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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Targets, indicators and progress</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Targets,_indicators_and_progress-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Targets, indicators and progress subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Targets,_indicators_and_progress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Target_13.1:_Strengthen_resilience_and_adaptive_capacity_to_climate-related_disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_13.1:_Strengthen_resilience_and_adaptive_capacity_to_climate-related_disasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Target 13.1: Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related disasters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_13.1:_Strengthen_resilience_and_adaptive_capacity_to_climate-related_disasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Target_13.2:_Integrate_climate_change_measures_into_policy_and_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_13.2:_Integrate_climate_change_measures_into_policy_and_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Target 13.2: Integrate climate change measures into policy and planning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_13.2:_Integrate_climate_change_measures_into_policy_and_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Target_13.3:_Build_knowledge_and_capacity_to_meet_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_13.3:_Build_knowledge_and_capacity_to_meet_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Target 13.3: Build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_13.3:_Build_knowledge_and_capacity_to_meet_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Target_13.a:_Implement_the_UN_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_13.a:_Implement_the_UN_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Target 13.a: Implement the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_13.a:_Implement_the_UN_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Target_13.b:_Promote_mechanisms_to_raise_capacity_for_planning_and_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_13.b:_Promote_mechanisms_to_raise_capacity_for_planning_and_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Target 13.b: Promote mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_13.b:_Promote_mechanisms_to_raise_capacity_for_planning_and_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Custodian_agencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Custodian_agencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Custodian agencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Custodian_agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Monitoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Challenges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Climate migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Russian invasion of Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Links_with_other_SDGs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Links_with_other_SDGs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Links with other SDGs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Links_with_other_SDGs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organizations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Nations_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>United Nations organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%81_13_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" title="الهدف 13 من أهداف التنمية المستدامة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الهدف 13 من أهداف التنمية المستدامة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objetivo_de_Desarrollo_Sostenible_13" title="Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 13 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 13" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garapen_Jasangarrirako_13._helburua:_klimaren_aldeko_ekintza" title="Garapen Jasangarrirako 13. helburua: klimaren aldeko ekintza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Garapen Jasangarrirako 13. helburua: klimaren aldeko ekintza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectif_de_d%C3%A9veloppement_durable_no_13_des_Nations_unies" title="Objectif de développement durable no 13 des Nations unies – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Objectif de développement durable no 13 des Nations unies" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihe_mgbaru_%E1%BB%8Ds%E1%BB%8D_mmepe_na-ad%E1%BB%8Bgide_ad%E1%BB%8Bgide_13" title="Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide 13 – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide 13" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98_13" title="Цел за одржлив развој 13 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Цел за одржлив развој 13" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="പതിമൂന്നാം സുസ്ഥിര വികസന ലക്ഷ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പതിമൂന്നാം സുസ്ഥിര വികസന ലക്ഷ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matlamat_Pembangunan_Mampan_13" title="Matlamat Pembangunan Mampan 13 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Matlamat Pembangunan Mampan 13" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objetivo_de_Desenvolvimento_Sustent%C3%A1vel_13" title="Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustentável 13 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustentável 13" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiectivul_de_Dezvoltare_Durabil%C4%83_13" title="Obiectivul de Dezvoltare Durabilă 13 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Obiectivul de Dezvoltare Durabilă 13" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objektivi_i_Zhvillimit_t%C3%AB_Q%C3%ABndruesh%C3%ABm_13" title="Objektivi i Zhvillimit të Qëndrueshëm 13 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Objektivi i Zhvillimit të Qëndrueshëm 13" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q53581236#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Sustainable Development Goal 13</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sustainable_Development_Goal_13Climate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13Climate.svg/300px-Sustainable_Development_Goal_13Climate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13Climate.svg/450px-Sustainable_Development_Goal_13Climate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13Climate.svg/600px-Sustainable_Development_Goal_13Climate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mission_statement" title="Mission statement">Mission statement</a></th><td class="infobox-data">"Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts by regulating emissions and promoting developments in renewable energy"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commercial?</th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type of project</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">Non-Profit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Global</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">2015</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdgs.un.org/">sdgs<wbr />.un<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sustainable Development Goal 13</b> (<b>SDG 13</b> or <b>Global Goal 13</b>) is to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">limit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adapt to</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. It is one of 17 <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> established by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> in 2015. The official mission statement of this goal is to "<a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Take urgent action</a> to combat climate change and its <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">impacts</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:172_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:172-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SDG 13 and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_7" title="Sustainable Development Goal 7">SDG 7</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">clean energy</a> are closely related and complementary.<sup id="cite_ref-Energyreport2019_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energyreport2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 101">: 101 </span></sup> </p><p>SDG 13 has five targets which are to be achieved by 2030. They cover a wide range of issues surrounding climate action. The first three targets are <i>outcome targets.</i> The first target is to strengthen resilience and <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">adaptive capacity</a> towards climate change-related <a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">disasters</a>. The second target is to integrate climate change measures into policies and planning. The third target is to <a href="/wiki/Capacity_building" title="Capacity building">build knowledge and capacity</a>. The remaining two targets are <i>means of implementation targets<sup id="cite_ref-:222_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:222-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i>. These include implementing the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">UN Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> (UNFCCC), and to promote mechanisms to raise capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management. Along with each target, there are indicators that provide a method to review the overall progress of each target. The UNFCCC is the main intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change. </p><p>Under the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>, nations collectively agreed to keep warming "well under 2°C". However, with pledges made under the Agreement, global warming would still reach about 2.7 °C (4.9 °F) by the end of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP2021_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP2021-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2020, many countries are now implementing their national <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">climate change adaptation</a> plans.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESC2020_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESC2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_13&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The global map shows sea temperature rises of 0.5 to 1 degree Celsius; land temperature rises of 1 to 2 degree Celsius; and Arctic temperature rises of up to 4 degrees Celsius." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg/300px-Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg/450px-Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg/600px-Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption> Surface air temperature change over the past 50 years<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The graph from 1880 to 2020 shows natural drivers exhibiting fluctuations of about 0.3 degrees Celsius. Human drivers steadily increase by 0.3 degrees over 100 years to 1980, then steeply by 0.8 degrees more over the past 40 years." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg/300px-Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg/450px-Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg/600px-Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Change in average surface air temperature since the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, plus drivers for that change. Human activity has caused increased temperatures, with natural forces adding some variability.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:300px;max-width:300px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bobcat_Fire,_Los_Angeles,_San_Gabriel_Mountains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bobcat Fire in Monrovia, CA, September 10, 2020" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bobcat_Fire%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_San_Gabriel_Mountains.jpg/298px-Bobcat_Fire%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_San_Gabriel_Mountains.jpg" decoding="async" width="298" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bobcat_Fire%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_San_Gabriel_Mountains.jpg/447px-Bobcat_Fire%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_San_Gabriel_Mountains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bobcat_Fire%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_San_Gabriel_Mountains.jpg/596px-Bobcat_Fire%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_San_Gabriel_Mountains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5014" data-file-height="2554" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bleached_colony_of_Acropora_coral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bleached colony of Acropora coral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bleached_colony_of_Acropora_coral.jpg/165px-Bleached_colony_of_Acropora_coral.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bleached_colony_of_Acropora_coral.jpg/248px-Bleached_colony_of_Acropora_coral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bleached_colony_of_Acropora_coral.jpg/330px-Bleached_colony_of_Acropora_coral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1169" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:California_Drought_Dry_Lakebed_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A dry lakebed in California, which is experiencing its worst megadrought in 1,200 years.[8]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/California_Drought_Dry_Lakebed_2009.jpg/129px-California_Drought_Dry_Lakebed_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/California_Drought_Dry_Lakebed_2009.jpg/194px-California_Drought_Dry_Lakebed_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/California_Drought_Dry_Lakebed_2009.jpg/258px-California_Drought_Dry_Lakebed_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Some effects of climate change, clockwise from top left: <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a> intensified by heat and drought, worsening <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">droughts</a> compromising water supplies, and <a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">bleaching of coral</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">marine heatwaves</a></div></div></div></div> <p>SDG 13 intends to take urgent action in order to combat climate change and its <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">impacts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many climate change impacts are already felt at the current 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) level of warming. Additional warming will increase these impacts and can trigger <a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">tipping points</a>, such as the melting of the <a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet" title="Greenland ice sheet">Greenland ice sheet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>, nations collectively agreed to keep warming "well under 2 °C". However, with pledges made under the Agreement, global warming would still reach about 2.7 °C (4.9 °F) by the end of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP2021_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP2021-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reducing emissions requires generating electricity from low-carbon sources rather than burning fossil fuels. This change includes <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">phasing out coal and natural gas fired power plants</a>, vastly increasing use of <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar</a>, and other types of renewable energy, and <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">reducing energy use</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Targets,_indicators_and_progress"><span id="Targets.2C_indicators_and_progress"></span>Targets, indicators and progress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_13&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Targets, indicators and progress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_SDG_targets_and_indicators" class="mw-redirect" title="List of SDG targets and indicators">List of SDG targets and indicators</a></div> <p>SDG 13 has five targets. The targets include to strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related disasters (Target 13.1), integrate climate change measures into policies and planning (Target 13.2), build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change (Target 13.3), implement the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">UN Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> (Target 13.a), and promote mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and management (Target 13.b).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each target includes one or more indicators that help to measure and monitor the progress. Some of the indicators are number of deaths, missing people and directly affected people attributed to disasters per 100,000 population (13.1.1) or total <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse emissions">greenhouse emissions</a> generated by year (13.2.2.) <sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Internally_displaced_persons_from_natural_disasters,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Internally_displaced_persons_from_natural_disasters%2C_OWID.svg/300px-Internally_displaced_persons_from_natural_disasters%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Internally_displaced_persons_from_natural_disasters%2C_OWID.svg/450px-Internally_displaced_persons_from_natural_disasters%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Internally_displaced_persons_from_natural_disasters%2C_OWID.svg/600px-Internally_displaced_persons_from_natural_disasters%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>World map related to Indicator 13.1.1 in 2017: Internally displaced persons from natural disasters<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries-with-legislative-regulatory-provisions-for-managing-disaster-risk.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Countries-with-legislative-regulatory-provisions-for-managing-disaster-risk.png/300px-Countries-with-legislative-regulatory-provisions-for-managing-disaster-risk.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Countries-with-legislative-regulatory-provisions-for-managing-disaster-risk.png/450px-Countries-with-legislative-regulatory-provisions-for-managing-disaster-risk.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Countries-with-legislative-regulatory-provisions-for-managing-disaster-risk.png/600px-Countries-with-legislative-regulatory-provisions-for-managing-disaster-risk.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>World map related to Indicator 13.1.2 in 2018. The map shows the number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target_13.1:_Strengthen_resilience_and_adaptive_capacity_to_climate-related_disasters">Target 13.1: Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related disasters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_13&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Target 13.1: Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related disasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The full text of Target 13.1 is: "Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries".<sup id="cite_ref-:172_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:172-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This target has 3 indicators.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Indicator 13.1.1: "Number of deaths, missing people and directly affected people attributed to disasters per 100,000 population"</li> <li>Indicator 13.1.2: "Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030"</li> <li>Indicator 13.1.3: "Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk reduction strategies"<sup id="cite_ref-:15_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Indicator 13.1.2 serves as a bridge between the Sustainable Development Goals and the <a href="/wiki/Sendai_Framework_for_Disaster_Risk_Reduction" title="Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction">Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In April 2020, the number of countries and territories that adopted national disaster risk reduction strategies increased to 118 compared to 48 from the first year of the Sendai Framework.<sup id="cite_ref-sdgs.un.org_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdgs.un.org-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CO%E2%82%82_emissions_per_capita,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/CO%E2%82%82_emissions_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg/344px-CO%E2%82%82_emissions_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="344" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/CO%E2%82%82_emissions_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg/516px-CO%E2%82%82_emissions_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/CO%E2%82%82_emissions_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg/688px-CO%E2%82%82_emissions_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Average carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions per capita measured in tonnes per year<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target_13.2:_Integrate_climate_change_measures_into_policy_and_planning">Target 13.2: Integrate climate change measures into policy and planning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_13&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Target 13.2: Integrate climate change measures into policy and planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The full text of Target 13.2 is: "Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning".<sup id="cite_ref-:172_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:172-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This target has two indicators: </p> <ul><li>Indicator 13.2.1: "Number of countries with <a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">nationally determined contributions</a>, long-term strategies, national <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a> plans, strategies as reported in adaptation communications and national communications".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Indicator 13.2.2: "Total <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> per year"<sup id="cite_ref-:15_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In order to stay under 1.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>°C of global warming, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from G20 countries need to decline by about 45% by 2030 and attain net zero in 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To be able to meet the 1.5 °C or even 2 °C, which is the maximum set by the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>, greenhouse gas emissions must start to fall by 7.6% per year starting on 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is a large gap between these overall temperature targets and the nationally determined contributions set by individual countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2000 and 2018, greenhouse gas emissions of <a href="/wiki/Transition_economy" title="Transition economy">transition economies</a> and developed countries have declined by 6.5%. In contrast, developing countries saw their emissions go up by 43% between 2000 and 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2015, 170 countries are a part of at least one multilateral environmental agreement,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with each year having an increase in the number of countries signing onto environmental agreements. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon_dioxide_emissions_by_sector,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carbon_dioxide_emissions_by_sector%2C_OWID.svg/304px-Carbon_dioxide_emissions_by_sector%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="304" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carbon_dioxide_emissions_by_sector%2C_OWID.svg/456px-Carbon_dioxide_emissions_by_sector%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carbon_dioxide_emissions_by_sector%2C_OWID.svg/608px-Carbon_dioxide_emissions_by_sector%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Carbon dioxide emissions by sector</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target_13.3:_Build_knowledge_and_capacity_to_meet_climate_change">Target 13.3: Build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_13&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Target 13.3: Build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The full text of Target 13.3 is: "Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning".<sup id="cite_ref-:172_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:172-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This target has two indicators:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Indicator 13.3.1: "The extent to which (i) <a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship_education" title="Global citizenship education">global citizenship education</a> and (ii) education for <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> are mainstreamed in (a) national education policies; (b) curricula; (c) teacher education; and (d) student assessment"</li> <li>Indicator 13.3.2: "Number of countries that have communicated the strengthening of institutional, systemic and individual capacity-building to implement adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer, and development actions"<sup id="cite_ref-:15_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The indicator 13.3.1 measures the extent to which countries mainstream Global Citizenship Education (GCED) and <a href="/wiki/Education_for_sustainable_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Education for sustainable development">Education for Sustainable Development</a> (ESD) in their education systems and educational policies.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The indicator 13.3.2 identifies countries who have and have not adopted and implemented disaster risk management strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. The goal by 2030 is to strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To explain the concept of "Education for Sustainable Development and <a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship" title="Global citizenship">Global Citizenship</a> seeks to equip learners with the knowledge of how their choices impact others and their immediate environment.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is currently no data available for this indicator as of September 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target_13.a:_Implement_the_UN_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change">Target 13.a: Implement the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_13&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Target 13.a: Implement the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green-climate-gcf-fund-pledges.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Green-climate-gcf-fund-pledges.png/300px-Green-climate-gcf-fund-pledges.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Green-climate-gcf-fund-pledges.png/450px-Green-climate-gcf-fund-pledges.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Green-climate-gcf-fund-pledges.png/600px-Green-climate-gcf-fund-pledges.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>World map for Indicator 13.A.1: Green Climate Fund mobilization of $100 billion, 2018<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The full text of Target 13.a is: "Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible."<sup id="cite_ref-:172_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:172-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This target only has one indicator: Indicator 13.a is the "Amounts provided and mobilized in United States dollars per year in relation to the continued existing collective mobilization goal of the $100 billion commitment through to 2025".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Previously, the indicator was worded as "Mobilized amount of United States dollars per year between 2020 and 2025 accountable towards the $100 billion commitment".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This indicator measures the current pledged commitments from countries to the <a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a> (GCF), the amounts provided and mobilized in United States dollars (USD) per year in relation to the continued existing collective mobilization goal of the US$100 billion commitment to 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A report by the UN stated in 2020 that the financial flows for global climate finance as well as for renewable energy are "relatively small in relation to the scale of annual investment needed for a <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">low-carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">climate-resilient</a> transition".<sup id="cite_ref-UNESC2020_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESC2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target_13.b:_Promote_mechanisms_to_raise_capacity_for_planning_and_management">Target 13.b: Promote mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_13&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Target 13.b: Promote mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Climate communication</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Score_of_adoption_and_implementation_of_national_strategies_in_line_with_Sendai_framework,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Score_of_adoption_and_implementation_of_national_strategies_in_line_with_Sendai_framework%2C_OWID.svg/220px-Score_of_adoption_and_implementation_of_national_strategies_in_line_with_Sendai_framework%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Score_of_adoption_and_implementation_of_national_strategies_in_line_with_Sendai_framework%2C_OWID.svg/330px-Score_of_adoption_and_implementation_of_national_strategies_in_line_with_Sendai_framework%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Score_of_adoption_and_implementation_of_national_strategies_in_line_with_Sendai_framework%2C_OWID.svg/440px-Score_of_adoption_and_implementation_of_national_strategies_in_line_with_Sendai_framework%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>This indicator identifies countries who have and have not adopted and implemented disaster risk management strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The full text of Target 13.b is: "Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change."<sup id="cite_ref-:172_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:172-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This target has one indicator: Indicator 13.b.1 is the "Number of <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Small_Island_Developing_States" title="Small Island Developing States">small island developing states</a> with nationally determined contributions, long-term strategies, national adaptation plans, strategies as reported in adaptation communications and national communications". </p><p>A previous version of this indicator was: "Indicator 13.b.1: Number of least developed countries and small island developing states that are receiving specialized support, and amount of support, including finance, technology and capacity building, for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change-related planning and management, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This indicator's previous focus on women, youth and local and marginalized communities is not included anymore in the latest version of the indicator. </p><p>Annual UN reports are monitoring how many countries are implementing national adaptation plans.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESC2020_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESC2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Custodian_agencies">Custodian agencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_13&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Custodian agencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Custodian agencies are in charge of reporting on the following indicators:<sup id="cite_ref-:5_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Indicators 13.1.1, 13.1.2 and 13.1.3: UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Disaster_Risk_Reduction" title="United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction">UNISDR</a>).</li> <li>Indicator 13.2.1: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> (UNFCCC), UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization-Institute for Statistics (UNESCO-UIS).</li> <li>Indicators 13.3.1, 13.a.1 and 13.b.1: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monitoring">Monitoring</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_13&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Monitoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nationally_Determined_Contribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationally Determined Contribution">Nationally Determined Contribution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></div> <p>High-level progress reports for all the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">SDGs</a> are published in the form of reports by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">United Nations Secretary General</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESC2020_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESC2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Updates and progress can also be found on the SDG website that is managed by the United Nations<sup id="cite_ref-:52_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at <a href="/wiki/Our_World_in_Data" title="Our World in Data">Our World in Data</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_13&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals#Challenges" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals § Challenges</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_migration">Climate migration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_13&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Climate migration</a></div> <p>SDG 13 does not make an explicit connection between nations most <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">vulnerable to climate change</a> and increased migration flows (<a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">climate migration</a>), and thus underplays the opportunity to protect or acknowledge the adaptive role played by mobile populations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millions of people are displaced internally or internationally by <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster#Disasters_caused_by_extreme_weather_hazards" title="Natural disaster">weather-related disasters</a>. Rather than harnessing the potential of such interactions, the state-oriented nature of the targets and current indicators associated with SDG 13 implicitly sidesteps migration. SDG 13 could monitor regulations across countries for government-led <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">relocation of communities</a> (such relocation is likely to become more widespread into the future).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impacts_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic">Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_13&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment#Climate_change" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment § Climate change</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, there was a reduction in economic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in a 6% drop in greenhouse gas emissions from what was initially projected for 2020, however these improvements were only temporary.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greenhouse gas emissions rebounded later in the pandemic as many countries began lifting restrictions, with the direct impact of pandemic policies having a negligible long-term impact on <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rebound in transport pollution has occurred since restrictions of government lockdown policies have been lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transport pollution accounts for roughly 21% of global carbon emissions due to it being still 95% dependent on oil.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Post pandemic, there is a rush for governments globally to stimulate local economies by putting money towards fossil fuel production and in turn economic stimulation.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funding for economic policies will likely divert the emergency funds usually afforded to climate funding like The Green Climate Fund and other sustainable policies, unless an emphasis is put on green deals in the redirection of monetary funds.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_13&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Russian invasion of Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> and the resulting trade sanctions had a further adverse effect on SDG 13, as some countries responded to the crisis by increasing domestic oil production.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Links_with_other_SDGs">Links with other SDGs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_13&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Links with other SDGs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sustainable Development Goal 13 can connect with the other 16 <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">SDGs</a>. For example, increasing access to <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">sustainable energy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_7" title="Sustainable Development Goal 7">SDG 7</a>) will reduce <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Energyreport2019_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energyreport2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 101">: 101 </span></sup> Combating climate change can improve agricultural yield which will lead to zero hunger ( SDG 2 ) <sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_13&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations_organizations">United Nations organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_13&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United Nations organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_target" title="Climate target">Climate target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> (UNFCCC)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (IPCC)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">Conferences of the Parties</a> (COP)<sup id="cite_ref-:16_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a> (WMO)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Settlements_Programme" title="United Nations Human Settlements Programme">UN-Habitat</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Program</a> (UNEP)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a> (GCF)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) <sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_13&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:172-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:172_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:172_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:172_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:172_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:172_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:172_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, <a href="/wiki/File:A_RES_71_313_E.pdf" title="File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf">Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313">A/RES/71/313</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Energyreport2019-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Energyreport2019_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Energyreport2019_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">IEA, IRENA, UNSD, WB, WHO (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/2019-Tracking%20SDG7-Full%20Report.pdf">Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report 2019</a>, Washington DC (on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/">Tracking SDG 7 website</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:222-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:222_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBartramBrocklehurstBradleyMuller2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bartram, Jamie; Brocklehurst, Clarissa; Bradley, David; Muller, Mike; Evans, Barbara (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41545-018-0003-0">"Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation"</a>. <i>npj Clean Water</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 3. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018npjCW...1....3B">2018npjCW...1....3B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41545-018-0003-0">10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169226066">169226066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=npj+Clean+Water&rft.atitle=Policy+review+of+the+means+of+implementation+targets+and+indicators+for+the+sustainable+development+goal+for+water+and+sanitation&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A169226066%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41545-018-0003-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018npjCW...1....3B&rft.aulast=Bartram&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft.au=Brocklehurst%2C+Clarissa&rft.au=Bradley%2C+David&rft.au=Muller%2C+Mike&rft.au=Evans%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs41545-018-0003-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+Development+Goal+13" class="Z3988"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" 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in warming of about 2.7 °C (range: 2.2–3.2 °C) with a 66 per cent chance."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESC2020-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESC2020_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESC2020_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESC2020_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESC2020_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations Economic and Social Council (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/en/E/2020/57">Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals Report of the Secretary-General</a>, High-level political forum on sustainable development, convened under the auspices of the Economic and Social Council (E/2020/57), 28 April 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unicef.org&rft.atitle=A+Liveable+Planet+for+Every+Child+%7C+UNICEF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fdocuments%2Fliveable-planet-every-child&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+Development+Goal+13" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_13&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Environment_Programme2021" class="citation book cs1">United Nations Environment Programme (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/36991/EGR21_ESEN.pdf"><i>Emissions Gap Report 2021</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nairobi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-807-3890-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-807-3890-2"><bdi>978-92-807-3890-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emissions+Gap+Report+2021&rft.place=Nairobi&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-92-807-3890-2&rft.au=United+Nations+Environment+Programme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwedocs.unep.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.11822%2F36991%2FEGR21_ESEN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+Development+Goal+13" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Technical_Summary2021" class="citation book cs1">Arias, Paola A.; Bellouin, Nicolas; Coppola, Erika; Jones, Richard G.; et al. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_TS.pdf">"Technical Summary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG12021">IPCC AR6 WG1 2021</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Technical+Summary&rft.btitle=IPCC+AR6+WG1+2021&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Arias&rft.aufirst=Paola+A.&rft.au=Bellouin%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Coppola%2C+Erika&rft.au=Jones%2C+Richard+G.&rft.au=Krinner%2C+Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg1%2Fdownloads%2Freport%2FIPCC_AR6_WGI_TS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+Development+Goal+13" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG12021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/IPCC" class="mw-redirect" title="IPCC">IPCC</a> (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf"><i>Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Contribution of Working Group I to the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">Sixth Assessment Report</a> of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> (In Press).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2021%3A+The+Physical+Science+Basis&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom+and+New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.series=Contribution+of+Working+Group+I+to+the+Sixth+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+%28In+Press%29&rft.date=2021&rft.au=IPCC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg1%2Fdownloads%2Freport%2FIPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+Development+Goal+13" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_1" title="Sustainable Development Goal 1">(1) No Poverty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_2" title="Sustainable Development Goal 2">(2) Zero Hunger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_3" title="Sustainable Development Goal 3">(3) Good Health and Well-being</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_4" title="Sustainable Development Goal 4">(4) Quality Education</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_5" title="Sustainable Development Goal 5">(5) Gender Equality</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_6" title="Sustainable Development Goal 6">(6) Clean Water and Sanitation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_7" title="Sustainable Development Goal 7">(7) Affordable and Clean Energy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_8" title="Sustainable Development Goal 8">(8) Decent Work and Economic Growth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_9" title="Sustainable Development Goal 9">(9) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_10" title="Sustainable Development Goal 10">(10) Reducing Inequality</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_11" title="Sustainable Development Goal 11">(11) Sustainable Cities and Communities</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_12" title="Sustainable Development Goal 12">(12) Responsible Consumption and Production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">(13) Climate Action</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_14" title="Sustainable Development Goal 14">(14) Life Below Water</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_15" title="Sustainable Development Goal 15">(15) Life On Land</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_16" title="Sustainable Development Goal 16">(16) Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_17" title="Sustainable Development Goal 17">(17) Partnerships for the Goals</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/SustainableDevelopmentGoalsLogo.svg/100px-SustainableDevelopmentGoalsLogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" 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style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals_and_Australia" title="Sustainable Development Goals and Australia">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals_and_Ghana" title="Sustainable Development Goals and Ghana">Ghana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goals_and_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sustainable Development Goals and India (page does not exist)">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals_and_Iran" title="Sustainable Development Goals and Iran">Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals_and_Lebanon" title="Sustainable Development Goals and Lebanon">Lebanon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals_and_Nigeria" title="Sustainable Development Goals and Nigeria">Nigeria</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_change" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change" title="Template:Climate 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing<br /> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> 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