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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Scholem_&_the_Kabbalah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholem_&_the_Kabbalah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Scholem & the Kabbalah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholem_&_the_Kabbalah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Biography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Academic career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Friends,_colleagues_and_canonical_affinities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friends,_colleagues_and_canonical_affinities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Friends, colleagues and canonical affinities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friends,_colleagues_and_canonical_affinities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_with_Hannah_Arendt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_with_Hannah_Arendt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Debate with Hannah Arendt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_with_Hannah_Arendt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Awards and recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Literary influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works_in_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works_in_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Selected works in English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works_in_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gershom Scholem</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85" title="غرشوم شوليم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غرشوم شوليم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gershom Scholem" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gershom Scholem" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gershom Scholem" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gershom Scholem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gershom Scholem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gershom Scholem" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gershom Scholem" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84%D9%85" title="گرشام شوئلم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرشام شوئلم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gershom Scholem" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4%EC%88%8C_%EC%88%84%EB%A0%98" title="게르숌 숄렘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게르숌 숄렘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gershom Scholem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gershom Scholem" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D" title="גרשם שלום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרשם שלום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85" title="جيرشوم ستشوليم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيرشوم ستشوليم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gershom Scholem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%A0" title="ゲルショム・ショーレム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲルショム・ショーレム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gershom Scholem" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gershom Scholem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gershom Scholem" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Шолем, Гершом – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шолем, Гершом" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gershom Scholem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gershom Scholem" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gershom Scholem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gershom Scholem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Гершом Шолем – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гершом Шолем" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E8%82%96%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E6%9C%94%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86" title="格尔肖姆·朔勒姆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German-Israeli philosopher (1897–1982)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Gershom Scholem</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">גרשום שלום</span>‎</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gershom_Scholem_1935_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gershom_Scholem_1935_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Gershom_Scholem_1935_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Gershom_Scholem_1935_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="364" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Scholem, 1935</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Gerhard Scholem</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1897-12-05</span>)</span>5 December 1897<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 February 1982<span style="display:none">(1982-02-21)</span> (aged 84)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Frederick William University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Sabbatai Zevi, the Mystical Messiah</i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Major_Trends_in_Jewish_Mysticism" title="Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism">Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Fania Freud Scholem</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Prize" title="Israel Prize">Israel Prize</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bialik_Prize" title="Bialik Prize">Bialik Prize</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German philosophy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wissenschaft_des_Judentums" title="Wissenschaft des Judentums">Wissenschaft des Judentums</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gershom Scholem</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">גֵרְשׁׂם שָׁלוֹם</span>; 5 December 1897 – 21 February 1982) was a German-born <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a>. Widely regarded as the founder of modern academic study of the <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>, Scholem was appointed the first professor of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_mysticism" title="Jewish mysticism">Jewish mysticism</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholem is acknowledged as the single most significant figure in the recovery, collection, annotation, and registration into rigorous Jewish scholarship of the canonical bibliography of mysticism and scriptural commentary that runs through its primordial phase in the <i><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a>,</i> its inauguration in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bahir" title="Bahir">Bahir</a>,</i> its exegesis in the <a href="/wiki/Pardes_(exegesis)" title="Pardes (exegesis)"><i>Pardes</i></a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></i> to its cosmogonic, apocalyptic climax in <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Isaac Luria's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ein_Sof" title="Ein Sof">Ein Sof</a></i> that is known collectively as <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholem_&_the_Kabbalah"><span id="Scholem_.26_the_Kabbalah"></span>Scholem & the Kabbalah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gershom_Scholem&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Scholem & the Kabbalah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After generations of demoralization and assimilation in the European enlightenment,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the disappointment of messianic hopes,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the famine of 1916 in Palestine,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the midst of the catastrophe of the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a> in Europe<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholem gathered and reassembled these sacred texts from many of the archives that had been disarranged, orphaned, confiscated under Nazi rule or otherwise washed up in <a href="/wiki/Genizah" title="Genizah">Genizah</a> in the middle east. Scholem cataloging the flood of fragments and disordered, decontextualized manuscripts into an annotated and relatively organized sequence of texts available to scholars and seekers within the reception of this tradition in his 1930 bibliography of the Kabbalah, expanding this bibliography in his later works until the end of his life. Many other Jewish scholars assisted in this process of recovery once it was underway, but it is broadly recognized that Scholem initiated this process of textual and archival recovery and rebirth. </p><p>As Scholem points out in his memoirs, the canon of sacred Jewish writings from the diaspora and the Middle Ages (re: "<a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>") had fallen into such a state of disrepair and oblivion—fragmented and effaced by persecutions from without as well as contortions, conversions and schisms from within Judaism—that many of the "finest writings..."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the major currents of Jewish mysticism could only be found in long block quotations in antisemitic texts, where some "nincompoop who had quoted and translated the most wonderful, the most profound things,"<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had assembled them "in order to decry them as blasphemies."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (This was a strong, somewhat exaggerated statement for expressive effect that Scholem attributes to <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Ernst Bloch</a> in his memoirs—but there he co-signs the sentiment and appropriates it as his own description of the state of affairs in other places.)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to Scholem's efforts, and those of his students and colleagues, the confused and inscrutable condition of Kabbalistic bibliography and provenance would be significantly remedied after the end of the World Wars and the foundation of the modern state of Israel where Scholem worked as head librarian of the National Library in Jerusalem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gershom_Scholem&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gershom_Scholem_learning_the_Zohar_(NNL_003800553).IV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Gershom_Scholem_learning_the_Zohar_%28NNL_003800553%29.IV.jpg/220px-Gershom_Scholem_learning_the_Zohar_%28NNL_003800553%29.IV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Gershom_Scholem_learning_the_Zohar_%28NNL_003800553%29.IV.jpg/330px-Gershom_Scholem_learning_the_Zohar_%28NNL_003800553%29.IV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Gershom_Scholem_learning_the_Zohar_%28NNL_003800553%29.IV.jpg/440px-Gershom_Scholem_learning_the_Zohar_%28NNL_003800553%29.IV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2369" data-file-height="1384" /></a><figcaption>Gershom Scholem sitting in Sukka studying the Zohar, 1925</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Kabbalah" title="Category:Kabbalah">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0;font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:10px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kabbalistic Tree of Life"><img alt="Kabbalistic Tree of Life" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg/75px-Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg/113px-Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg/150px-Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-left:0.4em;background:lightblue;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-size:105%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Sof" title="Ein Sof">Ein Sof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzimtzum" title="Tzimtzum">Tzimtzum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohr" title="Ohr">Ohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin_and_Yesh" title="Ayin and Yesh">Ayin and Yesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Worlds" title="Four Worlds">Four Worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seder_hishtalshelut" class="mw-redirect" title="Seder hishtalshelut">Seder hishtalshelut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(Kabbalah)" title="Tree of life (Kabbalah)">Tree of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_path_of_the_flaming_sword" class="mw-redirect" title="The path of the flaming sword">The path of the flaming sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Merkabah">Merkavah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_angelic_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish angelic hierarchy">Jewish angelic hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partzufim" title="Partzufim">Partzufim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qlippoth" title="Qlippoth">Qlippoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohu_and_Tikun" title="Tohu and Tikun">Tohu and Tikun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut#Philosophical" title="Kashrut">Sparks of holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurianic_Kabbalah" title="Lurianic Kabbalah">Messianic rectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgul" title="Gilgul">Gilgul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">Kabbalistic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notarikon" title="Notarikon">Notarikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temurah_(Kabbalah)" title="Temurah (Kabbalah)">Temurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemhamphorasch" class="mw-redirect" title="Shemhamphorasch">Shemhamphorasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">Tzadik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzadikim_Nistarim" title="Tzadikim Nistarim">Tzadikim Nistarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism_in_Kabbalah" title="Anthropomorphism in Kabbalah">Anthropomorphism in Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-left:0.4em;background:lightblue;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jewish_mysticism" title="History of Jewish mysticism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-size:105%;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> Pre-Kabbalistic Jewish mysticism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heichalot" class="mw-redirect" title="Heichalot">Heichalot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chassidei_Ashkenaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Chassidei Ashkenaz">Chassidei Ashkenaz</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> Medieval</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahir" title="Bahir">Bahir</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledano_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Toledano tradition">Toledano tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Abulafia" title="Abraham Abulafia">Prophetic Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_commentaries_on_the_Bible#Commentaries" title="Jewish commentaries on the Bible">Kabbalistic commentaries<br />on the Bible</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Mainstream displacement of<br />rationalism with Kabbalah</a></div> <div style="padding:0.3em 0;"><i>Renaissance</i></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Kabbalah" title="Christian Kabbalah">Selective influence on<br />Western thought</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Qabalah" title="Hermetic Qabalah">Hermetic Qabalah</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Halevi_Alkabetz#Move_to_Safed" class="mw-redirect" title="Shlomo Halevi Alkabetz">Mysticism after<br />Spanish expulsion</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Mystics of<br />16th-century Safed</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordoveran_Kabbalah" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordoveran Kabbalah">Cordoveran Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurianic_Kabbalah" title="Lurianic Kabbalah">Lurianic Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Loew_ben_Bezalel" title="Judah Loew ben Bezalel">Maharal's thought</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Musar_literature#Medieval_Musar_literature" title="Musar literature">Popular Kabbalistic<br />Mussar</a></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> Early modern</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem" title="Baal Shem">Baal Shem-Nistarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbatean mystical heresies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Eybeschutz#Sabbatian_controversy" title="Jonathan Eybeschutz">Emden–Eybeschutz controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Immigration to the Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Judaism">Traditional Oriental Kabbalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_El_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit El Synagogue">Beit El Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtetl" title="Shtetl">Eastern European Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Lithuanian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schisms_among_the_Jews#Hasidim_and_Mitnagdim" class="mw-redirect" title="Schisms among the Jews">Hasidic-Mitnagdic schism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> Modern</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidic dynasties">Hasidic dynasties</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Mysticism in<br />religious Zionism</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Academic interest in<br />Jewish mysticism</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Non-Orthodox interest in<br /> Jewish mysticism</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Qabalah" class="mw-redirect" title="English Qabalah">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Qaballa" title="English Qaballa">James Lees'</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-left:0.4em;background:lightblue;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-size:105%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mystical_exegesis" title="Jewish mystical exegesis">Mystical exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Minhag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Customary immersion in mikveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_meditation" title="Jewish meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavanah" title="Kavanah">Kavanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teshuvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Teshuvah">Teshuvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devekut" title="Devekut">Deveikut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish services">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Nusach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikkun_Chatzot" title="Tikkun Chatzot">Tikkun Chatzot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot#All-night_Torah_study" title="Shavuot">Tikkun Leil Shavuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzaddik" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzaddik">Pilgrimage to Tzadik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohel_(grave)" title="Ohel (grave)">Pilgrimage to holy grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lag_BaOmer" title="Lag BaOmer">Lag BaOmer at Meron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism_in_Judaism" title="Asceticism in Judaism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Kabbalah" title="Practical Kabbalah">Practical Kabbalah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-left:0.4em;background:lightblue;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_List_of_Jewish_Kabbalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline List of Jewish Kabbalists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-size:105%;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 100s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(legend)" title="Pardes (legend)">Four Who Entered the Pardes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_bar_Yochai" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeon bar Yochai">Simeon bar Yochai</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1100s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_the_Blind" title="Isaac the Blind">Isaac the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azriel_(Jewish_mystic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Azriel (Jewish mystic)">Azriel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1200s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahmanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahmanides">Nahmanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Abulafia" title="Abraham Abulafia">Abraham Abulafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Abraham_Gikatilla" title="Joseph ben Abraham Gikatilla">Joseph ben Abraham Gikatilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_de_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses de Leon">Moses de Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_Recanati" title="Menahem Recanati">Menahem Recanati</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1300s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahya_ben_Asher" title="Bahya ben Asher">Bahya ben Asher</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1400s</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1500s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meir_ibn_Gabbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Meir ibn Gabbai">Meir ibn Gabbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Ephraim_Karo" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph ben Ephraim Karo">Joseph Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Alkabetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shlomo Alkabetz">Shlomo Alkabetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Alshich" title="Moshe Alshich">Moshe Alshich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Jacob_Cordovero" title="Moses ben Jacob Cordovero">Moses ben Jacob Cordovero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Isaac Luria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyim_ben_Joseph_Vital" title="Hayyim ben Joseph Vital">Chaim Vital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Loew_ben_Bezalel" title="Judah Loew ben Bezalel">Judah Loew ben Bezalel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1600s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Horowitz" title="Isaiah Horowitz">Isaiah Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Azulai" title="Abraham Azulai">Abraham Azulai</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1700s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_ibn_Attar" title="Chaim ibn Attar">Chaim ibn Attar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov">Baal Shem Tov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dov_Ber_of_Mezeritch" title="Dov Ber of Mezeritch">Dov Ber of Mezeritch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto" title="Moshe Chaim Luzzatto">Moshe Chaim Luzzatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalom_Sharabi" title="Shalom Sharabi">Shalom Sharabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Joseph_David_Azulai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Joseph David Azulai">Chaim Joseph David Azulai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Adler" title="Nathan Adler">Nathan Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Schneur Zalman of Liadi">Schneur Zalman of Liadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Volozhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Volozhin">Chaim Volozhin</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1800s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nachman_of_Breslov" title="Nachman of Breslov">Nachman of Breslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Ish_Chai" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Ish Chai">Ben Ish Chai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Eliyashiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Shlomo Eliyashiv">Shlomo Eliyashiv</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1900s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Abraham Isaac Kook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Ashlag" title="Yehuda Ashlag">Yehuda Ashlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Sali" title="Baba Sali">Baba Sali</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-left:0.4em;background:lightblue;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)">Role</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-size:105%;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruach_HaKodesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruach HaKodesh">Ruach HaKodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(Jewish_exegesis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pardes (Jewish exegesis)">Pardes exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmudical_hermeneutics" title="Talmudical hermeneutics">Talmudical hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_commentaries_on_the_Bible" title="Jewish commentaries on the Bible">Jewish commentaries<br />on the Bible</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Eras of Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeridat_ha-dorot" title="Yeridat ha-dorot">Generational descent in Halacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeridat_ha-dorot#Generational_ascent_in_Kabbalah" title="Yeridat ha-dorot">Generational ascent in Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy#Hakira_–_investigation" title="Jewish philosophy">Hakira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_literature" title="Musar literature">Classic Mussar literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_Ashkenaz" title="Nusach Ashkenaz">Ashkenazi Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_law_and_customs" title="Sephardic law and customs">Sephardi Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy#Contemporary_Jewish_philosophies" title="Jewish philosophy">Modern Jewish philosophies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Jewish studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_transcendence" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine transcendence">Divine transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_immanence" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine immanence">Divine immanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology#Judaism" title="Free will in theology">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_providence_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine providence (Judaism)">Divine providence</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">Kabbalistic reasons<br />for the 613 Mitzvot</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Jewish principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah:_Primary_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalah: Primary texts">Primary texts</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guide for the Perplexed"><img alt="Guide for the Perplexed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg/175px-Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg/263px-Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg/350px-Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Positions:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasmoneans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmoneans">Hasmonean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boethusians" title="Boethusians">Boethusian</a></li></ul></div></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>People:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_of_Alexandria" title="Aristobulus of Alexandria">Aristobulus of Alexandria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo of Alexandria</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Influenced by:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Brethren of Purity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Bajjah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Bajjah">Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailism">Ismaili philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Kalam" title="Jewish Kalam">Jewish Kalam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Spanish and European:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_ibn_Shaprut" title="Hasdai ibn Shaprut">Hasdai ibn Shaprut</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Ibn Gabirol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_bar_Hiyya" title="Abraham bar Hiyya">Abraham bar Hiyya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bahya_ibn_Paquda" title="Bahya ibn Paquda">Bahya ibn Paquda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Halevi" title="Judah Halevi">Judah Halevi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Tzaddik" title="Joseph ibn Tzaddik">Joseph ibn Tzaddik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Tibbon" title="Samuel ibn Tibbon">Samuel ibn Tibbon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Judah_of_Ceuta" title="Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta">Joseph ben Judah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shem-Tov_ibn_Falaquera" title="Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera">Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Gersonides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Joshua" title="Moses ben Joshua">Moses of Narbonne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Sheshet" title="Isaac ben Sheshet">Isaac ben Sheshet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elia_del_Medigo" title="Elia del Medigo">Elia del Medigo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Minz" title="Judah Minz">Judah Minz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Abarbanel" title="Isaac Abarbanel">Isaac Abarbanel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Leon_Abravanel" title="Judah Leon Abravanel">Judah Leon Abravanel</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Yemenite:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natan%27el_al-Fayyumi" title="Natan'el al-Fayyumi">Natan'el al-Fayyumi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hoter_ben_Shlomo" title="Hoter ben Shlomo">Mansur ibn Sulayman al-Ghamari</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Other:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon" title="Isaac Israeli ben Solomon">Isaac Israeli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_ibn_Merwan_al-Mukkamas" title="David ibn Merwan al-Mukkamas">al-Mukkamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hibat_Allah_Abu%27l-Barakat_al-Baghdaadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi">Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kammuna" title="Ibn Kammuna">Ibn Kammuna</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Positions:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides#Influence" title="Maimonides">Maimonidean / Anti-Maimonidean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalists">Kabbalist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Karaism">Karaism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Talmudists" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudists">Talmudic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tosafists" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosafists">Tosafist</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish denominations">Modern</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Positions:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_philosophy" title="Orthodox Jewish philosophy">Orthodox</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Judaism">Sephardic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_philosophy" title="Chabad philosophy">Chabad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy">Chassidic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_existentialism" title="Jewish existentialism">Existentialist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mussar_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussar movement">Mussar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dor_Daim" title="Dor Daim">Rambamist</a></li></ul></div></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>People:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Sanches" title="Francisco Sanches">Francisco Sanches</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Uriel_da_Costa" title="Uriel da Costa">Uriel da Costa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Maimon" title="Salomon Maimon">Salomon Maimon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Solomon_Delmedigo" title="Joseph Solomon Delmedigo">Joseph Solomon Delmedigo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Ba%27al_Shem_of_Chelm" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm">Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Elijah_Ashkenazi" title="Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi">Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tzvi_Ashkenazi" title="Tzvi Ashkenazi">Tzvi Ashkenazi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Emden" title="Jacob Emden">Jacob Emden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hirsch" title="Samuel Hirsch">Samuel Hirsch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman of Liadi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Simcha_Bunim_of_Peshischa" title="Simcha Bunim of Peshischa">Simcha Bunim of Peshischa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Samson Raphael Hirsch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Abendana" title="Jacob Abendana">Jacob Abendana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Cardoso" title="Isaac Cardoso">Isaac Cardoso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_Nieto" title="David Nieto">David Nieto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Orobio_de_Castro" title="Isaac Orobio de Castro">Isaac Orobio de Castro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Moses Mendelssohn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_David_Luzzatto" title="Samuel David Luzzatto">Samuel David Luzzatto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Benamozegh" title="Elijah Benamozegh">Elijah Benamozegh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Hess" title="Moses Hess">Moses Hess</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Berkovits" title="Eliezer Berkovits">Eliezer Berkovits</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Eliezer_Dessler" title="Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler">Eliyahu Dessler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Monsieur_Chouchani" title="Monsieur Chouchani">Monsieur Chouchani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Emmanuel Levinas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gershom Scholem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Abraham Isaac Kook</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" title="Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Joseph Soloveitchik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%">Topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anger_in_Judaism" title="Anger in Judaism">Anger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Faith</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_in_Judaism" title="Happiness in Judaism">Happiness</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Microcosm%E2%80%93macrocosm_analogy_in_Jewish_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcosm–macrocosm analogy in Jewish philosophy">Microcosm–macrocosm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">Righteousness</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_philosophy" title="Template:Jewish philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_philosophy" title="Template talk:Jewish philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Gerhard (Gershom) Scholem was born in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> to Arthur Scholem and Betty Hirsch Scholem. His father was a printer. His older brother was the German Communist leader <a href="/wiki/Werner_Scholem" title="Werner Scholem">Werner Scholem</a>. He studied <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> rabbi.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholem met <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a> in Munich in 1915, when the former was seventeen years old and the latter was twenty-three. They began a lifelong friendship that ended when Benjamin committed suicide in 1940 in the wake of Nazi persecution. Scholem dedicated his book <i>Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism</i> (<i>Die jüdische Mystik in ihren Hauptströmungen</i>), based on lectures 1938–1940, to Benjamin. In 1915 Scholem enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Frederick William University</a> in Berlin (today, <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University</a>), where he studied mathematics, philosophy, and Hebrew. There he met <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Yosef_Agnon" title="Shmuel Yosef Agnon">Shmuel Yosef Agnon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hayim_Nahman_Bialik" title="Hayim Nahman Bialik">Hayim Nahman Bialik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahad_Ha%27am" title="Ahad Ha'am">Ahad Ha'am</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zalman_Shazar" title="Zalman Shazar">Zalman Shazar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Berlin, Scholem befriended <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a> and corresponded with him throughout his life.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He studied <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">mathematical logic</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a> under <a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a>. He was in Bern in 1918 with Benjamin when he met Elsa (Escha) Burchhard, who became his first wife. Scholem returned to Germany in 1919, where he received a degree in <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with Benjamin he established a fictitious school – the University of Muri.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholem wrote his doctoral thesis on the oldest known kabbalistic text, <i><a href="/wiki/Bahir" title="Bahir">Sefer ha-Bahir</a></i>. The following year it appeared in book form as "Das Buch Bahir", having been published by his father's publishing house.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drawn to <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> and influenced by Buber, he <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">immigrated</a> in 1923 to the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate of Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be considered notable that though Scholem's allegiance to the Zionist cause (or the reclamation of Palestine by the Jewish diaspora) is incontrovertible, his relationship to the manifest ethics of Zionism was more ambiguous and critical than Buber's.<sup id="cite_ref-Scholem_1982_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholem_1982-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his emigration from Berlin to Palestine, Scholem became a librarian, heading the Department of Hebrew and Judaica at the National Library. In 1927 he revamped the <a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewey Decimal System">Dewey Decimal System</a>, making it appropriate for large Judaica collections.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period that he was a librarian of ancient manuscripts at the library of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University</a>, fragments of the newly discovered <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> and inventory from the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Genizah</a>--just to name a few notable exemplars--moved through the collections he was overseeing. Though he started teaching smaller seminars at an earlier date, Scholem was not appointed as a full professor at Hebrew University until Hitler rose to power.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholem's brother <a href="/wiki/Werner_Scholem" title="Werner Scholem">Werner</a> was a member of the ultra-left "Fischer-Maslow Group" and the youngest ever member of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a>, or Weimar <a href="/wiki/Diet_(assembly)" title="Diet (assembly)">Diet</a>, representing the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a>. He was expelled from the party and later murdered by the Nazis during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a>. Unlike his brother, Gershom was vehemently opposed to both <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>. In 1936, he married his second wife, Fania Freud. Fania, who had been his student and could read Polish, was helpful in his later research, particularly in regard to <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Frank" title="Jacob Frank">Jacob Frank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1946 Scholem was sent by the Hebrew University to search for Jewish books that had been plundered by the Nazis and help return them to their rightful owners. He spent much of the year in Germany and Central Europe as part of this project, known as "Otzrot HaGolah".<sup id="cite_ref-:8_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholem died in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, where he is buried next to his wife in the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedria_Cemetery" title="Sanhedria Cemetery">Sanhedria Cemetery</a>. <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> delivered the eulogy.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gershom_Scholem&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholem became a lecturer at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He taught the Kabbalah and mysticism from a scientific point of view and became the first professor of Jewish mysticism at the university in 1933, working in this post until his retirement in 1965, when he became an emeritus professor. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scholem_card_catalog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Scholem_card_catalog.jpg/140px-Scholem_card_catalog.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Scholem_card_catalog.jpg/210px-Scholem_card_catalog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Scholem_card_catalog.jpg/280px-Scholem_card_catalog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Card catalogue which Gershom Scholem used to write his notes</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gershom_Scholem_house_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gershom_Scholem_house_%282%29.JPG/200px-Gershom_Scholem_house_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gershom_Scholem_house_%282%29.JPG/300px-Gershom_Scholem_house_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gershom_Scholem_house_%282%29.JPG/400px-Gershom_Scholem_house_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Gershom Scholem House, 28 Abarbanel Street, Jerusalem</figcaption></figure> <p>Scholem directly contrasted his historiographical approach on the study of Jewish <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> with the approach of the 19th-century school of the <i><a href="/wiki/Wissenschaft_des_Judentums" title="Wissenschaft des Judentums">Wissenschaft des Judentums</a></i> ("Science of Judaism"), which sought to submit the study of Judaism to the discipline of subjects such as <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. According to Jeremy Adler, Scholem's thinking was "both recognizably Jewish and deeply German," and "changed the course of twentieth-century European thought."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time Scholem entered his field of study, Jewish mysticism was acknowledged as Judaism's weakest scholarly link by many of the scholars, publishers and cultural leaders of the Jewish community and gentile German scholars who sponsored Scholem's early career, including <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salman_Schocken" title="Salman Schocken">Salman Schocken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Rosenzweig" title="Franz Rosenzweig">Franz Rosenzweig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisler" title="Robert Eisler">Robert Eisler</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Bloch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philipp Bloch (page does not exist)">Philipp Bloch</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Bloch" class="extiw" title="de:Philipp Bloch">de</a>]</span>, Moses Marx, <a href="/wiki/Clemens_Baeumker" title="Clemens Baeumker">Clemens Baumker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hommel" title="Fritz Hommel">Fritz Hommel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scholem_1982_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholem_1982-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholem told the story of his early research "at the start of my path" in 1922 when he went to Berlin to visit "the only Jewish scholar who had engaged in the study of Kabbalah in the previous generation."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gesturing at the rabbi's library of documents, manuscripts and autographs written by the authors of the Kabbalah, some of which had been inscribed in <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern</a> or <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> centuries, Scholem remarked, "How wonderful it is, Herr Professor, that you have read and learned all this!" to which "...the elderly gentleman replied: 'What! And I <i>also</i> have to <i>read</i> all this nonsense?!"<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Though he does not mention the name of the Rabbi in his canonical account of this visit, Scholem explains elsewhere that this scholar—once the Rabbi of <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>—was Phillip Bloch.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>The analysis of Judaism carried out by the <i>Wissenschaft</i> school was flawed in two ways, according to Scholem: It studied Judaism as a dead object rather than as a living organism; and it did not consider the proper <i>foundations</i> of Judaism, the non-rational force that, in Scholem's view, made the religion a living thing. </p><p>In Scholem's opinion, the mythical and mystical components were at least as important as the rational ones, and he thought that they, rather than the minutiae of <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a>, were the truly living core of Judaism. In particular, he disagreed with what he considered to be <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a>'s personalization of Kabbalistic concepts as well as what he argued was an inadequate approach to Jewish history, Hebrew language, and the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">land of Israel</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">worldview</a> of Scholem, the research of Jewish mysticism could not be separated from its historical context. Starting from something similar to the <i>Gegengeschichte</i> of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, he ended up including less normative aspects of Judaism in the public history. </p><p>Specifically, Scholem in his scholarly writing that Jewish history could be divided into three periods: </p> <ul><li>During the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Biblical</a> period, <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> battles <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> without completely defeating it.</li> <li>During the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> period, some of the institutions—for example, the notion of the magical power of the accomplishment of the Sacraments—are removed in favour of the purer concept of the divine <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendence</a>.</li> <li>During the medieval period, the impossibility of reconciling the abstract concept of God of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">ancient Greek philosophy</a> with the personal <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">God</a> of the Bible, led Jewish thinkers, such as <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, to try to eliminate the remaining myths and to modify the figure of the living God. After this time, mysticism, as an effort to find again the essence of the God of their fathers, became more widespread.</li></ul> <p>Elsewhere, in oral presentation or informal reflection, Scholem inflected the three periods within a different frame of reference:<sup id="cite_ref-:9_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there was the primordial inscription and enunciation of the Law in the Torah and the Talmud, the mystical reflections of the Kabbalah, and the post-metaphysical phase of mystical writings represented by (for example) the writings of Franz Kafka or the critical mysticism of his friend and correspondent Walter Benjamin. Scholem often told his students that the modern reader must read Franz Kafka in order to enter into the frame of mind native to the Kabbalah, and elsewhere remarked that, "among the peculiarities" Benjamin's writings was its "enormous suitability for canonization; I might almost say for quotation as a kind of Holy Writ."<sup id="cite_ref-:10_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The notion of the three periods, with its interactions between rational and irrational elements in Judaism, led Scholem to put forward some controversial arguments. He thought that the 17th century messianic movement, known as <a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateanism</a>, was developed from the <a href="/wiki/Lurianic_Kabbalah" title="Lurianic Kabbalah">Lurianic Kabbalah</a>. In order to neutralize Sabbateanism, <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a> had emerged as a <a href="/wiki/Hegelian_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelian dialectic">Hegelian synthesis</a>. Many of those who joined the Hasidic movement, because they had seen in it an <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> congregation, considered it scandalous that their community should be associated with a heretical movement. </p><p>In the same way, Scholem produced the hypothesis that the source of the 13th century Kabbalah was a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">gnosticism</a> that preceded Christian gnosticism. </p><p>The historiographical approach of Scholem also involved a linguistic theory. In contrast to Buber, Scholem believed in the power of the language to invoke supernatural phenomena. In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a>, he put the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a> in a privileged position with respect to other languages, as the only language capable of revealing the divine truth. His special regard for the spiritual potency of the Hebrew language was expressed in his 1926 letter to <a href="/wiki/Franz_Rosenzweig" title="Franz Rosenzweig">Franz Rosenzweig</a> regarding his concerns over the "secularization" of Hebrew. Scholem considered the Kabbalists as interpreters of a pre-existent linguistic revelation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Friends,_colleagues_and_canonical_affinities"><span id="Friends.2C_colleagues_and_canonical_affinities"></span>Friends, colleagues and canonical affinities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gershom_Scholem&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Friends, colleagues and canonical affinities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholem's closest peers included, most famously, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a>. </p><p>Though his relationship with <a href="/wiki/Franz_Rosenzweig" title="Franz Rosenzweig">Franz Rosenzweig</a> was of shorter duration, it was also a deeply influential one. Likewise, though Scholem was never directly introduced to <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a>, he found out later in life that Kafka approved of his comments in a debate.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholem and Benjamin's discussions of Kafka, spanning decades, played no small role in the elevation Kafka's literary and epistolary writings to canonical status in both secular and mystical literature as writing that was prophetic or premonitory of the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a> while also having qualities of a kind of post-metaphysical kabbalah.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is a measure of the depth of Scholem's friendship with Benjamin that he wrote two memoirs at the end of his life: his own autobiography<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tends to be less read or frequently cited than his "Autobiography of a Friendship" recounting his lifelong relationship and work in partnership with Benjamin prior to the latter's death in flight from the Gestapo in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to his Kabbalah scholarship, a significant portion of Scholem's working life postwar was spent recovering, editing and promoting the literary estate of his dead friend.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a> was a patron, publisher and sponsor of the careers of both Scholem and his best friend <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a> (despite Benjamin's frequent ingratitude and incorrigible blowing of deadlines and Scholem's occasionally scathing critiques of the elder figure).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Scholem's relationships with <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jonas" title="Hans Jonas">Hans Jonas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Ernst Bloch</a> were more characteristically turbulent than those relationship just mentioned, the frequent citation of these figures in Scholem's published writings and private correspondence demonstrates that they were among his closest and most influential colleagues. Selected letters from his correspondence with thinkers, critics and philosophers have been published. </p><p>Though appearing as a friend and protegé late in his career, <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Ozick" title="Cynthia Ozick">Cynthia Ozick</a> merits mention among those in Scholem's inner-circle. His late-career relationships with <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Steiner" title="George Steiner">George Steiner</a> were also significant (though his relationship with Steiner was, characteristically, somewhat combative). Scholem was also friendly with the author <a href="/wiki/Shai_Agnon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shai Agnon">Shai Agnon</a> and the Talmudic scholar <a href="/wiki/Saul_Lieberman" title="Saul Lieberman">Saul Lieberman</a>. </p><p>As a major, unofficial but widely acknowledged figurehead of mystical, historical and theological currents within both <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> and (much more controversially) <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> after World War II and the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Destruction of the European Jewry</a> in the Holocaust, Scholem's stature within Jewish tradition is roughly comparable to the role played before the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> and during the interwar period by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debate_with_Hannah_Arendt">Debate with Hannah Arendt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gershom_Scholem&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Debate with Hannah Arendt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a> trial in Jerusalem, Scholem sharply criticised <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>'s book, <i><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_in_Jerusalem" title="Eichmann in Jerusalem">Eichmann in Jerusalem</a></i> and decried her lack of solidarity with the Jewish people (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אהבת ישראל</span> "love of one's fellow Jews", <i>ʾahəvaṯ ʾiśrāʾēl</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arendt responded that she never loved any collective group, and that she does not love the Jewish people but was only part of them.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bitter fight, which was exchanged in various articles, led to a rift between Scholem and Arendt though they remained mutually respectful thereafter and continued to work alongside one another on various projects, particularly in their work on the literary estate of Walter Benjamin.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an apparently wrathful moment, Scholem wrote to Hans Paeschke that he "knew Hannah Arendt when she was a socialist or half-communist and... when she was a Zionist. I am astounded by her ability to pronounce upon movements in which she was once so deeply engaged, in terms of a distance measured in light years and from such sovereign heights."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Differing perspectives on the appropriate penalty for Adolph Eichmann further illuminate differences between the two authors. Whereas Arendt felt that Eichmann should be executed, Scholem was opposed, fearing that his execution would serve to alleviate the Germans' collective sense of guilt.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_recognition">Awards and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gershom_Scholem&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Awards and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1958, Scholem was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Prize" title="Israel Prize">Israel Prize</a> in Jewish studies.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1968, he was elected president of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities">Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities</a>.</li> <li>In 1969, he received the <a href="/wiki/Yakir_Yerushalayim" title="Yakir Yerushalayim">Yakir Yerushalayim</a> (Worthy Citizen of Jerusalem) award.<sup id="cite_ref-YYawards_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YYawards-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1977, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Bialik_Prize" title="Bialik Prize">Bialik Prize</a> for <a href="/wiki/Jewish_thought" title="Jewish thought">Jewish thought</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bialik_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bialik-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_influence">Literary influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gershom_Scholem&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literary influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GLAM_National_Library_Trude_Krolik.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/GLAM_National_Library_Trude_Krolik.JPG/190px-GLAM_National_Library_Trude_Krolik.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/GLAM_National_Library_Trude_Krolik.JPG/285px-GLAM_National_Library_Trude_Krolik.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/GLAM_National_Library_Trude_Krolik.JPG/380px-GLAM_National_Library_Trude_Krolik.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>1947 drawing by Trude Krolik of the young Scholem "Baal HaZohar" (Master of the Zohar), in the Scholem collection, <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a> (Hebrew University), Jerusalem</figcaption></figure> <p>Various stories and essays of the Argentinian writer <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> were inspired or influenced by Scholem's books.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has also influenced ideas of <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a>, Italian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Giorgio Agamben</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Steiner" title="George Steiner">George Steiner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American author <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chabon" title="Michael Chabon">Michael Chabon</a> cites Scholem's essay, <i>The Idea of the Golem</i>, as having assisted him in conceiving the Pulitzer-Prize winning book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Adventures_of_Kavalier_and_Clay" class="mw-redirect" title="The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay">The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same essay influenced, and is cited by, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Chatwin" title="Bruce Chatwin">Bruce Chatwin</a>'s <i>Utz</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Potok" title="Chaim Potok">Chaim Potok</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lights" title="The Book of Lights">The Book of Lights</a></i> features a lightly disguised Scholem as "Jacob Keter."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works_in_English">Selected works in English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gershom_Scholem&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Selected works in English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism</i>, 1941</li> <li><i>Jewish Gnosticism, Merkabah Mysticism, and the Talmudic Tradition</i>, 1960</li> <li>Arendt and Scholem, "Eichmann in Jerusalem: Exchange of Letters between Gershom Scholem and Hannah Arendt", in <i><a href="/wiki/Encounter_(magazine)" title="Encounter (magazine)">Encounter</a></i>, 22/1, 1964</li> <li><i>On the Kabbalah and Its Symbolism,</i> 1965</li> <li><i>The Messianic Idea in Judaism and other Essays on Jewish Spirituality</i>, trans. 1971</li> <li><i>Sabbatai Sevi: The Mystical Messiah</i>, 1973</li> <li><i>Kabbalah</i>, Meridian 1974, Plume Books 1987 reissue: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-452-01007-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-452-01007-1">0-452-01007-1</a></li> <li><i>On Jews and Judaism in Crisis: Selected Essays,</i> 1976</li> <li><i>From Berlin to Jerusalem: Memories of My Youth</i>, 1977; trans. Harry Zohn, 1980.</li> <li><i>Walter Benjamin: the Story of a Friendship</i>, trans. Harry Zohn. New York: Schocken Books, 1981.</li> <li><i>Origins of the Kabbalah</i>, JPS, 1987 reissue: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02047-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02047-7">0-691-02047-7</a></li> <li><i>Zohar — The Book of Splendor: Basic Readings from the Kabbalah</i>, ed., 1995</li> <li><i>On the Mystical Shape of the Godhead: Basic Concepts in the Kabbalah</i>, 1997</li> <li><i>The Fullness of Time: Poems</i>, trans. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sieburth" title="Richard Sieburth">Richard Sieburth</a>, 2003</li> <li><i>On History and Philosophy of History</i>, in "Naharaim: Journal for German-Jewish Literature and Cultural History", v, 1–2 (2011), pp. 1–7.</li> <li><i>On Franz Rosenzweig and his Familiarity with Kabbala Literature</i>, in "Naharaim: Journal for German-Jewish Literature and Cultural History", vi, 1 (2012), pp. 1–6.</li> <li><i>On the Possibility of Jewish Mysticism in Our Time</i>, 1994.</li> <li><i>From Frankism to Jacobinism</i>, 2019</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gershom_Scholem&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Joshua_Heschel" title="Abraham Joshua Heschel">Abraham Joshua Heschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dan" title="Joseph Dan">Joseph Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Elior" title="Rachel Elior">Rachel Elior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Green" title="Arthur Green">Arthur Green</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gershom_Scholem&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagid,_Shaul2024" class="citation book cs1">Magid, Shaul (14 May 2024). Edward N. Zalta (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2009/entries/scholem/"><i>Gershom Scholem</i></a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2009 Edition).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gershom+Scholem&rft.pub=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+%28Spring+2009+Edition%29&rft.date=2024-05-14&rft.au=Magid%2C+Shaul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2009%2Fentries%2Fscholem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholem1987" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13456988"><i>Origins of the Kabbalah</i></a>. R. J. Zwi Werblowsky. [Philadelphia]: Jewish Publication Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-07314-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-07314-7"><bdi>0-691-07314-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13456988">13456988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Kabbalah&rft.place=%5BPhiladelphia%5D&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13456988&rft.isbn=0-691-07314-7&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F13456988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholem1961" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/670936"><i>Major trends in Jewish mysticism</i></a>. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-0005-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8052-0005-3"><bdi>0-8052-0005-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/670936">670936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+trends+in+Jewish+mysticism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F670936&rft.isbn=0-8052-0005-3&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F670936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholem2016" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/959423350"><i>Sabbatai Ṣevi; the mystical Messiah, 1626–1676</i></a>. Princeton, NJ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17209-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17209-5"><bdi>978-0-691-17209-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/959423350">959423350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sabbatai+%E1%B9%A2evi%3B+the+mystical+Messiah%2C+1626%E2%80%931676&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F959423350&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17209-5&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F959423350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPROCHNIK2018" class="citation book cs1">PROCHNIK, GEORGE (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/992451184"><i>STRANGER IN A STRANGE LAND : searching for gershom scholem and jerusalem</i></a>. [Place of publication not identified]: GRANTA Books. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78378-180-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78378-180-5"><bdi>978-1-78378-180-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/992451184">992451184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=STRANGER+IN+A+STRANGE+LAND+%3A+searching+for+gershom+scholem+and+jerusalem.&rft.place=%5BPlace+of+publication+not+identified%5D&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=GRANTA+Books&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F992451184&rft.isbn=978-1-78378-180-5&rft.aulast=PROCHNIK&rft.aufirst=GEORGE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F992451184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentary.org/articles/gershom-scholem/how-i-came-to-the-kabbalah/">"How I Came to the Kabbalah"</a>. <i>Commentary Magazine</i>. 1 May 1980<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commentary+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+I+Came+to+the+Kabbalah&rft.date=1980-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentary.org%2Farticles%2Fgershom-scholem%2Fhow-i-came-to-the-kabbalah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholem1982" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9983412"><i>Walter Benjamin : the story of a friendship</i></a>. London: Faber and Faber. pp. 80, 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-11970-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-11970-0"><bdi>0-571-11970-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9983412">9983412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Benjamin+%3A+the+story+of+a+friendship&rft.place=London&rft.pages=80%2C+105&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9983412&rft.isbn=0-571-11970-0&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F9983412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholem2006" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63245451"><i>Alchemy and kabbalah</i></a>. Klaus Ottmann. Putnam, Conn.: Spring Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88214-566-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88214-566-5"><bdi>0-88214-566-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63245451">63245451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alchemy+and+kabbalah&rft.place=Putnam%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Spring+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63245451&rft.isbn=0-88214-566-5&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F63245451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentary.org/articles/gershom-scholem/how-i-came-to-the-kabbalah/">"How I Came to the Kabbalah"</a>. <i>Commentary Magazine</i>. 1 May 1980<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commentary+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+I+Came+to+the+Kabbalah&rft.date=1980-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentary.org%2Farticles%2Fgershom-scholem%2Fhow-i-came-to-the-kabbalah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, Kenneth Hart (1997). "Leo Strauss as a Modern Jewish Thinker" [editor's introduction], in: Leo Strauss, <i>Jewish Philosophy and the Crisis of Modernity</i>, ed. Green. Albany: State University of New York Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791427736" title="Special:BookSources/9780791427736">9780791427736</a>. p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFarland2012" class="citation journal cs1">McFarland, James (2012). "One-Way Street: Childhood and Improvisation at the Close of the Book". <i>The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory</i>. <b>87</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">293–</span>303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00168890.2012.704339">10.1080/00168890.2012.704339</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-8890">0016-8890</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143548205">143548205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Germanic+Review%3A+Literature%2C+Culture%2C+Theory&rft.atitle=One-Way+Street%3A+Childhood+and+Improvisation+at+the+Close+of+the+Book&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E303&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143548205%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0016-8890&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00168890.2012.704339&rft.aulast=McFarland&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-the-cult-following-of-gershom-scholem-founder-of-modern-kabbala-research-1.8196758">The Cult Following of Gershom Scholem, Founder of Modern Kabbala Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scholem_1982-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scholem_1982_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scholem_1982_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholem1982" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9983412"><i>Walter Benjamin : the story of a friendship</i></a>. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-11970-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-11970-0"><bdi>0-571-11970-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9983412">9983412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Benjamin+%3A+the+story+of+a+friendship&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9983412&rft.isbn=0-571-11970-0&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F9983412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholem1997" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35961417"><i>On the possibility of Jewish mysticism in our time & other essays</i></a>. Avraham Shapira. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8276-0579-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8276-0579-X"><bdi>0-8276-0579-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35961417">35961417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+possibility+of+Jewish+mysticism+in+our+time+%26+other+essays&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35961417&rft.isbn=0-8276-0579-X&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F35961417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin1992" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Walter (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24467826"><i>The Correspondence of Walter Benjamin and Gershom Scholem, 1932-1940</i></a>. Gershom Scholem. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-17415-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-17415-1"><bdi>0-674-17415-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24467826">24467826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Correspondence+of+Walter+Benjamin+and+Gershom+Scholem%2C+1932-1940&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24467826&rft.isbn=0-674-17415-1&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F24467826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2012" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Walter (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/780333114"><i>The correspondence of Walter Benjamin, 1910-1940</i></a>. Gershom Scholem, Theodor W. Adorno. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-04238-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-04238-1"><bdi>978-0-226-04238-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/780333114">780333114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+correspondence+of+Walter+Benjamin%2C+1910-1940&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Ill.&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F780333114&rft.isbn=978-0-226-04238-1&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F780333114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman2018" class="citation cs2">Freedman, Vanessa (18 September 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004387409/BP000016.xml">"Making the Dewey Jewey: Gershom Scholem as a Librarian"</a>, <i>Scholar and Kabbalist: The Life and Work of Gershom Scholem</i>, Brill, pp. <span class="nowrap">253–</span>271, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38740-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38740-9"><bdi>978-90-04-38740-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2025</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scholar+and+Kabbalist%3A+The+Life+and+Work+of+Gershom+Scholem&rft.atitle=Making+the+Dewey+Jewey%3A+Gershom+Scholem+as+a+Librarian&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E271&rft.date=2018-09-18&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38740-9&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004387409%2FBP000016.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholemScholem1989" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Betty; Scholem, Gershom (1989). Shedletzky, Itta (ed.). <i>Mutter und Sohn im Briefwechsel: 1917 - 1946</i>. Eine Veröffentlichung des Leo-Baeck-Instituts. Leo Baeck Institute. München: Beck. pp. Letters from 1933. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-33795-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-33795-6"><bdi>978-3-406-33795-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutter+und+Sohn+im+Briefwechsel%3A+1917+-+1946&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.series=Eine+Ver%C3%B6ffentlichung+des+Leo-Baeck-Instituts&rft.pages=Letters+from+1933&rft.pub=Beck&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-3-406-33795-6&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Betty&rft.au=Scholem%2C+Gershom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholemDavid2002" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom; David, Anthony (2002). <i>A life in letters, 1914-1982</i>. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. pp. Letters from 1933. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00642-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00642-3"><bdi>978-0-674-00642-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+life+in+letters%2C+1914-1982&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.pages=Letters+from+1933&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00642-3&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft.au=David%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjaminScholem1989" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Walter; Scholem, Gershom (1989). <i>The correspondence of Walter Benjamin and Gershom Scholem, 1932-1940</i> (1st ed.). New York: Schocken Books. pp. Letters from 1933. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-4065-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-4065-8"><bdi>978-0-8052-4065-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+correspondence+of+Walter+Benjamin+and+Gershom+Scholem%2C+1932-1940&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=Letters+from+1933&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-4065-8&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Scholem%2C+Gershom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentary.org/articles/gershom-scholem/the-holiness-of-sin/">"The Holiness of Sin"</a>. <i>Commentary Magazine</i>. 1 January 1971<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commentary+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Holiness+of+Sin&rft.date=1971-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentary.org%2Farticles%2Fgershom-scholem%2Fthe-holiness-of-sin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiale2018" class="citation book cs1">Biale, David (19 June 2018). "9. The Sage of Jerusalem". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.12987/9780300235159-010/pdf"><i>Sage of Jerusalem</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">180–</span>199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12987%2F9780300235159-010">10.12987/9780300235159-010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300235159" title="Special:BookSources/9780300235159"><bdi>9780300235159</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246092076">246092076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9.+The+Sage+of+Jerusalem&rft.btitle=Sage+of+Jerusalem&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246092076%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12987%2F9780300235159-010&rft.isbn=9780300235159&rft.aulast=Biale&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.12987%2F9780300235159-010%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Times Literary Supplement, 10 April 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholem1997" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35961417"><i>From a lecture given to the Bavarian Academy of the Arts collected as "My Way to Kabbalh"(1974) in "On the possibility of Jewish mysticism in our time & other essays"</i></a>. Avraham Shapira. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. pp. <span class="nowrap">21–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8276-0579-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8276-0579-X"><bdi>0-8276-0579-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35961417">35961417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+a+lecture+given+to+the+Bavarian+Academy+of+the+Arts+collected+as+%22My+Way+to+Kabbalh%22%281974%29+in+%22On+the+possibility+of+Jewish+mysticism+in+our+time+%26+other+essays%22&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35961417&rft.isbn=0-8276-0579-X&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F35961417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholem1997" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35961417"><i>"My Way To Kabbalah"(1974) collected in "On the possibility of Jewish mysticism in our time & other essays"</i></a>. Avraham Shapira. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8276-0579-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8276-0579-X"><bdi>0-8276-0579-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35961417">35961417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22My+Way+To+Kabbalah%22%281974%29+collected+in+%22On+the+possibility+of+Jewish+mysticism+in+our+time+%26+other+essays%22&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35961417&rft.isbn=0-8276-0579-X&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F35961417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholem1997" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35961417"><i>"Walter Benjamin and His Angel" collected in "On the possibility of Jewish mysticism in our time & other essays"</i></a>. Avraham Shapira (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8276-0579-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8276-0579-X"><bdi>0-8276-0579-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35961417">35961417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Walter+Benjamin+and+His+Angel%22+collected+in+%22On+the+possibility+of+Jewish+mysticism+in+our+time+%26+other+essays%22&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35961417&rft.isbn=0-8276-0579-X&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F35961417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/articles/NNL_ALEPH000291046/NLI">"Gershom Scholem's ten unhistorical aphorisms on Kabbalah : text and commentary | Article NNL_ALEPH000291046 | The National Library of Israel"</a>. <i>www.nli.org.il</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nli.org.il&rft.atitle=Gershom+Scholem%27s+ten+unhistorical+aphorisms+on+Kabbalah+%3A+text+and+commentary+%7C+Article+NNL_ALEPH000291046+%7C+The+National+Library+of+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nli.org.il%2Fen%2Farticles%2FNNL_ALEPH000291046%2FNLI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin, Walter. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.clas.ufl.edu/burt/KafkaKierkegaardBible/BenjaminReflectionsKafka.pdf">Some Reflections on Kafka.</a>" collected ILLUMINATIONS. New York: Schocken, 1968.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner1992" class="citation book cs1">Steiner, George (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26232703"><i>"Introduction" to Franz Kafka's THE TRIAL</i></a>. Willa Muir, Edwin Muir. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-40994-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-40994-7"><bdi>0-679-40994-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26232703">26232703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Introduction%22+to+Franz+Kafka%27s+THE+TRIAL&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26232703&rft.isbn=0-679-40994-7&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F26232703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholem2012" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/709681211"><i>From Berlin to Jerusalem : memories of my youth</i></a>. Philadelphia: Paul Dry Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58988-073-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58988-073-3"><bdi>978-1-58988-073-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/709681211">709681211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Berlin+to+Jerusalem+%3A+memories+of+my+youth&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Paul+Dry+Books&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F709681211&rft.isbn=978-1-58988-073-3&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F709681211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPROCHNIK2018" class="citation book cs1">PROCHNIK, GEORGE (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/992451184"><i>STRANGER IN A STRANGE LAND : searching for gershom scholem and jerusalem</i></a>. [Place of publication not identified]: GRANTA Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78378-180-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78378-180-5"><bdi>978-1-78378-180-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/992451184">992451184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=STRANGER+IN+A+STRANGE+LAND+%3A+searching+for+gershom+scholem+and+jerusalem.&rft.place=%5BPlace+of+publication+not+identified%5D&rft.pub=GRANTA+Books&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F992451184&rft.isbn=978-1-78378-180-5&rft.aulast=PROCHNIK&rft.aufirst=GEORGE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F992451184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonas1987" class="citation journal cs1">Jonas, Hans (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1203313">"The Concept of God after Auschwitz: A Jewish Voice"</a>. <i>The Journal of Religion</i>. <b>67</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F487483">10.1086/487483</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4189">0022-4189</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1203313">1203313</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170911703">170911703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Religion&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+God+after+Auschwitz%3A+A+Jewish+Voice&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0022-4189&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170911703%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1203313%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F487483&rft.aulast=Jonas&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1203313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholem1978" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9346526"><i>"On Eichman" collected in "On Jews and Judaism in crisis : selected essays"</i></a>. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-0588-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8052-0588-8"><bdi>0-8052-0588-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9346526">9346526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22On+Eichman%22+collected+in+%22On+Jews+and+Judaism+in+crisis+%3A+selected+essays%22&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9346526&rft.isbn=0-8052-0588-8&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F9346526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArendt2018" class="citation book cs1">Arendt, Hannah (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/889522925"><i>Joachim Fest Interview collected in "Thinking without a banister : essays in understanding, 1953–1975"</i></a>. Jerome Kohn. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-4215-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-4215-7"><bdi>978-0-8052-4215-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/889522925">889522925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joachim+Fest+Interview+collected+in+%22Thinking+without+a+banister+%3A+essays+in+understanding%2C+1953%E2%80%931975%22&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F889522925&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-4215-7&rft.aulast=Arendt&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F889522925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin1968" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Walter (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12947710"><i>"The Little Hunchback" by Hannah Arendt, published in the anthology of selected Benjamin works "Illuminations"</i></a>. Hannah Arendt, Harry Zohn. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-0241-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8052-0241-2"><bdi>0-8052-0241-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12947710">12947710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Little+Hunchback%22+by+Hannah+Arendt%2C+published+in+the+anthology+of+selected+Benjamin+works+%22Illuminations%22&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12947710&rft.isbn=0-8052-0241-2&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F12947710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAschheim2001" class="citation book cs1">Aschheim, Steven E. (August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uN__U6VdHEgC&q=9"><i>Hannah Arendt in Jerusalem</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22057-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22057-7"><bdi>978-0-520-22057-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hannah+Arendt+in+Jerusalem&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001-08&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22057-7&rft.aulast=Aschheim&rft.aufirst=Steven+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuN__U6VdHEgC%26q%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholem1978" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9346526"><i>"Against the German Jewish Dialogue" and "On Eichmann" collected in "On Jews and Judaism in crisis : selected essays"</i></a>. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-0588-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8052-0588-8"><bdi>0-8052-0588-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9346526">9346526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Against+the+German+Jewish+Dialogue%22+and+%22On+Eichmann%22+collected+in+%22On+Jews+and+Judaism+in+crisis+%3A+selected+essays%22&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9346526&rft.isbn=0-8052-0588-8&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F9346526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArendt2006" class="citation book cs1">Arendt, Hannah (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65198074"><i>Final paragraph of main text in "Eichmann in Jerusalem : a report on the banality of evil"</i></a>. Amos Elon. New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-303988-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-303988-1"><bdi>0-14-303988-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65198074">65198074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+paragraph+of+main+text+in+%22Eichmann+in+Jerusalem+%3A+a+report+on+the+banality+of+evil%22&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65198074&rft.isbn=0-14-303988-1&rft.aulast=Arendt&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F65198074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208115723/http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashyag/Tashkab_Tashyag_Rikuz.htm?DictionaryKey=Tashyah">"Israel Prize recipients in 1958 (in Hebrew)"</a>. Israel Prize Official Site. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashyag/Tashkab_Tashyag_Rikuz.htm?DictionaryKey=Tashyah">the original</a> on 8 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+Prize+recipients+in+1958+%28in+Hebrew%29&rft.pub=Israel+Prize+Official+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcms.education.gov.il%2FEducationCMS%2FUnits%2FPrasIsrael%2FTashyag%2FTashkab_Tashyag_Rikuz.htm%3FDictionaryKey%3DTashyah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YYawards-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YYawards_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617061055/http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/jer_main/TopSiteJeru.asp?newstr=3&src=%2Fjer_sys%2Fpublish%2FHtmlFiles%2F1030%2Fresults_pub_id%3D12594.html&cont=895">"Recipients of Yakir Yerushalayim award (in Hebrew)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/jer_main/TopSiteJeru.asp?newstr=3&src=/jer_sys/publish/HtmlFiles/1030/results_pub_id=12594.html&cont=895">the original</a> on 17 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recipients+of+Yakir+Yerushalayim+award+%28in+Hebrew%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerusalem.muni.il%2Fjer_main%2FTopSiteJeru.asp%3Fnewstr%3D3%26src%3D%2Fjer_sys%2Fpublish%2FHtmlFiles%2F1030%2Fresults_pub_id%3D12594.html%26cont%3D895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span> City of Jerusalem official website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bialik-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bialik_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217143811/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Hebrew/_MultimediaServer/Documents/12516738.pdf">"List of Bialik Prize recipients 1933–2004 (in Hebrew), Tel Aviv Municipality website"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Hebrew/_MultimediaServer/Documents/12516738.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Bialik+Prize+recipients+1933%E2%80%932004+%28in+Hebrew%29%2C+Tel+Aviv+Municipality+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tel-aviv.gov.il%2FHebrew%2F_MultimediaServer%2FDocuments%2F12516738.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gourevitch, Philip, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2hIVwWOa4sUC&pg=RA1-PA156&lpg">"Interview with Jorge Luis Borges (July 1966)"</a>, in <i>The Paris review: Interviews, Volume 1</i>, Macmillan, 2006. Cf. p.156. Also see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_Christ1967" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ronald Christ (Winter–Spring 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4331/the-art-of-fiction-no-39-jorge-luis-borges">"Jorge Luis Borges, The Art of Fiction No. 39"</a>. <i>Paris Review</i>. Winter-Spring 1967 (40).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paris+Review&rft.atitle=Jorge+Luis+Borges%2C+The+Art+of+Fiction+No.+39&rft.chron=winter%E2%80%93spring&rft.volume=Winter-Spring+1967&rft.issue=40&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Ronald+Christ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F4331%2Fthe-art-of-fiction-no-39-jorge-luis-borges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Idel, Moshe, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/modern_judaism/v026/26.2idel.html">"White Letters: From R. Levi Isaac of Berditchev's Views to Postmodern Hermeneutics"</a>, <i>Modern Judaism</i>, Volume 26, Number 2, May 2006, pp. 169–192. Oxford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamine2008" class="citation news cs1">Kamine, Mark (29 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/29/books/review/Kamine-t.html">"Chasing His Bliss"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Chasing+His+Bliss&rft.date=2008-06-29&rft.aulast=Kamine&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F06%2F29%2Fbooks%2Freview%2FKamine-t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoll1989" class="citation journal cs1">Soll, Will (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40059404">"Chaim Potok's "Book of Lights": Reappropriating Kabbalah in the Nuclear Age"</a>. <i>Religion & Literature</i>. <b>21</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">111–</span>135. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0888-3769">0888-3769</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40059404">40059404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+%26+Literature&rft.atitle=Chaim+Potok%27s+%22Book+of+Lights%22%3A+Reappropriating+Kabbalah+in+the+Nuclear+Age&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E135&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40059404%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0888-3769&rft.aulast=Soll&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40059404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gershom_Scholem&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Avriel Bar-Levav, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25914586/On_the_Absence_of_a_Book_from_a_Library_Gershom_Scholem_and_the_Shulhan_Arukh._Zutot_Perspectives_on_Jewish_Culture_6_2009_71-73">On the Absence of a Book from a Library: Gershom Scholem and the Shulhan Arukh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420110246/https://www.academia.edu/25914586/On_the_Absence_of_a_Book_from_a_Library_Gershom_Scholem_and_the_Shulhan_Arukh._Zutot_Perspectives_on_Jewish_Culture_6_2009_71-73">Archived</a> 20 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Zutot: Perspectives on Jewish Culture 6 (2009): 71–73</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Biale" title="David Biale">Biale, David</a>. <i>Gershom Scholem: Kabbalah and Counter-History</i>, second ed., 1982.</li> <li>Bloom, Harold, ed. <i>Gershom Scholem</i>, 1987.</li> <li>Campanini, Saverio, <i>A Case for Sainte-Beuve. Some Remarks on Gershom Scholem's Autobiography</i>, in P. Schäfer – R. Elior (edd.), <i>Creation and Re-Creation in Jewish Thought</i>. Festschrift in Honor of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dan" title="Joseph Dan">Joseph Dan</a> on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday, Tübingen 2005, pp. 363–400.</li> <li>Campanini, Saverio, <i>Some Notes on Gershom Scholem and Christian Kabbalah</i>, in Joseph Dan (ed.), <i>Gershom Scholem in Memoriam</i>, Jerusalem Studies in Jewish Thought, 21 (2007), pp. 13–33.</li> <li>Engel, Amir, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/G/bo25126030.html">Gershom Scholem: An Intellectual Biography</a>, University of Chicago Press, 2017.</li> <li>Geller, Jay Howard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9781501731563/the-scholems/">The Scholems: A Story of the German-Jewish Bourgeoisie from Emancipation to Destruction</a>, Cornell University Press, 2019.</li> <li>Jacobson, Eric, <i>Metaphysics of the Profane – The Political Theology of Walter Benjamin and Gershom Scholem</i>, (Columbia University Press, NY, 2003).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolzer-Kawalko2022" class="citation journal cs1">Holzer-Kawalko, Anna (1 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/naha-2022-0007/html">"Eastern European Perspectives on the Restitution of Nazi-Looted Jewish Cultural Property: Gershom Scholem in Prague, 1946"</a>. <i>Naharaim</i>. <b>16</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">229–</span>256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fnaha-2022-0007">10.1515/naha-2022-0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1862-9156">1862-9156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naharaim&rft.atitle=Eastern+European+Perspectives+on+the+Restitution+of+Nazi-Looted+Jewish+Cultural+Property%3A+Gershom+Scholem+in+Prague%2C+1946&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.date=2022-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fnaha-2022-0007&rft.issn=1862-9156&rft.aulast=Holzer-Kawalko&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fnaha-2022-0007%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeshem2020" class="citation web cs1">Leshem, Zvi (6 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.nli.org.il/en/scholem_wolfson/">"Religious Anarchist and Unobservant Orthodox: On Gershom Scholem, Harry A. Wolfson and Agnostic Sermons"</a>. <i>The Librarians</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Librarians&rft.atitle=Religious+Anarchist+and+Unobservant+Orthodox%3A+On+Gershom+Scholem%2C+Harry+A.+Wolfson+and+Agnostic+Sermons&rft.date=2020-12-06&rft.aulast=Leshem&rft.aufirst=Zvi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.nli.org.il%2Fen%2Fscholem_wolfson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGershom+Scholem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lucca, Enrico, <i>Between History and Philosophy of History. Comments on an unpublished Document by Gershom Scholem</i>, in "Naharaim", v, 1–2 (2011), pp. 8–16.</li> <li>Lucca, Enrico, <i>Gershom Scholem on Franz Rosenzweig and the Kabbalah. Introduction to the Text</i>, in "Naharaim", vi, 1 (2012), pp. 7–19.</li> <li>Mirsky, Yehudah, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishideasdaily.com/content/module/2012/5/8/main-feature/1/gershom-scholem-30-years-on">Gershom Scholem, 30 Years On</a>", (Jewish Ideas Daily, 2012).</li> <li>Heller Wilensky, Sarah, See the letters from Joseph Weiss to Sarah Heller Wilensky in "Joseph Weiss, Letters to Ora" in A. Raoport-Albert (Ed.) Hasidism reappraised. London: Littman Press, 1977.</li> <li>Robinson, G. <i>Essential Judaism</i>, Pocket Books, 2000.</li> <li>Zadoff, Noam, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brandeis.edu/tauber/publications/books/zadoff-scholem.html/">Gershom Scholem: From Berlin to Jerusalem and Back</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321021544/https://www.brandeis.edu/tauber/publications/books/zadoff-scholem.html">Archived</a> 21 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Brandeis University Press, 2017.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gershom_Scholem&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/scholem.html">Biography at the Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/gershom-scholem-the-study-of-mysticism/">Gershom Scholem & the Study of Mysticism</a>", MyJewishLearning.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/t/o/tob/503/schol.html">Biographical page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221129071054/http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/t/o/tob/503/schol.html">Archived</a> 29 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> created by Sharon Naveh</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://traditiononline.org/orthodoxy-and-the-scholem-moment/">Orthodoxy and the Scholem Moment</a>, by Zvi Leshem</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138850#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3850" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138850#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118610295">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50002841">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11924110t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11924110t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00455708">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Scholem, Gershom"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV023468">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35482295">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000604943&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1149028">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/110417">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070036357">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90229427">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000161368&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000221631&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201948754">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz1xhm521d657n">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810663811505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/100918">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007267888605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519897206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14253831">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00485577?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/cad0869b-d86c-453a-ba43-3a018884f5b5">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/?we_objectID=50163">ADK</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118610295">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/227475">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118610295.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118610295">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027128016">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6417148">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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