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<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>CZ:Definitions - Citizendium</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"010b33cad21bc0ea10c65ea4","wgCSPNonce":false,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"CZ","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":100,"wgPageName":"CZ:Definitions","wgTitle":"Definitions","wgCurRevisionId":30234,"wgRevisionId":30234,"wgArticleId":28063,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Content Policy"],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"CZ:Definitions","wgRelevantArticleId":28063,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgPageFormsTargetName":null, "wgPageFormsAutocompleteValues":[],"wgPageFormsAutocompleteOnAllChars":false,"wgPageFormsFieldProperties":[],"wgPageFormsCargoFields":[],"wgPageFormsDependentFields":[],"wgPageFormsCalendarValues":[],"wgPageFormsCalendarParams":[],"wgPageFormsCalendarHTML":null,"wgPageFormsGridValues":[],"wgPageFormsGridParams":[],"wgPageFormsContLangYes":null,"wgPageFormsContLangNo":null,"wgPageFormsContLangMonths":[],"wgPageFormsHeightForMinimizingInstances":800,"wgPageFormsShowOnSelect":[],"wgPageFormsScriptPath":"/wiki/extensions/PageForms","edgValues":null,"wgPageFormsEDSettings":null,"wgAmericanDates":false,"wgVector2022PreviewPages":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":4};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.popups"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"});});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wiki/load.php?lang=en&modules=skins.vector.styles.legacy&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <script async="" src="/wiki/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wiki/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.39.5"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1000"/> <link rel="icon" href="/images/favicon1.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/wiki/opensearch_desc.php" title="Citizendium"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Citizendium Atom feed" href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-W7ML9SNPXT"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-W7ML9SNPXT'); </script> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-100 ns-subject page-CZ_Definitions rootpage-CZ_Definitions skin-vector action-view skin-vector-legacy vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-language-alert-in-sidebar-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-edit-disabled vector-feature-table-of-contents-disabled vector-feature-visual-enhancement-next-disabled"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">CZ</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Definitions</span></h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Citizendium</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#What_are_definitions_in_the_Citizendium?"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">What are definitions in the <i>Citizendium?</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Purpose"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Purpose</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Format_of_Definitions"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Format of Definitions</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Format_standards"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Format standards</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#How_to_display_a_definition"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">How to display a definition</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Def_template"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Def template</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#R_template"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">R template</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Guidelines_for_editing"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Guidelines for editing</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Standards_for_good_definitions"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Standards for good definitions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Standards_for_good_descriptions"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Standards for good descriptions</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <h2><span id="What_are_definitions_in_the_Citizendium.3F"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="What_are_definitions_in_the_Citizendium?">What are definitions in the <i>Citizendium?</i></span></h2> <p>The <i>Citizendium</i> uses definitions in two different places. The first, discussed in <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=CZ:Article_Mechanics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CZ:Article Mechanics (page does not exist)">Article Mechanics</a>, are in articles, typically stated in the first sentence. The second, which we discuss here, are created using <a href="/wiki/CZ:Subpages" title="CZ:Subpages">subpages</a> of the form [[Term/Definition]]. The latter are "definition subpages." </p><p>Definition pages actually serve as <i>reusable</i> building-blocks which provide a <i>brief</i> (no more than 30 word/150 character) account of the meaning of a concept, or a pithy description of a particular topic. </p><p><b>Note:</b> please create definitions only of those precise terms for which we have or plan an article. Do not create definitions of terms that are <a href="/wiki/CZ:Disambiguation" title="CZ:Disambiguation">disambiguated</a>. For example, the page <a href="/wiki/Reel" class="mw-redirect" title="Reel">reel</a> redirects to <a href="/wiki/Reel_(disambiguation)" title="Reel (disambiguation)">reel (disambiguation)</a>, where three senses of the term are listed and each separately defined. But we do not, and should not, have a definition of "reel" itself. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Purpose">Purpose</span></h2> <p>Definitions pages are used primarily on <a href="/wiki/CZ:Related_Articles" title="CZ:Related Articles">Related Articles</a> pages; the latter consist of lists of term-definition pairs. When exploring the <i>Citizendium</i>'s article offerings on Related Articles pages, we believe end users will find it useful to have definitions, especially of unfamiliar terms. Definition pages are used elsewhere as well, however. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Format_of_Definitions">Format of Definitions</span></h2> <p><i>The following policy has been established by the <a href="/wiki/CZ:Editorial_Council" title="CZ:Editorial Council">Editorial Council</a>. It was passed on December 15th, 2010 as motion <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://locke.citizendium.org/cz_ec/PR-2010-018">PR-2010-018</a>.</i> </p><p>Definitions are intended to be displayed together with the page title in the form </p> <dl><dd><b>Title of the page</b>: Text of the definition.</dd></dl> <p>as a single line in lists of links to related topics. Therefore the following rules have to be obeyed: </p> <ul><li>Keep the definition as short as possible. <br /> Try hard to use less than 30 displayed words and less than 150 displayed characters. In many cases as few as ten words are adequate.</li></ul> <ul><li>Do not repeat the term defined.</li></ul> <ul><li>Begin the definition with a capital letter, and end with a period (full stop).</li></ul> <ul><li>Write a single sentence; in case two sentences are needed, separate them by a semicolon, not a period.</li></ul> <ul><li>Use links sparingly and only for terms that may help the reader.</li></ul> <p>Technical requirements: </p> <ul><li>Do not leave any extra blank lines after the definition. Do not itemize.</li></ul> <ul><li>The definition is text only: do not use TeX code. Do not add pictures.</li></ul> <ul><li>Do not add templates, categories, or other bells and whistles.</li></ul> <p><i>Examples:</i> <br /> In order to define <b>Knowledge</b>: </p> <ul><li>Do not write "Knowledge is justified, true belief." Write: "Justified, true belief."</li> <li>Do not write "justified, true belief" (lower case "j" and no period). Write: "Justified, true belief."</li></ul> <p><i>End of the policy established by the Editorial Council.</i> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Format_standards">Format standards</span></h3> <p>It is easy to locate a definition for a given term, if it exists. If an article is titled <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Topic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topic (page does not exist)">Topic</a>, then you may find the definition at <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Topic/Definition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topic/Definition (page does not exist)">Topic/Definition</a>. But you really do not need to know this; the correct subpage name is created by the "Definition" link in the subpage tab, as well as the {{<a href="/wiki/Template:R" title="Template:R">r</a>}} template (see <a href="/wiki/CZ:Related_Articles" title="CZ:Related Articles">Related Articles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Template:R/Doc" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:R/Doc">Template:R/Doc</a> for more information). </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="How_to_display_a_definition">How to display a definition</span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Def_template">Def template</span></h4> <p>You may easily display a definition by using the {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Def" title="Template:Def">Def</a>}} template. For example: </p><p><code>"{{Def|Biology}}"</code> produces: "The science of <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> — of complex, <a href="/wiki/Self_organization" title="Self organization">self-organizing</a>, information-processing <a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">systems</a> living in the past, present or future." </p><p>If used on an entry that does not have a definition (e.g. <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Foobar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foobar (page does not exist)">Foobar</a>), </p><p><code>"{{Def|Foobar}}"</code> produces: "(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.citizendium.org/wiki?action=edit&preload=Template%3ADef_preload&title=Foobar/Definition"><i><font color="#666666">Add definition</font></i></a><i> for <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Foobar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foobar (page does not exist)">Foobar</a></i>)" </p><p>If no definition for the term exists, create one by clicking on the "Add definition" link and type in your definition. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="R_template">R template</span></h4> <p>The {{<a href="/wiki/Template:R" title="Template:R">R</a>}} template (most often used on the subpage <a href="/wiki/CZ:Related_Articles" title="CZ:Related Articles">Related Articles</a>) is also useful for displaying the definition or description in conjunction with the word used in the template. For example: </p><p><code>{{R|Biology}}</code> produces: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:0.8em;">[<a href="/wiki/Biology/Related_Articles" title="Biology/Related Articles"><span title="Click on the ''r'' to display related articles!" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">r</span></a>]</span>: The science of <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> — of complex, <a href="/wiki/Self_organization" title="Self organization">self-organizing</a>, information-processing <a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">systems</a> living in the past, present or future. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:0.8em;"><sup>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology/Definition&action=edit"><span title="Click on the ''e'' to edit the definition!" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">e</span></a>]</sup></span></li></ul> <p>If used on an entry that does not have a definition (e.g. <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Foobar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foobar (page does not exist)">Foobar</a>), </p><p><code>{{R|Foobar}}</code> produces: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Foobar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foobar (page does not exist)">Foobar</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:0.8em;">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?action=edit&preload=Template%3ARelated_Articles_start&title=Foobar/Related_Articles"><font color="#8B0541"><span title="Click on the ''r'' to create the Related Articles page!" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">r</span></font></a>]</span>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Foobar/Definition&action=edit&preload=Template%3ADef_preload"><i><font color="#666666">Add brief definition or description</font></i></a></li></ul> <p>For more information on how to use the R template read the documentation at <a href="/wiki/Template:R/Doc" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:R/Doc">Template:R/Doc</a>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Guidelines_for_editing">Guidelines for editing</span></h2> <p>Definitions are often created in the context of Related Articles pages; see <a href="/wiki/CZ:Related_Articles" title="CZ:Related Articles">our guidelines for creating such pages</a> to get started. </p><p>See <a href="#Format_standards">above</a> for guidelines about the "physical" format of the definition. </p><p>Some general hints: </p> <ul><li>Choose a term to define that precisely matches an existing or planned article. Do not choose terms that will be disambiguated, such as <a href="/wiki/Reel" class="mw-redirect" title="Reel">reel</a>.</li> <li>Do not describe the article; define the concept, or describe the thing, that the article describes.</li> <li>Avoid jargon wherever possible; a definition's purpose is supposed to be useful to people who don't already know the meaning of the word defined. You defeat this purpose if you use even more obscure jargon to explain a piece of jargon.</li></ul> <p>When you are ready to craft a definition, examine whether the term to be defined is general and so describes many things (like "book"), or particular and so describes just one thing (like <i>The Grapes of Wrath</i>). Then consider the standards for definitions and for descriptions below. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Standards_for_good_definitions">Standards for good definitions</span></h3> <p>If the term is general, it is subject to definition (rather than description). In most cases, a classic genus-and-difference definition would work fine. Here are some rules taken from a standard logic text for such definitions: </p> <ul><li>Rule 1: A definition should state the essential attributes of the concept (i.e., of the thing defined).</li> <li>Rule 2: A definition must not be circular.</li> <li>Rule 3: A definition must be neither too broad nor too narrow.</li> <li>Rule 4: A definition must not be expressed in ambiguous, obscure, or figurative language.</li> <li>Rule 5: A definition should not be negative where it can be affirmative.</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Standards_for_good_descriptions">Standards for good descriptions</span></h3> <p>Strictly speaking, it is impossible to <i>define</i> the names of particular persons, places, and things, like "Paris, France." Instead we say that we make pithy <i>descriptions</i> of these things. Here are some guidelines: </p> <ul><li>For famous persons and landmarks, include what the item is best known for: "Madonna (singer): Pop music icon of the 1980s, known especially for her sexy/trashy image."</li> <li>For persons, provide years of birth and death in parentheses: "Amelia Earhardt: (1897–1937) Famous American female aviation pioneer."</li> <li>For places, specify an encompassing geographical entity or a nearby landmark, and if that is generally obscure, also provide the name of an encompassing entity that is probably familiar: "Wiesbaden: Capital of the state of Hesse, Germany; pop. about 275,000."</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table width="80%" align="center" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-top:1px solid #dddddd; border-left:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #dddddd; margin:0 auto; clear: both;" class="collapsible {{{hide}}}"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" colspan="3" style="background:#999933"><i>Citizendium</i> <a href="/wiki/CZ:Content_Policy" title="CZ:Content Policy">Content Policy</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f5f5f5" align="center" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Approval_Standards" title="CZ:Approval Standards">Approval Standards</a> | <a href="/wiki/CZ:Article_mechanics" title="CZ:Article mechanics">Article Mechanics</a> | <a href="/wiki/CZ:Subpages" title="CZ:Subpages">Subpages</a> | <a href="/wiki/CZ:Import" title="CZ:Import">Importing material from other sources</a> | <a href="/wiki/Category:Citable_versions_of_articles" title="Category:Citable versions of articles">Citable articles</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>|width=10% align=center style="background:#F5F5F5"|  |} </p>  </div> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=CZ:Definitions&oldid=30234">https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=CZ:Definitions&oldid=30234</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Content_Policy" title="Category:Content Policy">Content Policy</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <nav id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-personal-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Personal tools</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=CZ%3ADefinitions" title="To edit pages, [[Special:RequestAccount|get a contributor account]]. 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