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Harita projeksiyonu - Vikipedi

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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p><b>Harita projeksiyonu</b>, 3 boyutlu yeryüzünün (<a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C3%BCre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Küre">küre</a> ya da <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elipsoit?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elipsoit">elipsoit</a>) matematiksel transformasyon ile iki boyutlu düzlemde (<a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harita?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harita">harita</a> düzlemi) temsil edilmesi işlemine denir. Harita projeksiyonunun yeryüzünün şeklini nasıl değiştirdiğini anlamanın kolay bir yolu merkezinde bir ışık kaynağı bulunduğu varsayılan yeryüzünün <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projeksiyon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Projeksiyon">projeksiyon</a> yüzeyi denen bir yüzeye iz düşürülmesidir.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosya:Tissot_world_from_space.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tissot_world_from_space.png/160px-Tissot_world_from_space.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tissot_world_from_space.png/240px-Tissot_world_from_space.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tissot_world_from_space.png/320px-Tissot_world_from_space.png 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="824"></a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure> <p>Üzerine eşit aralıklı meridyen ve paralellerin çizilmiş olduğu yeryüzünün saydam olduğunu farz ederek temiz bir kağıdı ekvatordan teğet olacak bir silindir şekilde saralım ve dünyanın ortasında da bir ışığın yandığını düşünelim. Bu ışık yeryüzündeki şekillerin gölgesini kağıdın üzerine düşürecektir. Bu aşamadan sonra kağıdımızı tekrar açarak <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%BCzlem?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Düzlem">düzlem</a> haline getirelim. Kâğıt üzerinde meridyen ve paralellerin şeklinin farklı olduğu ve önemli ölçüde bozulma olduğu görülecektir. Bu bozulmalar alan, uzunluk ve şekil bozulmaları olarak sınıflandırılabilir. Diğer bir deyişle yeryüzü üzerindeki objelerin düzleme aktarılmaları sonucunda, alanları, uzunlukları ve şekilleri değişir.</p> <p>Harita projeksiyonlarında yeryüzü ya doğrudan düzleme ya da düzleme açılabilen yüzeylere (silindir ve <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koni">koni</a>) izdüşürülür. Bu bağlamda düzlem, silindir ve koni, projeksiyon yüzeyleri olarak adlandılırlar. Harita projeksiyonları projeksiyon yüzeyine göre üçe ayrılır:</p> <ul> <li>Azimutal projeksiyonlar (projeksiyon yüzeyi düzlem)</li> <li>Silindirik Projeksiyonlar (projeksiyon yüzeyi silindir)</li> <li>Konik projeksiyonlar (projeksiyon yüzeyi koni)</li> </ul> <p>Projeksiyon yüzeyinin yeryüzünün dönme eksenine göre konumu açısından ise üç durum söz konusudur:</p> <ul> <li>Normal konum: Düzlem kuzey ya da güney kutbunda teğet, silindir ya da koninin <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simetri?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simetri">simetri</a> ekseni yerin dönme ekseni ile çakışık</li> <li>Transversal konum: Düzlem yerküreye ekvator üzerinde herhangi bir noktada teğet, silindir ya da koninin simetri ekseni yerin dönme eksenine dik</li> <li>Eğik konum: Düzlem yerküreye herhangi bir noktada teğet, silindir ya da koninin simetri ekseni yerin dönme ekseni ile herhangi bir <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A%C3%A7%C4%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Açı">açı</a> altında kesişiyor.</li> </ul> <p>Projeksiyon yüzeyleri (düzlem, silindir ve koni) yerküreye herhangi bir konumda teğet oldukları gibi yerküreyi kesiyor da olabilirler. Bu bağlamda teğet projeksiyonlar ve kesen projeksiyonlardan söz edilir. Bazı projeksiyon türlerinde gerçek anlamda tanımlı bir projeksiyon yüzeyi olmayıp, yalnızca coğrafi koordinatlar ile düzlem koordinatlar arasındaki ilişkiler tanımlıdır. Bu tür projeksiyonlara gerçek anlamda olmayan (pseudo) projeksiyonlar denir ve bu açıdan harita projeksiyonları,</p> <ul> <li>gerçek anlamda olan projeksiyonlar ve</li> <li>gerçek anlamda olmayan projeksiyonlar</li> </ul> <p>olarak ikiye ayrılır.</p> <p>Harita projeksiyonu coğrafi koordinatları düzlem koordinatlarla (iki boyutlu Kartezyen koordinatlar) ilişkilendirmek için matematiksel ve geometrik ilişkilerden yararlanır. Bu bağlamda bir harita projeksiyonu düzlem koordinatlar ile coğrafi koordinatlar arasında iki fonksiyon ile tanımlanır.</p> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=f(\varphi ,\lambda )}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> x </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mi> f </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mi> φ<!-- φ --> </mi> <mo> , </mo> <mi> λ<!-- λ --> </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle x=f(\varphi ,\lambda )} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/13180c347150bfdb637e75109eb880ea446d5cc5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.425ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=f(\varphi ,\lambda )}"></span></p> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y=g(\varphi ,\lambda )}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> y </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mi> g </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mi> φ<!-- φ --> </mi> <mo> , </mo> <mi> λ<!-- λ --> </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle y=g(\varphi ,\lambda )} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/308d5ac77e32c69e66d6b74f0aef9da5da8b750b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.089ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y=g(\varphi ,\lambda )}"></span></p> <p>Harita projeksiyonları, alanları, belli yönde uzunlukları, diferansiyel anlamda açıları koruyacak şekilde tasarlanabilirler. Bu bağlamda alan koruyan, uzunluk koruyan ve konform projeksiyonlardan söz edilir. Diferansiyel anlamda açı koruma özelliğine sahip projeksiyonlarda şekillerin değişimi minimum olup, bazen açı koruyan projeksiyonlar olarak da adlandırılırlar. Ancak buradaki açı koruma kavramının diferansiyel anlamda olduğu, sonlu büyüklükteki açıların korunamayacağı unutulmamalıdır.</p> <p>Teorik olarak sonsuz sayıda harita projeksiyonu tanımlamak mümkündür. Literatürde 400 civarında yayınlanmış projeksiyon vardır. Bunların içinde en az bir harita yapmak için kullanılmış olanları oldukça azdır. Pek azı ise standart harita üretiminde kullanılırlar.</p> <p>Projeksiyon seçimi</p> <ul> <li>haritanın kullanım amacına ve ölçeğine,</li> <li>haritası yapılacak bölgenin yeryüzündeki konumuna,</li> <li>haritası yapılacak bölgenin büyüklüğüne ve şekline,</li> </ul> <p>bağlı olarak yapılır.</p> <p>Aşağıda genel olarak yeryüzünün tamamının gösterimine yönelik kullanılan bazı projeksiyon türleri hakkında kısaca bilgi verilmiştir.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosya:Tissot_mercator.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tissot_mercator.png/160px-Tissot_mercator.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tissot_mercator.png/240px-Tissot_mercator.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tissot_mercator.png/320px-Tissot_mercator.png 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="720"></a> <figcaption> Merkator Silindirik Projeksiyonu </figcaption> </figure> <dl> <dt> <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercator_Projeksiyonu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercator Projeksiyonu">Mercator silindirik projeksiyonu</a> </dt> <dd> <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerardus Mercator">Mercator</a>'un 1568'de yaptığı ve kendi adıyla anılan silindirik projeksiyondur. Genellikle dünya haritalarında ve denizcilik amaçlı haritalarda kullanılır. Bu yöntemle yapılan haritalarda meridyen ve paraleller birbirini dik keser. Konform bir projeksiyon olup şekil bozulmaları minimumdur. Ancak <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ekvator?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ekvator">ekvatordan</a> uzaklaştıkça hızla artan alan bozulmaları söz konusudur. </dd> </dl> <dl> <dt> <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Miller_Projeksiyonu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Miller Projeksiyonu (sayfa mevcut değil)">Miller Silindirik Projeksiyonu</a> </dt> <dd> Mercator Projeksiyonuna benzer. Bu projeksiyonda da paraleller arası uzaklık ekvatordan uzaklaştıkça artar. Ancak bu artış Mercator Projeksiyonundaki artıştan daha azdır. Bu yüzden orta enlemlerdeki deformasyon da daha az olmaktadır. </dd> </dl> <dl> <dt> <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eckert_IV_Projeksiyonu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Eckert IV Projeksiyonu (sayfa mevcut değil)">Eckert IV Projeksiyonu</a> </dt> <dd> Gerçek anlamda olmayan silindirik bir projeksiyon olup, alan koruma özelliği vardır. Kuzey ve güney kutbu doğru parçaları olarak gösterilir. Orta meridyen <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ekvator?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ekvator">Ekvatorun</a> yarısı uzunluğundadır. Genel olarak atlaslarda yer alan dünya haritalarında kullanılır. Alman Max Eckert tarafından 1936 yılında sunulmuştur. </dd> </dl> <dl> <dt> <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mollweide_Projeksiyonu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mollweide Projeksiyonu (sayfa mevcut değil)">Mollweide Projeksiyonu</a> </dt> <dd> Gerçek anlamda olmayan silindirik bir projeksiyon olup, alan koruma özelliği vardır. Orta meridyene göre 90° doğu ve batı meridyenleri bir daire oluşturur. Diğer meridyenler yarı elipsler şeklinde olup, kutuplar nokta ile gösterilir. 1805 yılında Alman Carl B. Mollweide tarafından sunulmuştur. </dd> </dl> <dl> <dt> <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Winkel_Projeksiyonu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Winkel Projeksiyonu (sayfa mevcut değil)">Winkel Projeksiyonu</a> </dt> <dd> Yeryüzünü minimum deformasyon ile gösterebilen projeksiyonlardan birisidir. Alan, uzunluk ve açı deformasyonları kabul edilebilir bir seviyede tutulmaya çalışılmıştır. Dünya haritalarında kullanılır. 1914'te Alman Oswald Winkel tarafından geliştirilmiştir. </dd> </dl> <dl> <dt> <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Van_der_Grinten_Projeksiyonu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Van der Grinten Projeksiyonu (sayfa mevcut değil)">Van der Grinten Projeksiyonu</a> </dt> <dd> Alan, açı ya da uzunluk koruma özelliği yoktur. Yeryüzü bir daire şeklinde izdüşürülür. Kutuplara doğru hızla artan deformasyonlar söz konusudur. Amerikalı Alphons J. van der Grinten tarafından 1904 yılında sunulmuştur. </dd> </dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosya:Tissot_robinson.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tissot_robinson.png/160px-Tissot_robinson.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tissot_robinson.png/240px-Tissot_robinson.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tissot_robinson.png/320px-Tissot_robinson.png 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="628"></a> <figcaption> Robinson Projeksiyonu </figcaption> </figure> <dl> <dt> <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robinson_Projeksiyonu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Robinson Projeksiyonu">Robinson Projeksiyonu</a> </dt> <dd> Amerikalı uzman Arthur Robinson tarafından 1963'te sunulmuştur. Optimum deformasyonlu bir projeksiyon olup, dünya haritalarında deformasyonlar açısından oldukça uygun bir gösterim sağlar. Bu nedenle "doğru görünüşlü"(orthophanic) olarak da nitelendirilir. </dd> </dl> <dl> <dt> <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Goode_Projeksiyonu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Goode Projeksiyonu (sayfa mevcut değil)">Goode (Homolosine) Projeksiyonu</a> </dt> <dd> Kesikli bir alan koruyan projeksiyonudur. <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sin%C3%BCsoidal_projeksiyon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sinüsoidal projeksiyon (sayfa mevcut değil)">Sinüsoidal projeksiyon</a> ve Mollweide projeksiyonlarının birleştirilmesi ile oluşturulmuştur. <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sin%C3%BCsoidal_projeksiyon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sinüsoidal projeksiyon (sayfa mevcut değil)">Sinüsoidal projeksiyon</a> ekvatorun 40 derece kuzey ve güney enlemlerine kadar, Mollweide projeksiyonu ise bu enlemlerden kutuplara kadar olan bölgede kullanılmaktadır. </dd> </dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosya:Utmzylinderrp.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Utmzylinderrp.jpg/160px-Utmzylinderrp.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Utmzylinderrp.jpg/240px-Utmzylinderrp.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Utmzylinderrp.jpg/320px-Utmzylinderrp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="351"></a> <figcaption> UTM PROJEKSİYONU </figcaption> </figure> <dl> <dt> <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=UTM_Silindirik_Projeksiyonu_UTM_Projeksiyonu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="UTM Silindirik Projeksiyonu UTM Projeksiyonu (sayfa mevcut değil)">UTM Silindirik Projeksiyonu UTM Projeksiyonu</a> (İng </dt> <dd> Universal Transverse Mercator) Mercator projeksiyonunun transversal konumda uygulanmış halidir. Yeryüzü için referans yüzey elipsoit alınması durumunda projeksiyon formülleri Alman Gauss ve Krüger tarafından geliştirildiği için Gauss-Krüger Projeksiyonu olarak da bilinir. Projeksiyon yüzeyi (silindir) yerküreye bir meridyen boyunca teğet olup, bu meridyen orta meridyen olarak adlandırılır. Orta meridyenden uzaklaştıkça deformasyonların hızla artması nedeniyle orta meridyen civarında bir şerit boyunca kullanımı uygundur. </dd> </dl> <p>İngilizce kaynaklarda genel olarak Transverse Mercator olarak adlandırılır. Deformasyonları kontrol altında tutmak amacıyla yeryüzü 6°lik boylam farkları ile 60 dilime ayrılarak uygulanışı ise <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Universal_Transverse_Mercator&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Universal Transverse Mercator (sayfa mevcut değil)">Universal Transverse Mercator</a> olarak bilinir. 1960'larda <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers (sayfa mevcut değil)">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a> tarafından geliştirilmiştir. Her dilimde x ekseni orta meridyenin, y ekseni ise ekvatorun izdüşümlerine çakışık olmak üzere bir düzlem <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kartezyen_koordinat_sistemi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kartezyen koordinat sistemi">kartezyen koordinat sistemi</a> tanımlanmıştır. Deformasyonları kontrol altında tutmak amacıyla düzlem koordinatlar (x, y) küçültme ya da ölçek faktörü olarak adlandırılan bir katsayı ile (0.9996) çarpılırlar. Koordinatların küçültme faktörü ile çarpılmasının geometrik anlamı, projeksiyon yüzeyinin (silindir) yerküreyi kesiyor olmasıdır.</p> <p>Koordinatlarda negatif değerlerden kaçınmak için y değerleri 500 000m ile toplanır. Güney yarımkürede ise x değerleri 10 000 000m ile toplanır. İngilizcedeki "Easting" ve "Northing" kavramlarını karşılamak üzere y koordinatı "Sağa", x koordinatı ise "Yukarı" olarak da isimlendirilir. Ülkemizdeki kullanımdan farklı olarak İngilizce kaynaklarda x koordinatı "Sağa" (Easting), y koordinatı ise "Yukarı" (Northing) olarak kullanılır. Başka bir deyişle x ekseni Ekvatorun izdüşümü ile, y ekseni ise orta meridyenin izdüşümü ile çakışık alınır. Çoğu CBS yazılımında da koordinat sistemi bu şekildedir.</p> <p>Türkiye 1:25 000, 1:50 000, 1:100 000 ve 1: 250 000 ölçekli standart topoğrafik harita takımları bu projeksiyon sistemi temel alınarak üretilmektedir.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Kaynakça"><span id="Kaynak.C3.A7a"></span>Kaynakça</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Harita_projeksiyonu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Kaynakça" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>değiştir</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <ul> <li><a class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resim:Utmzylinderrp.jpg%23file">http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resim:Utmzylinderrp.jpg#file</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816033836/http://www.iobildirici.com/downs/cografi_gk.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20090816033836/http://www.iobildirici.com/downs/cografi_gk.pdf</a></li> <li>Uçar, İpbüker, Bildirici (2004) Matematiksel Kartografya Harita Projeksiyonları Teorisi ve Uygulamaları, Atlas Yayın Dağıtım, İstanbul (<a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/9756574348?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 975-6574-34-8</a>)</li> </ul> <p><br></p> </section> </div><!-- MobileFormatter took 0.005 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last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="SessizKalem" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1730584754"> <span>Son düzenleme 2 Kasım 2024, 21.59 tarihinde yapıldı</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Diller</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A5%25D8%25B3%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AE%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D8%25B7" title="إسقاط الخرائط - Arapça" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسقاط الخرائط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyeici%25C3%25B3n_cartogr%25C3%25A1fica" title="Proyeición cartográfica - Asturyasça" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Proyeición cartográfica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturyasça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartoqrafik_proyeksiyalar" title="Kartoqrafik proyeksiyalar - Azerbaycan dili" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kartoqrafik proyeksiyalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaycan dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Картографик проекциялар - Başkırtça" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Картографик проекциялар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Başkırtça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D1%2596%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Картаграфічная праекцыя - Belarusça" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Картаграфічная праекцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Картографска проекция - Bulgarca" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Картографска проекция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25BE_%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="नक्शा प्रोजेक्शन - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नक्शा प्रोजेक्शन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0_%25E0%25A6%2585%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25AA" title="মানচিত্র অভিক্ষেপ - Bengalce" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানচিত্র অভিক্ষেপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projecci%25C3%25B3_cartogr%25C3%25A0fica" title="Projecció cartogràfica - Katalanca" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Projecció cartogràfica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapov%25C3%25A9_zobrazen%25C3%25AD" title="Mapové zobrazení - Çekçe" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mapové zobrazení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Çekçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortprojektion" title="Kortprojektion - Danca" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kortprojektion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartennetzentwurf" title="Kartennetzentwurf - Almanca" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kartennetzentwurf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A7%25CE%25B1%25CF%2581%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B3%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CF%2586%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE_%25CF%2580%25CF%2581%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B2%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BB%25CE%25AE" title="Χαρτογραφική προβολή - Yunanca" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαρτογραφική προβολή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection - İngilizce" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Map projection" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="İngilizce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyecci%25C3%25B3n_cartogr%25C3%25A1fica" title="Proyección cartográfica - İspanyolca" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proyección cartográfica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="İspanyolca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaardiprojektsioon" title="Kaardiprojektsioon - Estonca" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaardiprojektsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proiekzio_kartografiko" title="Proiekzio kartografiko - Baskça" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Proiekzio kartografiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D9%2585_%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1_%25D9%2586%25D9%2582%25D8%25B4%25D9%2587" title="سیستم تصویر نقشه - Farsça" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیستم تصویر نقشه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Farsça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karttaprojektio" title="Karttaprojektio - Fince" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karttaprojektio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection_cartographique" title="Projection cartographique - Fransızca" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Projection cartographique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Fransızca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teilgean_l%25C3%25A9arsc%25C3%25A1ile" title="Teilgean léarscáile - İrlandaca" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teilgean léarscáile" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="İrlandaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxecci%25C3%25B3n_cartogr%25C3%25A1fica" title="Proxección cartográfica - Galiçyaca" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Proxección cartográfica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galiçyaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2594%25D7%2599%25D7%2598%25D7%259C_(%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%25A6%25D7%2595%25D7%2592_%25D7%2592%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A4%25D7%2599)" title="היטל (ייצוג גרפי) - İbranice" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היטל (ייצוג גרפי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="İbranice" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0_%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25AA" title="मानचित्र प्रक्षेप - Hintçe" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानचित्र प्रक्षेप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hintçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografska_projekcija" title="Kartografska projekcija - Hırvatça" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kartografska projekcija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hırvatça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwojeksyon_konik" title="Pwojeksyon konik - Haiti Kreyolu" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwojeksyon konik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haiti Kreyolu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vet%25C3%25BClettan" title="Vetülettan - Macarca" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vetülettan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Macarca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyeksi_peta" title="Proyeksi peta - Endonezce" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proyeksi peta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Endonezce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortav%25C3%25B6rpun" title="Kortavörpun - İzlandaca" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kortavörpun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="İzlandaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proiezione_cartografica" title="Proiezione cartografica - İtalyanca" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Proiezione cartografica" data-language-autonym="İtaliano" data-language-local-name="İtalyanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>İtaliano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%258A%2595%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E6%25B3%2595_(%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%259B%25B3)" title="投影法 (地図) - Japonca" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="投影法 (地図)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D2%259B_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Картографиялық проекция - Kazakça" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Картографиялық проекция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25A7%2580%25EB%258F%2584_%25ED%2588%25AC%25EC%2598%2581%25EB%25B2%2595" title="지도 투영법 - Korece" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지도 투영법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korece" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Картографиялык проекциялар - Kırgızca" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Картографиялык проекциялар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kırgızca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projektiounsmodell" title="Projektiounsmodell - Lüksemburgca" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Projektiounsmodell" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Lüksemburgca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografin%25C4%2597_projekcija" title="Kartografinė projekcija - Litvanca" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kartografinė projekcija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Картографска проекција - Makedonca" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Картографска проекција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjuran_peta" title="Unjuran peta - Malayca" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Unjuran peta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malayca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaartprojectie" title="Kaartprojectie - Felemenkçe" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kaartprojectie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Felemenkçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartprojeksjon" title="Kartprojeksjon - Norveççe Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kartprojeksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveççe Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projeccion_cartografica" title="Projeccion cartografica - Oksitan dili" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Projeccion cartografica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitan dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odwzorowanie_kartograficzne" title="Odwzorowanie kartograficzne - Lehçe" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Odwzorowanie kartograficzne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Lehçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proje%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o_cartogr%25C3%25A1fica" title="Projeção cartográfica - Portekizce" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Projeção cartográfica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portekizce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proiec%25C8%259Bie_cartografic%25C4%2583" title="Proiecție cartografică - Rumence" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Proiecție cartografică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumence" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Картографическая проекция - Rusça" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Картографическая проекция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Map projection" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografska_projekcija" title="Kartografska projekcija - Slovence" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kartografska projekcija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovence" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2598%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Картографска пројекција - Sırpça" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Картографска пројекција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Sırpça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartprojektion" title="Kartprojektion - İsveççe" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kartprojektion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="İsveççe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%259C%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B9%2588" title="เส้นโครงแผนที่ - Tayca" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เส้นโครงแผนที่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tayca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D1%2596%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2594%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Картографічна проєкція - Ukraynaca" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Картографічна проєкція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraynaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaritagrafik_proyeksiyalar" title="Xaritagrafik proyeksiyalar - Özbekçe" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xaritagrafik proyeksiyalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Özbekçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%259B%25BE%25E6%258A%2595%25E5%25BD%25B1" title="地图投影 - Çince" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地图投影" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Çince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%259C%2596%25E6%258A%2595%25E5%25BD%25B1" title="地圖投影 - Kantonca" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地圖投影" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-tr.svg" alt="Vikipedi" width="107" height="18" style="width: 6.6875em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">Sayfa en son 21.59, 2 Kasım 2024 tarihinde değiştirildi.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Aksi belirtilmedikçe içeriğin kullanımı <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.tr">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> lisansı kapsamında uygundur.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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