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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greek_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greek_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancient Greek origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greek_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-stigmḕ_teleía,_stigmḕ_mésē_and_hypostigmḕ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#stigmḕ_teleía,_stigmḕ_mésē_and_hypostigmḕ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span><i>stigmḕ teleía</i>, <i>stigmḕ mésē</i> and <i>hypostigmḕ</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-stigmḕ_teleía,_stigmḕ_mésē_and_hypostigmḕ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_simplification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_simplification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Medieval simplification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_simplification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Latin_to_Modern_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Latin_to_Modern_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Medieval Latin to Modern English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Latin_to_Modern_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ending_sentences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ending_sentences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ending sentences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ending_sentences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbreviations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbreviations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Abbreviations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbreviations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Initials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbreviations_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbreviations_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Abbreviations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbreviations_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acronyms_and_initialisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acronyms_and_initialisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Acronyms and initialisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acronyms_and_initialisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decimal_or_thousands_separator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decimal_or_thousands_separator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Decimal or thousands separator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decimal_or_thousands_separator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiplication_sign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiplication_sign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Multiplication sign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiplication_sign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ordinal_dot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordinal_dot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ordinal dot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordinal_dot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multilevel_numbered_headings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multilevel_numbered_headings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Multilevel numbered headings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multilevel_numbered_headings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Logic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telegraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telegraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Telegraphy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telegraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_conversation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_conversation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>In conversation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_conversation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonetic_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetic_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Phonetic alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetic_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punctuation_styles_when_quoting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuation_styles_when_quoting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Punctuation styles when quoting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punctuation_styles_when_quoting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacing_after_a_full_stop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacing_after_a_full_stop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Spacing after a full stop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacing_after_a_full_stop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full_stops_in_other_scripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_stops_in_other_scripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Full stops in other scripts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Full_stops_in_other_scripts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Full stops in other scripts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Full_stops_in_other_scripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Armenian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_and_Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_and_Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Chinese and Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_and_Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Korean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brahmic_scripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brahmic_scripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Brahmic scripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brahmic_scripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nagari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nagari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Nagari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nagari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sinhalese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinhalese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>Sinhalese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinhalese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.3</span> <span>Southeast Asian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.4</span> <span>Tibetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shahmukhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shahmukhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Shahmukhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shahmukhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ge'ez" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ge'ez"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Ge'ez</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ge'ez-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_text_messages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_text_messages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In text messages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_text_messages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Full stop</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt" title="Punt – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Punt" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نقطة النهاية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقطة النهاية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto" title="Punto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Punto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A7%D5%BF" title="Վերջակէտ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վերջակէտ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6qt%C9%99" title="Nöqtə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nöqtə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AA" title="ফুল স্টপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফুল স্টপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chat-ti%C3%A1m" title="Chat-tiám – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chat-tiám" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D3%A9%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99_(%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B5)" title="Нөктә (тыныш билдәһе) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нөктә (тыныш билдәһе)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83)" title="Кропка (знак прыпынку) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кропка (знак прыпынку)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA)" title="Точка (препинателен знак) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Точка (препинателен знак)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt_(signe)" title="Punt (signe) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Punt (signe)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%83%D0%BD%D1%87%C4%83_(%C3%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8)" title="Пăнчă (çырулăх палли) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пăнчă (çырулăх палли)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C4%8Dka" title="Tečka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tečka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atalnod_llawn" title="Atalnod llawn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Atalnod llawn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punktum" title="Punktum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Punktum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punkt_(Satzzeichen)" title="Punkt (Satzzeichen) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Punkt (Satzzeichen)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punkt_(kirjavahem%C3%A4rk)" title="Punkt (kirjavahemärk) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Punkt (kirjavahemärk)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τελεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τελεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_(puntuaci%C3%B3n)" title="Punto (puntuación) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Punto (puntuación)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punkto_(interpunkcio)" title="Punkto (interpunkcio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Punkto (interpunkcio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntu_(puntuazioa)" title="Puntu (puntuazioa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Puntu (puntuazioa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87_(%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4)" title="نقطه (نگارش) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقطه (نگارش)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(signe)" title="Point (signe) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Point (signe)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt_(teken)" title="Punt (teken) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Punt (teken)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1nstad" title="Lánstad – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lánstad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stad-phuing" title="Stad-phuing – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Stad-phuing" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_(puntuaci%C3%B3n)" title="Punto (puntuación) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Punto (puntuación)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A3_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE" title="પૂર્ણ વિરામ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પૂર્ણ વિરામ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Цег – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Цег" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%B9%A8%ED%91%9C" title="마침표 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마침표" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Վերջակետ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վերջակետ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="पूर्ण विराम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पूर्ण विराम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C4%8Dka_(pravopis)" title="Točka (pravopis) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Točka (pravopis)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto" title="Punto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Punto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanda_titik" title="Tanda titik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tanda titik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isingxi" title="Isingxi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Isingxi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punktur" title="Punktur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Punktur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_fermo" title="Punto fermo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Punto fermo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94_(%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A7)" title="נקודה (פיסוק) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נקודה (פיסוק)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecek" title="Cecek – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Cecek" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5_(%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96)" title="Нүкте (тыныс белгісі) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нүкте (тыныс белгісі)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Чекит – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чекит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punkts_(pieturz%C4%ABme)" title="Punkts (pieturzīme) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Punkts (pieturzīme)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%A1kas_(skyrybos_%C5%BEenklas)" title="Taškas (skyrybos ženklas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Taškas (skyrybos ženklas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_(%C3%ADr%C3%A1sjel)" title="Pont (írásjel) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pont (írásjel)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Точка (интерпункција) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Точка (интерпункција)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teboka" title="Teboka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Teboka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="പൂർണവിരാമം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൂർണവിരാമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%87" title="نقطه نهايه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نقطه نهايه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titik" title="Titik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Titik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tliltetl" title="Tliltetl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tliltetl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt_(teken)" title="Punt (teken) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Punt (teken)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="पूर्ण विराम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पूर्ण विराम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82)" title="त्या (भाय्‌लचं) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="त्या (भाय्‌लचं)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%82%E6%AD%A2%E7%AC%A6" title="終止符 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="終止符" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punktum" title="Punktum – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Punktum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punktum" title="Punktum – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Punktum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt_(signe)" title="Punt (signe) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Punt (signe)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9B%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A6" title="ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣଚ୍ଛେଦ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣଚ୍ଛେଦ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuqta" title="Nuqta – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nuqta" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kropka" title="Kropka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kropka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponto_final" title="Ponto final – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ponto final" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Точка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Точка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Точка (знак препинания) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Точка (знак препинания)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_stap" title="Full stap – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Full stap" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pika_(gjeometri)" title="Pika (gjeometri) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pika (gjeometri)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntu_(signu_gr%C3%A0ficu)" title="Puntu (signu gràficu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Puntu (signu gràficu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_(punctuation)" title="Period (punctuation) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Period (punctuation)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BD%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="فل اسٽاپ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فل اسٽاپ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodka_(interpunk%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_znamienko)" title="Bodka (interpunkčné znamienko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bodka (interpunkčné znamienko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pika" title="Pika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA)" title="Тачка (знак) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тачка (знак)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C4%8Dka_(znak)" title="Tačka (znak) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tačka (znak)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titik" title="Titik – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Titik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piste_(v%C3%A4limerkki)" title="Piste (välimerkki) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Piste (välimerkki)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punkt_(tecken)" title="Punkt (tecken) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Punkt (tecken)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF" title="முற்றுப்புள்ளி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முற்றுப்புள்ளி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81" title="విరామ బిందువు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విరామ బిందువు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" title="มหัพภาค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหัพภาค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokta" title="Nokta – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nokta" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Крапка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крапка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%81" title="ختمہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ختمہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the punctuation mark. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Full_stop_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Full stop (disambiguation)">Full stop (disambiguation)</a>. For other uses of the term "period", see <a href="/wiki/Period_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Period (disambiguation)">Period (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="max-width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ebebeb; font-size:750%; line-height:1.2; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;">.</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-size:125%; background:#ebebeb; font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">Full stop</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Period</td></tr><tr style="float:left;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+002E</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">.</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FULL STOP</span><br />HTML <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&period;</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>full stop</b> (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth English">Commonwealth English</a>), <b>period</b> (<a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a>), or <b>full point</b> <b><span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">.</span></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> mark used for several purposes, most often to mark the end of a <a href="/wiki/Declarative_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Declarative sentence">declarative sentence</a> (as distinguished from a <a href="/wiki/Question" title="Question">question</a> or exclamation).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A full stop is frequently used at the end of word <a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">abbreviations</a>—in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British usage</a>, primarily truncations like <i>Rev.</i>, but not after <a href="/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" title="Contraction (grammar)">contractions</a> like <i><a href="/wiki/Revd" class="mw-redirect" title="Revd">Revd</a></i>; in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, it is used in both cases. It may be placed after an initial letter used to abbreviate a word. It is often placed after each individual letter in <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronyms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Initialism">initialisms</a> (e.g. "U.S."). However, the use of full stops after letters in an initialism or acronym is declining, and many of these without punctuation have become accepted norms (e.g., "UK" and "NATO").<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mark is also used to indicate omitted characters or, in a series as an <a href="/wiki/Ellipsis" title="Ellipsis">ellipsis</a> (<span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">...</span> or <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">…</span>), to indicate omitted words. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a>, a punctuation mark identical to the full stop is used as the <a href="/wiki/Decimal_separator" title="Decimal separator">decimal separator</a> and for other purposes, and may be called a <b>point</b>. In computing, it is called a <b>dot</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williamson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is sometimes called a <b><a href="/wiki/Baseline_(typography)" title="Baseline (typography)">baseline</a> dot</b> to distinguish it from the <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a> (or middle dot).<sup id="cite_ref-Williamson_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greek_origin">Ancient Greek origin</h3></div> <p>The full stop symbol derives from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_punctuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek punctuation">Greek punctuation</a> introduced by <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes_of_Byzantium" title="Aristophanes of Byzantium">Aristophanes of Byzantium</a> in the 3rd century <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>. In his system, there were a series of dots whose placement determined their meaning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="stigmḕ_teleía,_stigmḕ_mésē_and_hypostigmḕ"><span id="stigm.E1.B8.95_tele.C3.ADa.2C_stigm.E1.B8.95_m.C3.A9s.C4.93_and_hypostigm.E1.B8.95"></span><i>stigmḕ teleía</i>, <i>stigmḕ mésē</i> and <i>hypostigmḕ</i></h4></div> <p>The full stop at the end of a completed thought or expression was marked by a high dot ⟨˙⟩, called the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">stigmḕ teleía</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">στιγμὴ τελεία</span></span>) or "terminal dot". The "middle dot" ⟨·⟩, the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">stigmḕ mésē</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">στιγμὴ μέση</span></span>), marked a division in a thought occasioning a longer breath (essentially a <a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolon</a>), while the low dot ⟨.⟩, called the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">hypostigmḕ</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὑποστιγμή</span></span>) or "underdot", marked a division in a thought occasioning a shorter breath (essentially a <a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholas_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholas-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_simplification">Medieval simplification</h3></div> <p>In practice, scribes mostly employed the terminal dot; the others fell out of use and were later replaced by other symbols. From the 9th century onwards, the full stop began appearing as a low mark (instead of a high one), and by the time <a href="/wiki/Printing#History" title="Printing">printing</a> began in Western Europe, the lower dot was regular and then universal.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholas_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholas-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Latin_to_Modern_English">Medieval Latin to Modern English</h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Medieval_Latin_and_modern_English_period"></span> The name <i>period</i> is first attested (as the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Latin</a> loanword <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">peridos</i></span>) in <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_of_Eynsham" title="Ælfric of Eynsham">Ælfric of Eynsham</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> treatment on grammar. There, it was distinguished from the full stop (the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">distinctio</i></span>), and continued the Greek underdot's earlier function as a comma between phrases.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It shifted its meaning, to a dot marking a full stop, in the works of the 16th-century grammarians.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 19th-century texts, <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> both frequently used the terms <i>period</i> and <i>full stop</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-puncpoints_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-puncpoints-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>period</i> was used as a name for what printers often called the "full point", the punctuation mark that was a dot on the baseline and used in several situations. The phrase <i>full stop</i> was only used to refer to the punctuation mark when it was used to terminate a sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-puncpoints_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-puncpoints-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This terminological distinction seems to be eroding. For example, the 1998 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Fowler%27s_Modern_English_Usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fowler's Modern English Usage">Fowler's Modern English Usage</a></i> used <i>full point</i> for the mark used after an abbreviation, but <i>full stop</i> or <i>full point</i> when it was employed at the end of a sentence;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 2015 edition, however, treats them as synonymous (and prefers <i>full stop</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/New_Hart%27s_Rules" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hart's Rules">New Hart's Rules</a></i> does likewise (but prefers <i>full point</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last edition (1989) of the original <i>Hart's Rules</i> (before it became <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Guide_to_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Guide to Style">The Oxford Guide to Style</a></i> in 2002) exclusively used <i>full point</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2></div> <p>Full stops are the most commonly used punctuation marks; analysis of texts indicate that approximately half of all punctuation marks used are full stops.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ending_sentences">Ending sentences</h3></div> <p>Full stops indicate the end of sentences that are not questions or exclamations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbreviations">Abbreviations</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initials">Initials</h4></div> <p>It is usual in North American English to use full stops after initials; e.g. <a href="/wiki/A._A._Milne" title="A. A. Milne">A. A. Milne</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Barden_2007_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barden_2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blakesley-Hoogeveen_2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blakesley-Hoogeveen_2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British usage is less strict.<sup id="cite_ref-SCS_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few style guides discourage full stops after initials.<sup id="cite_ref-ELJ_2014_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELJ_2014-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ThirdText_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThirdText-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is a general trend and initiatives to spell out names in full instead of abbreviating them in order to avoid ambiguity.<sup id="cite_ref-Knuth_2016_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knuth_2016-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dunne_2015_1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunne_2015_1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dunne_2015_2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunne_2015_2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abbreviations_2">Abbreviations</h4></div> <p>A full stop is used after some <a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">abbreviations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the abbreviation ends a declaratory sentence there is no additional period immediately following the full stop that ends the abbreviation (e.g. "My name is Gabriel Gama Jr."). Though two full stops (one for the abbreviation, one for the sentence ending) might be expected, conventionally only one is written. This is an intentional omission, and thus not <a href="/wiki/Haplography" title="Haplography">haplography</a>, which is unintentional omission of a duplicate. In the case of an interrogative or exclamatory sentence ending with an abbreviation, a question or exclamation mark can still be added (e.g. "Are you Gabriel Gama Jr.?").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Abbreviation#Periods_(full_stops)_and_spaces" title="Abbreviation">Abbreviation § Periods (full stops) and spaces</a></div> <p>According to the <i>Oxford A–Z of Grammar and Punctuation</i>, "If the abbreviation includes both the first and last letter of the abbreviated word, as in 'Mister' ['Mr'] and 'Doctor' ['Dr'], a full stop is not used."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This is a tiny pocket-book summary, and the UK edition is directly contradicted by the Canadian one in various places, on points that are not even a matter of national style. This ref needs to be replaced with ''New Hart's Rules'' 2014 or the 2016 combined ''New Oxford Style Manual''. (February 2016)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-OxfordD_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxfordD-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This does not include, for example, the standard abbreviations for titles such as <i>Professor</i> ("Prof.") or <i>Reverend</i> ("Rev."), because they do not end with the last letter of the word they are abbreviating. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, the common convention is to include the period after all such abbreviations.<sup id="cite_ref-OxfordD_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxfordD-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acronyms_and_initialisms">Acronyms and initialisms</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronyms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Initialism">initialisms</a>, the modern style is generally to not use full points after each initial (e.g.: <i>DNA</i>, <i>UK</i>, <i>USSR</i>). The punctuation is somewhat more often used in American English, most commonly with <i>U.S.</i> and <i>U.S.A.</i> in particular, depending upon the house style of a particular writer or publisher.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As some examples from American style guides, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a></i> (primarily for book and academic-journal publishing) deprecates the use of full points in acronyms, including <i>U.S.</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <i><a href="/wiki/The_Associated_Press_Stylebook" class="mw-redirect" title="The Associated Press Stylebook">The Associated Press Stylebook</a></i> (primarily for journalism) dispenses with full points in acronyms except for certain two-letter cases, including <i>U.S.</i>, <i>U.K.</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">U.N.</a></i>, but not <i><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decimal_or_thousands_separator">Decimal or thousands separator</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Full_stop" title="Special:EditPage/Full stop">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The period <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyph</a> is used in the presentation of numbers, either as a <a href="/wiki/Decimal_separator" title="Decimal separator">decimal separator</a> or as a <a href="/wiki/Thousands_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Thousands separator">thousands separator</a>. </p><p>In the more prevalent usage in English-speaking countries, as well as in South Asia and East Asia, the point represents a decimal separator, visually dividing whole numbers from fractional (decimal) parts. The comma is then used to separate the whole-number parts into groups of three digits each, when numbers are sufficiently large. </p> <ul><li>1.007 (one and seven thousandths)</li> <li>1,002.007 (one thousand two and seven thousandths)</li> <li>1,002,003.007 (one million two thousand three and seven thousandths)</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cologne_Germany_Max-Load-Sign-at-Harbour-Crane-34-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cologne_Germany_Max-Load-Sign-at-Harbour-Crane-34-01.jpg/200px-Cologne_Germany_Max-Load-Sign-at-Harbour-Crane-34-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cologne_Germany_Max-Load-Sign-at-Harbour-Crane-34-01.jpg/300px-Cologne_Germany_Max-Load-Sign-at-Harbour-Crane-34-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cologne_Germany_Max-Load-Sign-at-Harbour-Crane-34-01.jpg/400px-Cologne_Germany_Max-Load-Sign-at-Harbour-Crane-34-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3849" data-file-height="2566" /></a><figcaption>A point used as a thousands separator on a sign in Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>The more prevalent usage in much of Europe, southern Africa, and Latin America (with the exception of Mexico due to the influence of the United States), reverses the roles of the comma and point, but sometimes substitutes a (<a href="/wiki/Thinspace" class="mw-redirect" title="Thinspace">thin</a>-)space for a point. </p> <ul><li>1,007 (one and seven thousandths)</li> <li>1.002,007 or 1 002,007 (one thousand two and seven thousandths)</li> <li>1.002.003,007 or 1 002 003,007 (one million two thousand three and seven thousandths)</li></ul> <p>(To avoid problems with spaces, another convention sometimes used is to use <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> signs (') instead of spaces.) </p><p><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> follow the <a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Indian numbering system</a>, which utilizes commas and decimals much like the aforementioned system popular in most English-speaking countries, but separates values of one hundred thousand and above differently, into divisions of <i>lakh</i> and <i>crore</i>: </p> <ul><li>1.007 (one and seven thousandths)</li> <li>1,002.007 (one thousand two and seven thousandths)</li> <li>10,02,003.007 (one million two thousand three and seven thousandths, or ten <i>lakh</i> two thousand three and seven thousandths)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiplication_sign">Multiplication sign</h3></div> <p>In countries that use the comma as a decimal separator, the point is sometimes found as a <a href="/wiki/Multiplication" title="Multiplication">multiplication</a> sign; for example, 5,2 . 2 = 10,4; this usage is impractical in cases where the point is used as a decimal separator, hence the use of the <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a>: 5.2 · 2 = 10.4. The interpunct is also used when multiplying units in science – for example, 50 km/h could be written as 50 km·h<sup>−1</sup> – and to indicate a <a href="/wiki/Dot_product" title="Dot product">dot product</a>, i.e. the scalar product of two vectors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ordinal_dot">Ordinal dot</h3></div> <p>In many languages, an ordinal dot is used as the <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_indicator" title="Ordinal indicator">ordinal indicator</a>. This apply mostly in Central and Northern Europe: in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, several Slavic languages (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>), <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, and also in <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>. </p><p>The Serbian standard of Serbo-Croatian (unlike the Croatian and Bosnian standards) uses the dot in role of the ordinal indicator only past Arabic numerals, while Roman numerals are used without a dot. In <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, the period can be omitted if there is no ambiguity whether a given numeral is ordinal or cardinal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multilevel_numbered_headings">Multilevel numbered headings</h3></div> <p>In modern texts, multilevel numbered headings are widely used. E.g. number 2.3.1.5 is a 4th level heading within the chapter 2. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logic">Logic</h3></div> <p>In older literature on <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">mathematical logic</a>, the period glyph used to indicate how expressions should be bracketed (see <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Principia_Mathematica" title="Glossary of Principia Mathematica">Glossary of <i>Principia Mathematica</i></a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computing">Computing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dot (character)" redirects here. For the fictional character, see <a href="/wiki/Yakko,_Wakko,_and_Dot" title="Yakko, Wakko, and Dot">Yakko, Wakko, and Dot</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Full_stop" title="Special:EditPage/Full stop">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, the full point, usually called a <i>dot</i> in this context, is often used as a <a href="/wiki/Delimiter" title="Delimiter">delimiter</a>, such as in <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a> lookups, Web addresses, <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">file</a> names and software release versions: </p> <ul><li>www<b>.</b>wikipedia<b>.</b>org</li> <li>document<b>.</b>txt</li> <li>192<b>.</b>168<b>.</b>0<b>.</b>1</li> <li>Chrome 92<b>.</b>0<b>.</b>4515<b>.</b>130</li></ul> <p>It is used in many <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> as an important part of the syntax. <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> uses it as a means of accessing a member of a <a href="/wiki/Struct_(C_programming_language)" title="Struct (C programming language)">struct</a>, and this syntax was inherited by <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> as a means of accessing a member of a <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">class</a> or <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">object</a>. <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> also follow this convention. <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> uses it both as a means of accessing a member of a record set (the equivalent of struct in C), a member of an object, and after the <i>end</i> construct that defines the body of the program. In <a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a> it is also used for generalised <a href="/wiki/Inner_product_space" title="Inner product space">inner product</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outer_product" title="Outer product">outer product</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>, it marks the end of a statement ("sentence"). In a <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expression</a>, it represents a match of any character. In <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> and <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, the dot is the <a href="/wiki/String_concatenation" class="mw-redirect" title="String concatenation">string concatenation</a> operator. In the <a href="/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell</a> standard library, it is the <a href="/wiki/Function_composition" title="Function composition">function composition</a> operator. In <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> a full stop ends a statement. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a>, the dot is commonly used to separate the <a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">extension</a> of a file name from the name of the file. <a href="/wiki/RISC_OS" title="RISC OS">RISC OS</a> uses dots to separate levels of the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_file_system" title="Hierarchical file system">hierarchical file system</a> when writing path names—similar to <code>/</code> (forward-slash) in <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>-based systems and <code>\</code> (back-slash) in <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>-based systems and the <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> systems that succeeded them. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> operating systems, some applications treat files or directories that start with a dot as <a href="/wiki/Hidden_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidden file">hidden</a>. This means that they are not displayed or listed to the user by default. </p><p>In Unix-like systems and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, the dot character represents the <a href="/wiki/Working_directory" title="Working directory">working directory</a> of the file system. Two dots (<code>..</code>) represent the <a href="/wiki/Parent_directory" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent directory">parent directory</a> of the working directory. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bourne_shell" title="Bourne shell">Bourne shell</a>-derived command-line interpreters, such as <kbd>sh</kbd>, <kbd><a href="/wiki/KornShell" title="KornShell">ksh</a></kbd>, and <kbd><a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">bash</a></kbd>, use the dot as a command to <a href="/wiki/Source_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Source (command)">read a file and execute its content in the running interpreter</a>. (Some of these also offer <i>source</i> as a synonym, based on that usage in the C-shell.) </p><p>Versions of software are often denoted with the style <i>x<b>.</b>y<b>.</b>z</i> (or more), where <i>x</i> is a major release, <i>y</i> is a mid-cycle enhancement release and <i>z</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Patch_(computing)" title="Patch (computing)">patch</a> level designation, but actual usage is entirely vendor specific. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</h3></div> <p>The term <i>STOP</i> was used in <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">telegrams</a> in the United States in place of the full stop. The end of a sentence would be marked by <i>STOP</i>; its use "in telegraphic communications was greatly increased during the World War, when the Government employed it widely as a precaution against having messages garbled or misunderstood, as a result of the misplacement or emission [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] of the tiny dot or period."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_conversation">In conversation</h3></div> <p>In British English, the words "full stop" at the end of an utterance strengthen it; they indicate that it admits of no discussion: "I'm not going with you, full stop." In American English, the word "period" serves this function. </p><p>Another common use in <a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a> is found in the phrase "And that's on period", which is used to express the strength of the speaker's previous statement, usually to emphasise an opinion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonetic_alphabet">Phonetic alphabet</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> uses the full stop to signify a syllable break. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time">Time</h3></div> <p>In British English, whether for the <a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a> or sometimes its <a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour counterpart</a>, the dot is commonly used and some style guides recommend it when telling time, including those from non-<a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> public broadcasters in the UK, the academic manual published by <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> under various titles,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the internal <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">house style</a> book for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American and Canadian English mostly prefers and uses colons (:) (i.e., 11:15 PM/pm/p.m. or 23:15 for AmE/CanE and 11.15 pm or 23.15 for BrE),<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so does the BBC, but only with 24-hour times, according to its news style guide as updated in August 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The point as a time separator is also used in Irish English, particularly by the <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Raidi%C3%B3_Teilif%C3%ADs_%C3%89ireann" class="mw-redirect" title="Raidió Teilifís Éireann">Raidió Teilifís Éireann</a></span></span> (RTÉ), and to a lesser extent in Australian, Cypriot, Maltese, New Zealand, South African and other Commonwealth English varieties outside Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Punctuation_styles_when_quoting">Punctuation styles when quoting</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quotation_marks_in_English#Order_of_punctuation" title="Quotation marks in English">Quotation marks in English § Order of punctuation</a></div> <p>The practice in the United States and Canada is to place full stops and commas inside quotation marks in most styles.<sup id="cite_ref-APA_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the British system, which is also called "logical quotation",<sup id="cite_ref-JISS_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JISS-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> full stops and commas are placed according to grammatical sense:<sup id="cite_ref-APA_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that when they are part of the quoted material, they should be placed inside, and otherwise should be outside. For example, they are placed outside in the cases of words-as-words, titles of short-form works, and quoted sentence fragments. </p> <ul><li>Bruce Springsteen, nicknamed "the Boss," performed "American Skin." (closed or American style)</li> <li>Bruce Springsteen, nicknamed "the Boss", performed "American Skin". (logical or British style)</li> <li>He said, "I love music." (both)</li></ul> <p>There is some national crossover. The American style is common in British fiction writing.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British style is sometimes used in American English. For example, <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> recommends it for fields where comma placement could affect the meaning of the quoted material, such as linguistics and textual criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of placement according to logical or grammatical sense, or "logical convention", now the more common practice in regions other than North America,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was advocated in the influential book <i><a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_English" title="The King's English">The King's English</a></i> by Fowler and Fowler, published in 1906. Prior to the influence of this work, the typesetter's or printer's style, or "closed convention", now also called American style, was common throughout the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spacing_after_a_full_stop">Spacing after a full stop</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sentence_spacing" title="Sentence spacing">Sentence spacing</a></div> <p>There have been a number of practices relating to the spacing after a full stop. Some examples are listed below: </p> <ul><li>One <a href="/wiki/Word_spacing" title="Word spacing">word space</a> ("<a href="/wiki/French_spacing" class="mw-redirect" title="French spacing">French spacing</a>"). This is the current convention in most countries that use the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a> for published and final written work, as well as digital media.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manjoo_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manjoo-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Two word spaces ("<a href="/wiki/English_spacing" class="mw-redirect" title="English spacing">English spacing</a>"). It is sometimes claimed that the two-space convention stems from the use of the <a href="/wiki/Monospaced_font" title="Monospaced font">monospaced font</a> on <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriters</a>, but in fact that convention replicates much earlier typography—the intent was to provide a clear break between sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This spacing method was gradually replaced by the single space convention in published print, where space is at a premium, and continues in much digital media.<sup id="cite_ref-Manjoo_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manjoo-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>One widened space (such as an <a href="/wiki/Em_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Em space">em space</a>). This spacing was seen in <a href="/wiki/History_of_sentence_spacing" title="History of sentence spacing">historical</a> typesetting practices (until the early 20th century).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been used in other typesetting systems such as the <a href="/wiki/Linotype_machine" title="Linotype machine">Linotype machine</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern computer-based digital fonts can adjust the spacing after terminal punctuation as well, creating a space slightly wider than a standard word space.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Teleia"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Full_stops_in_other_scripts">Full stops in other scripts</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek">Greek</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minuscule_1424,_f._317_r._1_Tim_3,16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Minuscule_1424%2C_f._317_r._1_Tim_3%2C16.jpg/300px-Minuscule_1424%2C_f._317_r._1_Tim_3%2C16.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Minuscule_1424%2C_f._317_r._1_Tim_3%2C16.jpg/450px-Minuscule_1424%2C_f._317_r._1_Tim_3%2C16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Minuscule_1424%2C_f._317_r._1_Tim_3%2C16.jpg/600px-Minuscule_1424%2C_f._317_r._1_Tim_3%2C16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> manuscript with high dots as full stops</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the present Greek full stop (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">τελεία</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">teleía</i></span>) is <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a> as a Latin full stop<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and encoded identically with the full stop in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholas_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholas-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the historic full stop in Greek was a <i>high</i> dot and the <i>low</i> dot functioned as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Greek_comma" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek comma">comma</a>, <a href="#History">as noted above</a>. The low dot was increasingly but irregularly used to mark full stops after the 9th century and was fully adapted after the advent of print.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholas_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholas-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The teleia should also be distinguished from the <a href="/wiki/Ano_teleia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ano teleia">ano teleia</a>, which is named "<i>high</i> stop" but looks like an <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a>, and principally functions as the Greek <a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian">Armenian</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian script</a> uses the ։ (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">վերջակետ</span></span>, <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">verdjaket</i></span>). It looks similar to the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a> (:). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_and_Japanese">Chinese and Japanese</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Punctuation</a> used with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> (and in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_input_method" title="Japanese input method">Japanese</a>) often includes <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+3002</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">。</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP</span>, a small circle used as a full stop instead of a solid dot. When used with <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional characters</a>, the full stop is generally centered on the <a href="/wiki/Mean_line" title="Mean line">mean line</a>; when used with <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified characters</a>, it is usually aligned to the baseline. In written <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts" title="Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts">vertical text</a>, the full stop is sometimes positioned to the top-right or in the top- to center-middle. In Unicode, it is the <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+FE12</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">︒</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean">Korean</h3></div> <p>Korean uses the Latin full stop along with <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">its native script</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brahmic_scripts">Brahmic scripts</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nagari">Nagari</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> predominantly use <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a>-based scripts. In the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari script</a> used to write languages like <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, etc., a vertical line <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">।</span> (U+0964 "Devanagari Danda") is used to mark the end of a sentence. It is known as <span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">poorna viraam</i></span> (full stop). In <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, an additional symbol <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">॥</span> (U+0965 "Devanagari Double Danda") is used to mark the end of a poetic verse. However, some languages that are written in Devanagari use the Latin full stop, such as <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Nagari" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Nagari">Eastern Nagari</a> script used to write languages like <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bangla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>, the same vertical line ("।") is used for full-stop, known as <span title="Bengali-language text"><i lang="bn">Daa`ri</i></span> in Bengali. Also, languages like <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Panjabi</a> (which respectively use <a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Oriya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> scripts) use the same symbol. </p><p>Inspired from <a href="/wiki/Indic_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Indic scripts">Indic scripts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali language</a> also uses a similar symbol in <a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki script</a>: <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">᱾</span> (U+1C7E "Ol Chiki Punctuation Mucaad") to mark the end of sentence. Similarly, it also uses <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">᱿</span> (U+1C7F "Ol Chiki Punctuation Double Mucaad") to indicate a major break, like end of section, although rarely used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sinhalese">Sinhalese</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>, a symbol called <i>kundaliya</i>: "෴" (U+0DF4 "Sinhala Punctuation Kunddaliya") was used before the colonial era. Periods were later introduced into <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhalese script">Sinhalese script</a> after the introduction of paper due to the influence of European languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Asian">Southeast Asian</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Burmese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese script">Burmese script</a>, the symbol <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">။</span> (U+104B "Myanmar Sign Section") is used as full stop. </p><p>However, in <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>, no symbol corresponding to the full stop is used as <i><a href="/wiki/Terminal_punctuation" title="Terminal punctuation">terminal punctuation</a></i>. A sentence is written without spaces and a space is typically used to mark the end of a clause or sentence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tibetic">Tibetic</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a> uses two different full-stops: <i>tshig-grub</i> <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">།</span> (U+0F0D "Tibetan Mark Shad") marks end of a section of text; <i>don-tshan</i> <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">༎</span> (U+0F0E "Tibetan Mark Nyis Shad") marks end of a whole topic. The descendants of Tibetic script also use similar symbols: For example, the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3ng_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Róng script">Róng script</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha language</a> uses <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1124829174">.mw-parser-output .script-Lepc{font-family:"Mingzat","Noto Sans Lepcha"}</style><span class="script-Lepc" style="font-size: 100%;">᰻</span>‎</span> (U+1C3B "Lepcha Punctuation Ta-Rol") and <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1124829174"><span class="script-Lepc" style="font-size: 100%;">᰼</span>‎</span> (U+1C3C "Lepcha Punctuation Nyet Thyoom Ta-Rol"). </p><p>However, due to influence of <a href="/wiki/Burmese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese script">Burmese script</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei script</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipuri language">Manipuri language</a> uses <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259558396">.mw-parser-output .script-Mtei,.mw-parser-output .script-mtei,.mw-parser-output .script-meetei_mayek,.mw-parser-output .script-meithei{font-family:"Noto Sans Meetei Mayek","Eeyek","Eeyek Unicode","Nirmala UI"}</style><span class="script-meetei_mayek">꫰</span></span> (U+AAF0 "Meetei Mayek Cheikhan") for comma and <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259558396"><span class="script-meetei_mayek">꯫</span></span> (U+ABEB "Meetei Mayek Cheikhei") to mark the end of sentence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</h3></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> which are written in <a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Panjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, a symbol called <span title="Urdu-language text"><i lang="ur-Latn">k͟hatma</i></span> (<span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+06D4</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">۔</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ARABIC FULL STOP</span>) is used as a full stop at the end of sentences and in abbreviations. It (<span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">۔</span></span>) looks similar to a lowered <a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">dash</a> (<span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">–</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ge'ez"><span id="Ge.27ez"></span>Ge'ez</h3></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ge'ez script</a> used to write <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a> and several other Ethiopian and Eritrean languages, the equivalent of the full stop following a sentence is the <span title="Amharic-language romanization"><i lang="am-Latn">ˈarat nettib</i></span> "።"—which means <i>four dots</i>. The two dots on the right are slightly ascending from the two on the left, with space in between. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2></div> <p>Full stop Unicode code points: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+002E</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">.</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FULL STOP</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0589</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">։</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ARMENIAN FULL STOP</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+06D4</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">۔</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ARABIC FULL STOP</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0701</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">܁</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">SYRIAC SUPRALINEAR FULL STOP</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0702</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">܂</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">SYRIAC SUBLINEAR FULL STOP</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1362</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">።</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ETHIOPIC FULL STOP</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+166E</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">᙮</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">CANADIAN SYLLABICS FULL STOP</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1803</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">᠃</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MONGOLIAN FULL STOP</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1809</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">᠉</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MONGOLIAN MANCHU FULL STOP</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2CF9</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⳹</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COPTIC OLD NUBIAN FULL STOP</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2CFE</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⳾</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COPTIC FULL STOP</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2E3C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⸼</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Stenography" class="mw-redirect" title="Stenography">STENOGRAPHIC FULL STOP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+3002</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">。</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+A4FF</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">꓿</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LISU PUNCTUATION FULL STOP</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+A60E</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">꘎</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">VAI FULL STOP</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+A6F3</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">꛳</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BAMUM FULL STOP</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+FE12</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">︒</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+FE52</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">﹒</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">SMALL FULL STOP</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+FF0E</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">．</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">FULLWIDTH FULL STOP</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+FF61</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">｡</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">HALFWIDTH IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+16AF5</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𖫵</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BASSA VAH FULL STOP</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+16E98</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𖺘</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MEDEFAIDRIN FULL STOP</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1BC9F</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𛲟</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">DUPLOYAN PUNCTUATION CHINOOK FULL STOP</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1DA88</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝪈</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">SIGNWRITING FULL STOP</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+E002E</span> </span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">TAG FULL STOP</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_text_messages">In text messages</h2></div> <p>Researchers from <a href="/wiki/Binghamton_University" title="Binghamton University">Binghamton University</a> performed a small study, published in 2016, on young adults and found that text messages that included sentences ended with full stops—as opposed to those with no terminal punctuation—were perceived as insincere, though they stipulated that their results apply only to this particular medium of communication: "Our sense was, is that because [text messages] were informal and had a chatty kind of feeling to them, that a period may have seemed stuffy, too formal, in that context," said head researcher Cecelia Klin.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study did not find handwritten notes to be affected.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2016 story by Jeff Guo in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> stated that the line break had become the default method of punctuation in texting, comparable to the use of line breaks in poetry, and that a period at the end of a sentence causes the tone of the message to be perceived as cold, angry or <a href="/wiki/Passive-aggressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive-aggressive">passive-aggressive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Gretchen McCulloch, an internet linguist, using a full stop to end messages is seen as "rude" by more and more people. She said this can be attributed to the way we text and use instant messaging apps like WhatsApp and Facebook Messenger. She added that the default way to break up one's thoughts is to send each thought as an individual message.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/full_stop" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:full stop">full stop</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_separator" title="Decimal separator">Decimal separator</a> – Numerical symbol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dot_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Dot (disambiguation)">Dot (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_spacing" title="Sentence spacing">Sentence spacing</a> – Horizontal space between sentences in typeset text</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_punctuation" title="Terminal punctuation">Terminal punctuation</a> – Marks that identify the end of some text</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This sentence-ending use, alone, defines the strictest sense of <i>full stop</i>. Although <i>full stop</i> technically applies only when the mark is used to end a sentence, the distinction – drawn since at least 1897<sup id="cite_ref-puncpoints_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-puncpoints-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – is not maintained by all modern style guides and dictionaries.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This trend has progressed somewhat more slowly in the English dialect of the United States than in other <a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">English language dialects</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-puncpoints-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-puncpoints_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-puncpoints_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-puncpoints_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hVc2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA278">"The Punctuation Points"</a>. <i>American Printer and Lithographer</i>. <b>24</b> (6): 278. August 1897<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Printer+and+Lithographer&rft.atitle=The+Punctuation+Points&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=278&rft.date=1897-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhVc2AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williamson-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williamson_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williamson_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson" class="citation journal cs1">Williamson, Amelia A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130228062258/http://www.councilscienceeditors.org/files/scienceeditor/v31n2p042-043.pdf">"Period or Comma? Decimal Styles over Time and Place"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science Editor</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 42–43. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.councilscienceeditors.org/files/scienceeditor/v31n2p042-043.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Editor&rft.atitle=Period+or+Comma%3F+Decimal+Styles+over+Time+and+Place&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=42-43&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Amelia+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.councilscienceeditors.org%2Ffiles%2Fscienceeditor%2Fv31n2p042-043.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruss2004" class="citation book cs1">Truss, Lynn (2004). <i>Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation</i>. New York: Gotham Books. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59240-087-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59240-087-6"><bdi>1-59240-087-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eats%2C+Shoots+%26+Leaves%3A+The+Zero+Tolerance+Approach+to+Punctuation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Gotham+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-59240-087-6&rft.aulast=Truss&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholas-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholas_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholas_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholas_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholas_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolas2005" class="citation web cs1">Nicolas, Nick (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120806003722/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/punctuation.html">"Greek Unicode Issues: Punctuation"</a>. <i>TLG.UCI.edu</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">University of California, Irvine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/punctuation.html">the original</a> on 2012-08-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TLG.UCI.edu&rft.atitle=Greek+Unicode+Issues%3A+Punctuation&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Nicolas&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tlg.uci.edu%2F~opoudjis%2Funicode%2Fpunctuation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"period, <i>n.</i>, <i>adj.</i>, and <i>adv.</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (CD-ROM ver. 3.1) (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2005 [1989].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22period%2C+n.%2C+adj.%2C+and+adv.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B1Y2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA333">"The Workshop: Printing for Amateurs"</a>. <i>The Bazaar, Exchange and Mart, and Journal of the Household</i>. <b>13</b>: 333. 1875-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bazaar%2C+Exchange+and+Mart%2C+and+Journal+of+the+Household&rft.atitle=The+Workshop%3A+Printing+for+Amateurs&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=333&rft.date=1875-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB1Y2AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurchfield2010" class="citation book cs1">Burchfield, R. W. (2010) [1998]. "full stop". <i>Fowler's Modern English Usage</i> (Revised 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 317–318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861021-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861021-2"><bdi>978-0-19-861021-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=full+stop&rft.btitle=Fowler%27s+Modern+English+Usage&rft.pages=317-318&rft.edition=Revised+3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861021-2&rft.aulast=Burchfield&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield2015" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield, Jeremy (2015). "full stop". <i>Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage</i> (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 331–332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966135-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966135-0"><bdi>978-0-19-966135-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=full+stop&rft.btitle=Fowler%27s+Dictionary+of+Modern+English+Usage&rft.pages=331-332&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966135-0&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddingham2014" class="citation book cs1">Waddingham, Anne (2014). "4.6: Full point". <i>New Hart's Rules</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957002-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957002-7"><bdi>978-0-19-957002-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.6%3A+Full+point&rft.btitle=New+Hart%27s+Rules&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957002-7&rft.aulast=Waddingham&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span> Essentially the same text is found in the previous edition under various titles, including <i>New Hart's Rules</i>, <i>Oxford Style Manual</i>, and <i>The Oxford Guide to Style</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Hart" title="Horace Hart">Hart, Horace</a>; et al. (1989) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hartsrulesforcom0039oxfo/page/2"><i>Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers</i></a> (Corrected 39th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hartsrulesforcom0039oxfo/page/2">2–5, 41, etc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-212983-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-212983-X"><bdi>0-19-212983-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hart%27s+Rules+for+Compositors+and+Readers&rft.pages=2-5%2C+41%2C+etc.&rft.edition=Corrected+39th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-19-212983-X&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Horace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhartsrulesforcom0039oxfo%2Fpage%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brailleauthority.org/research-ueb/contentanalysisfinal11-15-04.pdf">"A Comparison of the Frequency of Number/Punctuation and Number/Letter Combinations in Literary and Technical Materials"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102215545/http://www.brailleauthority.org/research-ueb/contentanalysisfinal11-15-04.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2013-11-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Comparison+of+the+Frequency+of+Number%2FPunctuation+and+Number%2FLetter+Combinations+in+Literary+and+Technical+Materials&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brailleauthority.org%2Fresearch-ueb%2Fcontentanalysisfinal11-15-04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1987" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Charles F. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=URWFQgAACAAJ"><i>A Linguistic Study of American Punctuation</i></a>. Peter Lang Publishing, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-0522-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-0522-3"><bdi>978-0-8204-0522-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Linguistic+Study+of+American+Punctuation&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+Publishing%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-0522-3&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Charles+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DURWFQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span>, referenced in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.ntlworld.com/vivian.c/Punctuation/PunctFigs.htm">Frequencies for English Punctuation Marks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102005717/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/vivian.c/Punctuation/PunctFigs.htm">Archived</a> 2 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barden_2007-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barden_2007_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarden2007" class="citation book cs1">Barden, Cindy (2007). <i>Grammar Grades</i>. Vol. 4–5. p. 9. <q>Use a period after a person's initials. Examples: A. A. Milne ... L.B.Peep W157 ... Use Periods With Initials Name. Initials are abbreviations for parts of a person's name. ... Date: Add periods at the ends of sentences, after abbreviations, and after initials</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammar+Grades&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Barden&rft.aufirst=Cindy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blakesley-Hoogeveen_2007-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blakesley-Hoogeveen_2007_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakesleyHoogeveen2007" class="citation book cs1">Blakesley, David; Hoogeveen, Jeffrey Laurence (2007). <i>The Brief Thomson Handbook</i>. p. 477. <q>Use periods with initials: George W. Bush ... Carolyn B. Maloney</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brief+Thomson+Handbook&rft.pages=477&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Blakesley&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Hoogeveen%2C+Jeffrey+Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCS-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SCS_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/STELLA/LILT/fullstop.htm">"Full stop"</a>. School of critical studies, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731223635/https://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/STELLA/LILT/fullstop.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Full+stop&rft.pub=School+of+critical+studies%2C+University+of+Glasgow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.gla.ac.uk%2FSTELLA%2FLILT%2Ffullstop.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ELJ_2014-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ELJ_2014_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ecclesiastical-law-journal/information/instructions-contributors">"Instructions for authors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical Law Journal">Ecclesiastical Law Journal</a>. 2014-09-04. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410183721/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ecclesiastical-law-journal/information/instructions-contributors">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Instructions+for+authors&rft.pub=Ecclesiastical+Law+Journal&rft.date=2014-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fecclesiastical-law-journal%2Finformation%2Finstructions-contributors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThirdText-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ThirdText_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thirdtext.org/authors-guidelines">"Authors Guide-lines for Electronic Submission of MSS to Third Text"</a>. Third Text: Critical perspectives on contemporary art and culture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801000325/http://thirdtext.org/authors-guidelines">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Authors+Guide-lines+for+Electronic+Submission+of+MSS+to+Third+Text&rft.pub=Third+Text%3A+Critical+perspectives+on+contemporary+art+and+culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthirdtext.org%2Fauthors-guidelines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knuth_2016-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knuth_2016_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnuth2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Ervin_Knuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Ervin Knuth">Knuth, Donald Ervin</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cs.stanford.edu/~knuth/news16.html">"Let's celebrate everybody's full names"</a>. <i>Recent News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122165200/https://www.cs.stanford.edu/~knuth/news16.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-30</span></span>. <q>One of the delights of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> is that its biographies generally reveal a person's full and complete name, including the correct way to spell it in different alphabets and scripts. ... When I prepared the index ... of <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Computer_Programming" title="The Art of Computer Programming">The Art of Computer Programming</a>, I wanted to make it as useful as possible, so I spent six weeks compiling all of the entries. In order to relieve the tedium of index preparation, and to underscore the fact that my index was trying to be complete, I decided to include the full name of every author who was cited, whenever possible. ... Over the years, many people have told me how they've greatly appreciated this feature of my books. It has turned out to be a beautiful way to relish the fact that computer science is the result of thousands of individual contributions from people with a huge variety of cultural backgrounds. ... The <a href="/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society" title="American Mathematical Society">American Mathematical Society</a> has just launched a great initiative by which all authors can now fully identify themselves ... I strongly encourage everybody to document their full names</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Recent+News&rft.atitle=Let%27s+celebrate+everybody%27s+full+names&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Knuth&rft.aufirst=Donald+Ervin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcs.stanford.edu%2F~knuth%2Fnews16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunne_2015_1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dunne_2015_1_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunne2015" class="citation web cs1">Dunne, Edward "Ed" (2015-09-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.ams.org/beyondreviews/2015/09/14/who-wrote-that/">"Who wrote that?"</a>. <i>AMS Blogs</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society" title="American Mathematical Society">American Mathematical Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200524082631/https://blogs.ams.org/beyondreviews/2015/09/14/who-wrote-that/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AMS+Blogs&rft.atitle=Who+wrote+that%3F&rft.date=2015-09-14&rft.aulast=Dunne&rft.aufirst=Edward+%22Ed%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.ams.org%2Fbeyondreviews%2F2015%2F09%2F14%2Fwho-wrote-that%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunne_2015_2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dunne_2015_2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunne2015" class="citation web cs1">Dunne, Edward "Ed" (2015-11-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.ams.org/beyondreviews/2015/11/16/personalizing-your-author-profile/">"Personalizing your author profile"</a>. <i>AMS Blogs</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society" title="American Mathematical Society">American Mathematical Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200504071218/https://blogs.ams.org/beyondreviews/2015/11/16/personalizing-your-author-profile/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AMS+Blogs&rft.atitle=Personalizing+your+author+profile&rft.date=2015-11-16&rft.aulast=Dunne&rft.aufirst=Edward+%22Ed%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.ams.org%2Fbeyondreviews%2F2015%2F11%2F16%2Fpersonalizing-your-author-profile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newhartsrules00rmri"><i>New Hart's Rules: The Handbook of Style for Writers and Editors</i></a>. Oxford University Press. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861041-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-861041-6"><bdi>0-19-861041-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Hart%27s+Rules%3A+The+Handbook+of+Style+for+Writers+and+Editors&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-861041-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewhartsrules00rmri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford A–Z of Grammar and Punctuation by John Seely.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OxfordD-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OxfordD_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OxfordD_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121217073625/http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/words/punctuation-in-abbreviations-american">"Punctuation in abbreviations"</a>. <i>OxfordDictionaries.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OxfordDictionaries.com&rft.atitle=Initialisms&rft.pages=%22Abbreviations%22+section&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fwords%2Finitialisms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i>, 16th ed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"abbreviations and acronyms". <i>The Associated Press Stylebook</i>. 2015. pp. 1–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=abbreviations+and+acronyms&rft.btitle=The+Associated+Press+Stylebook&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1928" class="citation news cs1">Ross, Nelson (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130131104336/http://www.telegraph-office.com/pages/telegram.html#Punctuation">"How to Write Telegrams Properly"</a>. <i>The Telegraph Office</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph-office.com/pages/telegram.html#Punctuation">the original</a> on 2013-01-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph+Office&rft.atitle=How+to+Write+Telegrams+Properly&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph-office.com%2Fpages%2Ftelegram.html%23Punctuation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddingham2014" class="citation book cs1">Waddingham, Anne, ed. (2014). "11.3 Times of day". <i><a href="/wiki/New_Hart%27s_Rules" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hart's Rules">New Hart's Rules</a>: The Oxford Style Guide</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957002-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957002-7"><bdi>978-0-19-957002-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11.3+Times+of+day&rft.btitle=New+Hart%27s+Rules%3A+The+Oxford+Style+Guide&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957002-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/public-affairs/style-guide">"University of Oxford style guide"</a>. <i>University of Oxford Public Affairs Directorate</i>. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Oxford+Public+Affairs+Directorate&rft.atitle=University+of+Oxford+style+guide&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fpublic-affairs%2Fstyle-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Economist Style Guide</i> (12th ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 2018. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781258316" title="Special:BookSources/9781781258316"><bdi>9781781258316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economist+Style+Guide&rft.pages=185&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=The+Economist&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781781258316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-t">"times"</a>. <i>Guardian and Observer style guide</i>. <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Media_Group" title="Guardian Media Group">Guardian Media Group</a>. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709224453/https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-t">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Glasgow: <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> / <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780008146184" title="Special:BookSources/9780008146184"><bdi>9780008146184</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/991389792">991389792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Times+Style+Guide%3A+A+guide+to+English+usage&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Times+%2F+HarperCollins&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F991389792&rft.isbn=9780008146184&rft.aulast=Brunskill&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span> Formerly available online: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110804234723/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/tools_and_services/specials/style_guide/article986738.ece">"The Times Online Style Guide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/News_UK" title="News UK">News UK</a>. 2011. 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University of Sussex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130805052453/http://www.informatics.sussex.ac.uk/department/docs/punctuation/node16.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guide+to+Punctuation&rft.atitle=The+Colon&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Trask&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informatics.sussex.ac.uk%2Fdepartment%2Fdocs%2Fpunctuation%2Fnode16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsstyleguide/numbers/">"BBC News Style Guide"</a>. 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Hours: We use the 24-hour clock (with a colon) in all circumstances (including streaming), labelled GMT or BST as appropriate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+News+Style+Guide&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnewsstyleguide%2Fnumbers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-APA-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APA_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APA_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2011" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Chelsea (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2011/08/punctuating-around-quotation-marks.html">"Punctuating Around Quotation Marks"</a>. <i>Style Guide of the American Psychological Association</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322162100/http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2011/08/punctuating-around-quotation-marks.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Style+Guide+of+the+American+Psychological+Association&rft.atitle=Punctuating+Around+Quotation+Marks&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Chelsea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.apastyle.org%2Fapastyle%2F2011%2F08%2Fpunctuating-around-quotation-marks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JISS-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JISS_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110410233640/http://www.abdn.ac.uk/riiss/Documents/JISS%20Style%20Guide%20revised%20FV.pdf">"Style Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Irish and Scottish Studies</i>. Research Institute of Irish and Scottish Studies, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abdn.ac.uk/riiss/Documents/JISS%20Style%20Guide%20revised%20FV.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-15</span></span>. <q>Punctuation marks are placed inside the quotation marks only if the sense of the punctuation is part of the quotation; this system is referred to as logical quotation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Irish+and+Scottish+Studies&rft.atitle=Style+Guide&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abdn.ac.uk%2Friiss%2FDocuments%2FJISS%2520Style%2520Guide%2520revised%2520FV.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PoFJ-OhE63UC&q=%22quotation+marks%22+%22according+to+sense%22+British&pg=PA180"><i>Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors and Publishers</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521471541" title="Special:BookSources/9780521471541"><bdi>9780521471541</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-04</span></span>. <q>In the British style (OUP 1983), all signs of punctuation used with words and quotation marks must be placed <i>according to the sense</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+Style+and+Format%3A+The+CBE+Manual+for+Authors%2C+Editors+and+Publishers&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521471541&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPoFJ-OhE63UC%26q%3D%2522quotation%2Bmarks%2522%2B%2522according%2Bto%2Bsense%2522%2BBritish%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButcherDrakeLeach2006" class="citation book cs1">Butcher, Judith; Drake, Caroline; Leach, Maureen (2006). <i>Butcher's Copy-editing: The Cambridge Handbook for Editors, Copy-editors and Proofreaders</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84713-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84713-1"><bdi>978-0-521-84713-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Butcher%27s+Copy-editing%3A+The+Cambridge+Handbook+for+Editors%2C+Copy-editors+and+Proofreaders&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84713-1&rft.aulast=Butcher&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft.au=Drake%2C+Caroline&rft.au=Leach%2C+Maureen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilbers" class="citation web cs1">Wilbers, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilbers.com/FAQPunctuation.htm">"Frequently Asked Questions Concerning Punctuation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613040839/http://www.wilbers.com/FAQPunctuation.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-10</span></span>. <q>The British style is strongly advocated by some American language experts. In defense of nearly a century and a half of the American style, however, it may be said that it seems to have been working fairly well and has not resulted in serious miscommunication. Whereas there clearly is some risk with question marks and exclamation points, there seems little likelihood that readers will be misled concerning the period or comma. There may be some risk in such specialized material as textual criticism, but in that case author and editors may take care to avoid the danger by alternative phrasing or by employing, in this exacting field, the exacting British system. In linguistic and philosophical works, specialized terms are regularly punctuated the British way, along with the use of single quotation marks. [quote attributed to Chicago Manual of style, 14th ed.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+Concerning+Punctuation&rft.aulast=Wilbers&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilbers.com%2FFAQPunctuation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chicagomanualofs00univ_0/page/6"><i>Chicago Manual of Style</i></a> (15th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2003. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chicagomanualofs00univ_0/page/6">6.8 – 6.10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-10403-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-10403-6"><bdi>0-226-10403-6</bdi></a>. <q>According to what is sometimes called the British style (set forth in The Oxford Guide to Style [the successor to Hart's Rules]; see bibliog. 1.1.]), a style also followed in other English-speaking countries, only those punctuation points that appeared in the original material should be included within the quotation marks; all others follow the closing quotation marks. ... In the kind of textual studies where retaining the original placement of a comma in relation to closing quotation marks is essential to the author's argument and scholarly integrity, the alternative system described in 6.10 ['the British style'] could be used, or rephrasing might avoid the problem.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.pages=6.8+-+6.10&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-226-10403-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchicagomanualofs00univ_0%2Fpage%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2015" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Edmond H. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pMmfyHYCt6cC&q=closed+logical+convention&pg=PA75"><i>The Elements of International English Style: A Guide to Writing Correspondence, Reports, Technical Documents Internet Pages For a Global Audience</i></a>. M. E. Sharpe. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2830-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2830-5"><bdi>978-0-7656-2830-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+International+English+Style%3A+A+Guide+to+Writing+Correspondence%2C+Reports%2C+Technical+Documents+Internet+Pages+For+a+Global+Audience&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-2830-5&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Edmond+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpMmfyHYCt6cC%26q%3Dclosed%2Blogical%2Bconvention%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinsohn2006" class="citation book cs1">Einsohn, Amy (2006). <i>The Copyeditor's Handbook: A Guide for Book Publishing and Corporate Communications</i> (2nd ed.). Berkeley / Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24688-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24688-1"><bdi>978-0-520-24688-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Copyeditor%27s+Handbook%3A+A+Guide+for+Book+Publishing+and+Corporate+Communications&rft.place=Berkeley+%2F+Los+Angeles&rft.pages=113&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24688-1&rft.aulast=Einsohn&rft.aufirst=Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manjoo-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manjoo_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manjoo_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManjoo2011" class="citation web cs1">Manjoo, Farhad (2011-01-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2281146?wpisrc=sl_ipad">"Space Invaders"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507183848/http://www.slate.com/id/2281146?wpisrc=sl_ipad">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Space+Invaders&rft.date=2011-01-13&rft.aulast=Manjoo&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2281146%3Fwpisrc%3Dsl_ipad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2011" class="citation web cs1">McKay, John Z. ("Heraclitus") (2011-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171217060354/http://www.heracliteanriver.com/?p=324">"Why two spaces after a period isn't wrong (or, the lies typographers tell about history)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heracliteanriver.com/?p=324">the original</a> on 2017-12-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+two+spaces+after+a+period+isn%27t+wrong+%28or%2C+the+lies+typographers+tell+about+history%29&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=John+Z.+%28%22Heraclitus%22%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heracliteanriver.com%2F%3Fp%3D324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelici2003" class="citation book cs1">Felici, James (2003). <i>The Complete Manual of Typography: A Guide to Setting Perfect Type</i>. Berkeley: Peachpit Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-12730-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-12730-7"><bdi>0-321-12730-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Manual+of+Typography%3A+A+Guide+to+Setting+Perfect+Type&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Peachpit+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-321-12730-7&rft.aulast=Felici&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBringhurst2004" class="citation book cs1">Bringhurst, Robert (2004). <i>The Elements of Topographic Style</i> (3.0 ed.). Washington / Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88179-206-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88179-206-3"><bdi>0-88179-206-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Topographic+Style&rft.place=Washington+%2F+Vancouver&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=3.0&rft.pub=Hartley+%26+Marks&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-88179-206-3&rft.aulast=Bringhurst&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manualstyleacom01presgoog"><i>Manual of Style: A Compilation of Typographical Rules Governing the Publications of The University of Chicago, with Specimens of Types Used at the University Press</i></a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. 1911. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-145-26446-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-145-26446-8"><bdi>1-145-26446-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Style%3A+A+Compilation+of+Typographical+Rules+Governing+the+Publications+of+The+University+of+Chicago%2C+with+Specimens+of+Types+Used+at+the+University+Press&rft.pages=101&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.isbn=1-145-26446-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanualstyleacom01presgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mer40" class="citation book cs1">Mergenthaler Linotype Company (1940). <i>Linotype Keyboard Operation: Methods of Study and Procedures for Setting Various Kinds of Composition on the Linotype</i>. Mergenthaler Linotype Company. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000J0N06M">B000J0N06M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linotype+Keyboard+Operation%3A+Methods+of+Study+and+Procedures+for+Setting+Various+Kinds+of+Composition+on+the+Linotype&rft.pub=Mergenthaler+Linotype+Company&rft.date=1940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000J0N06M%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.au=Mergenthaler+Linotype+Company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span> Cited in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonson2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Simonson" title="Mark Simonson">Simonson, Mark</a> (2004-03-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100120091711/http://typophile.com/node/3466">"Double-spacing after Periods"</a>. <i>Typophile</i>. Typophile. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://typophile.com/node/3466">the original</a> on 2010-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Typophile&rft.atitle=Double-spacing+after+Periods&rft.date=2004-03-05&rft.aulast=Simonson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftypophile.com%2Fnode%2F3466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEijkhout2014" class="citation book cs1">Eijkhout, Victor (2014) [1991]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texdoc.org/serve/texbytopic/0"><i>TeX by Topic, A TeXnician's Reference</i></a>. Dante / Lehmans Media. pp. 185–188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86541-590-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86541-590-5"><bdi>978-3-86541-590-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TeX+by+Topic%2C+A+TeXnician%27s+Reference&rft.pages=185-188&rft.pub=Dante+%2F+Lehmans+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-86541-590-5&rft.aulast=Eijkhout&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftexdoc.org%2Fserve%2Ftexbytopic%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span> First published 1991 by Addison Wesley, Wokingham 978-0-201-56882-0</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelici2003" class="citation book cs1">Felici, James (2003). <i>The Complete Manual of Typography: A Guide to Setting Perfect Type</i>. Berkeley: Peachpit Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-12730-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-12730-7"><bdi>0-321-12730-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Manual+of+Typography%3A+A+Guide+to+Setting+Perfect+Type&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Peachpit+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-321-12730-7&rft.aulast=Felici&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFogarty2008" class="citation book cs1">Fogarty, Mignon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammargirlsquic0000foga/page/85"><i>Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing (Quick and Dirty Tips)</i></a>. New York: Holt Paperbacks. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammargirlsquic0000foga/page/85">85</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8831-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8831-1"><bdi>978-0-8050-8831-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammar+Girl%27s+Quick+and+Dirty+Tips+for+Better+Writing+%28Quick+and+Dirty+Tips%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Holt+Paperbacks&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8831-1&rft.aulast=Fogarty&rft.aufirst=Mignon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrammargirlsquic0000foga%2Fpage%2F85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraus2009" class="citation book cs1">Straus, Jane (2009). <i>The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation: An Easy-to-Use Guide with Clear Rules, Real-World Examples, and Reproducible Quizzes</i> (10th ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-22268-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-22268-3"><bdi>978-0-470-22268-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blue+Book+of+Grammar+and+Punctuation%3A+An+Easy-to-Use+Guide+with+Clear+Rules%2C+Real-World+Examples%2C+and+Reproducible+Quizzes&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=52&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Jossey-Bass&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-470-22268-3&rft.aulast=Straus&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Ελληνικός Οργανισμός Τυποποίησης</span></span> [<i>Ellīnikós Organismós Typopoíīsīs</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Organization_for_Standardization" title="Hellenic Organization for Standardization">Hellenic Organization for Standardization</a>"]. <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ΕΛΟΤ 743, 2η Έκδοση</span></span> [<i>ELOT 743, 2ī Ekdosī</i>, "ELOT 743, <span class="nowrap">2nd ed.</span>"]. ELOT (Athens), 2001. <span class="languageicon">(in Greek)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLunde2009" class="citation book cs1">Lunde, Ken (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SA92uQqTB-AC&pg=PA502"><i>CJKV Information Processing</i></a>. O'Reilly. pp. 502–505. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780596514471" title="Special:BookSources/9780596514471"><bdi>9780596514471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CJKV+Information+Processing&rft.pages=502-505&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780596514471&rft.aulast=Lunde&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSA92uQqTB-AC%26pg%3DPA502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2015/12/20/459485722/you-should-watch-the-way-you-punctuate-your-text-messages-period">"You Should Watch The Way You Punctuate Your Text Messages – Period"</a>. National Public Radio. 2015-12-20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151221030237/http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2015/12/20/459485722/you-should-watch-the-way-you-punctuate-your-text-messages-period">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-12-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=You+Should+Watch+The+Way+You+Punctuate+Your+Text+Messages+%E2%80%93+Period&rft.pub=National+Public+Radio&rft.date=2015-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Falltechconsidered%2F2015%2F12%2F20%2F459485722%2Fyou-should-watch-the-way-you-punctuate-your-text-messages-period&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunrajDrumm-HewittDashowUpadhyay2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gunraj, Danielle; Drumm-Hewitt, April; Dashow, Erica; Upadhyay, Sri Siddhi; Klim, Celia (February 2016) [2015]. "Texting insincerely: The role of the period in text messaging". <i>Computers in Human Behavior</i>. <b>55</b>: 1067–1075. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chb.2015.11.003">10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computers+in+Human+Behavior&rft.atitle=Texting+insincerely%3A+The+role+of+the+period+in+text+messaging&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=1067-1075&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chb.2015.11.003&rft.aulast=Gunraj&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft.au=Drumm-Hewitt%2C+April&rft.au=Dashow%2C+Erica&rft.au=Upadhyay%2C+Sri+Siddhi&rft.au=Klim%2C+Celia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guo, Jeff (13 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/06/13/stop-using-periods-period-2/">"Stop. Using. Periods. Period."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160614124915/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/06/13/stop-using-periods-period-2/">Archived</a> 14 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2019" class="citation news cs1">Morton, Becky (August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49182824">"Is the full stop rude?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190806101207/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49182824">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-08-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Is+the+full+stop+rude%3F&rft.date=2019-08&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Becky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-49182824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+stop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Common_punctuation_and_other_typographical_symbols" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template talk:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_punctuation_and_other_typographical_symbols" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typographical</a> symbols</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;">   </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">space</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> , </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> : </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ; </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolon</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‐ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ’ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ' </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ′ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ″ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‴ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">prime</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> . </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">full stop</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> & </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ampersand" title="Ampersand">ampersand</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> @ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/At_sign" title="At sign">at sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ^ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caret" title="Caret">caret</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> / </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">slash</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> \ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Backslash" title="Backslash">backslash</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> … </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ellipsis" title="Ellipsis">ellipsis</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> * </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ※ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Reference_mark" title="Reference mark">Reference mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⁂ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Asterism_(typography)" title="Asterism (typography)">asterism</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>*<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>*<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>*<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dinkus" title="Dinkus">dinkus</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> - </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">hyphen-minus</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‒ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> – </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> — </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">dash</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⹀ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⸗ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Double_hyphen" title="Double hyphen">double hyphen</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ? </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ! </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">exclamation mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‽ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Interrobang" title="Interrobang">interrobang</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¡ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¿ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Inverted_question_and_exclamation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverted question and exclamation marks">inverted ! and ?</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⸮ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Irony_punctuation" title="Irony punctuation">irony punctuation</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> # </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Number_sign" title="Number sign">number sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> № </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Numero_sign" title="Numero sign">numero sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> º </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ª </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ordinal_indicator" title="Ordinal indicator">ordinal indicator</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> % </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Percent_sign" title="Percent sign">percent sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‰ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Per_mille" title="Per mille">per mille</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‱ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Basis_point" title="Basis point">basis point</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ° </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Degree_symbol" title="Degree symbol">degree symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⌀ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Diameter#Symbol" title="Diameter">diameter sign</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> + </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> − </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs" title="Plus and minus signs">plus and minus signs</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> × </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplication_sign" title="Multiplication sign">multiplication sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ÷ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Division_sign" title="Division sign">division sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ~ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ± </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Plus%E2%80%93minus_sign" title="Plus–minus sign">plus–minus sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ∓ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Minus-plus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Minus-plus sign">minus-plus sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> √ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Radical_symbol" title="Radical symbol">radical symbol</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> _ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">underscore</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <span style="position: relative; top: 0.25em;">⁀</span> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tie_(typography)" title="Tie (typography)">tie</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> | </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¦ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‖ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">vertical bar</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> • </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Bullet_(typography)" title="Bullet (typography)">bullet</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> · </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> © </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_symbol" title="Copyright symbol">copyright symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ℗ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_copyright_symbol" title="Sound recording copyright symbol">sound recording copyright</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ® </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Registered_trademark_symbol" title="Registered trademark symbol">registered trademark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <sup><span style="font-size:85%">SM</span></sup> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Service_mark_symbol" title="Service mark symbol">service mark symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <sup><span style="font-size:85%">TM</span></sup> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Trademark_symbol" title="Trademark symbol">trademark symbol</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‘ ’ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> “ ” </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ' ' </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> " " </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‹ › </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> « » </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Guillemet" title="Guillemet">guillemet</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ( ) </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> [ ] </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> { } </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⟨ ⟩ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Bracket" title="Bracket">bracket</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ” </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ditto_mark" title="Ditto mark">ditto mark</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> † </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‡ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dagger_(mark)" title="Dagger (mark)">dagger</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ❧ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Fleuron_(typography)" title="Fleuron (typography)">fleuron</a> (hedera, aldus)</span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ☞ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Manicule" title="Manicule">manicule</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ◊ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⌑ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(shape)" title="Lozenge (shape)">lozenge</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¶ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⸿ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Pilcrow" title="Pilcrow">pilcrow</a> (paragraph mark)</span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> § </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Section_sign" title="Section sign">section mark</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">Version of this table as a sortable list</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">Currency symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a> (accents)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_logic_symbols" title="List of logic symbols">Logic symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mathematical symbols">Math symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Chinese punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Hebrew punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation" title="Japanese punctuation">Japanese punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_punctuation" title="Korean punctuation">Korean punctuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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