Siva</a>, taking on the epithet of "god-king" (<i><a href="/wiki/Devaraja" title="Devaraja">devaraja</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham200153_ff_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham200153_ff-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199234_ff_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler199234_ff-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before Jayavarman, Cambodia had consisted of a number of politically independent principalities collectively known to the Chinese by the names <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Funan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Funan">Funan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199226_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler199226-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès19434_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès19434-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 889, <a href="/wiki/Yasovarman_I" title="Yasovarman I">Yasovarman</a> ascended to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham200163_ff_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham200163_ff-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A great king and an accomplished builder, he was celebrated by one inscription as "a lion-man; he tore the enemy with the claws of his grandeur; his teeth were his policies; his eyes were the Veda."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199240_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler199240-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Near the old capital of <a href="/wiki/Hariharalaya" title="Hariharalaya">Hariharalaya</a>, Yasovarman constructed a new city, called <a href="/wiki/Yasodharapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasodharapura">Yasodharapura</a>, centered on the hill and temple of <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Bakheng" title="Phnom Bakheng">Phnom Bakheng</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham1989350_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham1989350-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the tradition of his predecessors, he also constructed a massive reservoir called <a href="/wiki/Baray" title="Baray">baray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès194310_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès194310-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The significance of such reservoirs has been debated by modern scholars, some of whom have seen in them a means of irrigating rice fields, and others of whom have regarded them as religiously charged symbols of the great mythological oceans surrounding <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Mount Meru</a>, the abode of the gods. The mountain, in turn, was represented by an elevated temple, in which the "god-king" was represented by a <a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">lingam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès194310_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès194310-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with this cosmic symbolism, Yasovarman built his central temple on a low hill known as <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Bakheng" title="Phnom Bakheng">Phnom Bakheng</a>, surrounding it with a moat fed from the baray. He also built numerous other Hindu temples and <a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">ashrams</a>, or retreats for ascetics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham200160_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham200160-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199238_f_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler199238_f-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the next 300 years, between 900 and 1200, the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> produced some of the world's most magnificent architectural masterpieces in the area known as Angkor. Most are concentrated in an area approximately 15 miles (24 km) east to west and 5 miles (8.0 km) north to south, although the Angkor Archaeological Park, which administers the area, includes sites as far away as <a href="/wiki/Kbal_Spean" title="Kbal Spean">Kbal Spean</a>, about 30 miles (48 km) to the north. Some 72 major temples or other buildings are found within this area, and the remains of several hundred additional minor temple sites are scattered throughout the landscape beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_PNAS_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans_PNAS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the low-density and dispersed nature of the medieval Khmer settlement pattern, Angkor lacks a formal boundary, and its extent is therefore difficult to determine. However, a specific area of at least 1,000 km<sup>2</sup> (390 sq mi) beyond the major temples is defined by a complex system of infrastructure, including roads and canals that indicate a high degree of connectivity and functional integration with the urban core. In terms of spatial extent (although not in terms of population), this makes it the largest urban agglomeration in recorded history prior to the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, easily surpassing the nearest claim by the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Mayan</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_PNAS_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans_PNAS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its peak, the city occupied an area greater than modern <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, and its buildings use far more stone than all of the Egyptian structures combined.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_of_Angkor_Wat">Construction of Angkor Wat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Construction of Angkor Wat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suryavarman_II_Angkor_Wat_0869.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Suryavarman_II_Angkor_Wat_0869.jpg/220px-Suryavarman_II_Angkor_Wat_0869.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Suryavarman_II_Angkor_Wat_0869.jpg/330px-Suryavarman_II_Angkor_Wat_0869.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Suryavarman_II_Angkor_Wat_0869.jpg/440px-Suryavarman_II_Angkor_Wat_0869.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Suryavarman II</figcaption></figure> <p>The single largest temple of the Angkorian region, <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>, was built between 1113 and 1150 by King <a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_II" title="Suryavarman II">Suryavarman II</a>. Suryavarman ascended to the throne after prevailing in a battle with a rival prince. An inscription says that, in the course of combat, Suryavarman leapt onto his rival's war elephant and killed him, just as the mythical bird-man <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a> slays a serpent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2001112_ff_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2001112_ff-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199249_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler199249-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After consolidating his political position through military campaigns, diplomacy, and a firm domestic administration, Suryavarman launched into the construction of Angkor Wat as his personal temple mausoleum. Breaking with the tradition of the Khmer kings, and influenced perhaps by the concurrent rise of <a href="/wiki/Vaisnavism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaisnavism">Vaisnavism</a> in India, he dedicated the temple to <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> rather than to <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Siva</a>. With walls nearly half a mile long on each side, Angkor Wat grandly portrays the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> cosmology, with the central towers representing <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Mount Meru</a>, home of the gods; the outer walls, the mountains enclosing the world; and the moat, the oceans beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199250_f_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler199250_f-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional theme of identifying the Khmer devaraja with the gods, and his residence with that of the celestials, is very much in evidence. The measurements themselves of the temple and its parts in relation to one another have cosmological significance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199250_f_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler199250_f-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suryavarman had the walls of the temple decorated with <a href="/wiki/Bas_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas relief">bas reliefs</a> depicting not only scenes from mythology, but also from the life of his own imperial court. In one of the scenes, the king himself is portrayed as larger in size than his subjects, sitting cross-legged on an elevated throne and holding court, while a bevy of attendants make him comfortable with the aid of parasols and fans. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_Wat_reflejado_en_un_estanque_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The main temple reflected in the northern reflection pond. Angkor Wat, Siem Reap, Cambodia."><img alt="Panorama of Angkor Wat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Angkor_Wat_reflejado_en_un_estanque_07.jpg/1000px-Angkor_Wat_reflejado_en_un_estanque_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Angkor_Wat_reflejado_en_un_estanque_07.jpg/1500px-Angkor_Wat_reflejado_en_un_estanque_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Angkor_Wat_reflejado_en_un_estanque_07.jpg/2000px-Angkor_Wat_reflejado_en_un_estanque_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7232" data-file-height="2396" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_Wat_reflejado_en_un_estanque_07.jpg" title="File:Angkor Wat reflejado en un estanque 07.jpg"> </a></div>The main temple reflected in the northern reflection pond. Angkor Wat, Siem Reap, Cambodia.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jayavarman_VII">Jayavarman VII</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jayavarman VII"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VII" title="Jayavarman VII">Jayavarman VII</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guimet_IMG_6009_Jayavarman7.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guimet_IMG_6009_Jayavarman7.JPG/170px-Guimet_IMG_6009_Jayavarman7.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guimet_IMG_6009_Jayavarman7.JPG/255px-Guimet_IMG_6009_Jayavarman7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guimet_IMG_6009_Jayavarman7.JPG/340px-Guimet_IMG_6009_Jayavarman7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of Jayavarman VII on display at <a href="/wiki/Musee_Guimet" class="mw-redirect" title="Musee Guimet">Musee Guimet</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the death of Suryavarman around 1150 AD, the kingdom fell into a period of internal strife. Its neighbors to the east, the <a href="/wiki/Cham_(Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham (Asia)">Cham</a> of what is now southern Vietnam, took advantage of the situation in 1177 to launch a water-borne invasion up the <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a> River and across <a href="/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap" title="Tonlé Sap">Tonlé Sap</a>. The Cham forces were successful in sacking the Khmer capital of <a href="/wiki/Yasodharapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasodharapura">Yasodharapura</a> and in killing the reigning king. However, a Khmer prince who was to become King <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VII" title="Jayavarman VII">Jayavarman VII</a> rallied his people and defeated the Cham in battles on the lake and on the land. In 1181, Jayavarman assumed the throne. He was to be the greatest of the Angkorian kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2001120_ff_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2001120_ff-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the ruins of Yasodharapura, Jayavarman constructed the walled city of <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Thom" title="Angkor Thom">Angkor Thom</a>, as well as its geographic and spiritual center, the temple known as the <a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">Bayon</a>. Bas-reliefs at the Bayon depict not only the king's battles with the Cham, but also scenes from the life of Khmer villagers and courtiers. Jayavarman oversaw the period of Angkor's most prolific construction, which included building of the well-known temples of <a href="/wiki/Ta_Prohm" title="Ta Prohm">Ta Prohm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preah_Khan" title="Preah Khan">Preah Khan</a>, dedicating them to his parents.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldArch_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldArch-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This massive program of construction coincided with a transition in the state religion from <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a>, since Jayavarman himself had adopted the latter as his personal faith. During Jayavarman's reign, Hindu temples were altered to display images of the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, and Angkor Wat briefly became a Buddhist shrine. Following his death, the revival of Hinduism as the state religion included a large-scale campaign of desecrating Buddhist images, and continued until <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a> became established as the land's dominant religion from the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2001116_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2001116-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zhou_Daguan">Zhou Daguan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Zhou Daguan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The year 1296 marked the arrival at Angkor of the Chinese diplomat <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Daguan" title="Zhou Daguan">Zhou Daguan</a> representing the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>. Zhou's one-year sojourn in the Khmer capital during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Indravarman_III" title="Indravarman III">Indravarman III</a> is historically significant, because he penned a still-surviving account, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Customs_of_Cambodia" title="The Customs of Cambodia">The Customs of Cambodia</a></i>, of approximately forty pages detailing his observations of Khmer society. Some of the topics he addressed in the account were those of religion, justice, kingship, societal norms, agriculture, slavery, birds, vegetables, bathing, clothing, tools, draft animals, and commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2001134_ff_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2001134_ff-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199270_ff_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler199270_ff-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one passage, he described a royal procession consisting of soldiers, numerous servant women and concubines, ministers and princes, and finally, "the sovereign, standing on an elephant, holding his sacred sword in his hand." Together with the inscriptions that have been found on Angkorian <a href="/wiki/Stela" class="mw-redirect" title="Stela">stelae</a>, temples and other monuments, and with the <a href="/wiki/Bas-reliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-reliefs">bas-reliefs</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">Bayon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>, Zhou's journal is the most important source of information about everyday life at Angkor. Filled with vivid anecdotes and sometimes incredulous observations of a civilization that struck Zhou as colorful and exotic, it is an entertaining travel memoir as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2001134_ff_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2001134_ff-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199271_ff_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler199271_ff-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 1065px;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Bas-reliefs of Angkor</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_(Angkor)_(6912571567).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286912571567%29.jpg/170px-Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286912571567%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286912571567%29.jpg/255px-Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286912571567%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286912571567%29.jpg/340px-Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286912571567%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg/170px-Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg/255px-Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg/340px-Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_Wat_bas-reliefs_(9727534793).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Angkor_Wat_bas-reliefs_%289727534793%29.jpg/170px-Angkor_Wat_bas-reliefs_%289727534793%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Angkor_Wat_bas-reliefs_%289727534793%29.jpg/255px-Angkor_Wat_bas-reliefs_%289727534793%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Angkor_Wat_bas-reliefs_%289727534793%29.jpg/340px-Angkor_Wat_bas-reliefs_%289727534793%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_(Angkor)_(6912582597).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286912582597%29.jpg/170px-Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286912582597%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286912582597%29.jpg/255px-Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286912582597%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286912582597%29.jpg/340px-Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286912582597%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_Wat_-_055_Frieze_(8581698432).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Angkor_Wat_-_055_Frieze_%288581698432%29.jpg/170px-Angkor_Wat_-_055_Frieze_%288581698432%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Angkor_Wat_-_055_Frieze_%288581698432%29.jpg/255px-Angkor_Wat_-_055_Frieze_%288581698432%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Angkor_Wat_-_055_Frieze_%288581698432%29.jpg/340px-Angkor_Wat_-_055_Frieze_%288581698432%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_Angkorian_period">End of the Angkorian period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: End of the Angkorian period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Angkor" title="Fall of Angkor">Fall of Angkor</a></div> <p>The end of the Angkorian period is generally set as 1431, the year Angkor was sacked and looted by <a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_monarchs#1st_Suphannaphum_dynasty_(1370–1388)" title="List of Thai monarchs">Suphannaphum-Mon</a> dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a> invaders, though the civilization already had been in decline in the 13th and 14th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham1989139–140_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham1989139–140-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès1968236–237_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès1968236–237-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the course of the 15th century, nearly all of Angkor was abandoned, except for <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>, which remained a Buddhist shrine. Several theories have been advanced to account for the decline and abandonment of Angkor: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_with_the_Ayutthaya_Kingdom">War with the Ayutthaya Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: War with the Ayutthaya Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.svg/220px-Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.svg/330px-Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.svg/440px-Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Khmer Empire (in red) in 900 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>It is widely believed that the abandonment of the Khmer capital occurred as a result of Ayutthaya invasions. Ongoing civil wars with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_monarchs#1st_Uthong_dynasty_(1351–1370)" title="List of Thai monarchs">Lavo-Khmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_monarchs#1st_Suphannaphum_dynasty_(1370–1388)" title="List of Thai monarchs">Suphannaphum-Mon</a> dynasty of Ayutthaya were already sapping the strength of Angkor at the time of <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Daguan" title="Zhou Daguan">Zhou Daguan</a> toward the end of the 13th century. In his memoirs, Zhou reported that the country had been completely devastated by such a war, in which the entire population had been obligated to participate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès194332_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès194332-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the collapse of Angkor in 1431, many statues were taken to the Ayutthaya capital of <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayutthaya (city)">Ayutthaya</a> in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2001139–140_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2001139–140-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others departed for the new center of Khmer society at <a href="/wiki/Longvek" title="Longvek">Longvek</a>, southeast of Angkor in <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Tralach_district" title="Kampong Tralach district">Kampong Tralach district</a>. The official capital later moved, first in 1618 to <a href="/wiki/Oudong" title="Oudong">Oudong</a> around 45 kilometres (28 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ponhea_Leu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponhea Leu District">Ponhea Leu District</a>, and eventually in 1865 to the present site of Phnom Penh. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Erosion_of_the_state_religion">Erosion of the state religion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Erosion of the state religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scholars have connected the decline of Angkor with the conversion of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> to <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a> following the reign of <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VII" title="Jayavarman VII">Jayavarman VII</a>, arguing that this religious transition eroded the Hindu concept of kingship that underpinned the Angkorian civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199278_ff_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler199278_ff-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Angkor scholar <a href="/wiki/George_Coed%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="George Coedès">George Coedès</a>, Theravada Buddhism's denial of the ultimate reality of the individual served to sap the vitality of the royal personality cult which had provided the inspiration for the grand monuments of Angkor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès194364–65_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès194364–65-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast expanse of temples required an equally large body of workers to maintain them; at <a href="/wiki/Ta_Prohm" title="Ta Prohm">Ta Prohm</a>, a stone carving states that 12,640 people serviced that single temple complex. Not only could the spread of Buddhism have eroded this workforce, but it could have also affected the estimated 300,000 agricultural workers required to feed them all.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neglect_of_public_works">Neglect of public works</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Neglect of public works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Coedès, the weakening of Angkor's royal government by ongoing war and the erosion of the cult of the <i>devaraja</i>, undermined the government's ability to carry out important public works, such as the construction and maintenance of the waterways essential for irrigation of the rice fields upon which Angkor's large population depended for its sustenance. As a result, Angkorian civilization suffered from a reduced economic base, and the population was forced to scatter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès194330_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès194330-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Natural_disaster">Natural disaster</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Natural disaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_Chau_Say_Tevoda_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Angkor_Chau_Say_Tevoda_2009.jpg/220px-Angkor_Chau_Say_Tevoda_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Angkor_Chau_Say_Tevoda_2009.jpg/330px-Angkor_Chau_Say_Tevoda_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Angkor_Chau_Say_Tevoda_2009.jpg/440px-Angkor_Chau_Say_Tevoda_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chau_Say_Tevoda" title="Chau Say Tevoda">Chau Say Tevoda</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Other scholars attempting to account for the rapid decline and abandonment of Angkor have hypothesized natural disasters such as disease (Bubonic Plague), earthquakes, inundations, or drastic climate changes as the relevant agents of destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès194330_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès194330-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of tree rings in Vietnam produced a record of early monsoons that passed through this area. From this study, we can tell that during the 14th–15th centuries monsoons were weakened and eventually followed by extreme flooding. Their inability to adapt their flooding infrastructure may have led to its eventual decline.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent research by Australian archaeologists suggests that the decline may have been due to a shortage of water caused by the transition from the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lamont%E2%80%93Doherty_Earth_Observatory" title="Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory">LDEO</a> <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">dendrochronological research</a> has established tree-ring chronologies indicating severe periods of <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> across <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">mainland Southeast Asia</a> in the early 15th century, raising the possibility that Angkor's canals and reservoirs ran dry and ended expansion of available farmland.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration,_preservation,_and_threats"><span id="Restoration.2C_preservation.2C_and_threats"></span>Restoration, preservation, and threats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Restoration, preservation, and threats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banteay_Srei_33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Banteay_Srei_33.jpg/220px-Banteay_Srei_33.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Banteay_Srei_33.jpg/330px-Banteay_Srei_33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Banteay_Srei_33.jpg/440px-Banteay_Srei_33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4397" data-file-height="3298" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Banteay_Srei" title="Banteay Srei">Banteay Srei</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A 16th century <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Capuchin_friar" class="mw-redirect" title="Capuchin friar">friar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_da_Madalena" title="António da Madalena">António da Madalena</a>, was the first recorded European visitor to visit Angkor Wat in 1586. By the 17th century, Angkor Wat was not completely abandoned. Fourteen inscriptions from the 17th century testify to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> settlements alongside those of the remaining Khmer.<sup id="cite_ref-Nikkei_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nikkei-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best-known inscription tells of <a href="/wiki/Ukondafu_Kazufusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukondafu Kazufusa">Ukondafu Kazufusa</a>, who celebrated the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_New_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer New Year">Khmer New Year</a> there in 1632.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambodia_Classical_Dance_1918-1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cambodia_Classical_Dance_1918-1921.jpg/220px-Cambodia_Classical_Dance_1918-1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cambodia_Classical_Dance_1918-1921.jpg/330px-Cambodia_Classical_Dance_1918-1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cambodia_Classical_Dance_1918-1921.jpg/440px-Cambodia_Classical_Dance_1918-1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apsara_Dance" title="Apsara Dance">Apsara dancers</a> by Angkor Wat in the early 20th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>While Angkor was known to the local Khmer and was shown to European visitors; <a href="/wiki/Henri_Mouhot" title="Henri Mouhot">Henri Mouhot</a> in 1860 and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Leonowens" title="Anna Leonowens">Anna Leonowens</a> in 1865,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it remained cloaked by the forest until the end of the 19th century. European archeologists such as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Delaporte" title="Louis Delaporte">Louis Delaporte</a> and ethnologists such as <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Bastian" title="Adolf Bastian">Adolf Bastian</a> visited the site and popularized the site in Europe. This eventually led to a long restoration process by French archaeologists. </p><p>From 1907 to 1970, work was under the direction of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="École française d'Extrême-Orient">École française d'Extrême-Orient</a>, which cleared away the forest, repaired foundations, and installed drains to protect the buildings from water damage. In addition, scholars associated with the school including <a href="/wiki/George_Coed%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="George Coedès">George Coedès</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Glaize" title="Maurice Glaize">Maurice Glaize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mus" title="Paul Mus">Paul Mus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Stern" title="Philippe Stern">Philippe Stern</a> and others initiated a program of historical scholarship and interpretation that is fundamental to the current understanding of Angkor. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preah_Khan_temple_ruins_(2009).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Preah_Khan_temple_ruins_%282009%29.jpg/220px-Preah_Khan_temple_ruins_%282009%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Preah_Khan_temple_ruins_%282009%29.jpg/330px-Preah_Khan_temple_ruins_%282009%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Preah_Khan_temple_ruins_%282009%29.jpg/440px-Preah_Khan_temple_ruins_%282009%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Preah_Khan" title="Preah Khan">Preah Khan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ta_Keo_(6201959611).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ta_Keo_%286201959611%29.jpg/220px-Ta_Keo_%286201959611%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ta_Keo_%286201959611%29.jpg/330px-Ta_Keo_%286201959611%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ta_Keo_%286201959611%29.jpg/440px-Ta_Keo_%286201959611%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ta_Keo" title="Ta Keo">Ta Keo</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ta_Phrom,_Angkor,_Camboya,_2013-08-16,_DD_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ta_Phrom%2C_Angkor%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-16%2C_DD_01.JPG/220px-Ta_Phrom%2C_Angkor%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-16%2C_DD_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ta_Phrom%2C_Angkor%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-16%2C_DD_01.JPG/330px-Ta_Phrom%2C_Angkor%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-16%2C_DD_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ta_Phrom%2C_Angkor%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-16%2C_DD_01.JPG/440px-Ta_Phrom%2C_Angkor%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-16%2C_DD_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5042" data-file-height="2834" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ta_Phrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta Phrom">Ta Phrom</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Work resumed after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a> and, since 1993, has been jointly co-ordinated by India, Germany, Japan and UNESCO through the International Co-ordinating Committee on the Safeguarding and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor (ICC), while Cambodian work is carried out by the Authority for the Protection and Management of Angkor and the Region of Siem Reap (<a href="/wiki/APSARA" title="APSARA">APSARA</a>), created in 1995. Some temples have been carefully taken apart stone by stone and reassembled on concrete foundations, in accordance with the method of <a href="/wiki/Anastylosis" title="Anastylosis">anastylosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Ref_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Ref-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Monuments_Fund" title="World Monuments Fund">World Monuments Fund</a> has aided <a href="/wiki/Preah_Khan" title="Preah Khan">Preah Khan</a>, the Churning of the Sea of Milk (a 49-meter-long bas-relief frieze in Angkor Wat), <a href="/wiki/Ta_Som" title="Ta Som">Ta Som</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Bakheng" title="Phnom Bakheng">Phnom Bakheng</a>. International tourism to Angkor has increased significantly in recent years, with visitor numbers reaching around 2 million a year by 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Ref_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Ref-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This poses additional conservation problems but has also provided financial assistance to the restoration effort.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water-table_dropping">Water-table dropping</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Water-table dropping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the increased growth in tourism at Angkor, new hotels and restaurants are being built to accommodate such growth. Each new construction project drills underground to reach the <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a>, which has a limited storage capacity. This demand on the water table could undermine the stability of the sandy soils under the monuments at Angkor, leading to cracks, fissures and collapses.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Making matters worse, the peak tourist season corresponds with Cambodia's dry season, which leads to excessive pumping of ground water when it is least replenished naturally.<sup id="cite_ref-Doherty_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doherty-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Looting">Looting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Looting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a> has been an ever-growing threat to the Angkor archaeological landscape. According to APSARA, the official <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodian</a> agency charged with overseeing the management of Angkor, "vandalism has multiplied at a phenomenal rate, employing local populations to carry out the actual thefts, heavily armed intermediaries transport objects, often in tanks or armored personnel carriers, often for sale across the Cambodian border."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unsustainable_tourism">Unsustainable tourism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Unsustainable tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The increasing number of tourists, around two million per year,<sup id="cite_ref-Doherty_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doherty-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> exerts pressure on the archaeological sites at Angkor by walking and climbing on the (mostly) sandstone monuments at Angkor. This direct pressure created by unchecked tourism is expected to cause significant damage to the monuments in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In sites such as Angkor, tourism is inevitable. Therefore, the site management team cannot exclusively manage the site. The team has to manage the flow of people. Millions of people visit Angkor each year, making the management of this flow vital to the quickly decaying structures. Western tourism to Angkor began in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWager1995_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWager1995-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sandstone monuments and Angkor are not made for this type of heightened tourism. </p><p>Moving forward, UNESCO and local authorities at the site are in the process of creating a sustainable plan for the future of the site. Since 1992, UNESCO has moved towards conserving Angkor. Thousands of new archaeological sites have been discovered by UNESCO, and the organization has moved towards protected cultural zones. Two decades later, over 1000 people are employed full-time at the site for cultural sensitivity reasons. Part of this movement to limit the impacts of tourism has been to only open certain areas of the site. </p><p>However, much of the 1992 precautionary measures and calls for future enforcement have fallen through. Both globally and locally the policy-making has been successful, but the implementation has failed for several reasons. First, there are conflicts of interest in Cambodia. While the site is culturally important to them, Cambodia is a poor country. Its GDP is marginally larger than Afghanistan's. </p><p>Tourism is a vital part to the Cambodian economy, and shutting down parts of Angkor, the largest tourist destination in the country, is not an option. A second reason stems from the government's inability to organize around the site. The Cambodian government has failed in organizing a robust team of cultural specialists and archaeologists to service the site. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="COVID-19">COVID-19</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: COVID-19"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the lack of visitors resulted in 10,000 people working in the Cambodian tourist trade being out of work.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_history">Religious history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Religious history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historical Angkor was more than a site for religious art and architecture. It was the site of vast cities that served all the needs of the Khmer people. Aside from a few old bridges, however, all of the remaining monuments are religious edifices. In Angkorian times, all non-religious buildings, including the residence of the king himself, were constructed of perishable materials, such as wood, "because only the gods had a right to residences made of stone".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès194318_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès194318-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the vast majority of the surviving stone inscriptions are about the religious foundations of kings and other potentates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès19432_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès19432-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, it is easier to write the history of Angkorian state religion than it is to write that of just about any other aspect of Angkorian society. </p><p>Several religious movements contributed to the historical development of religion at Angkor: </p> <ul><li>Indigenous religious cults mixed with <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>, including those centered on worship of the ancestors and of the <a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">lingam</a>;</li> <li>A royal <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a>, identifying the king with the deity, characteristic not only of Angkor, but of other <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> civilizations in southeast Asia, such as <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>, the form of Hinduism focused on the worship of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and the lingam as the symbol of Shiva, but also <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, the form of Hinduism focussed on the worship of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, in both its <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> varieties.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Angkorian_religion">Pre-Angkorian religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pre-Angkorian religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baksei_Chamkrong_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Baksei_Chamkrong_3.jpg/220px-Baksei_Chamkrong_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Baksei_Chamkrong_3.jpg/330px-Baksei_Chamkrong_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Baksei_Chamkrong_3.jpg/440px-Baksei_Chamkrong_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Dedicated by <a href="/wiki/Rajendravarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendravarman">Rajendravarman</a> in 948 AD, <a href="/wiki/Baksei_Chamkrong" title="Baksei Chamkrong">Baksei Chamkrong</a> is a temple-pyramid that housed a statue of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The religion of pre-Angkorian Cambodia, known to the Chinese as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Funan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Funan">Funan</a> (1st century AD to ca. 550) and <a href="/wiki/Chenla_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenla Kingdom">Chenla</a> (ca. 550 – ca. 800 AD), included elements of Hinduism, Buddhism and indigenous ancestor cults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199219–20_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler199219–20-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Temples from the period of Chenla bear stone inscriptions, in both <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a>, naming both Hindu and local ancestral deities, with Shiva supreme among the former.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham200146_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham200146-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cult of <a href="/wiki/Harihara" title="Harihara">Harihara</a> was prominent; Buddhism was not, because, as reported by the Chinese pilgrim <a href="/wiki/I_Ching_(monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="I Ching (monk)">Yi Jing</a>, a "wicked king" had destroyed it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès196873f_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès196873f-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Characteristic of the religion of Chenla also was the cult of the lingam, or stone phallus that patronized and guaranteed fertility to the community in which it was located.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199220_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler199220-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shiva_and_the_lingam">Shiva and the lingam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Shiva and the lingam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Khmer king <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_II" title="Jayavarman II">Jayavarman II</a>, whose assumption of power around 800 AD marks the beginning of the Angkorian period, established his capital at a place called <a href="/wiki/Hariharalaya" title="Hariharalaya">Hariharalaya</a> (today known as <a href="/wiki/Roluos" title="Roluos">Roluos</a>), at the northern end of the great lake, <a href="/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap" title="Tonlé Sap">Tonlé Sap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham200157_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham200157-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harihara" title="Harihara">Harihara</a> is the name of a deity that combines the essence of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> (Hari) with that of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> (Hara) and that was much favored by the Khmer kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199220_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler199220-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jayavarman II's adoption of the epithet "devaraja" (god-king) signified the monarch's special connection with Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199234_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler199234-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The beginning of the Angkorian period was also marked by changes in religious architecture. During the reign of Jayavarman II, the single-chambered sanctuaries typical of Chenla gave way to temples constructed as a series of raised platforms bearing multiple towers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham200157_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham200157-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasingly impressive temple pyramids came to represent <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Mount Meru</a>, the home of the Hindu gods, with the moats surrounding the temples representing the mythological oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham20019,_60_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham20019,_60-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_036_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_036_2.jpg/220px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_036_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_036_2.jpg/330px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_036_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_036_2.jpg/440px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_036_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1834" data-file-height="2348" /></a><figcaption>An 11th- or 12th-century Cambodian bronze statue of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></figcaption></figure><p> Typically, a <a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">lingam</a> served as the central religious image of the Angkorian temple-mountain. The temple-mountain was the center of the city, and the lingam in the main sanctuary was the focus of the temple.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStern1934615_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStern1934615-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the central lingam was the name of the king himself, combined with the suffix <i>-esvara</i>, which designated Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStern1934612_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStern1934612-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the worship of the lingam, the king was identified with Shiva, and <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> became the state religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStern1934616_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStern1934616-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, an inscription dated 881 AD indicates that king <a href="/wiki/Indravarman_I" title="Indravarman I">Indravarman I</a> erected a lingam named <i>Indresvara</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham200163_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham200163-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another inscription tells us that Indravarman erected eight lingams in his courts and that they were named for the "eight elements of Shiva".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham200163_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham200163-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Rajendravarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendravarman">Rajendravarman</a>, whose reign began in 944 AD, constructed the temple of <a href="/wiki/Pre_Rup" title="Pre Rup">Pre Rup</a>, the central tower of which housed the royal lingam called <i>Rajendrabhadresvara</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham200173_ff_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham200173_ff-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Vaishnavism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early days of Angkor, the worship of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> was secondary to that of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>. The relationship seems to have changed with the construction of <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> by King <a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_II" title="Suryavarman II">Suryavarman II</a> as his personal mausoleum at the beginning of the 12th century. The central religious image of Angkor Wat was an image of Vishnu, and an inscription identifies Suryavarman as "Paramavishnuloka", or "he who enters the heavenly world of Vishnu".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2001118_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2001118-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a>, however, remained thoroughgoing in Khmer society: the state religion of Shaivism was not necessarily abrogated by Suryavarman's turn to Vishnu, and the temple may well have housed a royal lingam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStern1934616_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStern1934616-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, the turn to <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> did not abrogate the royal personality cult of Angkor, by which the reigning king was identified with the deity. According to Angkor scholar <a href="/wiki/Georges_Coed%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Coedès">Georges Coedès</a>, "Angkor Wat is, if you like, a vaishnavite sanctuary, but the Vishnu venerated there was not the ancient Hindu deity nor even one of the deity's traditional incarnations, but the king Suryavarman II posthumously identified with Vishnu, consubstantial with him, residing in a mausoleum decorated with the graceful figures of apsaras just like Vishnu in his celestial palace".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès194363_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès194363-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suryavarman proclaimed his identity with Vishnu, just as his predecessors had claimed consubstantiation with Shiva. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Bayon_(Angkor)_(6550614425).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Le_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286550614425%29.jpg/220px-Le_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286550614425%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Le_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286550614425%29.jpg/330px-Le_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286550614425%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Le_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286550614425%29.jpg/440px-Le_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286550614425%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Face towers of the <a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">Bayon</a> represent the king as the Bodhisattva <a href="/wiki/Lokesvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Lokesvara">Lokesvara</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahayana_Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mahayana Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the last quarter of the 12th century, King <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VII" title="Jayavarman VII">Jayavarman VII</a> departed radically from the tradition of his predecessors when he adopted <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhism as his personal faith. Jayavarman also made Buddhism the state religion of his kingdom when he constructed the Buddhist temple known as the <a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">Bayon</a> at the heart of his new capital city of Angkor Thom. In the famous face towers of the Bayon, the king represented himself as the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> <a href="/wiki/Avalokiteshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalokiteshvara">Avalokiteshvara</a> moved by compassion for his subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2001121_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2001121-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Jayavarman was able to perpetuate the royal personality cult of Angkor, while identifying the divine component of the cult with the bodhisattva rather than with Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès194362_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès194362-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu_restoration">Hindu restoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hindu restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hindu restoration began around 1243 AD, with the death of Jayavarman VII's successor, <a href="/wiki/Indravarman_II" title="Indravarman II">Indravarman II</a>. The next king, <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VIII" title="Jayavarman VIII">Jayavarman VIII</a>, was a Shaivite iconoclast who specialized in destroying Buddhist images and in reestablishing the Hindu shrines that his illustrious predecessor had converted to Buddhism. During the restoration, the Bayon was made a temple to Shiva, and its central 3.6 meter tall statue of the Buddha was cast to the bottom of a nearby well. Everywhere, cultist statues of the Buddha were replaced by lingams.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2001133_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2001133-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_pluralism">Religious pluralism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religious pluralism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_shielded_by_Naga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Buddha_shielded_by_Naga.jpg/200px-Buddha_shielded_by_Naga.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Buddha_shielded_by_Naga.jpg/300px-Buddha_shielded_by_Naga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Buddha_shielded_by_Naga.jpg/400px-Buddha_shielded_by_Naga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1662" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A statue of the Buddha, shielded by the Naga Mucalinda, from 12th century</figcaption></figure> <p>When Chinese traveller <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Daguan" title="Zhou Daguan">Zhou Daguan</a> came to Angkor in AD 1296, he found what he took to be three separate religious groups. The dominant religion was that of <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhism. Zhou observed that the monks had shaven heads and wore yellow robes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2001137_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2001137-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buddhist temples impressed Zhou with their simplicity. He noted that the images of Buddha were made of gilded plaster.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199272_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler199272-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other two groups identified by Zhou appear to have been those of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmans</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivites</a>. About the Brahmans, Zhou had little to say, except that they were often employed as high officials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199272_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler199272-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the Shaivites, whom he called "<a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoists</a>", Zhou wrote, "the only image which they revere is a block of stone analogous to the stone found in shrines of the god of the soil in China".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199272_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler199272-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theravada_Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Theravada Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the course of the 13th century, Theravada Buddhism transmitted through the <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon</a> kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haripunchai" class="mw-redirect" title="Haripunchai">Haripunchai</a> made its appearance at Angkor. Gradually, it became the dominant religion of Cambodia, displacing both Mahayana Buddhism and Shaivism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès194319_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès194319-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of Theravada Buddhism at Angkor continues until this day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_sites">Archaeological sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Archaeological sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_satellite_with_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Angkor_satellite_with_map.jpg/450px-Angkor_satellite_with_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Angkor_satellite_with_map.jpg/675px-Angkor_satellite_with_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Angkor_satellite_with_map.jpg/900px-Angkor_satellite_with_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>A satellite image and a map of Angkor</figcaption></figure> <p>The area of Angkor has many significant archaeological sites, including the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkor_Thom" title="Angkor Thom">Angkor Thom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baksei_Chamkrong" title="Baksei Chamkrong">Baksei Chamkrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteay_Kdei" title="Banteay Kdei">Banteay Kdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteay_Samr%C3%A9" title="Banteay Samré">Banteay Samré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteay_Srei" title="Banteay Srei">Banteay Srei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baphuon" title="Baphuon">Baphuon</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">Bayon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chau_Say_Tevoda" title="Chau Say Tevoda">Chau Say Tevoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Baray" title="East Baray">East Baray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Mebon" title="East Mebon">East Mebon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kbal_Spean" title="Kbal Spean">Kbal Spean</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Khleangs" title="Khleangs">Khleangs</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krol_Ko" title="Krol Ko">Krol Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolei" title="Lolei">Lolei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neak_Pean" title="Neak Pean">Neak Pean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phimeanakas" title="Phimeanakas">Phimeanakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Bakheng" title="Phnom Bakheng">Phnom Bakheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Krom" title="Phnom Krom">Phnom Krom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ak_Yum" title="Ak Yum">Prasat Ak Yum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasat_Kravan" title="Prasat Kravan">Prasat Kravan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preah_Khan" title="Preah Khan">Preah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preah_Ko" title="Preah Ko">Preah Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preah_Palilay" title="Preah Palilay">Preah Palilay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preah_Pithu" title="Preah Pithu">Preah Pithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre_Rup" title="Pre Rup">Pre Rup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spean_Thma" title="Spean Thma">Spean Thma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srah_Srang" title="Srah Srang">Srah Srang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta_Nei" title="Ta Nei">Ta Nei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta_Prohm" title="Ta Prohm">Ta Prohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta_Som" title="Ta Som">Ta Som</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta_Keo" title="Ta Keo">Ta Keo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_of_the_Elephants" title="Terrace of the Elephants">Terrace of the Elephants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_of_the_Leper_King" title="Terrace of the Leper King">Terrace of the Leper King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thommanon" title="Thommanon">Thommanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Baray" title="West Baray">West Baray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Mebon" title="West Mebon">West Mebon</a></li> <li>Another city at <a href="/wiki/Mahendraparvata" title="Mahendraparvata">Mahendraparvata</a> was discovered in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terms_and_phrases">Terms and phrases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Terms and phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Angkor</b> (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">អង្គរ</span></span> <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">ângkôr</i></span>) is a Khmer word meaning "city". It is a corrupted form of <i>nôkôr</i> (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">នគរ</span></span>) which derives from the Sanskrit <i>nagara</i>.</li> <li><b>Banteay</b> (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">បន្ទាយ</span></span> <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">bântéay</i></span>) is a Khmer term meaning "<a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a>" or "fortress" that is also applied to walled temples.</li> <li><b>Baray</b> (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">បារាយណ៍</span></span> <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">baréayn</i></span>) literally means "open space" or "wide plain" but in Khmer architecture refers to an artificial reservoir.</li> <li><b>Esvara</b> or <b>Isvara</b> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ईश्वर्</span></span>)(<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ឥស្វរៈ</span></span> <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">ĕsvâreă</i></span>/<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ឦស្សរៈ</span></span> <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">eisvâreă</i></span>) is a Sansriti term meaning "god".</li> <li><b>Gopura</b> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">गोपुर</span></span>) is a Sanskrit term meaning "entrance pavilion" or "gateway".</li> <li><b>Jaya</b> (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ជយ</span></span> <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">chôy</i></span>/<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ជ័យ</span></span> <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">choăy</i></span>) is a prefix derived from Sanskrit meaning "victory".</li> <li><b>Phnom</b> (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ភ្នំ</span></span> <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">phnum</i></span>) is a Khmer word meaning "mountain".</li> <li><b>Prasat</b> (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ប្រាសាទ</span></span> <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">prasat</i></span>) is a Khmer term derived from Sanskrit <i>prāsāda</i> and usually meaning "monument" or "palace" and, by extension, "ancient temple".</li> <li><b>Preah</b> (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ព្រះ</span></span> <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">preăh</i></span>) is a Khmer term meaning "God", "King" or "exalted". It can also be a prefix meaning "sacred" or "holy". Derived from Sanskrit <i>vara</i> (<i>Preah Khan</i> means "sacred sword").</li> <li><b>Srei</b> (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ស្រី</span></span> <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">srei</i></span>) is a Khmer term with two possible meanings. Derived from Sanskrit <i>strī</i> it means "woman", derived from Sanskrit <i>sirī</i> it means "beauty", "splendor" or "glory".</li> <li><b>Ta</b> (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">តា</span></span> <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">ta</i></span>) is a Khmer word meaning "grandfather," or under some circumstances "ancestor" (<i>Ta Prohm</i> means "Ancestor Brahma". <i><a href="/wiki/Neak_ta" title="Neak ta">Neak ta</a></i> means "ancestors" or "ancestral spirits").</li> <li><b>Thom</b> (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ធំ</span></span> <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">thum</i></span>) is a Khmer word meaning "large" (<i>Angkor Thom</i> means "large city").</li> <li><b>Varman</b> (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">វរ្ម័ន</span></span> <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">vôrmoăn</i></span>) is a suffix, from Sanskrit <i>varman</i>, meaning "shield" or "protector" (<i>Suryavarman</i> means "protected by Surya, the sun-god").</li> <li><b>Wat</b> (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">វត្ត</span></span> <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">vôtt</i></span>) is a Khmer word, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> वत्त, <i>vatta</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-KhDict_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KhDict-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning (Buddhist) "temple" (<i>Angkor Wat</i> means "temple city").</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Cambodia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Cambodia">List of World Heritage Sites in Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angkor_National_Museum" title="Angkor National Museum">Angkor National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cambodia" title="Culture of Cambodia">Culture of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Funan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Funan">Funan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KhDict-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KhDict_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KhDict_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Headly, Robert K.; Chhor, Kylin; Lim, Lam Kheng; Kheang, Lim Hak; Chun, Chen. 1977. <i>Cambodian-English Dictionary</i>. Bureau of Special Research in Modern Languages. The Catholic University of America Press. Washington, D.C. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8132-0509-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8132-0509-3">0-8132-0509-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nath-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nath_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chuon Nath Khmer Dictionary (1966, Buddhist Institute, Phnom Penh).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenfey1866" class="citation book cs1">Benfey, Theodor (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JYoxtJZvg4EC&pg=PA464"><i>A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: With References to the Best Edition of Sanskrit Author and Etymologies and Camparisons of Cognate Words Chiefly in Greek, Latin, Gothic, and Anglo-Saxon</i></a> (reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. pp. 453, 464. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120603702" title="Special:BookSources/8120603702"><bdi>8120603702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary%3A+With+References+to+the+Best+Edition+of+Sanskrit+Author+and+Etymologies+and+Camparisons+of+Cognate+Words+Chiefly+in+Greek%2C+Latin%2C+Gothic%2C+and+Anglo-Saxon&rft.pages=453%2C+464&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1866&rft.isbn=8120603702&rft.aulast=Benfey&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJYoxtJZvg4EC%26pg%3DPA464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngkor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans_PNAS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_PNAS_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_PNAS_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_PNAS_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_PNAS_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_PNAS_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansPottierFletcherHensley2007" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, D.; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1964867">"A comprehensive archaeological map of the world's largest pre-industrial settlement complex at Angkor, Cambodia"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>104</b> (36): 14277–14282. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PNAS..10414277E">2007PNAS..10414277E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0702525104">10.1073/pnas.0702525104</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1964867">1964867</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717084">17717084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+comprehensive+archaeological+map+of+the+world%27s+largest+pre-industrial+settlement+complex+at+Angkor%2C+Cambodia&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=14277-14282&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1964867%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17717084&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0702525104&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PNAS..10414277E&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Pottier%2C+C.&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+R.&rft.au=Hensley%2C+S.&rft.au=Tapley%2C+I.&rft.au=Milne%2C+A.&rft.au=Barbetti%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1964867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngkor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902165629/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/metropolis-angkor-the-worlds-first-megacity-461623.html">Metropolis: Angkor, the world's first mega-city</a>, The Independent, August 15, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès196897-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès196897_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoedès1968">Coedès 1968</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2014353–354-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2014353–354_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigham2014">Higham 2014</a>, p. 353–354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham1989324_ff-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham1989324_ff_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigham1989">Higham 1989</a>, p. 324 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham200153_ff-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham200153_ff_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham200153_ff_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigham2001">Higham 2001</a>, p. 53 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler199234_ff-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199234_ff_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199234_ff_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1992">Chandler 1992</a>, p. 34 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler199226-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199226_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1992">Chandler 1992</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Beyond+Angkor%3A+How+lasers+revealed+a+lost+city&rft.date=2014-09-23&rft.aulast=Lawrie&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-29245289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngkor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Tourist invasion threatens to ruin glories of Angkor," <i>The Observer.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp2008" class="citation news cs1">Sharp, Rob (14 March 2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/heritage-site-in-peril-angkor-wat-is-falling-down-795747.html">"Heritage Site in Peril: Angkor Wat is Falling Down"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/heritage-site-in-peril-angkor-wat-is-falling-down-795747.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Heritage+Site+in+Peril%3A+Angkor+Wat+is+Falling+Down&rft.date=2008-03-14&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fheritage-site-in-peril-angkor-wat-is-falling-down-795747.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngkor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doherty-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doherty_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doherty_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty2010" class="citation news cs1">Doherty, Ben (27 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/27/water-raiding-threatens-angkor-wat">"Private water raiding threatens Angkor's temples built on sand"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160928010842/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/27/water-raiding-threatens-angkor-wat">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Private+water+raiding+threatens+Angkor%27s+temples+built+on+sand&rft.date=2010-09-27&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fsep%2F27%2Fwater-raiding-threatens-angkor-wat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngkor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlez2005" class="citation news cs1">Perlez, Jane (21 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E3DA1E3CF932A15750C0A9639C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1">"Siem Reap Journal; A Cruel Race to Loot the Splendor That Was Angkor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114648/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E3DA1E3CF932A15750C0A9639C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Siem+Reap+Journal%3B+A+Cruel+Race+to+Loot+the+Splendor+That+Was+Angkor&rft.date=2005-03-21&rft.aulast=Perlez&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9E06E3DA1E3CF932A15750C0A9639C8B63%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngkor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2008" class="citation news cs1">Watson, Paul (19 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.latimes.com/articles/la-trw-angkor20-2008jul20?page=1">"Too Much Adoration at Cambodia's Angkor Temples"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031083146/https://www.latimes.com/travel">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Too+Much+Adoration+at+Cambodia%27s+Angkor+Temples&rft.date=2008-07-19&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.latimes.com%2Farticles%2Fla-trw-angkor20-2008jul20%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngkor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWager1995-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWager1995_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWager1995">Wager 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/south-central-asia/cambodians-revel-now-tourist-free-angkor-wat"><i>Cambodians revel now tourist free Angkor wat</i></a>, VoA, 14 June 2020, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200903120608/https://www.voanews.com/south-central-asia/cambodians-revel-now-tourist-free-angkor-wat">archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambodians+revel+now+tourist+free+Angkor+wat&rft.pub=VoA&rft.date=2020-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fsouth-central-asia%2Fcambodians-revel-now-tourist-free-angkor-wat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngkor" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès194318-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès194318_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoedès1943">Coedès 1943</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès19432-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès19432_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoedès1943">Coedès 1943</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler199219–20-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199219–20_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1992">Chandler 1992</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham200146-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham200146_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigham2001">Higham 2001</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès196873f-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès196873f_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoedès1968">Coedès 1968</a>, p. 73f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler199220-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199220_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199220_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1992">Chandler 1992</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham200157-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham200157_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham200157_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigham2001">Higham 2001</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler199234-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199234_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1992">Chandler 1992</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham20019,_60-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham20019,_60_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigham2001">Higham 2001</a>, pp. 9, 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStern1934615-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStern1934615_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStern1934">Stern 1934</a>, p. 615.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStern1934612-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStern1934612_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStern1934">Stern 1934</a>, p. 612.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStern1934616-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStern1934616_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStern1934616_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStern1934">Stern 1934</a>, p. 616.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham200163-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham200163_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham200163_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigham2001">Higham 2001</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham200173_ff-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham200173_ff_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigham2001">Higham 2001</a>, p. 73 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2001118-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2001118_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigham2001">Higham 2001</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès194363-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès194363_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoedès1943">Coedès 1943</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2001121-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2001121_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigham2001">Higham 2001</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès194362-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès194362_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoedès1943">Coedès 1943</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2001133-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2001133_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigham2001">Higham 2001</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2001137-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2001137_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigham2001">Higham 2001</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler199272-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199272_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199272_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler199272_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1992">Chandler 1992</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès194319-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès194319_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoedès1943">Coedès 1943</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurdoch2013" class="citation news cs1">Murdoch, Lindsay (14 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/world/the-lost-city-20130614-2o9k7.html">"The lost city"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130630085022/http://www.theage.com.au/world/the-lost-city-20130614-2o9k7.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=The+lost+city&rft.date=2013-06-14&rft.aulast=Murdoch&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fworld%2Fthe-lost-city-20130614-2o9k7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngkor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudric1972" class="citation book cs1">Audric, John (1972). <i>Angkor and the Khmer Empire</i>. 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Hanoi: Imprimerie d'Extrême Orient.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pour+mieux+comprendre+Angkor&rft.place=Hanoi&rft.pub=Imprimerie+d%27Extr%C3%AAme+Orient&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Coed%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngkor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoedès1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_C%C5%93d%C3%A8s" title="George Cœdès">Coedès, George</a> (1968) [1964]. Walter F. Vella (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC"><i>The Indianized states of Southeast Asia</i></a>. Translated by Susan Brown Cowing. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-0368-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123031147/https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indianized+states+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1&rft.aulast=Coed%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiDyJBFTdiwoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngkor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dickason, Deane (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Cambodia/Siem_Reap/Siem_Reap/Angkor_Wat/_Texts/DICANG/home.html"><i>Wondrous Angkor</i></a>. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh Limited.</li> <li>Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2011). <i>Angkor, Eighth Wonder of the World</i>. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B0085RYW0O</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreemanJacques1999" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Michael; Jacques, Claude (1999). <i>Ancient Angkor</i>. Trumbull, Conn.: Weatherhill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8348-0426-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8348-0426-3"><bdi>0-8348-0426-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Angkor&rft.place=Trumbull%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Weatherhill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8348-0426-3&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Jacques%2C+Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngkor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Higham_(archaeologist)" title="Charles Higham (archaeologist)">Higham, Charles</a> (1989). <i>The Archaeology of Mainland Southeast Asia</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-27525-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-27525-3"><bdi>0-521-27525-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Mainland+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-521-27525-3&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngkor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham2001" class="citation book cs1">Higham, Charles (2001). <i>The Civilization of Angkor</i>. Berkeley / Weidenfeld & Nicolson: University of California Press / London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-584-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-584-7"><bdi>978-1-84212-584-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilization+of+Angkor&rft.place=Berkeley+%2F+Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press+%2F+London&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-584-7&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngkor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham2014" class="citation book cs1">Higham, Charles (2014). <i>Early Mainland Southeast Asia</i>. Bangkok: River Books Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-6167339443" title="Special:BookSources/978-6167339443"><bdi>978-6167339443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Mainland+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pub=River+Books+Co.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-6167339443&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngkor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Petrotchenko, Michel (2014). <i>Focusing on the Angkor Temples: The Guidebook</i>, 383 pages, Amarin Printing and Publishing, 3rd edition, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B616%2B361%2B118%2B5" title="Special:BookSources/978+616+361+118+5">978 616 361 118 5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern1934" class="citation journal cs1">Stern, Philippe (1934). "Le temple-montagne khmèr, le culte du linga et le Devaraja". <i>Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 611–616. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.1934.4983">10.3406/befeo.1934.4983</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43733047">43733047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.atitle=Le+temple-montagne+khm%C3%A8r%2C+le+culte+du+linga+et+le+Devaraja&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=611-616&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbefeo.1934.4983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43733047%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngkor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041227163239/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_18_55/ai_109411352">National Review: In Pol Pot Land: Ruins of varying types Sept 29, 2003</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=2672&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html">UNESCO: International Programme for the Preservation of Angkor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121009095648/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D2672%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html">Archived</a> 9 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed 17 May 2005.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070324170547/http://www.news.com.au/story/0%2C10117%2C21380223-29277%2C00.html">"Climate change killed ancient city"</a>. <i>The Australian</i>. 14 March 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,21380223-29277,00.html">the original</a> on 24 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Climate+change+killed+ancient+city&rft.date=2007-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fstory%2F0%2C10117%2C21380223-29277%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngkor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2007" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Justine (25 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0,,2020821,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=travel">"Tourist invasion threatens to ruin glories of Angkor"</a>. <i>The Observer</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070316052358/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0,,2020821,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=travel">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Tourist+invasion+threatens+to+ruin+glories+of+Angkor&rft.date=2007-02-25&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Justine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobserver.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C2020821%2C00.html%3Fgusrc%3Drss%26feed%3Dtravel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngkor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayton2007" class="citation news cs1">Dayton, Leigh (14 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070910090659/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22240801-30417,00.html">"Angkor engineered own end"</a>. <i>The Australian</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22240801-30417,00.html">the original</a> on 10 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Angkor+engineered+own+end&rft.date=2007-08-14&rft.aulast=Dayton&rft.aufirst=Leigh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.news.com.au%2Fstory%2F0%2C25197%2C22240801-30417%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngkor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6945574.stm">"Map reveals ancient urban sprawl"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 14 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028014349/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6945574.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Map+reveals+ancient+urban+sprawl&rft.date=2007-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F6945574.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngkor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPescali2010" class="citation book cs1">Pescali, Piergiorgio (2010). <i>Indocina</i>. Bologna: Emil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-96026-42-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-96026-42-7"><bdi>978-88-96026-42-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indocina&rft.place=Bologna&rft.pub=Emil&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-88-96026-42-7&rft.aulast=Pescali&rft.aufirst=Piergiorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngkor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWager1995" class="citation journal cs1">Wager, Jonathan (1995). "Environmental planning for a world heritage site: Case study of Angkor, Cambodia". <i>Journal of Environmental Planning & Management</i>. <b>38</b> (3): 319–434. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JEPM...38..419W">1995JEPM...38..419W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09640569512959">10.1080/09640569512959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Planning+%26+Management&rft.atitle=Environmental+planning+for+a+world+heritage+site%3A+Case+study+of+Angkor%2C+Cambodia&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=319-434&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09640569512959&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995JEPM...38..419W&rft.aulast=Wager&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngkor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_L._Snellgrove2001" class="citation book cs1">David L. Snellgrove (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SJ1uAAAAMAAJ"><i>Khmer Civilization and Angkor</i></a>. Orchid Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-8304-95-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-8304-95-3"><bdi>978-974-8304-95-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khmer+Civilization+and+Angkor&rft.pub=Orchid+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-974-8304-95-3&rft.au=David+L.+Snellgrove&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSJ1uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngkor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_L._Snellgrove2004" class="citation book cs1">David L. Snellgrove (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zE5uAAAAMAAJ"><i>Angkor, Before and After: A Cultural History of the Khmers</i></a>. Orchid Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-524-041-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-524-041-4"><bdi>978-974-524-041-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angkor%2C+Before+and+After%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+the+Khmers&rft.pub=Orchid+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-974-524-041-4&rft.au=David+L.+Snellgrove&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzE5uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngkor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkor&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Angkor" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Angkor">Angkor</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Angkor_Archaeological_Park#Q163607" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Angkor Archaeological Park">Angkor Archaeological Park</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=13.411996,103.867149&spn=0.247781,0.454662&t=k&hl=en">Google Maps</a> Map centered on <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Tonle_Sap" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonle Sap">Tonle Sap</a> at the bottom</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beyondangkor.org/">Beyond Angkor</a> – Comprehensive database providing unique interactive graphical maps of all the historical sites relating to Angkor</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603113453/http://acl.arts.usyd.edu.au/angkor/gap/">Greater Angkor Project</a> International research project investigating the settlement context of the temples at Angkor</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greatangkor.com/">GreatAngkor</a> Khmer temples, maps and photos</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theangkorguide.com/">www.theangkorguide.com</a> Illustrated online guide to Angkor with plans and maps</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=5112">Angkor Wat</a> High-resolution NASA image</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32720607b/date">Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient</a>, 1901–1936. Now online at gallica.bnf.fr, this journal documents cutting-edge early 20th-century French scholarship on Angkor and other topics related to Asian civilizations.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090409122039/http://wmf.org/angkor.html">The World Monuments Fund in Angkor</a> – background, interactive map, travel tips, panoramas, e-cards</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Cambodia/Siem_Reap/Siem_Reap/Angkor_Wat/_Texts/DICANG/home.html">Deane Dickason, <i>Wondrous Angkor</i></a> – complete book (159 pages, 56 photographs, 7 maps and plans).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615081550/http://archive.cyark.org/angkor-info">Angkor digital media archive</a> – Photos, laser scans, panoramas of Angkor Wat and Banteay Kdei from a <a href="/wiki/CyArk" title="CyArk">CyArk</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sophia_University" title="Sophia University">Sophia University</a> partnership</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angkor.iif.hu/">Royal Angkor Foundation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930124959/http://www.angkor.iif.hu/">Archived</a> 30 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Foundation concerned with the safeguarding and the development of the cultural site of Angkor. In charge of various cultural projects.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angkor.newworldltd.org/">Images from Angkor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190731010934/http://www.angkor.newworldltd.org/">Archived</a> 31 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Images from Angkor.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KsDGDzwuQ-I">Angkor: City of the God Kings</a> – Timeline – World History Documentaries.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Angkorian_sites" title="Template:Angkorian sites"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Angkorian_sites" title="Template talk:Angkorian sites"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Angkorian_sites" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Angkorian sites"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Angkorian_sites" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Angkorian</a> sites</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Angkorian_sites_in_Cambodia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Angkorian sites in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Angkor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ak_Yum" title="Ak Yum">Ak Yum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasat_Baksei_Chamkrong" title="Prasat Baksei Chamkrong">Baksei Chamkrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteay_Kdei" title="Banteay Kdei">Banteay Kdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteay_Samr%C3%A9" title="Banteay Samré">Banteay Samré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteay_Srei" title="Banteay Srei">Banteay Srei</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat_Chum" title="Bat Chum">Bat Chum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chau_Say_Tevoda" title="Chau Say Tevoda">Chau Say Tevoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Baray" title="East Baray">East Baray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Mebon" title="East Mebon">East Mebon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kbal_Spean" title="Kbal Spean">Kbal Spean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krol_Ko" title="Krol Ko">Krol Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neak_Pean" title="Neak Pean">Neak Pean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Bakheng" title="Phnom Bakheng">Phnom Bakheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Bok" title="Phnom Bok">Phnom Bok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Dei" title="Phnom Dei">Phnom Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Krom" title="Phnom Krom">Phnom Krom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Kulen" title="Phnom Kulen">Phnom Kulen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasat_Kravan" title="Prasat Kravan">Prasat Kravan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preah_Khan" title="Preah Khan">Preah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre_Rup" title="Pre Rup">Pre Rup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spean_Thma" title="Spean Thma">Spean Thma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srah_Srang" title="Srah Srang">Srah Srang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta_Keo" title="Ta Keo">Ta Keo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta_Nei" title="Ta Nei">Ta Nei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta_Prohm" title="Ta Prohm">Ta Prohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta_Som" title="Ta Som">Ta Som</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thommanon" title="Thommanon">Thommanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Baray" title="West Baray">West Baray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Mebon" title="West Mebon">West Mebon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Angkor_Thom" title="Angkor Thom">Angkor Thom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkor_Thom" title="Angkor Thom">Angkor Thom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baphuon" title="Baphuon">Baphuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">The Bayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khleangs" title="Khleangs">The Khleangs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalartha" title="Mangalartha">Mangalartha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phimeanakas" title="Phimeanakas">Phimeanakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasat_Suor_Prat" title="Prasat Suor Prat">Prasat Suor Prat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preah_Palilay" title="Preah Palilay">Preah Palilay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preah_Pithu" title="Preah Pithu">Preah Pithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_of_the_Elephants" title="Terrace of the Elephants">Terrace of the Elephants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_of_the_Leper_King" title="Terrace of the Leper King">Terrace of the Leper King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roluos_(temples)" title="Roluos (temples)">Roluos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roluos_(temples)" title="Roluos (temples)">Roluos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakong" title="Bakong">Bakong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolei" title="Lolei">Lolei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preah_Ko" title="Preah Ko">Preah Ko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarendrapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarendrapura">Amarendrapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendraparvata" title="Mahendraparvata">Mahendraparvata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariharalaya" title="Hariharalaya">Hariharalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasodharapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasodharapura">Yasodharapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokor_Thom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokor Thom">Nokor Thom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkor_Borei_and_Phnom_Da" title="Angkor Borei and Phnom Da">Angkor Borei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ba_Phnom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ba Phnom (page does not exist)">Ba Phnom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteay_Chhmar" title="Banteay Chhmar">Banteay Chhmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteay_Prei_Nokor" class="mw-redirect" title="Banteay Prei Nokor">Banteay Prei Nokor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beng_Mealea" title="Beng Mealea">Beng Mealea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koh_Ker" title="Koh Ker">Koh Ker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuhak_Nokor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuhak Nokor (page does not exist)">Kuhak Nokor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phnom_Banan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phnom Banan (page does not exist)">Phnom Banan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phnom_Bayangkao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phnom Bayangkao (page does not exist)">Phnom Bayangkao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phnom_Chhnok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phnom Chhnok (page does not exist)">Phnom Chhnok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Chiso" class="mw-redirect" title="Phnom Chiso">Phnom Chiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angkor_Borei_and_Phnom_Da" title="Angkor Borei and Phnom Da">Phnom Da</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preah_Khan_Kompong_Svay" title="Preah Khan Kompong Svay">Preah Khan Kompong Svay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preah_Vihear_Temple" title="Preah Vihear Temple">Preah Vihear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambor_Prei_Kuk" title="Sambor Prei Kuk">Sambor Prei Kuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonle_Bati" title="Tonle Bati">Tonle Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Nokor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wat Nokor">Wat Nokor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Angkorian_sites_in_Thailand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Angkorian sites in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">Isan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Khorat_Plateau" title="Khorat Plateau">Khorat Plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Ban_Anan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Ban Anan (page does not exist)">Ban Anan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Ban_Bu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Ban Bu (page does not exist)">Ban Bu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Ban_Chan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Ban Chan (page does not exist)">Ban Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Ban_Chang_Pi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Ban Chang Pi (page does not exist)">Ban Chang Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Ban_Plai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Ban Plai (page does not exist)">Ban Plai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Ban_Pluang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Ban Pluang (page does not exist)">Ban Pluang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Ban_Samor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Ban Samor (page does not exist)">Ban Samor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Ban_Sanom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Ban Sanom (page does not exist)">Ban Sanom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasat_Ban_Thanon_Hak" title="Prasat Ban Thanon Hak">Ban Thanon Hak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Chom_Phra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Chom Phra (page does not exist)">Chom Phra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Don_Tuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Don Tuan (page does not exist)">Don Tuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasat_Huai_Thap_Than" title="Prasat Huai Thap Than">Huai Thap Than</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khok_Prasat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khok Prasat (page does not exist)">Khok Prasat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ku_Ka_Sing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ku Ka Sing (page does not exist)">Ku Ka Sing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ku_San_Tarat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ku San Tarat (page does not exist)">Ku San Tarat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ku_Suan_Tang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ku Suan Tang (page does not exist)">Ku Suan Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuti_Ruesi_Ban_Muang_Khok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuti Ruesi Ban Muang Khok (page does not exist)">Kuti Ruesi Ban Muang Khok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuti_Ruesi_Ban_Nong_Bua_Rai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuti Ruesi Ban Nong Bua Rai (page does not exist)">Kuti Ruesi Ban Nong Bua Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Muang_Khaek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Muang Khaek (page does not exist)">Muang Khaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasat_Muang_Tam" title="Prasat Muang Tam">Prasat Muang Tam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Nang_Ram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Nang Ram (page does not exist)">Nang Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Nong_Plong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Nong Plong (page does not exist)">Nong Plong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Nong_Ta_Plaeng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Nong Ta Plaeng (page does not exist)">Nong Ta Plaeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phimai_Historical_Park" title="Phimai Historical Park">Phimai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasat_Phanom_Wan" title="Prasat Phanom Wan">Phanom Wan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanom_Rung_Historical_Park" title="Phanom Rung Historical Park">Phanom Rung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Phum_Pon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Phum Pon (page does not exist)">Phum Pon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Pueai_Noi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Pueai Noi (page does not exist)">Pueai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prang_Goo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prang Goo (page does not exist)">Prang Goo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prang_Phom_ma_Tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prang Phom ma Tat (page does not exist)">Prang Phom ma Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasat_Ta_Krabey" title="Prasat Ta Krabey">Ta Khwai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Ta_Leng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Ta Leng (page does not exist)">Ta Leng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Ta_Muan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Ta Muan (page does not exist)">Ta Muan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Ta_Muan_Tod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Ta Muan Tod (page does not exist)">Ta Muan Tod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasat_Ta_Muen_Thom" title="Prasat Ta Muen Thom">Ta Muen Thom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Tra_Piang_Tia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Tra Piang Tia (page does not exist)">Tra Piang Tia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Ta_Tom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Ta Tom (page does not exist)">Ta Tom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Thamor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Thamor (page does not exist)">Thamor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasat_Sikhoraphum" title="Prasat Sikhoraphum">Sikhoraphum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Chao_Chan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wat Chao Chan (page does not exist)">Wat Chao Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Wat_Dong_Muang_Tei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Wat Dong Muang Tei (page does not exist)">Wat Dong Muang Tei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Kampang_Lang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wat Kampang Lang (page does not exist)">Wat Kampang Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Wat_Prang_Thong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Wat Prang Thong (page does not exist)">Wat Prang Thong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Wat_Sa_Kampaeng_Noi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Wat Sa Kampaeng Noi (page does not exist)">Wat Sa Kampaeng Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Wat_Sa_Kampaeng_Yai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Wat Sa Kampaeng Yai (page does not exist)">Wat Sa Kampaeng Yai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Yai_Ngao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Yai Ngao (page does not exist)"> Yai Ngao</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sakonnakhon_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakonnakhon Plateau">Sakonnakhon Plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Ban_Panna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Ban Panna (page does not exist)">Ban Panna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phra_That_Choeng_Chum" title="Phra That Choeng Chum">Choeng Chum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phra_That_Dum" title="Phra That Dum">Dum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phra_That_Narai_Cheng_Weng" title="Phra That Narai Cheng Weng">Narai Cheng Weng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phra_That_Phu_Pek" title="Phra That Phu Pek">Phu Pek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Khao_Lon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Khao Lon (page does not exist)">Khao Lon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasat_Khao_Noi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasat Khao Noi (page does not exist)">Khao Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mueang_Sing_Historical_Park" title="Mueang Sing Historical Park">Mueang Sing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prang_Khaek" title="Prang Khaek">Prang Khaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phra_Prang_Sam_Yot" title="Phra Prang Sam Yot">Prang Sam Yot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Phra_Kan" title="San Phra Kan">San Phra Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sdok_Kok_Thom" title="Sdok Kok Thom">Sdok Kok Thom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si_Thep_Historical_Park" title="Si Thep Historical Park">Si Thep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Angkorian_sites_in_Laos" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Angkorian sites in <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vat_Phou" title="Vat Phou">Vat Phou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vat_Tomo" title="Vat Tomo">Vat Tomo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rueang_Hin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rueang Hin (page does not exist)">Rueang Hin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Angkorian_sites_in_Vietnam" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Angkorian sites in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinh_Hung_Tower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vinh Hung Tower (page does not exist)">Vinh Hung Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chot_Mat_Tower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chot Mat Tower (page does not exist)">Chot Mat Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binh_Thanh_Tower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Binh Thanh Tower (page does not exist)">Binh Thanh Tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Disputed_Angkorian_sites" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_stand-off" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian–Thai border stand-off">Disputed</a> Angkorian sites</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_stand-off" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian–Thai border stand-off">Cambodian–Thai border stand-off</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163607#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163607#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163607#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316429972">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/531398484">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angkor&oldid=1255903880">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angkor&oldid=1255903880</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Cambodia" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Cambodia">Archaeological sites in Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Cambodia" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in Cambodia">World Heritage 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