The Journal of African American History

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The full run of this journal will be searched. </p> <collection-view-pharos-button name="search-button" icon="search" variant="subtle" label="search" type="submit" /> </collection-view-pharos-input-group> </form> <div class="journal_title-history"> <span class="journal_title-history_header"> <span>TITLE HISTORY </span> <span name="title history tooltip" data-tooltip-id="title-history-tooltip" role="button" tabindex="0" > <collection-view-pharos-icon name="info-inverse" description="title history tooltip" ></collection-view-pharos-icon> </span> </span> <collection-view-pharos-tooltip id="title-history-tooltip" > A title history is the publication history of a journal and includes a listing of the family of related journals. The most common relationship is to a previous and/or continuing title, where a journal continues publishing with a change to its official title. Other common relationships include a journal that is a supplement to another journal, a journal that is absorbed into another journal, a journal that splits into two or more new journals, or two or more journals that merge to form a new journal. For each of these related journals, the title history lists the dates published. </collection-view-pharos-tooltip> <ol id="title-history-list" class="title-history_list" > <li class="title-history_list_item "> <span class="history-item-coverage"> 2002-2019 </span> <span class="history-item-bullet">•</span> <span class="history-item-title"> <strong>The Journal of African American History</strong> </span> </li> <li class="title-history_list_item "> <span class="history-item-coverage"> 1916-2001 </span> <span class="history-item-bullet">•</span> <span class="history-item-title"> <collection-view-pharos-link data-qa="title-history-link" href="/journal/jnegrohistory"> The Journal of Negro History </collection-view-pharos-link> </span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="journal_description" data-qa="journal-description"><a href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/jaah/current">Current issues are now on the Chicago Journals website. Read the latest issue. </a><p><i>JAAH</i>, formerly <i>The Journal of Negro History</i>, founded by Dr. Carter G. Woodson in January 1916, is an official publication of ASALH. Now in its second century, the <i>JAAH</i> has long been the leading scholarly publication on African American life and history, and publishes original scholarly articles and book reviews on all aspects of the African American experience. Recent and forthcoming <i>JAAH</i> special issues and symposia focus on Women and Slavery in the Atlantic World, The Legacy of Malcolm X, and African Americans and Movements for Reparations, Past, Present, and Future. <i>JAAH</i> readers include historians and scholars in the humanities and social sciences, including legal scholars, education researchers, and policy makers working in service of African American life, culture, and history; and the membership of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History.</p></div> <div class="journal-information-skip-link"> <a href="#journal-information">Journal information</a> </div> <details class="issues" open > <summary class="issues_heading"> <collection-view-pharos-heading level="2" preset="2" > All Issues </collection-view-pharos-heading> <collection-view-pharos-icon class="issues_icon-open" name="chevron-down" ></collection-view-pharos-icon> <collection-view-pharos-icon class="issues_icon-close" name="chevron-up" ></collection-view-pharos-icon> </summary> <div> <div class="accordion-container"> <details class="decade" data-accordion data-loaded="true" data-decade="2010" data-filter="AXllYXI6WzIwMTAgVE8gMjAyMH0" data-collection="jafriamerhist" > <summary> <collection-view-pharos-icon class="decade_icon-open" name="chevron-down" ></collection-view-pharos-icon> <collection-view-pharos-icon class="decade_icon-close" name="chevron-up" ></collection-view-pharos-icon> <collection-view-pharos-heading level="3" preset="2" class="decade__heading" > 2010s </collection-view-pharos-heading> </summary> <div id="decade-2010" data-decade="2010"> <div data-decade="2010" data-accordion-content> <ol> <li class="year-volume-heading" data-year="2019"> <strong>2019 (Vol. 104)</strong> <ol class="year-volume-list" data-issues="2019"> <li data-doi="10.2307/e48503892" data-sort="2019-10-01t00:00:00z00000104000000000004000000000000000000000000000e48503892"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.2307/e48503892"> No. 4 Fall 2019 pp. 553-745 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.2307/e48503870" data-sort="2019-07-01t00:00:00z00000104000000000003000000000000000000000000000e48503870"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.2307/e48503870"> No. 3 Summer 2019 pp. 355-552 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.2307/e48503851" data-sort="2019-04-01t00:00:00z00000104000000000002000000000000000000000000000e48503851"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.2307/e48503851"> No. 2 Special Issue: LGBT Themes in African American History Spring 2019 pp. 171-353 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.2307/e48503850" data-sort="2019-01-01t00:00:00z00000104000000000001000000000000000000000000000e48503850"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.2307/e48503850"> No. 1 Winter 2019 pp. 1-170 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> </ol> </li> <li class="year-volume-heading" data-year="2018"> <strong>2018 (Vol. 103)</strong> <ol class="year-volume-list" data-issues="2018"> <li data-doi="10.2307/e48503887" data-sort="2018-10-01t00:00:00z00000103000000000004000000000000000000000000000e48503887"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.2307/e48503887"> No. 4 Special Issue: New Orleans at 300: The African American Experience, 1718–2018 Fall 2018 pp. 491-740 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.2307/e48503849" data-sort="2018-07-01t00:00:00z00000103000000000003000000000000000000000000000e48503849"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.2307/e48503849"> No. 3 Summer 2018 pp. 277-490 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.2307/e48503872" data-sort="2018-01-01t00:00:00z00000103000000000001000000000000000000000000000e48503872"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.2307/e48503872"> No. 1/2 Special Issue: National and International Perspectives on Movements for Reparations Winter/Spring 2018 pp. 1-275 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> </ol> </li> <li class="year-volume-heading" data-year="2017"> <strong>2017 (Vol. 102)</strong> <ol class="year-volume-list" data-issues="2017"> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.102.issue-4" data-sort="2017-10-01t00:00:00z0000010200000000000400000000000jafriamerhist.102.issue-4"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.102.issue-4"> No. 4 African American Migration and Mobility After the Civil War, 1865–1915 Fall 2017 pp. 421-588 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.102.issue-3" data-sort="2017-07-01t00:00:00z0000010200000000000300000000000jafriamerhist.102.issue-3"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.102.issue-3"> No. 3 The Scholarship and Social and Educational Activism of V. P. Franklin Summer 2017 pp. 289-419 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.102.issue-2" data-sort="2017-04-01t00:00:00z0000010200000000000200000000000jafriamerhist.102.issue-2"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.102.issue-2"> No. 2 Spring 2017 pp. 125-287 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.102.issue-1" data-sort="2017-01-01t00:00:00z0000010200000000000100000000000jafriamerhist.102.issue-1"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.102.issue-1"> No. 1 Rediscovering and Reassessing Frederick Douglass's Novella The Heroic Slave Winter 2017 pp. 1-123 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> </ol> </li> <li class="year-volume-heading" data-year="2016"> <strong>2016 (Vol. 101)</strong> <ol class="year-volume-list" data-issues="2016"> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.101.issue-4" data-sort="2016-10-01t00:00:00z0000010100000000000400000000000jafriamerhist.101.issue-4"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.101.issue-4"> No. 4 African Americans and Business: Race, Capitalism, and Power Fall 2016 pp. 391-592 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.101.issue-3" data-sort="2016-07-01t00:00:00z0000010100000000000300000000000jafriamerhist.101.issue-3"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.101.issue-3"> No. 3 Faith in Action: Historical Perspectives on the Social and Educational Activism of African American Catholics Summer 2016 pp. 217-388 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.101.issue-1-2" data-sort="2016-04-01t00:00:00z00000101000000000001000000000jafriamerhist.101.issue-1-2"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.101.issue-1-2"> No. 1-2 Winter-Spring 2016 pp. 1-216 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> </ol> </li> <li class="year-volume-heading" data-year="2015"> <strong>2015 (Vol. 100)</strong> <ol class="year-volume-list" data-issues="2015"> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.100.issue-4" data-sort="2015-10-01t00:00:00z0000010000000000000400000000000jafriamerhist.100.issue-4"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.100.issue-4"> No. 4 African American Education, Civil Rights, and Black Power Fall 2015 pp. 573-821 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.100.issue-3" data-sort="2015-07-01t00:00:00z0000010000000000000300000000000jafriamerhist.100.issue-3"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.100.issue-3"> No. 3 Gendering the Carceral State: African American Women, History, and the Criminal Justice System Summer 2015 pp. 357-570 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.100.issue-2" data-sort="2015-04-01t00:00:00z0000010000000000000200000000000jafriamerhist.100.issue-2"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.100.issue-2"> No. 2 The Legacy of Malcolm X: Black Nationalism, Internationalism, and Transnationalism Spring 2015 pp. 195-353 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.100.issue-1" data-sort="2015-01-01t00:00:00z0000010000000000000100000000000jafriamerhist.100.issue-1"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.100.issue-1"> No. 1 “Centennial Perspectives, 1915–2015” Winter 2015 pp. 1-198 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> </ol> </li> <li class="year-volume-heading" data-year="2014"> <strong>2014 (Vol. 99)</strong> <ol class="year-volume-list" data-issues="2014"> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.99.issue-4" data-sort="2014-10-01t00:00:00z00000099000000000004000000000000jafriamerhist.99.issue-4"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.99.issue-4"> No. 4 Fall 2014 pp. 347-516 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.99.issue-3" data-sort="2014-07-01t00:00:00z00000099000000000003000000000000jafriamerhist.99.issue-3"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.99.issue-3"> No. 3 Summer 2014 pp. 173-348 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.99.issue-1-2" data-sort="2014-04-01t00:00:00z000000990000000000010000000000jafriamerhist.99.issue-1-2"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.99.issue-1-2"> No. 1-2 Special Issue: “Rediscovering the Life and Times of Frederick Douglass” Winter-Spring 2014 pp. 1-172 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> </ol> </li> <li class="year-volume-heading" data-year="2013"> <strong>2013 (Vol. 98)</strong> <ol class="year-volume-list" data-issues="2013"> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.98.issue-4" data-sort="2013-10-01t00:00:00z00000098000000000004000000000000jafriamerhist.98.issue-4"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.98.issue-4"> No. 4 Book Forum: “Reflections on the Legacy of Malcolm X” Fall 2013 pp. 511-671 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.98.issue-3" data-sort="2013-07-01t00:00:00z00000098000000000003000000000000jafriamerhist.98.issue-3"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.98.issue-3"> No. 3 Symposium: “St. Claire Drake: The Making of a Scholar-Activist” Summer 2013 pp. 363-508 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.98.issue-2" data-sort="2013-04-01t00:00:00z00000098000000000002000000000000jafriamerhist.98.issue-2"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.98.issue-2"> No. 2 Special Issue: “African Americans, Police Brutality, and the U.S. Criminal Justice System: Historical Perspectives” Spring 2013 pp. 197-361 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.98.issue-1" data-sort="2013-01-01t00:00:00z00000098000000000001000000000000jafriamerhist.98.issue-1"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.98.issue-1"> No. 1 Special Issue: “Women, Slavery, and the Atlantic World” Winter 2013 pp. 1-196 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> </ol> </li> <li class="year-volume-heading" data-year="2012"> <strong>2012 (Vol. 97)</strong> <ol class="year-volume-list" data-issues="2012"> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.97.issue-4" data-sort="2012-10-01t00:00:00z00000097000000000004000000000000jafriamerhist.97.issue-4"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.97.issue-4"> No. 4 Fall 2012 pp. 371-520 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.97.issue-3" data-sort="2012-07-01t00:00:00z00000097000000000003000000000000jafriamerhist.97.issue-3"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.97.issue-3"> No. 3 Summer 2012 pp. 219-369 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.97.issue-1-2" data-sort="2012-01-01t00:00:00z000000970000000000120000000000jafriamerhist.97.issue-1-2"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.97.issue-1-2"> No. 1–2 Special Issue: “African Americans and Movements for Reparations: Past, Present, and Future” Winter–Spring 2012 pp. 1-217 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> </ol> </li> <li class="year-volume-heading" data-year="2011"> <strong>2011 (Vol. 96)</strong> <ol class="year-volume-list" data-issues="2011"> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.96.issue-4" data-sort="2011-10-01t00:00:00z00000096000000000004000000000000jafriamerhist.96.issue-4"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.96.issue-4"> No. 4 Special Issue: “African Americans and the History of Sport” Fall 2011 pp. 441-604 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.96.issue-3" data-sort="2011-07-01t00:00:00z00000096000000000003000000000000jafriamerhist.96.issue-3"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.96.issue-3"> No. 3 Summer 2011 pp. 295-439 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.96.issue-2" data-sort="2011-04-01t00:00:00z00000096000000000002000000000000jafriamerhist.96.issue-2"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.96.issue-2"> No. 2 Spring 2011 pp. 147-290 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.96.issue-1" data-sort="2011-01-01t00:00:00z00000096000000000001000000000000jafriamerhist.96.issue-1"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.96.issue-1"> No. 1 Winter 2011 pp. 1-145 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> </ol> </li> <li class="year-volume-heading" data-year="2010"> <strong>2010 (Vol. 95)</strong> <ol class="year-volume-list" data-issues="2010"> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.95.issue-3-4" data-sort="2010-07-01t00:00:00z000000950000000000030000000000jafriamerhist.95.issue-3-4"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.95.issue-3-4"> No. 3-4 Summer-Fall 2010 pp. 291-498 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.95.issue-2" data-sort="2010-04-01t00:00:00z00000095000000000002000000000000jafriamerhist.95.issue-2"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.95.issue-2"> No. 2 Spring 2010 pp. 151-299 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> <li data-doi="10.5323/jafriamerhist.95.issue-1" data-sort="2010-01-01t00:00:00z00000095000000000001000000000000jafriamerhist.95.issue-1"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.95.issue-1"> No. 1 Winter 2010 pp. 1-165 </collection-view-pharos-link> </li> </ol> </li> </ol> </div> </div> </details> <details class="decade" data-accordion data-decade="2000" data-filter="AXllYXI6WzIwMDAgVE8gMjAxMH0" data-collection="jafriamerhist" > <summary> <collection-view-pharos-icon class="decade_icon-open" name="chevron-down" ></collection-view-pharos-icon> <collection-view-pharos-icon class="decade_icon-close" name="chevron-up" ></collection-view-pharos-icon> <collection-view-pharos-heading level="3" preset="2" class="decade__heading" > 2000s </collection-view-pharos-heading> </summary> <div id="decade-2000" data-decade="2000"> <div data-decade="2000" data-accordion-content> <collection-view-pharos-loading-spinner data-accordion-loading style="display: none"></collection-view-pharos-loading-spinner> </div> </div> </details> </div> </div> </detail> </div> <div class="sub-content"> <details id="journal-information" class="journal-information" open > <collection-view-pharos-heading class="journal-information_hidden-heading" tabindex="-1" level="2" preset="2" > Journal Information </collection-view-pharos-heading> <summary class="journal-information_summary"> <collection-view-pharos-heading level="2" preset="2" > Journal Information </collection-view-pharos-heading> <collection-view-pharos-icon class="journal-information_icon-open" name="chevron-down" ></collection-view-pharos-icon> <collection-view-pharos-icon class="journal-information_icon-close" name="chevron-up" ></collection-view-pharos-icon> </summary> <div class="journal-information_content"> <div class="publiser-logos"> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/publisher/ucpress" data-qa="publisher-links" class="publiser-logos_logo" > <img class="publiser-logos_logo_image" src="/publisher/ucpress/logo" data-qa="publisher-logo" alt="The University of Chicago Press logo" /> </collection-view-pharos-link> <collection-view-pharos-link href="/publisher/asalh" data-qa="publisher-links" class="publiser-logos_logo" > <img class="publiser-logos_logo_image" src="/publisher/asalh/logo" data-qa="publisher-logo" alt="Association for the Study of African American Life and History logo" /> </collection-view-pharos-link> </div> <div class="section"> <div class="journal_metadata"> <div class="journal_metadata_cover-image"> <img class="cover" 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" alt="cover of The Journal of African American History" data-qa="cover-image"> </div> <div class="metadata-publisher"> <strong>PUBLISHED BY</strong> <div><a href="/publisher/ucpress" class="publisher-link">The University of Chicago Press</a> on behalf of <a href="/publisher/asalh" class="publisher-link">Association for the Study of African American Life and History</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section"> <div class="metadata-coverage-period"> <strong>COVERAGE</strong> <div>2002-2019 (Vol. 87 - Vol. 104, No. 4)</div> </div> </div> <div class="section"> <div class="moving-wall-tooltip"> <strong>MOVING WALL</strong> <span name="moving wall tooltip" data-tooltip-id="moving-wall-tooltip" role="button" tabindex="0" > <collection-view-pharos-icon name="info-inverse" description="moving wall tooltip" ></collection-view-pharos-icon> </span> <collection-view-pharos-tooltip id="moving-wall-tooltip" > The "moving wall" represents the time period between the last issue available in JSTOR and the most recently published issue of a journal. Moving walls are generally represented in years. In calculating the moving wall, the current year is not counted. For example, if the current year is 2008 and a journal has a 5 year moving wall, articles from the year 2002 are available. </collection-view-pharos-tooltip> <collection-view-pharos-link href="https://support.jstor.org/hc/en-us/articles/115004879547-About-the-Moving-Wall"> Learn more </collection-view-pharos-link> </div> <div> <span>5 years</span> </div> </div> <div class="section"> <div class="issn"> <div> <strong>ISSN</strong> </div> 15481867 </div> </div> <div class="section"> <div class="eissn"> <div> <strong>EISSN</strong> </div> 21535086 </div> </div> <div class="section"> <div class="subjects"> <div> <strong>SUBJECTS</strong> </div> History, African American Studies, American Studies, History, Area Studies </div> </div> <div class="section"> <div class="collections"> <div> <strong>COLLECTIONS</strong> </div> Arts & Sciences I Collection, JSTOR Archival Journal & Primary Source Collection, JSTOR Essential Collection </div> </div> <div class="section"> <div class="editable-zone journal-editable-2 mvl"> <a href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/"><img src="https://ithaka-external-static.s3.amazonaws.com/sites/default/files/misc/logo-ucpj-square320.jpg" alt="A University of Chicago Press Logo"/></a><br/><br/> </div> </div> </div> </details> </div> </collection-view-pharos-layout> </div> </main> <div id="screen-reader-notification" class="visuallyhidden" role="alert" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="false" aria-relevant="additions"></div> <div id="screen-reader-alert" class="visuallyhidden" role="alert" aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="false" aria-relevant="additions"></div> <div id="registeredFooterMountPoint"></div> <div id="csrfTokenCookie" class="hide"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="fVTNpmr76RIBv4O2kEeLReKMxwXdqpFC2bshJi5vuqJHdvrC7R8uy0d9pFzW99aa"> </div> <script> var globalFlags = { "trackWebVitals": true, "mountGlobalMfesPoc": false, "genAIWaitlistPrompt": true, "genAIBetaWelcome": true, "rolePrompt": true, "workspaceCoachMarkEnabled": true } </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//www.jstor.org/assets/global_20240429T123451/build/global/js/global.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//www.jstor.org/assets/collection-view_20240201T153129/build/collection-view/js/collection-view.min.js"></script> <div id="env_info" class="hide" data-debug="False" data-env="prod"> </div> <script> const canonical = document.head.querySelector("link[rel='canonical']"); if (!canonical) { navigator.sendBeacon("/no-canonical"); } </script> <div id="headsUpDisplayMountPoint"></div> </body> </html>

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The Journal of African American History | JSTOR