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data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div> <div class="avviso-testo mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-div"><b>Questa voce o sezione  sull'argomento Fisica <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uso_delle_fonti" title="Wikipedia:Uso delle fonti">non cita le fonti necessarie</a> o quelle presenti sono insufficienti</b>. <div class="hide-when-compact"> <div class="noprint"><hr />Puoi <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Errore_sistematico&action=edit">migliorare questa voce</a> aggiungendo citazioni da <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fonti_attendibili" title="Wikipedia:Fonti attendibili">fonti attendibili</a> secondo le <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uso_delle_fonti" title="Wikipedia:Uso delle fonti">linee guida sull'uso delle fonti</a>. Segui i suggerimenti del <a href="/wiki/Progetto:Fisica" title="Progetto:Fisica">progetto di riferimento</a>.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div><p> Nelle scienze sperimentali, l'<b>errore sistematico</b> è quello che si manifesta quando procedimenti effettuati con strumenti di misura od osservatori diversi portano a risultati sistematicamente differenti, e che può essere corretto mediante calibratura degli strumenti od adeguato addestramento degli osservatori.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Si contrappone all'<a href="/wiki/Errore_statistico" title="Errore statistico">errore casuale</a>. </p><p>Questo concetto non è lontano da molte esperienze comuni. Poniamo di voler pesare 100 uomini: nel corso delle nostre misurazioni potremmo incappare in errori di per sé imprevedibili, quali diverse condizioni di umidità e temperatura che alterano lievemente i meccanismi della bilancia. Non è possibile stabilire con esatezza l'entità e la presenza di questi errori, che vengono perciò detti <b>casuali</b> o <b>statistici</b> (perché descrivibili secondo modelli propri della <a href="/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica">statistica</a> e della <a href="/wiki/Probabilit%C3%A0" title="Probabilità">probabilità</a>). Questi dunque non dipendono dal singolo strumento, ma sono un fenomeno generale osservabile in ogni contesto sperimentale. Ciò che invece si può controllare, nel nostro esempio, è la corretta taratura della bilancia: potrebbe infatti essere stata fatta in eccesso od in difetto, secondo un errore ben quantificabile se ripetiamo la misura con un'altra bilancia. L'errata taratura dunque si mostrerà con schemi ben precisi (ad. ex. ogni uomo peserà 5 kg in più del previsto) e sarà, dunque, <i><b>sistematica</b></i> andando così a costituire l'omonimo errore. </p><p>L'errore sistematico, tuttavia, non è solamente imputabile ad un difetto della strumentazione, ma spesso è dovuto anche ad un suo errato utilizzo da parte dello sperimentatore. Errori di questo tipo vengono compiuti, ad esempio, quando si prova a leggere un orologio analogico guardandolo di sbieco (in termini tecnici si definisce <a href="/wiki/Errore_di_parallasse" title="Errore di parallasse">errore di parallasse</a>). </p><p>Si possono quindi distinguere diverse tipologie di errori sistematici: vi sono quelli <i>strumentali</i> (errate calibrazioni, progettazioni inadeguate...) oppure <i>di metodo</i> (ad esempio voler pesare un uomo che indossa uno zaino od un borsello). Solitamente è facile rendersi conto di un errore sistematico anche a misurazione avvenuta ed è pertanto possibile operare una correzione con opportuni metodi matematici (diminuire le masse registrate se la bilancia è stata tarata in eccesso, pesare lo zaino indossato dall'uomo...). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_psicologia">In psicologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Errore_sistematico&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione In psicologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Errore_sistematico&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: In psicologia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Psicologia" title="Psicologia">psicologia</a> l'errore sistematico può essere causato da <a href="/wiki/Bias_cognitivo" title="Bias cognitivo">bias cognitivo</a> o da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumore_sistemico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumore sistemico (la pagina non esiste)">rumore sistemico</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Errore_sistematico&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Errore_sistematico&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/errore"><span style="font-style:italic;">erróre in Vocabolario - Treccani</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">www.treccani.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 2 agosto 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivier_Sibony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olivier Sibony (la pagina non esiste)">Olivier Sibony</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cass_R._Sunstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cass R. Sunstein (la pagina non esiste)">Cass R. Sunstein</a>, <i>Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgement</i>, trad. Eleonora Gallitelli, <i>Rumore</i>, 2021, DeA Planeta Libri, UTET, Milano, <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9788851185541" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978 88 511 8554 1</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Errore_sistematico&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Errore_sistematico&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Errore_casuale" class="mw-redirect" title="Errore casuale">Errore casuale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errori_di_misurazione" class="mw-redirect" title="Errori di misurazione">Errori di misurazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errore_statistico" title="Errore statistico">Errore statistico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errore_assoluto" title="Errore assoluto">Errore assoluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errore_relativo" title="Errore relativo">Errore relativo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accuratezza" title="Accuratezza">Accuratezza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precisione" title="Precisione">Precisione</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Errore_sistematico&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Errore_sistematico&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Bias (statistics)"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bias_(statistics)?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bias_(statistics)?uselang=it">pregiudizio sistemico</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Errore_sistematico&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Errore_sistematico&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/S06235.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">IUPAC Gold Book, "systematic error"</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">goldbook.iupac.org</span>.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Concetti_base_di_metrologia,_statistica_e_metodologia_della_ricerca"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; 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href="/wiki/Errore_statistico" title="Errore statistico">Errore statistico</a> · <a href="/wiki/Errore_di_sensibilit%C3%A0" title="Errore di sensibilità">Errore di sensibilità</a> · <a href="/wiki/Falso_positivo_e_falso_negativo" title="Falso positivo e falso negativo">Falso positivo e falso negativo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Errore_assoluto" title="Errore assoluto">Errore assoluto</a> · <a href="/wiki/Errore_relativo" title="Errore relativo">Errore relativo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Propagazione_degli_errori" title="Propagazione degli errori">Propagazione degli errori</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bias_(statistica)" title="Bias (statistica)">Bias</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Minimizzazione dell'errore</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Bianco_analitico" title="Bianco analitico">Bianco analitico</a> · <a href="/wiki/Taratura" title="Taratura">Taratura</a> · <a href="/wiki/Calibrazione" title="Calibrazione">Calibrazione</a> · <a 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title="Campionamento casuale">Campionamento casuale</a> <small>(<i><a href="/wiki/Campionamento_sistematico" title="Campionamento sistematico">Campionamento sistematico</a> · <a href="/wiki/Campionamento_stratificato" title="Campionamento stratificato">Campionamento stratificato</a> · <a href="/wiki/Campionamento_a_grappoli" title="Campionamento a grappoli">Campionamento a grappoli</a> · <a href="/wiki/Campionamento_multistadio" title="Campionamento multistadio">Campionamento multistadio</a></i>)</small> · <a href="/wiki/Campionamento_probabilistico" title="Campionamento probabilistico">Campionamento probabilistico</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Parametri di varianza</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Varianza" title="Varianza">Varianza</a> · <a href="/wiki/Covarianza_(probabilit%C3%A0)" title="Covarianza (probabilità)">Covarianza</a> · <a href="/wiki/Scarto_quadratico_medio" title="Scarto quadratico medio">Scarto quadratico medio</a> · <a href="/wiki/Devianza_(statistica_descrittiva)" title="Devianza (statistica descrittiva)">Devianza</a> · <a href="/wiki/Intervallo_dinamico" title="Intervallo dinamico">Intervallo dinamico</a> · <a href="/wiki/Coefficiente_di_variazione" title="Coefficiente di variazione">Coefficiente di variazione</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Test</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Test_di_verifica_d%27ipotesi" title="Test di verifica d'ipotesi">Test di verifica d'ipotesi</a> <small>(<i><a href="/wiki/Test_parametrico" title="Test parametrico">Test parametrico</a>· <a href="/wiki/Test_non_parametrico" title="Test non parametrico">Test non parametrico</a></i>)</small> · <a href="/wiki/Intervallo_di_confidenza" title="Intervallo di confidenza">Intervallo di confidenza</a> · <a href="/wiki/Valore_p" title="Valore p">Valore p</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output 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