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</li> <li id="toc-Status_in_academic_departments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_in_academic_departments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Status in academic departments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_in_academic_departments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_mathematical_sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_mathematical_sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Associated mathematical sciences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Associated_mathematical_sciences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Associated mathematical sciences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Associated_mathematical_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Engineering_and_technological_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering_and_technological_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Engineering and technological engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering_and_technological_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Scientific computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Computer science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations_research_and_management_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations_research_and_management_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Operations research and management science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operations_research_and_management_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Actuarial_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actuarial_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Actuarial science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actuarial_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematical_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematical_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Mathematical economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematical_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_disciplines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_disciplines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Other disciplines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_disciplines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Applicable_mathematics_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applicable_mathematics_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Applicable mathematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applicable_mathematics_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Applied mathematics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toegepaste_wiskunde" title="Toegepaste wiskunde – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Toegepaste wiskunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رياضيات تطبيقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رياضيات تطبيقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tiques_aplicaes" title="Matemátiques aplicaes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Matemátiques aplicaes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99tbiqi_riyaziyyat" title="Tətbiqi riyaziyyat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tətbiqi riyaziyyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تطبیقی ریاضیات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تطبیقی ریاضیات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4" title="ফলিত গণিত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফলিত গণিত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88ng-i%C5%8Dng_s%C3%B2%CD%98-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Èng-iōng sò͘-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Èng-iōng sò͘-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Прыкладная матэматыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прыкладная матэматыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Прыкладная матэматыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Прыкладная матэматыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Приложна математика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Приложна математика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primijenjena_matematika" title="Primijenjena matematika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Primijenjena matematika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A0tiques_aplicades" title="Matemàtiques aplicades – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Matemàtiques aplicades" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%C4%95%D1%88_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Килтерĕш математика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Килтерĕш математика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplikovan%C3%A1_matematika" title="Aplikovaná matematika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aplikovaná matematika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathemateg_gymhwysol" title="Mathemateg gymhwysol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mathemateg gymhwysol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anvendt_matematik" title="Anvendt matematik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anvendt matematik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angewandte_Mathematik" title="Angewandte Mathematik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Angewandte Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakendusmatemaatika" title="Rakendusmatemaatika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rakendusmatemaatika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%86%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Εφαρμοσμένα μαθηματικά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εφαρμοσμένα μαθηματικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tica_aplicada" title="Matemática aplicada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Matemática aplicada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplika_matematiko" title="Aplika matematiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aplika matematiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika_aplikatuak" title="Matematika aplikatuak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Matematika aplikatuak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ریاضیات کاربردی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریاضیات کاربردی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math%C3%A9matiques_appliqu%C3%A9es" title="Mathématiques appliquées – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mathématiques appliquées" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamaitic_fheidhmeach" title="Matamaitic fheidhmeach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Matamaitic fheidhmeach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tica_aplicada" title="Matemática aplicada – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Matemática aplicada" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%91%EC%9A%A9%EC%88%98%ED%95%99" title="응용수학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="응용수학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Կիրառական մաթեմատիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կիրառական մաթեմատիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="व्यावहारिक गणित – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="व्यावहारिक गणित" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primijenjena_matematika" title="Primijenjena matematika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Primijenjena matematika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplikita_matematiko" title="Aplikita matematiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aplikita matematiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika_terapan" title="Matematika terapan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Matematika terapan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematica_applicate" title="Mathematica applicate – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mathematica applicate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagn%C3%BDtt_st%C3%A6r%C3%B0fr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Hagnýtt stærðfræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hagnýtt stærðfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica_applicata" title="Matematica applicata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Matematica applicata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מתמטיקה שימושית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מתמטיקה שימושית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9matika_terapan" title="Matématika terapan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Matématika terapan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გამოყენებითი მათემატიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გამოყენებითი მათემატიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Қолданбалы математика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қолданбалы математика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik_aplike" title="Matematik aplike – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Matematik aplike" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematica_adhibita" title="Mathematica adhibita – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mathematica adhibita" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieti%C5%A1%C4%B7%C4%81_matem%C4%81tika" title="Lietišķā matemātika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lietišķā matemātika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica_aplicada" title="Matematica aplicada – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Matematica aplicada" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Применета математика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Применета математика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97_%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രയോഗ ഗണിതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രയോഗ ഗണിതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik_gunaan" title="Matematik gunaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Matematik gunaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC" title="အသုံးချသင်္ချာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အသုံးချသင်္ချာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toegepaste_wiskunde" title="Toegepaste wiskunde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toegepaste wiskunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%9C%E7%94%A8%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="応用数学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="応用数学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anvendt_matematikk" title="Anvendt matematikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anvendt matematikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruksmatematikk" title="Bruksmatematikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bruksmatematikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplikat_matematike" title="Aplikat matematike – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Aplikat matematike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematyka_stosowana" title="Matematyka stosowana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Matematyka stosowana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tica_aplicada" title="Matemática aplicada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Matemática aplicada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematic%C4%83_aplicat%C4%83" title="Matematică aplicată – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Matematică aplicată" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Прикладная математика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прикладная математика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applee%27d_mathematics" title="Applee'd mathematics – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Applee'd mathematics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika_aplikative" title="Matematika aplikative – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Matematika aplikative" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Applied mathematics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A" title="عملي رياضي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عملي رياضي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplikovan%C3%A1_matematika" title="Aplikovaná matematika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aplikovaná matematika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uporabna_matematika" title="Uporabna matematika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Uporabna matematika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Примењена математика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Примењена математика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primenjena_matematika" title="Primenjena matematika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Primenjena matematika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik_terapan" title="Matematik terapan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Matematik terapan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovellettu_matematiikka" title="Sovellettu matematiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sovellettu matematiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till%C3%A4mpad_matematik" title="Tillämpad matematik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tillämpad matematik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikang_nalalapat" title="Matematikang nalalapat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Matematikang nalalapat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பயன்பாட்டுக் கணிதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பயன்பாட்டுக் கணிதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusnakt_tisnsit" title="Tusnakt tisnsit – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tusnakt tisnsit" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="คณิตศาสตร์ประยุกต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คณิตศาสตร์ประยุกต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik_m%C3%BChendisli%C4%9Fi" title="Matematik mühendisliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Matematik mühendisliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Прикладна математика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прикладна математика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C" title="اطلاقی ریاضی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اطلاقی ریاضی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C3%A1n_h%E1%BB%8Dc_%E1%BB%A9ng_d%E1%BB%A5ng" title="Toán học ứng dụng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Toán học ứng dụng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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searchaux" style="display:none">Application of mathematical methods to other fields</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the company, see <a href="/wiki/Applied_Maths" title="Applied Maths">Applied Maths</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vehicle_Routing_Problem_Example.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Vehicle_Routing_Problem_Example.svg/220px-Vehicle_Routing_Problem_Example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Vehicle_Routing_Problem_Example.svg/330px-Vehicle_Routing_Problem_Example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Vehicle_Routing_Problem_Example.svg/440px-Vehicle_Routing_Problem_Example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Efficient solutions to the <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_routing_problem" title="Vehicle routing problem">vehicle routing problem</a> require tools from <a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_optimization" title="Combinatorial optimization">combinatorial optimization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Integer_programming" title="Integer programming">integer programming</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Applied mathematics</b> is the application of <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematical methods</a> by different fields such as <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industry</a>. Thus, applied mathematics is a combination of <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical science">mathematical science</a> and specialized knowledge. The term "applied mathematics" also describes the <a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">professional specialty</a> in which mathematicians work on practical problems by formulating and studying <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">mathematical models</a>. </p><p>In the past, practical applications have motivated the development of mathematical theories, which then became the subject of study in <a href="/wiki/Pure_mathematics" title="Pure mathematics">pure mathematics</a> where abstract concepts are studied for their own sake. The activity of applied mathematics is thus intimately connected with research in pure mathematics. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mathematics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elmer-pump-heatequation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Elmer-pump-heatequation.png/220px-Elmer-pump-heatequation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Elmer-pump-heatequation.png/330px-Elmer-pump-heatequation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Elmer-pump-heatequation.png/440px-Elmer-pump-heatequation.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption>A numerical solution to the <a href="/wiki/Heat_equation" title="Heat equation">heat equation</a> on a pump casing model using the <a href="/wiki/Finite_element_method" title="Finite element method">finite element method</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, applied mathematics consisted principally of <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">applied analysis</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/Differential_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="Differential equations">differential equations</a>; <a href="/wiki/Approximation_theory" title="Approximation theory">approximation theory</a> (broadly construed, to include <a href="/wiki/Representation_(mathematics)" title="Representation (mathematics)">representations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_analysis" title="Asymptotic analysis">asymptotic</a> methods, <a href="/wiki/Calculus_of_variations" title="Calculus of variations">variational methods</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">numerical analysis</a>); and applied <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a>. These areas of mathematics related directly to the development of <a href="/wiki/Newtonian_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtonian physics">Newtonian physics</a>, and in fact, the distinction between mathematicians and physicists was not sharply drawn before the mid-19th century. This history left a pedagogical legacy in the United States: until the early 20th century, subjects such as <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">classical mechanics</a> were often taught in applied mathematics departments at American universities rather than in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> departments, and <a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">fluid mechanics</a> may still be taught in applied mathematics departments.<sup id="cite_ref-Stolz2002_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stolz2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> departments have traditionally made use of applied mathematics. </p><p>As time passed, Applied Mathematics grew alongside the advancement of science and technology. With the advent of modern times, the application of mathematics in fields such as science, economics, technology, and more became deeper and more timely. The development of computers and other technologies enabled a more detailed study and application of mathematical concepts in various fields. </p><p>Today, Applied Mathematics continues to be crucial for societal and technological advancement. It guides the development of new technologies, economic progress, and addresses challenges in various scientific fields and industries. The history of Applied Mathematics continually demonstrates the importance of mathematics in human progress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions">Divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mathematics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HD-Rayleigh-Taylor.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/HD-Rayleigh-Taylor.gif/220px-HD-Rayleigh-Taylor.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/HD-Rayleigh-Taylor.gif/330px-HD-Rayleigh-Taylor.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/HD-Rayleigh-Taylor.gif/440px-HD-Rayleigh-Taylor.gif 2x" data-file-width="1978" data-file-height="1541" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">Fluid mechanics</a> is often considered a branch of applied mathematics and mechanical engineering.</figcaption></figure> <p>Today, the term "applied mathematics" is used in a broader sense. It includes the classical areas noted above as well as other areas that have become increasingly important in applications. Even fields such as <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a> that are part of <a href="/wiki/Pure_mathematics" title="Pure mathematics">pure mathematics</a> are now important in applications (such as <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a>), though they are not generally considered to be part of the field of applied mathematics <i>per se</i>. </p><p>There is no consensus as to what the various branches of applied mathematics are. Such categorizations are made difficult by the way mathematics and science change over time, and also by the way universities organize departments, courses, and degrees. </p><p>Many mathematicians distinguish between "applied mathematics", which is concerned with mathematical methods, and the "applications of mathematics" within science and engineering. A <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Matrix_population_models" title="Matrix population models">population model</a> and applying known mathematics would not be <i>doing</i> applied mathematics, but rather <i>using</i> it; however, mathematical biologists have posed problems that have stimulated the growth of pure mathematics. Mathematicians such as <a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Poincaré</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Arnold" title="Vladimir Arnold">Arnold</a> deny the existence of "applied mathematics" and claim that there are only "applications of mathematics." Similarly, non-mathematicians blend applied mathematics and applications of mathematics. The use and development of mathematics to solve industrial problems is also called "industrial mathematics".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The success of modern numerical mathematical methods and software has led to the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Computational_mathematics" title="Computational mathematics">computational mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computational_science" title="Computational science">computational science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Computational_engineering" title="Computational engineering">computational engineering</a>, which use <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">high-performance computing</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">simulation</a> of phenomena and the solution of problems in the sciences and engineering. These are often considered interdisciplinary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applicable_mathematics">Applicable mathematics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mathematics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applicable mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes, the term <b>applicable mathematics</b> is used to distinguish between the traditional applied mathematics that developed alongside physics and the many areas of mathematics that are applicable to real-world problems today, although there is no consensus as to a precise definition.<sup id="cite_ref-OtteEtAl_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OtteEtAl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mathematicians often distinguish between "applied mathematics" on the one hand, and the "applications of mathematics" or "applicable mathematics" both within and outside of science and engineering, on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-OtteEtAl_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OtteEtAl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some mathematicians emphasize the term applicable mathematics to separate or delineate the traditional applied areas from new applications arising from fields that were previously seen as pure mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-rektorys_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rektorys-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, from this viewpoint, an ecologist or geographer using population models and applying known mathematics would not be doing applied, but rather applicable, mathematics. Even fields such as number theory that are part of pure mathematics are now important in applications (such as <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a>), though they are not generally considered to be part of the field of applied mathematics <i>per se</i>. Such descriptions can lead to <i>applicable mathematics</i> being seen as a collection of mathematical methods such as <a href="/wiki/Real_analysis" title="Real analysis">real analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linear_algebra" title="Linear algebra">linear algebra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical modelling">mathematical modelling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optimisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimisation">optimisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combinatorics" title="Combinatorics">combinatorics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, which are useful in areas outside traditional mathematics and not specific to <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_physics" title="Mathematical physics">mathematical physics</a>. </p><p>Other authors prefer describing <i>applicable mathematics</i> as a union of "new" mathematical applications with the traditional fields of applied mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-rektorys_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rektorys-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this outlook, the terms applied mathematics and applicable mathematics are thus interchangeable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utility">Utility</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mathematics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Utility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Market_Data_Index_NYA_on_20050726_202628_UTC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Market_Data_Index_NYA_on_20050726_202628_UTC.png/220px-Market_Data_Index_NYA_on_20050726_202628_UTC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Market_Data_Index_NYA_on_20050726_202628_UTC.png/330px-Market_Data_Index_NYA_on_20050726_202628_UTC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Market_Data_Index_NYA_on_20050726_202628_UTC.png/440px-Market_Data_Index_NYA_on_20050726_202628_UTC.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_finance" title="Mathematical finance">Mathematical finance</a> is concerned with the modelling of financial markets.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, mathematics was most important in the <a href="/wiki/Natural_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural sciences">natural sciences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>. However, since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, fields outside the physical sciences have spawned the creation of new areas of mathematics, such as <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">social choice theory</a>, which grew out of economic considerations. Further, the utilization and development of mathematical methods expanded into other areas leading to the creation of new fields such as <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_finance" title="Mathematical finance">mathematical finance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_science" title="Data science">data science</a>. </p><p>The advent of the computer has enabled new applications: studying and using the new computer technology itself (<a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>) to study problems arising in other areas of science (computational science) as well as the mathematics of computation (for example, <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">theoretical computer science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_algebra" title="Computer algebra">computer algebra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">numerical analysis</a><sup id="cite_ref-stoer_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-conte_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conte-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-green_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-linz_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linz-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a> is probably the most widespread <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical science">mathematical science</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_in_academic_departments">Status in academic departments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mathematics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Status in academic departments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Academic institutions are not consistent in the way they group and label courses, programs, and degrees in applied mathematics. At some schools, there is a single mathematics department, whereas others have separate departments for Applied Mathematics and (Pure) Mathematics. It is very common for Statistics departments to be separated at schools with graduate programs, but many undergraduate-only institutions include statistics under the mathematics department. </p><p>Many applied mathematics programs (as opposed to departments) consist primarily of cross-listed courses and jointly appointed faculty in departments representing applications. Some Ph.D. programs in applied mathematics require little or no coursework outside mathematics, while others require substantial coursework in a specific area of application. In some respects this difference reflects the distinction between "application of mathematics" and "applied mathematics". </p><p>Some universities in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">U.K</a>. host departments of <i>Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is now much less common to have separate departments of pure and applied mathematics. A notable exception to this is the <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Mathematics,_University_of_Cambridge" title="Faculty of Mathematics, University of Cambridge">Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, housing the <a href="/wiki/Lucasian_Professor_of_Mathematics" title="Lucasian Professor of Mathematics">Lucasian Professor of Mathematics</a> whose past holders include <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Lighthill" title="James Lighthill">James Lighthill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_University_Applied_Mathematics_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Brown_University_Applied_Mathematics_building.jpg/220px-Brown_University_Applied_Mathematics_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Brown_University_Applied_Mathematics_building.jpg/330px-Brown_University_Applied_Mathematics_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Brown_University_Applied_Mathematics_building.jpg/440px-Brown_University_Applied_Mathematics_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2287" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> Division of Applied Mathematics is the oldest applied math program in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Schools with separate applied mathematics departments range from <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>, which has a large Division of Applied Mathematics that offers degrees through the <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_University" title="Santa Clara University">Santa Clara University</a>, which offers only the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">M.S.</a> in applied mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research universities dividing their mathematics department into pure and applied sections include <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>. Students in this program also learn another skill (computer science, engineering, physics, pure math, etc.) to supplement their applied math skills. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associated_mathematical_sciences">Associated mathematical sciences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mathematics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Associated mathematical sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldfaithful3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Oldfaithful3.png/220px-Oldfaithful3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Oldfaithful3.png/330px-Oldfaithful3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Oldfaithful3.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Applied mathematics has substantial overlap with statistics.</figcaption></figure> <p>Applied mathematics is associated with the following mathematical sciences: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineering_and_technological_engineering">Engineering and technological engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mathematics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Engineering and technological engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Applied_mathematics&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>With applications of <i>applied geometry</i> together with applied chemistry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_computing">Scientific computing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mathematics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Scientific computing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Scientific_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific computing">Scientific computing</a> includes applied mathematics (especially <a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">numerical analysis</a><sup id="cite_ref-stoer_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-conte_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conte-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-green_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-linz_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linz-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Computing_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Computing science">computing science</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">high-performance computing</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and mathematical modelling in a scientific discipline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_science">Computer science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mathematics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Computer science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a> relies on <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">discrete mathematics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">graph theory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Combinatorics" title="Combinatorics">combinatorics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operations_research_and_management_science">Operations research and management science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mathematics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Operations research and management science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Management_science" title="Management science">management science</a> are often taught in faculties of engineering, business, and public policy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics">Statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mathematics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Applied mathematics has substantial overlap with the discipline of statistics. <a href="/wiki/Statisticians" class="mw-redirect" title="Statisticians">Statistical theorists</a> study and improve statistical procedures with mathematics, and statistical research often raises mathematical questions. Statistical theory relies on <a href="/wiki/Probability_theory" title="Probability theory">probability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optimal_decision" title="Optimal decision">decision theory</a>, and makes extensive use of scientific computing, analysis, and <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">optimization</a>; for the <a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">design of experiments</a>, statisticians use <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_statistics" title="Algebraic statistics">algebra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_design" title="Combinatorial design">combinatorial design</a>. Applied mathematicians and <a href="/wiki/Statistician" title="Statistician">statisticians</a> often work in a department of mathematical sciences (particularly at colleges and small universities). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Actuarial_science">Actuarial science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mathematics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Actuarial science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Actuarial_science" title="Actuarial science">Actuarial science</a> applies probability, statistics, and economic theory to assess risk in insurance, finance and other industries and professions.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematical_economics">Mathematical economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mathematics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mathematical economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical economics</a> is the application of mathematical methods to represent theories and analyze problems in economics.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The applied methods usually refer to nontrivial mathematical techniques or approaches. Mathematical economics is based on statistics, probability, mathematical programming (as well as other <a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">computational methods</a>), operations research, game theory, and some methods from mathematical analysis. In this regard, it resembles (but is distinct from) <a href="/wiki/Financial_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial mathematics">financial mathematics</a>, another part of applied mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Subject_Classification" title="Mathematics Subject Classification">Mathematics Subject Classification</a> (MSC), mathematical economics falls into the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Subject_Classification#Applied_mathematics_/_other" title="Mathematics Subject Classification">Applied mathematics/other</a> classification of category 91: </p> <dl><dd>Game theory, economics, social and behavioral sciences</dd></dl> <p>with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msc2010.org/mscwiki/index.php?title=MSC2010">MSC2010</a> classifications for '<a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a>' at codes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msc2010.org/mscwiki/index.php?title=91Axx">91Axx</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092147/http://msc2010.org/mscwiki/index.php?title=91Axx">Archived</a> 2015-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and for 'Mathematical economics' at codes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msc2010.org/mscwiki/index.php?title=91Bxx">91Bxx</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155902/http://msc2010.org/mscwiki/index.php?title=91Bxx">Archived</a> 2015-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_disciplines">Other disciplines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mathematics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other disciplines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The line between applied mathematics and specific areas of application is often blurred. Many universities teach mathematical and statistical courses outside the respective departments, in departments and areas including <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_computation" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific computation">scientific computation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_physics" title="Mathematical physics">mathematical physics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mathematics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 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.reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stolz2002-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stolz2002_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStolz,_M.2002" class="citation cs2">Stolz, M. (2002), "The History Of Applied Mathematics And The History Of Society", <i>Synthese</i>, <b>133</b> (1): 43–57, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1020823608217">10.1023/A:1020823608217</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34271623">34271623</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Synthese&rft.atitle=The+History+Of+Applied+Mathematics+And+The+History+Of+Society&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-57&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1020823608217&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34271623%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Stolz%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplied+mathematics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Strathclyde2008" class="citation cs2">University of Strathclyde (17 January 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120804104748/http://www.maths.strath.ac.uk/applying/postgraduate/research_topics/industrial_mathematics"><i>Industrial Mathematics</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maths.strath.ac.uk/applying/postgraduate/research_topics/industrial_mathematics">the original</a> on 2012-08-04<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+Mathematics&rft.date=2008-01-17&rft.au=University+of+Strathclyde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maths.strath.ac.uk%2Fapplying%2Fpostgraduate%2Fresearch_topics%2Findustrial_mathematics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplied+mathematics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OtteEtAl-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OtteEtAl_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OtteEtAl_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VgLZBAAAQBAJ&q=applicable+mathematics&pg=PA83">Perspectives on Mathematics Education: Papers Submitted by Members of the Bacomet Group, pgs 82–3.</a> Editors: H. Christiansen, A.G. Howson, M. Otte. Volume 2 of Mathematics Education Library; Springer Science & Business Media, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9400945043" title="Special:BookSources/9400945043">9400945043</a>, 9789400945043.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rektorys-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rektorys_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rektorys_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-sztCAAAQBAJ&q=applicable+mathematics&pg=PR17">Survey of Applicable Mathematics, pg xvii (Foreword). </a> K. Rektorys; 2nd edition, illustrated. Springer, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9401583080" title="Special:BookSources/9401583080">9401583080</a>, 9789401583084.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.math.ust.hk/~mahsieh/APMATH.htm">THOUGHTS ON APPLIED MATHEMATICS.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stellamariscollege.org/documents/icaml.pdf">INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON APPLICABLE MATHEMATICS (ICAM-2016).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323142900/http://stellamariscollege.org/documents/icaml.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-03-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Department of Mathematics, Stella Maris College.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Von Zur Gathen, J., & Gerhard, J. (2013). Modern computer algebra. Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geddes, K. O., Czapor, S. R., & Labahn, G. (1992). Algorithms for computer algebra. Springer Science & Business Media.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albrecht, R. (2012). Computer algebra: symbolic and algebraic computation (Vol. 4). Springer Science & Business Media.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mignotte, M. (2012). Mathematics for computer algebra. Springer Science & Business Media.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stoer-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stoer_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stoer_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stoer, J., & Bulirsch, R. (2013). Introduction to numerical analysis. Springer Science & Business Media.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-conte-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-conte_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-conte_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Conte, S. D., & De Boor, C. (2017). Elementary numerical analysis: an algorithmic approach. <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Industrial_and_Applied_Mathematics" title="Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics">Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-green-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-green_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-green_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenspan, D. (2018). Numerical Analysis. CRC Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-linz-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-linz_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-linz_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Linz, P. (2019). Theoretical numerical analysis. Courier Dover Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example see, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tait.ac.uk/History.html">The Tait Institute: History (2nd par.)</a>. Accessed Nov 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.am.qub.ac.uk">Dept of Applied Mathematics & Theoretical Physics.</a> <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University,_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's University, Belfast">Queen's University, Belfast</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Queens_University_Belfast/department/Department_of_Applied_Mathematics_Theoretical_Physics">DAMTP Belfast ResearchGate page</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:9_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzuki2009" class="citation book cs1">Suzuki, Jeff (2009-08-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lew5IC5piCwC"><i>Mathematics in Historical Context</i></a>. MAA. p. 374. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88385-570-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88385-570-6"><bdi>978-0-88385-570-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematics+in+Historical+Context&rft.pages=374&rft.pub=MAA&rft.date=2009-08-27&rft.isbn=978-0-88385-570-6&rft.aulast=Suzuki&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlew5IC5piCwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplied+mathematics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenbergGoodstein1983" class="citation journal cs1">Greenberg, John L.; Goodstein, Judith R. (1983-12-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/publicoutreach/math-history/hmath2-greenberg.pdf">"Theodore von Kármán and Applied Mathematics in America"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>222</b> (4630): 1300–1304. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983Sci...222.1300G">1983Sci...222.1300G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.222.4630.1300">10.1126/science.222.4630.1300</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17773321">17773321</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19738034">19738034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Theodore+von+K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n+and+Applied+Mathematics+in+America&rft.volume=222&rft.issue=4630&rft.pages=1300-1304&rft.date=1983-12-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.222.4630.1300&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19738034%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17773321&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983Sci...222.1300G&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft.au=Goodstein%2C+Judith+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fpublicoutreach%2Fmath-history%2Fhmath2-greenberg.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplied+mathematics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110504005925/http://www.scu.edu/academics/bulletins/undergraduate/Department-of-Applied-Mathematics.cfm"><i>Santa Clara University Dept of Applied Mathematics</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scu.edu/academics/bulletins/undergraduate/Department-of-Applied-Mathematics.cfm">the original</a> on 2011-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-05</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Santa+Clara+University+Dept+of+Applied+Mathematics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scu.edu%2Facademics%2Fbulletins%2Fundergraduate%2FDepartment-of-Applied-Mathematics.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplied+mathematics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Today, numerical analysis includes <a href="/wiki/Numerical_linear_algebra" title="Numerical linear algebra">numerical linear algebra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numerical_integration" title="Numerical integration">numerical integration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Validated_numerics" title="Validated numerics">validated numerics</a> as subfields.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hager, G., & Wellein, G. (2010). Introduction to high performance computing for scientists and engineers. CRC Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geshi, M. (2019). The Art of High Performance Computing for Computational Science, Springer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">West, D. B. (2001). Introduction to graph theory (Vol. 2). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bondy, J. A., & Murty, U. S. R. (1976). Graph theory with applications (Vol. 290). London: Macmillan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winston, W. L., & Goldberg, J. B. (2004). Operations research: applications and algorithms (Vol. 3). Belmont: Thomson Brooks/Cole.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boland, P. J. (2007). Statistical and probabilistic methods in actuarial science. CRC Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wainwright, K. (2005). Fundamental methods of mathematical economics/Alpha C. Chiang, Kevin Wainwright. Boston, Mass.: McGraw-Hill/Irwin,.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Na, N. (2016). Mathematical economics. Springer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lancaster, K. (2012). Mathematical economics. Courier Corporation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, A. J. (2009). Elementary calculus of financial mathematics (Vol. 15). SIAM.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mathematics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applicable_mathematics_2">Applicable mathematics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mathematics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Applicable mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407103033/http://www2.moreheadstate.edu/mejam/index.aspx?id=5096">The Morehead Journal of Applicable Mathematics</a> hosted by <a href="/wiki/Morehead_State_University" title="Morehead State University">Morehead State University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldscientific.com/series/scam">Series on Concrete and Applicable Mathematics</a> by <a href="/wiki/World_Scientific" title="World Scientific">World Scientific</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140513162457/http://www.barnesandnoble.com/s/?series_id=194353">Handbook of Applicable Mathematics Series</a> by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ledermann" title="Walter Ledermann">Walter Ledermann</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_mathematics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Applicable_Mathematics" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Applicable Mathematics">Applicable Mathematics</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Applied_mathematics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Applied mathematics">Applied mathematics</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siam.org/">Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics</a> (SIAM) is a professional society dedicated to promoting the interaction between mathematics and other scientific and technical communities. Aside from organizing and sponsoring numerous conferences, <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Industrial_and_Applied_Mathematics" title="Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics">SIAM</a> is a major publisher of research journals and books in applied mathematics.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329132423/http://math.nd.edu/research/research-groups-in-mathematics/applicable-mathematics/">The Applicable Mathematics Research Group</a> at <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame University">Notre Dame University</a> (archived 29 March 2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180401213544/http://www.hope.ac.uk/research/researchcentres/researchcentredetails/centreforapplicablemathematics/">Centre for Applicable Mathematics</a> at <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Hope_University" title="Liverpool Hope University">Liverpool Hope University</a> (archived 1 April 2018)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194828/http://www.gcu.ac.uk/ebe/aboutus/subjectgroups/applicablemathematics/">Applicable Mathematics research group</a> at <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Caledonian_University" title="Glasgow Caledonian University">Glasgow Caledonian University</a> (archived 4 March 2016)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mathematical_software" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_arbitrary-precision_arithmetic_software" title="List of arbitrary-precision arithmetic software">Arbitrary-precision arithmetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_finite_element_software_packages" title="List of finite element software packages">Finite element analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_software" title="Tensor software">Tensor software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interactive_geometry_software" title="List of interactive geometry software">Interactive geometry software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_optimization_software" title="List of optimization software">Optimization software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistical_software" title="List of statistical software">Statistical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="List of numerical-analysis software">Numerical-analysis software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="List of numerical-analysis software">Numerical libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solver" title="Solver">Solvers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_algebra" title="Computer algebra">Computer algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_number_theory" title="Computational number theory">Computational number theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatorics" title="Combinatorics">Combinatorics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">Graph theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_geometry" title="Discrete geometry">Discrete geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Approximation_theory" title="Approximation theory">Approximation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_analysis" title="Clifford analysis">Clifford analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_algebra" title="Clifford algebra">Clifford algebra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_equation" title="Differential equation">Differential equations</a> <ul><li><a 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title="Control theory">Control theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_analysis" title="Functional analysis">Functional analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operator_algebra" title="Operator algebra">Operator algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operator_theory" title="Operator theory">Operator theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_analysis_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonic analysis (mathematics)">Harmonic analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourier_analysis" title="Fourier analysis">Fourier analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilinear_algebra" title="Multilinear algebra">Multilinear algebra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exterior_algebra" title="Exterior algebra">Exterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_algebra" title="Geometric algebra">Geometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor" title="Tensor">Tensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_calculus#Vector_algebra" title="Vector calculus">Vector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivariable_calculus" title="Multivariable calculus">Multivariable calculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exterior_calculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Exterior calculus">Exterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_calculus" title="Geometric calculus">Geometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_calculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensor calculus">Tensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_calculus" title="Vector calculus">Vector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_linear_algebra" title="Numerical linear algebra">Numerical linear algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_methods_for_ordinary_differential_equations" title="Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations">Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_methods_for_partial_differential_equations" title="Numerical methods for partial differential equations">Numerical methods for partial differential equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Validated_numerics" title="Validated numerics">Validated numerics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculus_of_variations" title="Calculus of variations">Variational calculus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Probability_theory" title="Probability theory">Probability theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Probability_distribution" title="Probability distribution">Distributions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Random_variable" title="Random variable">random variables</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_process" title="Stochastic process">Stochastic processes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stochastic_calculus" title="Stochastic calculus">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_integration" title="Functional integration">Path integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malliavin_calculus" title="Malliavin calculus">Stochastic variational calculus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_physics" title="Mathematical physics">Mathematical<br />physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_mechanics" title="Analytical mechanics">Analytical mechanics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_mechanics" title="Lagrangian mechanics">Lagrangian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_mechanics" title="Hamiltonian mechanics">Hamiltonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_theory_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Field theory (physics)">Field theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_field_theory" title="Classical field theory">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformal_field_theory" title="Conformal field theory">Conformal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_field_theory" title="Effective field theory">Effective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_theory" title="Gauge theory">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_field_theory" title="Statistical field theory">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topological_field_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Topological field theory">Topological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perturbation_theory" title="Perturbation theory">Perturbation theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perturbation_theory_(quantum_mechanics)" title="Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)">in quantum mechanics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_theory" title="Potential theory">Potential theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">String theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosonic_string_theory" title="Bosonic string theory">Bosonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topological_string_theory" title="Topological string theory">Topological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersymmetry" title="Supersymmetry">Supersymmetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supersymmetric_quantum_mechanics" title="Supersymmetric quantum mechanics">Supersymmetric quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersymmetric_theory_of_stochastic_dynamics" title="Supersymmetric theory of stochastic dynamics">Supersymmetric theory of stochastic dynamics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Algebraic_structures" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_structures" class="mw-redirect" title="Algebraic structures">Algebraic structures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebra_of_physical_space" title="Algebra of physical space">Algebra of physical space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_integral_formulation" title="Path integral formulation">Feynman integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisson_algebra" title="Poisson algebra">Poisson algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_group" title="Quantum group">Quantum group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renormalization_group" title="Renormalization group">Renormalization group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_physics_and_representation_theory" title="Particle physics and representation theory">Representation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime_algebra" title="Spacetime algebra">Spacetime algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superalgebra" title="Superalgebra">Superalgebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersymmetry_algebra" title="Supersymmetry algebra">Supersymmetry algebra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Decision sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_finance" title="Mathematical finance">Mathematical finance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_chemistry" title="Mathematical chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_psychology" title="Mathematical psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Unreasonable_Effectiveness_of_Mathematics_in_the_Natural_Sciences" title="The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences">The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Industrial_and_Applied_Mathematics" title="Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics">Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Society_for_Industrial_and_Applied_Mathematics" title="Japan Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics">Japan Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_Math%C3%A9matiques_Appliqu%C3%A9es_et_Industrielles" title="Société de Mathématiques Appliquées et Industrielles">Société de Mathématiques Appliquées et Industrielles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Council_for_Industrial_and_Applied_Mathematics" title="International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics">International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Community_on_Computational_Methods_in_Applied_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Community on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences (page does not exist)">European Community on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Mathematics" title="Category:Mathematics">Category</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Topic_outline_of_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic outline of mathematics">outline</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_mathematics_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mathematics topics">topics list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_mathematics_areas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Areas_of_mathematics" title="Template:Areas of mathematics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Areas_of_mathematics" title="Template talk:Areas of mathematics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Areas_of_mathematics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Areas of mathematics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_mathematics_areas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> areas</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics" title="History of mathematics">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_mathematics" title="Timeline of mathematics">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_mathematics" title="Future of mathematics">Future</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mathematics_topics" title="Lists of mathematics topics">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols" title="Glossary of mathematical symbols">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_mathematics" title="Foundations of mathematics">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category_theory" title="Category theory">Category theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">Mathematical logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Philosophy of mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">Set theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">Algebra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_algebra" title="Abstract algebra">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commutative_algebra" title="Commutative algebra">Commutative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elementary_algebra" title="Elementary algebra">Elementary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_theory" title="Group theory">Group theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_algebra" title="Linear algebra">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilinear_algebra" title="Multilinear algebra">Multilinear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_algebra" title="Universal algebra">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homological_algebra" title="Homological algebra">Homological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">Calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_analysis" title="Real analysis">Real analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_analysis" title="Complex analysis">Complex analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercomplex_analysis" title="Hypercomplex analysis">Hypercomplex analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_equation" title="Differential equation">Differential equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_analysis" title="Functional analysis">Functional analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_analysis" title="Harmonic analysis">Harmonic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measure_(mathematics)" title="Measure (mathematics)">Measure theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 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geometry">Euclidean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite_geometry" title="Finite geometry">Finite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">Number theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">Arithmetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_number_theory" title="Algebraic number theory">Algebraic number theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_number_theory" title="Analytic number theory">Analytic number theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diophantine_geometry" title="Diophantine geometry">Diophantine geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Topology" title="Topology">Topology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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