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class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_pyu_(Myanmar)" title="Idioma pyu (Myanmar) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Idioma pyu (Myanmar)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyu_(Sprache)" title="Pyu (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pyu (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_pyu_(Birmania)" title="Idioma pyu (Birmania) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma pyu (Birmania)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_pyu" title="Lingua pyu – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua pyu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%80%BC%EC%96%B4" title="쀼어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쀼어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="प्यू भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्यू भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyu_(tibetsko-burmanski_jezik)" title="Pyu (tibetsko-burmanski jezik) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pyu (tibetsko-burmanski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Pyu" title="Bahasa Pyu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Pyu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pju_kalba" title="Pju kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pju kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ပျူဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပျူဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="ピュー語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピュー語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_pyu" title="Língua pyu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua pyu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8C%D1%8E_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA,_%D0%9C%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Пью (язык, Мьянма) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пью (язык, Мьянма)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9" title="ภาษาปยู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาปยู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%83%E8%AA%9E" title="驃語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="驃語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36259#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language of ancient Myanmar</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Pyu</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Tircul</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyu_pyx.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pyu_pyx.png/20px-Pyu_pyx.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pyu_pyx.png/30px-Pyu_pyx.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pyu_pyx.png/40px-Pyu_pyx.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyu_Alphabets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pyu_Alphabets.jpg/200px-Pyu_Alphabets.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pyu_Alphabets.jpg/300px-Pyu_Alphabets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pyu_Alphabets.jpg/400px-Pyu_Alphabets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Pyu alphabet</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Pyu_city-states" title="Pyu city-states">Pyu city-states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">13th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <b>Pyu</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu script</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pyx" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pyx">pyx</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/pyx">pyx</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/burm1262">burm1262</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>Pyu language</b> (Pyu: <big><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyu_pyx.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pyu_pyx.png/20px-Pyu_pyx.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pyu_pyx.png/30px-Pyu_pyx.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pyu_pyx.png/40px-Pyu_pyx.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></big>; <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>: <span lang="my">ပျူ ဘာသာ</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[pjù<span class="wrap"> </span>bàðà]</a></span>; also <b>Tircul language</b>) is an extinct <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan language</a> that was mainly spoken in what is now <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> in the first millennium <a href="/wiki/Common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common era">CE</a>. It was the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pyu_city-states" title="Pyu city-states">Pyu city-states</a>, which thrived between the second century <a href="/wiki/Common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common era">BCE</a> and the ninth century CE. Its usage declined starting in the late ninth century when the <a href="/wiki/Bamar_people" title="Bamar people">Bamar people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nanzhao" title="Nanzhao">Nanzhao</a> began to overtake the Pyu city-states. The language was still in use, at least in royal inscriptions of the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</a> if not in popular vernacular, until the late twelfth century. It became extinct in the thirteenth century, completing the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese language</a>, the language of the Pagan Kingdom, in Upper Burma, the former Pyu realm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHtin_Aung196751–52_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHtin_Aung196751–52-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language is principally known from inscriptions on four stone urns (7th and 8th centuries) found near the Payagyi pagoda (in the modern <a href="/wiki/Bago_Township" title="Bago Township">Bago Township</a>) and the multi-lingual <a href="/wiki/Myazedi_inscription" title="Myazedi inscription">Myazedi inscription</a> (early 12th century).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beckwith_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckwith-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were first deciphered by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Otto_Blagden" title="Charles Otto Blagden">Charles Otto Blagden</a> in the early 1910s.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckwith_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckwith-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu script</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic script</a>. Recent scholarship suggests the Pyu script may have been the source of the Burmese script.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAung-Thwin2005167–177_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAung-Thwin2005167–177-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyu_Inscription.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pyu_Inscription.JPG/220px-Pyu_Inscription.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pyu_Inscription.JPG/330px-Pyu_Inscription.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pyu_Inscription.JPG/440px-Pyu_Inscription.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Pyu Inscription from <a href="/wiki/Hanlin,_Burma" title="Hanlin, Burma">Hanlin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyu_city-states_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Pyu_city-states_map.svg/220px-Pyu_city-states_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Pyu_city-states_map.svg/330px-Pyu_city-states_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Pyu_city-states_map.svg/440px-Pyu_city-states_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="2003" /></a><figcaption>Pyu city-states, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8th century</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Blagden (1911: 382) was the first scholar to recognize Pyu as an independent branch of Sino-Tibetan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlagden1911_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlagden1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marc_Miyake" title="Marc Miyake">Miyake</a> (2021, 2022) argues that Pyu forms a branch of its own within the Sino-Tibetan language phylum due to its divergent phonological and lexical characteristics. Pyu is not a particularly conservative Sino-Tibetan language, as it displays many phonological and <a href="/wiki/Lexical_Innovation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical Innovation">lexical innovations</a> as has lost much of the original Proto-Sino-Tibetan morphology.<sup id="cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miyake2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake2021[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake2021[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miyake (2022) suggests that this may be due to a possible <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoloid</a> origin of Pyu.<sup id="cite_ref-Miyake_JSEALS_Special_8_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miyake_JSEALS_Special_8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pyu was tentatively classified within the <a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese languages</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_A._Matisoff" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Matisoff">Matisoff</a> and thought to most likely be <a href="/wiki/Luish_languages" title="Luish languages">Luish</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_Bradley_(linguist)" title="David Bradley (linguist)">Bradley</a>, although Miyake later showed that neither of these hypotheses are plausible. <a href="/wiki/George_van_Driem" title="George van Driem">Van Driem</a> also tentatively classified Pyu as an independent branch of Sino-Tibetan.<sup id="cite_ref-van_Driem_THD_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Driem_THD-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marc_Miyake" title="Marc Miyake">Marc Miyake</a> reconstructs the <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> structure of Pyu as:<sup id="cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miyake2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>(C.)CV(C)(H)</dd> <dd>(preinitial) + syllable</dd></dl> <p>7 vowels are reconstructed.<sup id="cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miyake2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>front</th> <th>mid</th> <th>back </th></tr> <tr> <th>high </th> <td>i</td> <td></td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <th>mid </th> <td>e</td> <td>ə</td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <th>low </th> <td>æ</td> <td></td> <td>a </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Miyake reconstructs 43-44 onsets, depending on whether or not the initial <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> is included. Innovative onsets are:<sup id="cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miyake2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>fricatives: /h ɣ ç ʝ ð v/</li> <li>liquids: /R̥ R L̥ L/</li> <li>implosive: /ɓ/</li></ul> <p>10 codas are reconstructed, which are -k, -t, -p, -m, -n, -ŋ, -j, -r, -l, -w. Pyu is apparently <a href="/wiki/Isolating_language" title="Isolating language">isolating</a>, with no inflection morphology observed.<sup id="cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miyake2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Pyu_inscriptions">List of Pyu inscriptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of Pyu inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Location</th> <th>Inventory number </th></tr> <tr> <td>Halin</td> <td>01<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Śrī Kṣetra</td> <td>04<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pagan</td> <td>07<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pagan</td> <td>08<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Śrī Kṣetra</td> <td>10<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pagan</td> <td>11<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Śrī Kṣetra</td> <td>12<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Śrī Kṣetra</td> <td>22<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Śrī Kṣetra</td> <td>25<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Śrī Kṣetra</td> <td>28<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Śrī Kṣetra</td> <td>29<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Myittha</td> <td>32<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Myittha</td> <td>39<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Śrī Kṣetra</td> <td>42<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Śrī Kṣetra</td> <td>55<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Śrī Kṣetra</td> <td>56<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Śrī Kṣetra</td> <td>57<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Halin</td> <td>60<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Halin</td> <td>61<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>???</td> <td>63<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Śrī Kṣetra</td> <td>105<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Śrī Kṣetra</td> <td>160<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>???</td> <td>163<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Śrī Kṣetra</td> <td>164<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Śrī Kṣetra</td> <td>167<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below are selected Pyu basic vocabulary items from <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Luce" title="Gordon Luce">Gordon Luce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Miyake" title="Marc Miyake">Marc Miyake</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Myazedi inscription</th> <th>Myazedi inscription translation </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Myazedi_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Myazedi_inscription.jpg/211px-Myazedi_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Myazedi_inscription.jpg/317px-Myazedi_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Myazedi_inscription.jpg/423px-Myazedi_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1957" data-file-height="2774" /></a></span></td> <td>Prosperity! One thousand six hundred and twenty-eight years after Lord Buddha had attained Nibbana, this city was named Arimaddanapur. The King was named Sri Tribhuvanditya Dhammaraja. The King's queen consort was called Trilokavatamsakadevi. Her son was named Rajakumer. The King gave her three villages of salves. When the Queen had died the King gave the Queen's goods and the three villages of salves, to the noble Queen's song Rajakumar. After the noble King had enjoyed royal splendour for twenty-eight years, he was sick nigh unto death. That noble Queen's son was called Rajakumar. The Queen's son being mindful of the King's beneficence in bringing him up, caused a golden statue to be made in the likeness of the lord Buddha and, giving the golden Buddha, to the King, said thus: "On behalf on my lord (father) I consecrate this golden Buddha. I now give the three villages of salves to my lord. May my lord give them to the noble golden Buddha. "There upon the King smiled and said, "Well done! Well done!" Then, in the presence of the noble disciples Maha-thera, Moggliputatissa-thera, Sumedha the Leamed, Brahma-pala, Brahmadiv, Sona, Sanghadena the very Learned, the noble King poured water (onto the ground in dedication). Thereafter, Rajakumar the Queen's son, had the golden Buddha enshrined in a cave for which a golden spire was made. In consecrating the cave-pagoda, the villages from the three villages namely Sakmunalun, one village; Rabai, one village, were assembled and assigned to the pagoda. The Queen's son Rajakumar, in pouring the (libation) water said thus: "May this my deed, help me to attain Ommiscience and wisdom (like Buddha). If any harm be done to any of these slaves, or to anything that I now dedicate to this pagoda, or if any violence done against them be not deterred, be it, my own son, be it my grandson, be it my own kinsman be it any stranger, let him never see the noble Arimettaya Buddha." </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gloss </th> <th>Luce (1985)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Miyake (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Miyake (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miyake2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>one</td> <td>tå</td> <td>ta(k·)ṁ</td> <td>/tæk/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>two</td> <td>hni°</td> <td>kni</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>three</td> <td>ho:, hau:</td> <td>hoḥ</td> <td>/n.homH/ < *n.sumH < *məsumH </td></tr> <tr> <td>four</td> <td>pḷå</td> <td>plaṁ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>five</td> <td>pi°ŋa</td> <td>(piṁ/miṁ) ṅa</td> <td>/pəŋa/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>six</td> <td>tru</td> <td>tru(k·?)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>seven</td> <td>kni</td> <td>hni(t·?)ṁ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>eight</td> <td>hrå</td> <td>hra(t·)ṁ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nine</td> <td>tko</td> <td>tko</td> <td>/t.ko/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ten</td> <td>sū, sau</td> <td>su</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>twenty</td> <td>tpū</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bone, relic</td> <td>ru</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>water</td> <td>tdu̱-</td> <td></td> <td>/t.du/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>gold</td> <td>tha</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>day</td> <td>phru̱</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>month</td> <td>de [ḷe ?]</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>year</td> <td>sni:</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>village</td> <td>o</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>good; well</td> <td>ha</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>to be in pain, ill</td> <td>hni°:</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nearness</td> <td>mtu</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>name</td> <td>mi</td> <td></td> <td>/r.miŋ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td>ga°:</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>my</td> <td>gi</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>wife</td> <td>maya:</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>consort, wife</td> <td>[u] vo̱:</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>child, son</td> <td>sa:</td> <td></td> <td>/saH/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>grandchild</td> <td>pli, pli°</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>give</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>/pæH/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sound_changes">Sound changes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sound changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pyu displays the following sound changes from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Tibeto-Burman">Proto-Tibeto-Burman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miyake2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a> <a href="/wiki/Chain_shift" title="Chain shift">chain shift</a>: *c > *s > /h/</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denasalization" title="Denasalization">denasalization</a>: *m > /ɓ/ and possibly *ŋ > /g/</li> <li>*e-lowering: *e > /ä/</li> <li>*sC-cluster compression: *sk, *st, *sp > /kʰ, tʰ, pʰ/</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language was the vernacular of the Pyu states. However, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> appeared to have co-existed alongside Pyu as the court language. The Chinese records state that the 35 musicians that accompanied the Pyu embassy to the Tang court in 800–802 played music and sang in the <i>Fàn</i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A2%B5" class="extiw" title="wikt:梵">梵</a> "Sanskrit") language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAung-Thwin200535–36_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAung-Thwin200535–36-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pyu Pali </th> <th>Burmese Pali </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Thai_script#Sanskrit_and_Pali" title="Thai script">Thai Pali</a> </th> <th>Translation<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyu_script_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Pyu_script_1.png/400px-Pyu_script_1.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Pyu_script_1.png/600px-Pyu_script_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Pyu_script_1.png/800px-Pyu_script_1.png 2x" data-file-width="6813" data-file-height="640" /></a></span><br /> (Pyu alphabet AD 500 to 600 Writings) </td> <td>ဣတိပိ သော ဘဂဝါ အရဟံ <br />သမ္မာသမ္ဗုဒ္ဓော ဝိဇ္ဇာစရဏသမ္ပန္နော </td> <td>อิติปิ โส ภควา อรหํ สมฺมาสมฺพุทฺโธ วิชฺชาจรณสมฺปนฺโน </td> <td>Thus, indeed is that Gracious One: The Worthy One, fully enlightened, endowed with clear vision and virtuous conduct, </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyu_script_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pyu_script_2.png/400px-Pyu_script_2.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pyu_script_2.png/600px-Pyu_script_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pyu_script_2.png/800px-Pyu_script_2.png 2x" data-file-width="10341" data-file-height="704" /></a></span> </td> <td>သုဂတော လောကဝိဒူ အနုတ္တရော ပုရိသဒမ္မ သာရထိ သတ္ထာ ဒေဝမနုသာနံ ဗုဒ္ဓေါ ဘဂဝါ(တိ) </td> <td>สุคโต โลกวิทู อนุตฺตโร ปุริสทมฺมสารถิ สตฺถาเทวมนุสฺสานํ พุทฺโธ ภควา(ติ) </td> <td>sublime, the Knower of the worlds, the unsurpassed guide of those who need taming, the Teacher of gods and men, the Buddha and the Gracious One. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHtin_Aung196751–52-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHtin_Aung196751–52_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHtin_Aung1967">Htin Aung (1967)</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlagden1913–1914" class="citation journal cs1">Blagden, C. Otto (1913–1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/epigraphia-indica/epigraphia-indica-vol-12#page/n167">"The 'Pyu' inscriptions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Epigraphia_Indica" title="Epigraphia Indica">Epigraphia Indica</a></i>. <b>12</b>: 127–132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epigraphia+Indica&rft.atitle=The+%27Pyu%27+inscriptions&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=127-132&rft.date=1913%2F1914&rft.aulast=Blagden&rft.aufirst=C.+Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fepigraphia-indica%2Fepigraphia-indica-vol-12%23page%2Fn167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyu+language+%28Sino-Tibetan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beckwith-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beckwith_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckwith_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Beckwith, Christopher I.</a> (2002). "A glossary of Pyu". In Beckwith, Christopher I. (ed.). <i>Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages</i>. Brill. pp. 159–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12424-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12424-0"><bdi>978-90-04-12424-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+glossary+of+Pyu&rft.btitle=Medieval+Tibeto-Burman+languages&rft.pages=159-161&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12424-0&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyu+language+%28Sino-Tibetan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAung-Thwin2005167–177-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAung-Thwin2005167–177_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAung-Thwin2005">Aung-Thwin (2005)</a>, pp. 167–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlagden1911-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlagden1911_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlagden1911">Blagden (1911)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miyake2021-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiyake2021a" class="citation web cs1">Miyake, Marc (June 1, 2021a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LX_D-Gx8rOIbjKiV9YPyXUA5mDAL2TJL/view?usp=sharing">"The Prehistory of Pyu"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.5778089">10.5281/zenodo.5778089</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+of+Pyu&rft.date=2021-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.5778089&rft.aulast=Miyake&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F1LX_D-Gx8rOIbjKiV9YPyXUA5mDAL2TJL%2Fview%3Fusp%3Dsharing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyu+language+%28Sino-Tibetan%29" class="Z3988"></span><br /> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRclWho8Lis">"The Prehistory of Pyu - Marc Miyake - SEALS 2021 KEYNOTE TALK"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-25</span></span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+of+Pyu+-+Marc+Miyake+-+SEALS+2021+KEYNOTE+TALK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DhRclWho8Lis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyu+language+%28Sino-Tibetan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake2021[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake2021[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiyake2021">Miyake (2021)</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miyake_JSEALS_Special_8-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miyake_JSEALS_Special_8_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiyake2022" class="citation journal cs1">Miyake, Marc (2022-01-28). Alves, Mark; Sidwell, Paul (eds.). 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(December 2022)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-van_Driem_THD-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-van_Driem_THD_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Driem" class="citation web cs1">van Driem, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120124135056/http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/trans_himalayan_database">"Trans-Himalayan Database"</a>. Archived from the original on January 24, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trans-Himalayan+Database&rft.aulast=van+Driem&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.himalayanlanguages.org%2Ftrans_himalayan_database&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyu+language+%28Sino-Tibetan%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU001) held at the Archaeological Museum at Halin [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.579711">10.5281/zenodo.579711</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU004) around a funerary urn held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.581381">10.5281/zenodo.581381</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of the quadrilingual Pyu inscription (PYU007) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of the Myazedi pagoda in Pagan [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.579873">10.5281/zenodo.579873</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of the quadrilingual Pyu inscription (PYU008) held at the Pagan museum, originally found in the grounds of the Myazedi pagoda [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.580158">10.5281/10.5281/zenodo.580158</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU010) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.580597">10.5281/zenodo.580597</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a bilingual Pyu inscription (PYU011) held at the Pagan museum [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.580282">10.5281/zenodo.580282</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Sanskrit-Pyu bilingual inscription (PYU012) around the base of a Buddha statue held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.581383">10.5281/zenodo.581383</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU022) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.581468">10.5281/zenodo.581468</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU025) on the base of a funerary urn held at the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.580777">10.5281/zenodo.580777</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU028) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.580791">10.5281/zenodo.580791</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU029) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.581217">10.5281/zenodo.581217</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, James, & Hill, Nathan W. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU032) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of a pagoda in Myittha [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.579848">10.5281/zenodo.579848</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU039) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of a monastery in Myittha [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.579725">10.5281/zenodo.579725</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU042) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. . Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.581251">10.5281/zenodo.581251</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU055) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.806133">10.5281/zenodo.806133</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU056) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.806148">10.5281/zenodo.806148</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU057) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.806163">10.5281/zenodo.806163</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU060) kept in the inscription shed outside the Archaeological Museum at Halin [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.579695">10.5281/zenodo.579695</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU061) held at the Archaeological Museum at Halin [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.579710">10.5281/zenodo.579710</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU063) held at the National Museum (Burmese: အမျိုးသား ပြတိုက်) in Rangoon [Data set]. Zenodo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/">http://doi.org/</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.806174">10.5281/zenodo.806174</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription on a gold ring (PYU105) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.806168">10.5281/zenodo.806168</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU160) discovered in Śrī Kṣetra [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.823725">10.5281/zenodo.823725</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU163) [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.825673">10.5281/zenodo.825673</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU164) [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.825685">10.5281/zenodo.825685</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU167) [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.823753">10.5281/zenodo.823753</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luce, George. 1985. <i>Phases of Pre-Pagan Burma: languages and history</i> (volume 2). Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-713595-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-713595-1">0-19-713595-1</a>. pp. 66–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miyake, Marc. 2016. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25667919/Pyu_Numerals_in_Comparative_Perspective">Pyu numerals in comparative perspective</a></i>. Presentation given at SEALS 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAung-Thwin200535–36-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAung-Thwin200535–36_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAung-Thwin2005">Aung-Thwin (2005)</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chaplaincy.tufts.edu/buddhist/files/Pali-chant-with-English-translation.pdf">"Pali chant with English translation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Tufts University Chaplaincy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Feb 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tufts+University+Chaplaincy&rft.atitle=Pali+chant+with+English+translation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchaplaincy.tufts.edu%2Fbuddhist%2Ffiles%2FPali-chant-with-English-translation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyu+language+%28Sino-Tibetan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAung-Thwin2005" class="citation book cs1">Aung-Thwin, Michael (2005). <i>The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma</i> (illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2886-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2886-8"><bdi>978-0-8248-2886-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mists+of+R%C4%81ma%C3%B1%C3%B1a%3A+The+Legend+that+was+Lower+Burma&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2886-8&rft.aulast=Aung-Thwin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyu+language+%28Sino-Tibetan%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlagden1911" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Otto_Blagden" title="Charles Otto Blagden">Blagden, C. Otto</a> (1911). "A preliminary study of the fourth text of the Myazedi inscriptions". <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland</i>. <b>43</b> (2): 365–388. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00041526">10.1017/S0035869X00041526</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163623038">163623038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+%26+Ireland&rft.atitle=A+preliminary+study+of+the+fourth+text+of+the+Myazedi+inscriptions&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=365-388&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00041526&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163623038%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Blagden&rft.aufirst=C.+Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyu+language+%28Sino-Tibetan%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHtin_Aung1967" class="citation book cs1">Htin Aung, Maung (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofburma00htin"><i>A History of Burma</i></a></span>. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Burma&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Htin+Aung&rft.aufirst=Maung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofburma00htin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyu+language+%28Sino-Tibetan%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiyake2021" class="citation book cs1">Miyake, Marc (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/isbn/9783110662696/html"><i>The Pyu Language of Ancient Burma</i></a>. Beyond Boundaries. Vol. 6. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110656442" title="Special:BookSources/9783110656442"><bdi>9783110656442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pyu+Language+of+Ancient+Burma&rft.series=Beyond+Boundaries&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9783110656442&rft.aulast=Miyake&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fisbn%2F9783110662696%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyu+language+%28Sino-Tibetan%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffithsHudsonMiyakeWheatley2017" class="citation journal cs1">Griffiths, Arlo; Hudson, Bob; <a href="/wiki/Marc_Miyake" title="Marc Miyake">Miyake, Marc</a>; Wheatley, Julian K. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.2017.6247">"Studies in Pyu Epigraphy, I: State of the Field, Edition and Analysis of the Kan Wet Khaung Mound Inscription, and Inventory of the Corpus"</a>. <i>Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient</i>. <b>103</b>: 43–205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.2017.6247">10.3406/befeo.2017.6247</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.atitle=Studies+in+Pyu+Epigraphy%2C+I%3A+State+of+the+Field%2C+Edition+and+Analysis+of+the+Kan+Wet+Khaung+Mound+Inscription%2C+and+Inventory+of+the+Corpus&rft.volume=103&rft.pages=43-205&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbefeo.2017.6247&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Arlo&rft.au=Hudson%2C+Bob&rft.au=Miyake%2C+Marc&rft.au=Wheatley%2C+Julian+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3406%252Fbefeo.2017.6247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyu+language+%28Sino-Tibetan%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Griffiths, Arlo, Marc Miyake & Julian K. Wheatley. 2021. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hisoma.huma-num.fr/exist/apps/pyu/index2.html">Corpus of Pyu inscriptions</a></i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1925" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, G. E. (1925). <i>History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824</i>. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Burma%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+10+March+1824&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+%26+Co.+Ltd&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=G.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyu+language+%28Sino-Tibetan%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiyake2018" class="citation journal cs1">Miyake, Marc (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2405478X-01101008">"Studies in Pyu Phonology, ii: Rhymes"</a>. <i>Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics</i>. <b>11</b> (1–2): 37–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2405478X-01101008">10.1163/2405478X-01101008</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Chinese+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Studies+in+Pyu+Phonology%2C+ii%3A+Rhymes&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=37-76&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2405478X-01101008&rft.aulast=Miyake&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F2405478X-01101008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyu+language+%28Sino-Tibetan%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiyake2019" class="citation journal cs1">Miyake, Marc (2019). "A first look at Pyu grammar". <i>Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 150–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fltba.18013.miy">10.1075/ltba.18013.miy</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213553247">213553247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistics+of+the+Tibeto-Burman+Area&rft.atitle=A+first+look+at+Pyu+grammar&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=150-221&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fltba.18013.miy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213553247%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Miyake&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyu+language+%28Sino-Tibetan%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafer1943" class="citation journal cs1">Shafer, Robert (1943). "Further analysis of the Pyu inscriptions". <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 313–366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2717831">10.2307/2717831</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2717831">2717831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=Further+analysis+of+the+Pyu+inscriptions&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=313-366&rft.date=1943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2717831&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2717831%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shafer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyu+language+%28Sino-Tibetan%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRclWho8Lis">The Pre-History of Pyu, Marc Miyake</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hisoma.huma-num.fr/exist/apps/pyu/index2.html">Searchable corpus of Pyu inscriptions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/search?page=1&size=20&q=keywords:%22Pyu%22&keywords=Pyu&type=dataset">Datasets for Pyu inscriptions</a>, photographed by James Miles</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template talk:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sino-Tibetan_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> branches</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">West Himalayish</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newaric_languages" title="Newaric languages">Newaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baram%E2%80%93Thangmi_languages" title="Baram–Thangmi languages">Baram–Thangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimalish_languages" title="Dhimalish languages">Dhimalish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimal_language" title="Dhimal language">Dhimal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toto_language" title="Toto language">Toto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Magaric" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magaric_languages" title="Greater Magaric languages">Greater Magaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kham language">Kham</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepangic_languages" title="Chepangic languages">Chepangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chepang_language" title="Chepang language">Chepang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhujel_language" title="Bhujel language">Bhujel</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji%E2%80%93Raute_languages" title="Raji–Raute languages">Raji–Raute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dura_language" title="Dura language">Dura</a></i>–<i><a href="/wiki/Tandrange_language" title="Tandrange language">Tandrange</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages"><img alt="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/200px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/300px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/400px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="2792" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam_language" title="Nam language">Nam</a></i>?</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCOle_language" title="ʼOle language">ʼOle</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo_languages" title="Chamdo languages">Chamdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and Indo-<br />Burmese border</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mruic_languages" title="Mruic languages">Mruic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anu-Hkongso_language" title="Anu-Hkongso language">Hkongso</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Myanmar)" title="Taman language (Myanmar)">Taman</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Naga_languages" title="Naga languages">Naga</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_languages" title="Ao languages">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami%E2%80%93Pochuri_languages" title="Angami–Pochuri languages">Angami–Pochuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhulic_languages" title="Tangkhulic languages">Tangkhulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro%E2%80%93Garo_languages" title="Boro–Garo languages">Boro–Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_languages" title="Konyak languages">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpho%E2%80%93Luish_languages" title="Jingpho–Luish languages">Jingpho–Luish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Nungish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karenic_languages" title="Karenic languages">Karenic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gong_language" title="Gong language">Gong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai–Long</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burmo-Qiangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmo-Qiangic_languages" title="Burmo-Qiangic languages">Burmo-Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrongic_languages" title="Gyalrongic languages">Gyalrongic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersuic_languages" title="Ersuic languages">Ersuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naic_languages" title="Naic languages">Naic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Dubious</a> (possible<br /><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hruso_language" title="Hruso language">Hruso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju–Meyor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songlin_language" title="Songlin language">Songlin</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Siangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(India)" title="Koro language (India)">Koro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milang_language" title="Milang language">Milang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Idu–Taraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Central Tibeto-Burman languages">Central Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin%E2%80%93Naga_languages" title="Kuki-Chin–Naga languages">Kuki-Chin–Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakiranti_languages" title="Mahakiranti languages">Mahakiranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rung_languages" title="Rung languages">Rung</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan_language" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan language">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman_language" title="Proto-Tibeto-Burman language">Proto-Tibeto-Burman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Loloish_language" title="Proto-Loloish language">Proto-Loloish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Karenic_language" title="Proto-Karenic language">Proto-Karenic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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