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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_expulsion_and_deportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Post-war expulsion and deportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_expulsion_and_deportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor_force_transfer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_force_transfer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Labor force transfer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_force_transfer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repatriation_after_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repatriation_after_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Repatriation after World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repatriation_after_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rehabilitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rehabilitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Rehabilitation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rehabilitation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Rehabilitation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Rehabilitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_USSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_USSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 In the USSR </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_USSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_the_years_of_perestroika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_the_years_of_perestroika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 During the years of perestroika </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_the_years_of_perestroika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_post-Soviet_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_post-Soviet_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 In post-Soviet Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_post-Soviet_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Modern views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possible_motivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_motivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Possible motivations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_toll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_toll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Death toll </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_toll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wikisource" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wikisource"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Wikisource </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wikisource-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Population transfer in the Soviet Union</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" > 40 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="انتقال السكان في الاتحاد السوفيتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتقال السكان في الاتحاد السوفيتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSR%C4%B0-d%C9%99_m%C9%99cburi_k%C3%B6%C3%A7%C3%BCr%C3%BClm%C9%99l%C9%99r" title="SSRİ-də məcburi köçürülmələr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="SSRİ-də məcburi köçürülmələr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0-%D2%99%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%99%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83" title="СССР-ҙа Халыҡтарҙы депортациялау – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="СССР-ҙа Халыҡтарҙы депортациялау" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96_%D1%9E_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Дэпартацыі ў СССР – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэпартацыі ў СССР" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisilno_raseljavanje_u_Sovjetskom_Savezu" title="Prisilno raseljavanje u Sovjetskom Savezu – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prisilno raseljavanje u Sovjetskom Savezu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportacions_de_pobles_a_la_Uni%C3%B3_Sovi%C3%A8tica" title="Deportacions de pobles a la Unió Soviètica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Deportacions de pobles a la Unió Soviètica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucen%C3%A9_p%C5%99esuny_obyvatel_v_Sov%C4%9Btsk%C3%A9m_svazu" title="Nucené přesuny obyvatel v Sovětském svazu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nucené přesuny obyvatel v Sovětském svazu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnische_Deportationen_in_der_UdSSR" title="Ethnische Deportationen in der UdSSR – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ethnische Deportationen in der UdSSR" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportaciones_de_pueblos_en_la_Uni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Deportaciones de pueblos en la Unión Soviética – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Deportaciones de pueblos en la Unión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekziloj_en_Sovetunio" title="Ekziloj en Sovetunio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekziloj en Sovetunio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biztanleriaren_mugimendua_Sobietar_Batasunean" title="Biztanleriaren mugimendua Sobietar Batasunean – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biztanleriaren mugimendua Sobietar Batasunean" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="مهاجرت اجباری در اتحاد جماهیر شوروی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهاجرت اجباری در اتحاد جماهیر شوروی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9portation_des_peuples_en_URSS" title="Déportation des peuples en URSS – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Déportation des peuples en URSS" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A0%A8%EC%9D%98_%EA%B0%95%EC%A0%9C%EC%9D%B4%EC%A3%BC" title="소련의 강제이주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소련의 강제이주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ժողովուրդների տեղահանություն Խորհրդային Միությունում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժողովուրդների տեղահանություն Խորհրդային Միությունում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisilno_raseljavanje_u_Sovjetskom_Savezu" title="Prisilno raseljavanje u Sovjetskom Savezu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prisilno raseljavanje u Sovjetskom Savezu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemindahan_penduduk_di_Uni_Soviet" title="Pemindahan penduduk di Uni Soviet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemindahan penduduk di Uni Soviet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Адæмты депортацитæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Адæмты депортацитæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportazioni_dei_popoli_in_URSS" title="Deportazioni dei popoli in URSS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Deportazioni dei popoli in URSS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%AD%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="საბჭოთა ხალხების დეპორტაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საბჭოთა ხალხების დეპორტაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautu_deport%C4%81cijas_Padomju_Savien%C4%ABb%C4%81" title="Tautu deportācijas Padomju Savienībā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tautu deportācijas Padomju Savienībā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSRS_taut%C5%B3_tremtys" title="TSRS tautų tremtys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="TSRS tautų tremtys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedwongen_volksverhuizingen_in_de_Sovjet-Unie" title="Gedwongen volksverhuizingen in de Sovjet-Unie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gedwongen volksverhuizingen in de Sovjet-Unie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%93%E3%82%A8%E3%83%88%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E5%BC%B7%E5%88%B6%E7%A7%BB%E9%80%81" title="ソビエト連邦における強制移送 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソビエト連邦における強制移送" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%88%DA%86_%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="سوویت اتحاد وچ آبادی دی مہاجرت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سوویت اتحاد وچ آبادی دی مہاجرت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%AF_%D9%88%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%DB%90%DA%96%D8%AF" title="په شوروي اتحاد کې د وګړو تحمیلي لېږد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په شوروي اتحاد 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_deportations&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet deportations">Soviet deportations</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Transfer and deportation of people in the Soviet Union</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Population transfer in the Soviet Union</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of <a href="/wiki/Dekulakization" title="Dekulakization">Dekulakization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced settlements in the Soviet Union">Forced settlements in the Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Uskut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Uskut.jpg/250px-Uskut.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Uskut.jpg/375px-Uskut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Uskut.jpg/500px-Uskut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="498" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The empty Crimean Tatar village of Üsküt, near <a href="/wiki/Alushta" title="Alushta">Alushta</a>, photo taken in 1945 after the <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">complete deportation of its inhabitants</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Entkulakisierung.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Karte_Entkulakisierung.png/250px-Karte_Entkulakisierung.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Karte_Entkulakisierung.png/375px-Karte_Entkulakisierung.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Karte_Entkulakisierung.png/500px-Karte_Entkulakisierung.png 2x" data-file-width="1287" data-file-height="804" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">General routes of deportation during the <a href="/wiki/Dekulakization" title="Dekulakization">dekulakization</a> across the Soviet Union in 1930–1931</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">occupied territories</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">1930–1952</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kulaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulaks">Kulaks</a> (well-off peasants), ethnic minorities, clergy, undesirable citizens of Soviet and occupied territories</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">population transfer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>,<a href="#cite_note-europarl-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rosefielde84-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-perovic-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-jeffburds-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">classicide</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">~800,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrieb2014930-5">[5]</a>–1,500,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth200473-6">[6]</a> in the USSR</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Victims</th><td class="infobox-data">6,000,000 Soviet citizens deported to <a href="/wiki/Forced_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced settlements in the Soviet Union">forced settlements in the Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/OGPU" class="mw-redirect" title="OGPU">OGPU</a> / <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBekus201042-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> cheap labor for <a href="/wiki/Forced_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced settlements in the Soviet Union">forced settlements in the Soviet Union</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Forced_migration_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Forced migration in the Soviet Union">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Forced population transfer in the Soviet Union</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Policies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dekulakization" title="Dekulakization">Dekulakization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced settlements in the Soviet Union">Forced settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Peoples</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Azerbaijanis_from_Armenia" title="Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia">Azerbaijanis from Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Balkars" title="Deportation of the Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush" title="Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush">Chechens and Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_of_Chinese_people" title="Soviet deportations of Chinese people">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Estonia" title="Soviet deportations from Estonia">Estonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Operation_of_the_NKVD" title="Estonian Operation of the NKVD">NKVD operation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Finns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_the_Ingrian_Finns" title="Deportations of the Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Operation_of_the_NKVD" title="Finnish Operation of the NKVD">NKVD operation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Germans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Germans_from_Romania_after_World_War_II" title="Deportation of Germans from Romania after World War II">from Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_Order_No._00439" title="NKVD Order No. 00439">NKVD operation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Soviet_Greeks" title="Deportation of the Soviet Greeks">Greeks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Operation_of_the_NKVD" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Operation of the NKVD">NKVD operation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_Order_No._00593" title="NKVD Order No. 00593">Harbinites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Kalmyks" title="Deportation of the Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Karachays" title="Deportation of the Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Koreans_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks#Ethnocide_by_Soviet_Union" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_Kurds_from_Transcaucasia" title="Deportations of Kurds from Transcaucasia">Kurds from Transcaucasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Latvia" title="Soviet deportations from Latvia">Latvians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Operation_of_the_NKVD" title="Latvian Operation of the NKVD">NKVD operation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Lithuania" title="Soviet deportations from Lithuania">Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Meskhetian_Turks" title="Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Poles_from_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight and expulsion of Poles from the USSR">Poles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Operation_of_the_NKVD" title="Polish Operation of the NKVD">NKVD operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">1944–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation_of_Poles_(1955%E2%80%931959)" title="Repatriation of Poles (1955–1959)">1955–1959</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exile_of_Jews_in_the_Soviet_interior_during_World_War_II#Deportations" title="Exile of Jews in the Soviet interior during World War II">Polish and Soviet Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Poland_and_Soviet_Ukraine" title="Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine">Between Poland and Soviet Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Poland_and_Soviet_Belarus" title="Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Belarus">Between Poland and Soviet Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Poland_and_Soviet_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Lithuania">Between Poland and Soviet Lithuania</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Operations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_deportation" title="June deportation">June deportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_population_transfers" title="German–Soviet population transfers">German–Soviet population transfers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_North" title="Operation North">Operation North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osen" title="Operation Osen">Operation Osen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vesna" title="Operation Vesna">Operation Vesna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vistula" title="Operation Vistula">Operation Vistula</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/POW_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="POW labor in the Soviet Union">WWII POW labor</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GUPVI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUPVI">POW Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_of_Germans_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_of_Hungarians_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor of Hungarians in the Soviet Union">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanians</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Labor_force_transfer">Massive labor force transfers</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-five-thousander" title="Twenty-five-thousander">Twenty-five-thousanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_labor_columns" title="NKVD labor columns">NKVD labor columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Lands_campaign" title="Virgin Lands campaign">Virgin Lands campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Stalin_vector_portraits_%28cropped%29.svg/128px-Stalin_vector_portraits_%28cropped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Stalin_vector_portraits_%28cropped%29.svg/170px-Stalin_vector_portraits_%28cropped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="180" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensification_of_the_class_struggle_under_socialism" title="Intensification of the class struggle under socialism">Aggravation of class struggle under socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Joseph Stalin's cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Soviet_man" title="New Soviet man">New Soviet man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">Self-criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_socialist_patriotism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet socialist patriotism">Soviet socialist patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stakhanovite_movement" title="Stakhanovite movement">Stakhanovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plan_for_the_Transformation_of_Nature" title="Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature">Transformation of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemelyan_Yaroslavsky" title="Yemelyan Yaroslavsky">Yemelyan Yaroslavsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Ernst Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergo_Ordzhonikidze" title="Sergo Ordzhonikidze">Sergo Ordzhonikidze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Kuybyshev" title="Valerian Kuybyshev">Valerian Kuybyshev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Pollitt" title="Harry Pollitt">Harry Pollitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov" title="Andrei Zhdanov">Andrei Zhdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valko_Chervenkov" title="Valko Chervenkov">Valko Chervenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Zachariadis" title="Nikos Zachariadis">Nikos Zachariadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ochab" title="Edward Ochab">Edward Ochab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C5%9Fescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolae Ceauşescu">Nicolae Ceauşescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kryuchkov" title="Vladimir Kryuchkov">Vladimir Kryuchkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Andreyeva" title="Nina Andreyeva">Nina Andreyeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Leninism" title="Foundations of Leninism">Foundations of Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)">The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_and_Historical_Materialism" title="Dialectical and Historical Materialism">Dialectical and Historical Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Problems_of_Socialism_in_the_USSR" title="Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR">Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism">Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="First five-year plan (Soviet Union)">First five-year plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation in the Soviet Union">Collectivisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialisation in the Soviet Union">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_trials" title="Moscow trials">Moscow trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">Soviet atomic bomb project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Death and funeral of Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Union_Communist_Party_of_Bolsheviks_(1991)" title="All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1991)">All-Union Communist Party Bolsheviks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Party_of_Labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Party of Labour">Albanian Party of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">Communist Party of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party" title="Italian Marxist–Leninist Party">Italian Marxist–Leninist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARC_Party" title="CARC Party">CARC Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_New_Zealand" title="Communist Party of New Zealand">Communist Party of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Party" title="National Bolshevik Party">National Bolshevik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Russia_of_E._V._Limonov" title="The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov">The Other Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Bloc_%E2%80%94_For_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin Bloc — For the USSR">Stalin Bloc — For the USSR</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Joseph Stalin">Rise of Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin and antisemitism">Stalin and antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">Stalin era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Society" title="Stalin Society">Stalin Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_agitation" title="Anti-Soviet agitation">Anti-Soviet agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Nazism_and_Stalinism" title="Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism">Comparison to Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino–Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Soviet–Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom solid #CC0000;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stalinism_sidebar" title="Template:Stalinism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stalinism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Stalinism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stalinism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stalinism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> From 1930 to 1952, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">government of the Soviet Union</a>, on the orders of Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and under the direction of the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> official <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a>, forcibly <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">transferred populations</a> of various groups. These actions may be classified into the following broad categories: <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportations</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Soviet">anti-Soviet</a>" categories of population (often classified as "<a href="/wiki/Enemies_of_the_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Enemies of the people">enemies of the people</a>"), deportations of entire nationalities, labor force transfer, and organized migrations in opposite directions to fill <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnically cleansed</a> territories. <a href="/wiki/Dekulakization" title="Dekulakization">Dekulakization</a> marked the first time that an entire class was deported, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Koreans_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union">deportation of Soviet Koreans</a> in 1937 marked the precedent of a specific ethnic deportation of an entire nationality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman20021158-9">[9]</a> In most cases, their destinations were underpopulated remote areas (see <a href="/wiki/Forced_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced settlements in the Soviet Union">Forced settlements in the Soviet Union</a>). This includes deportations to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> of non-Soviet citizens from countries outside the USSR. It has been estimated that, in their entirety, internal <a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">forced migrations</a> affected at least 6 million people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth200473-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolian20044-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rosefielde83-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman20021159-12">[12]</a> Of this total, 1.8 million <a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">kulaks</a> were deported in 1930–31, 1.0 million peasants and ethnic minorities in 1932–39, whereas about 3.5 million ethnic minorities were further resettled during 1940–52.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman20021159-12">[12]</a> Soviet archives documented 390,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl199758-13">[13]</a> deaths during kulak <a href="/wiki/Forced_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced settlements in the Soviet Union">forced resettlement</a> and up to 400,000 deaths of people deported to forced settlements during the 1940s;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1997148-14">[14]</a> however, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Werth" title="Nicolas Werth">Nicolas Werth</a> places overall deaths closer to some 1 to 1.5 million perishing as a result of the deportations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth200473-6">[6]</a> Contemporary historians classify these deportations as a <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against humanity">crime against humanity</a> and ethnic <a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">persecution</a>. Two of these cases with the highest mortality rates have been described as <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocides</a>–the <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">deportation of the Crimean Tatars</a> was declared as genocide by <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and three other countries, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush" title="Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush">deportation of the Chechens and Ingush</a> was declared as genocide by the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, respectively. On 26 April 1991 the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic, under its chairman <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>, passed the law On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples with Article 2 denouncing all mass deportations as "Stalin's policy of defamation and genocide."<a href="#cite_note-perovic-3">[3]</a> The Soviet Union also practiced deportations in occupied territories, with over 50,000 perishing from <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">the Baltic States</a> and 300,000 to 360,000 perishing during the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Germans">expulsion of Germans</a> from Eastern Europe due to Soviet deportation, massacres, and internment and labour camps.<a href="#cite_note-Erlebenisberichte_1989,_pp._40-15">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deportation_of_social_groups">Deportation of social groups</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Deportation of social groups">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dekulakization" title="Dekulakization">Dekulakization</a> and <a href="/wiki/De-Cossackization" title="De-Cossackization">De-Cossackization</a></div> Many Soviet farmers, regardless of their actual income or property, were labeled "<a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">Kulaks</a>" for resisting collectivization. This term historically referred to relatively affluent farmers since the later <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. Kulak was the most common category of deported Soviet citizen.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Resettlement of people officially designated as kulaks continued until early 1950, including several major waves: on 5 September 1951 the Soviet government ordered the deportation of kulaks from the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian SSR">Lithuanian SSR</a> for "hostile actions against <a href="/wiki/Kolhoz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolhoz">kolhozes</a>", which was one of the last resettlements of that social group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugay1996166-17">[17]</a> Large numbers of "kulaks", regardless of their nationality, were resettled in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. According to data from Soviet archives, which were published in 1990, 1,803,392 people were sent to labor colonies and camps in 1930 and 1931, and 1,317,022 reached the destination. Deportations on a smaller scale continued after 1931. The reported number of kulaks and their relatives who died in labour colonies from 1932 to 1940 was 389,521.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The total number of the deported people is disputed. Conservative estimates assume that 1,679,528-1,803,392 people were deported,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViola200732-19">[19]</a> while the highest estimates are that 15 million kulaks and their families were deported by 1937, and that during the deportation many people died, but the full number is not known.<a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_operations">Ethnic operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ethnic operations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_Poles_from_the_USSR" title="Flight of Poles from the USSR">Flight of Poles from the USSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_the_Ingrian_Finns" title="Deportations of the Ingrian Finns">Deportations of the Ingrian Finns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Chinese_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Deportation of Chinese in the Soviet Union">Deportation of Chinese in the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Koreans_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union">Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Soviet_Greeks" title="Deportation of the Soviet Greeks">Deportation of the Soviet Greeks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina_03.jpg/220px-Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina_03.jpg/330px-Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina_03.jpg/440px-Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1229" /></a><figcaption>A train with Romanian refugees following the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_annexation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet annexation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet annexation of Bessarabia</a></figcaption></figure> During the 1930s, categorisation of so-called enemies of the people shifted from the usual <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a>, class-based terms, such as kulak, to ethnic-based ones.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The partial removal of potentially trouble-making ethnic groups was a technique used consistently by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> during his government;<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> between 1935 and 1938 alone, at least ten different nationalities were deported.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union</a> led to a massive escalation in Soviet ethnic cleansing.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Koreans_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union">Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union</a>, originally conceived in 1926, initiated in 1930, and carried through in 1937, was the first mass transfer of an entire nationality in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Almost the entire Soviet population of <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">ethnic Koreans</a> (171,781 people) were <a href="/wiki/Forced_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced settlements in the Soviet Union">forcibly moved</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a> to unpopulated areas of the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh SSR</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek SSR</a> in October 1937.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Looking at the entire period of Stalin's rule, one can list: <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> (1939–1941 and 1944–1945), <a href="/wiki/Kola_Norwegians" title="Kola Norwegians">Kola Norwegians</a> (1940–1942), <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> (1941 and 1944–1953), <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian people">Latvians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian people">Lithuanians</a> (1941 and 1945–1949), <a href="/wiki/Volga_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga German">Volga Germans</a> (1941–1945), <a href="/wiki/Ingrian_Finns" title="Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finns</a> (1929–1931 and 1935–1939), <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finnish people in Karelia</a> (1940–1941, 1944), <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Ukraine">Crimean Greeks</a> (1944) and <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> Greeks (1949–50), <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Crimea" title="Italians of Crimea">Italians of Crimea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karapapaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Karapapaks">Karapapaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Far East Koreans</a> (1937), <a href="/wiki/Chechen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen people">Chechens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingushs</a> (1944). Shortly before, during and immediately after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Stalin conducted a series of deportations on a huge scale which profoundly affected the ethnic map of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> It is estimated that between 1941 and 1949 nearly 3.3 million were deported to Siberia and the Central Asian republics.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> By some estimates, up to 43% of the resettled population died of <a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diseases">diseases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_annexations_and_deportations,_1939–1941">Western annexations and deportations, 1939–1941</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Western annexations and deportations, 1939–1941">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/June_deportation" title="June deportation">June deportation</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a>, the Chief of the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a>, was responsible for organizing and executing numerous deportations of ethnic minorities during that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015191-30">[30]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Poland (1939)">Soviet invasion of Poland</a> following the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Poland (1939)">German invasion</a> that marked the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1939, the Soviet Union annexed the eastern parts of Poland (known as <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a> in Poland or known as <a href="/wiki/West_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="West Belarus">West Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="West Ukraine">West Ukraine</a> in the USSR as well as in Belarus and Ukraine) of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, which then became the western parts of the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian SSR">Belarusian SSR</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>. From 1939–1941, 1.45 million people who inhabited the region were deported by the Soviet regime. According to Polish historians, 63.1% of these people were Poles and 7.4% of them were <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Previously, it was believed that about 1.0 million Polish citizens died at the hands of the Soviets,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> but recently, Polish historians, mostly based upon their study of Soviet archives, estimate that about 350,000 people who were deported from 1939–1945 died.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The same policy was implemented in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic States">Baltic republics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonia</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Estonia" title="Soviet deportations from Estonia">Soviet deportations from Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Latvia" title="Soviet deportations from Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Lithuania" title="Soviet deportations from Lithuania">Lithuania</a>).<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> More than 200,000 people are estimated to have been deported from the Baltic in 1940–1953. In addition, at least 75,000 were sent to the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a>. 10% of the entire adult Baltic population was deported or sent to labor camps.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In 1989, native Latvians represented only 52% of the population of their own country. In Estonia, the figure was 62%.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In Lithuania, the situation was better because the migrants sent to that country actually moved to the former area of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Prussia">Eastern Prussia</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>) which, contrary to the original plans, never became part of Lithuania.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> from <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast" title="Chernivtsi Oblast">Chernivtsi Oblast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavia</a> had been deported in great numbers which range from 200,000 to 400,000.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> (See <a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Bessarabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet deportations from Bessarabia">Soviet deportations from Bessarabia</a>.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II,_1941–1945">World War II, 1941–1945</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II, 1941–1945">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Population transfer in the Soviet Union">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Population+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union%22">"Population transfer in the Soviet Union"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Population+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Population+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Population+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Population+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Population+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (August 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Deportation of the Crimean Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush" title="Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush">Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Meskhetian_Turks" title="Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks">Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Karachays" title="Deportation of the Karachays">Deportation of the Karachays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Balkars" title="Deportation of the Balkars">Deportation of the Balkars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Kalmyks" title="Deportation of the Kalmyks">Deportation of the Kalmyks</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I%C5%A1_Lietuvos_%C4%AF_Dalstroj%C5%B3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/I%C5%A1_Lietuvos_%C4%AF_Dalstroj%C5%B3.png/200px-I%C5%A1_Lietuvos_%C4%AF_Dalstroj%C5%B3.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/I%C5%A1_Lietuvos_%C4%AF_Dalstroj%C5%B3.png/300px-I%C5%A1_Lietuvos_%C4%AF_Dalstroj%C5%B3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/I%C5%A1_Lietuvos_%C4%AF_Dalstroj%C5%B3.png/400px-I%C5%A1_Lietuvos_%C4%AF_Dalstroj%C5%B3.png 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Route of people deported from <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> to remote regions of the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>, up to 6,000 miles (9,700 km) away</figcaption></figure> During World War II, particularly in 1943–44, the Soviet government conducted a series of <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportations</a>. Some 1.9 million people were deported to Siberia and the Central Asian republics. According to the Soviets, of approximately 183,000 Crimean Tatars, 20,000 or 10% of the entire population served in German battalions,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> though the figure in question is derived from a single SS report on how many individuals were expected to be willing to collaborate and is contradicted by official statistical records, which suggest the number was actually around 3,000, with only 800 being volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Consequently, <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> too were transferred en masse by the Soviets after the war.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> justified this decision saying "The fact is that during the war we received reports about mass treason. Battalions of Caucasians opposed us at the fronts and attacked us from the rear. It was a matter of life and death; there was no time to investigate the details. Of course innocents suffered. But I hold that given the circumstances, we acted correctly."<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Ian_Grey" title="Ian Grey">Ian Grey</a> writes "Towards the Moslem peoples, the Germans pursued a benign, almost paternalistic policy. The Karachai, Balkars, Ingush, Chechen, Kalmucks, and Tatars of the Crimea all displayed pro-German sympathies in some degree. It was only the hurried withdrawal of the Germans from the Caucasus after the battle of Stalingrad that prevented their organizing the Moslem people for effective anti-Soviet action. The Germans boasted loudly, however, that they had left a strong "fifth column" behind them in the Caucasus."<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Volga Germans<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and seven (non-<a href="/wiki/Slavic_Peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic Peoples">Slavic</a>) nationalities of the <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and the northern <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> were deported: the Crimean Tatars,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Kalmyks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a>. All Crimean Tatars were deported en masse, in a form of <a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">collective punishment</a>, on 18 May 1944 as <a href="/wiki/Special_settler" class="mw-redirect" title="Special settler">special settlers</a> to <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a> and other distant parts of the Soviet Union. According to <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> data, nearly 20% died in exile during the following year and a half. Crimean Tatar activists have reported this figure to be nearly 46%.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> (See <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Crimean_Tatars" class="mw-redirect" title="Deportation of Crimean Tatars">Deportation of Crimean Tatars</a>.) Other minorities evicted from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coastal region included <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Ukraine">Crimean Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>. The Soviet Union also deported people from occupied territories such as the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, Poland, and territories occupied by Germans. A study published by the German government in 1974 estimated the number of German civilian victims of crimes during <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Germans after World War II">expulsion of Germans after World War II</a> between 1945 and 1948 to be over 600,000, with about 400,000 deaths in the areas east of the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_Neisse" title="Lusatian Neisse">Neisse</a> (ca. 120,000 in acts of direct violence, mostly by Soviet troops but also by Poles, 60,000 in Polish and 40,000 in Soviet concentration camps or prisons mostly from hunger and disease, and 200,000 deaths among civilian deportees to <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_of_Germans_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union">forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union</a>), 130,000 in Czechoslovakia (thereof 100,000 in camps) and 80,000 in Yugoslavia (thereof 15,000 to 20,000 from violence outside of and in camps and 59,000 deaths from hunger and disease in camps).<a href="#cite_note-Erlebenisberichte_1989,_pp._40-15">[15]</a> By January 1953, there were 988,373 special settlers residing in the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, including 444,005 Germans, 244,674 Chechens, 95,241 Koreans, 80,844 Ingush, and the others. As a consequence of these deportations, Kazakhs comprised only 30% of their native Republic's population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlenko2008170-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_expulsion_and_deportation">Post-war expulsion and deportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-war expulsion and deportation">edit</a>]</div> After World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> population of the <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>, formerly <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Germans after World War II">expelled</a> and the depopulated area resettled by Soviet citizens, mainly by <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>. Between 1944 and 1953 a variety of groups from the Black Sea region — Kurds, Iranians, Greeks, Bulgarians, Armenians, and Hemshins were deported away from the Soviet border regions in Crimea and the Transcaucasus.<a href="#cite_note-:1-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Ukraine">Soviet Ukraine</a> conducted population exchanges; Poles who resided east of the established Poland–Soviet border were deported to Poland (c.a. 2,100,000 people) and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> that resided west of the established Poland-Soviet Union border were deported to Soviet Ukraine. Population transfer to Soviet Ukraine occurred from September 1944 to April 1946 (ca. 450,000 people). Some Ukrainians (ca. 200,000 people) left southeast Poland more or less voluntarily (between 1944 and 1945).<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rumsiskes_jurta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Rumsiskes_jurta.jpg/220px-Rumsiskes_jurta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Rumsiskes_jurta.jpg/330px-Rumsiskes_jurta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Rumsiskes_jurta.jpg/440px-Rumsiskes_jurta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A dwelling typical to some deportees into Siberia in a museum in <a href="/wiki/Rum%C5%A1i%C5%A1k%C4%97s" title="Rumšiškės">Rumšiškės</a>, Lithuania</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Labor_force_transfer">Labor force transfer</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Labor force transfer">edit</a>]</div> There were several notable campaigns of targeted non-penal workforce transfer. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-five-thousander" title="Twenty-five-thousander">Twenty-five-thousanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_labor_columns" title="NKVD labor columns">NKVD labor columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Lands_campaign" title="Virgin Lands campaign">Virgin Lands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> oil industry workers transfer: during the <a href="/wiki/German-Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="German-Soviet War">German-Soviet War</a>, in October 1942, about 10,000 workers from the petroleum sites of <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, together with their families, were transferred to several sites with potential oil production (the "Second Baku" area (<a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural</a> oil field), <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a>), in face of the potential German threat, although Germany failed to seize Baku.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetagurovite_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Khetagurovite Campaign">Khetagurovite Campaign</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repatriation_after_World_War_II">Repatriation after World War II</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Repatriation after World War II">edit</a>]</div> When the war ended in May 1945, thousands of Soviet citizens were <a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">forcefully repatriated</a> (against their will) into the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> On 11 February 1945, at the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>, the United States and United Kingdom signed a Repatriation Agreement with the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The interpretation of this Agreement resulted in the forcible repatriation of all Soviet citizens regardless of their wishes. <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> authorities ordered their military forces in Europe to deport to the Soviet Union millions of former residents of the USSR (some of whom <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaboration during World War II">collaborated with the Germans</a>), including numerous people who had left Russia and established different citizenships for up to decades prior. The forced repatriation operations took place from 1945 to 1947.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> At the end of World War II, more than 5 million "<a href="/wiki/Displaced_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Displaced person">displaced people</a>" from the Soviet Union survived in German captivity. About 3 million had been <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">forced laborers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ostarbeiter" title="Ostarbeiter">Ostarbeiter</a>)<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> in Germany and occupied territories.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Surviving POWs, about 1.5 million, repatriated <a href="/wiki/Ostarbeiter" title="Ostarbeiter">Ostarbeiter</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>], and other displaced people, totalling more than 4,000,000 people were sent to special <a href="/wiki/NKVD_filtration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="NKVD filtration camp">NKVD filtration camps</a> (not <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a>). By 1946, 80% civilians and 20% of PoWs were freed, 5% of civilians, and 43% of PoWs re-drafted, 10% of civilians and 22% of PoWs were sent to <a href="/wiki/Labor_battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor battalion">labor battalions</a>, and 2% of civilians and 15% of the PoWs (226,127 out of 1,539,475 total) transferred to the NKVD, i.e. the Gulag.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rehabilitation">Rehabilitation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rehabilitation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_USSR">In the USSR</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In the USSR">edit</a>]</div> On 17 January 1956, a Decree of the <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Presidium of the Supreme Soviet</a> was issued on lifting restrictions on the Poles evicted in 1936; on 17 March 1956 for the Kalmyks; 27 March for the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>; 18 April for the Crimean Tatars, <a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hemshin_people" title="Hemshin people">Hemshins</a>; 16 July for the Chechens, Ingush, and Karachais (all without the right to return to their homeland). In February 1956, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, in his speech "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>", condemned the deportations as a violation of <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a> principles: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">All the more monstrous are the acts whose initiator was Stalin and which are violations of the basic Leninist principles of the national policy of the Soviet state. We refer to the mass deportations from their native places of whole nations... This deportation action was not dictated by any military considerations. Thus, already at the end of 1943, when there occurred a permanent breakthrough at the fronts... a decision was taken and executed concerning the deportation of all the <a href="/wiki/Karachay" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachay">Karachay</a> from the lands on which they lived. In the same period, at the end of December 1943, the same lot befell whole population of the <a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Autonomous Kalmyk Republic</a>. In March all the <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush peoples</a> were deported and the <a href="/wiki/Chechen-Ingush_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic</a> was liquidated. In April 1944, all <a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a> were <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Balkars" title="Deportation of the Balkars">deported</a> to faraway places from the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkarian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Kalbino-Balkar Autonomous Republic</a> and the Republic itself was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkarian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Autonomous Kabardin Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross199837-62">[62]</a></blockquote> In 1957 and 1958, the national autonomies of Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, Karachais, and Balkars were restored; these peoples were allowed to return to their historical territories. The return of repressed peoples was not carried out without difficulties, which both then and subsequently led to national conflicts (thus, clashes began between returning Chechens and the Russians who settled during their exile in the <a href="/wiki/Grozny_Oblast" title="Grozny Oblast">Grozny Oblast</a>; Ingush in the <a href="/wiki/Prigorodny_District,_North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="Prigorodny District, North Ossetia–Alania">Prigorodny District</a>, populated by Ossetians and transferred to the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic). However, a significant number of the repressed peoples (Volga Germans, Crimean Tatars, Meskhetian Turks, Greeks, Koreans, etc.) had still received neither national autonomy nor the right to return to their historical homeland. On 29 August 1964, 23 years after the start of the deportation, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, by its Decree of 29 August 1964 No. 2820-VI, abolished sweeping accusations against the German population living in the Volga region. A decree that completely lifted restrictions on freedom of movement and confirmed the right of Germans to return to the places they were expelled was adopted in 1972. In the mid-1960s, the process of rehabilitation of the "punished peoples" was almost stopped.<a href="#cite_note-gusoddn-63">[63]</a> According to a secret <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">Soviet Ministry of Interior</a> report dated December 1965, for the period 1940–1953, 46,000 people were deported from Moldova, 61,000 from Belarus, 571,000 from Ukraine, 119,000 from Lithuania, 53,000 from Latvia, and 33,000 from Estonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawdsley199873-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_the_years_of_perestroika">During the years of perestroika</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: During the years of perestroika">edit</a>]</div> During the Soviet era, the problems which were experienced by people who were deported from their historic places of residence after they were accused of aiding the enemies of the Soviet state did not become the subject of public attention until the years of <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>. One of the first steps towards the restoration of historic justice in relation to repressed peoples was the publication of the Declaration of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on 14 November 1989 "On recognizing illegal and criminal repressive acts against peoples subjected to forced resettlement and ensuring their rights". In accordance with this decree, all repressed peoples were rehabilitated, and at the state level, repressive acts against them which were in the form of a policy of <a href="/wiki/Slander" class="mw-redirect" title="Slander">slander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, forced relocation, the abolition of national-state entities, and the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">regime of terror</a> and <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a> in places of special settlements were all recognized as illegal and criminal measures.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_post-Soviet_Russia">In post-Soviet Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In post-Soviet Russia">edit</a>]</div> On 26 April 1991, the RSFSR Law No. 1107-I "On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples" was adopted, which recognized the deportation of peoples as a "policy of slander and genocide" (Article 2). Among other things, the law recognized the right of repressed peoples to restore the territorial integrity that existed before the unconstitutional policy of forcibly redrawing borders, to restore national-state formations that existed before their abolition, and to compensate for damage caused by the state.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mukharbek_Didigov" title="Mukharbek Didigov">Mukharbek Didigov</a> called this law a triumph of historical justice. In his opinion, the fact that the state recognizes repression as illegal, inhumane actions directed against innocent people is an indicator of the development of democratic institutions, which has a special moral significance for deported peoples. According to him, the law gives confidence that this will not happen again.<a href="#cite_note-ingnews-66">[66]</a> In furtherance of the law "On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples", several legislative acts were adopted, including the resolution of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 16 July 1992 "On the rehabilitation of the Cossacks"; the Resolution of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 1 April 1993 "On the rehabilitation of Russian Koreans"; the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 24 January 1992 "On priority measures for the practical restoration of the legal rights of the repressed peoples of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"; the Resolution of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 29 June 1993 "On the rehabilitation of Russian Finns", etc. 15 years after recognition in the USSR, in February 2004, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> also recognized the deportation of Chechens and Ingush in 1944 as an act of genocide.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> On 24 September 2012, deputies from <a href="/wiki/United_Russia" title="United Russia">United Russia</a> introduced a bill on additional assistance to representatives of repressed peoples to the State Duma. The bill's authors proposed allocating 23 billion <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">rubles</a> from the federal budget to help political prisoners. According to the authors, this money should be used for monthly payments and compensation for lost property in the amount of up to 35 thousand rubles.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_views">Modern views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern views">edit</a>]</div> Several historians, including Russian historian <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Polian" title="Pavel Polian">Pavel Polian</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolian2004125–126-69">[69]</a> and Lithuanian Associate Research Scholar at Yale University Violeta Davoliūtė<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavoliūtė201429-70">[70]</a> consider these mass deportations of civilians a <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against humanity">crime against humanity</a>. They are also often described as Soviet <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2004751–766-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotljarchuk201453-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman20021159-12">[12]</a> Terry Martin of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> observes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... the same principles that informed Soviet <a href="/wiki/Nation_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation building">nation building</a> could and did lead to ethnic cleansing and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_persecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic persecution">ethnic terror</a> against a limited set of stigmatized nationalities, while leaving nation-building policies in place for the majority of nonstigmatized nationalities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1998816–817-73">[73]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Funeral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_Funeral.jpg/220px-The_Funeral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_Funeral.jpg/330px-The_Funeral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_Funeral.jpg/440px-The_Funeral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Funeral of the deported Crimean Tatars in <a href="/wiki/Krasnovishersk" title="Krasnovishersk">Krasnovishersk</a>, late 1944</figcaption></figure> Other academics and countries go further to call the deportations of the Crimean Tatars, Chechens and Ingushs <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin">Raphael Lemkin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a>-<a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> descent who initiated the Genocide Convention and coined the term genocide himself, assumed that genocide was perpetrated in the context of the mass deportation of the Chechens, Ingush, Volga Germans, Crimean Tatars, Kalmyks and Karachay.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Professor Lyman H. Legters argued that the Soviet penal system, combined with its resettlement policies, should count as genocidal since the sentences were borne most heavily specifically on certain ethnic groups, and that a relocation of these ethnic groups, whose survival depended on ties to their particular homeland, "had a genocidal effect remediable only by restoration of the group to its homeland".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegters1992104-75">[75]</a> Soviet dissidents Ilya Gabay<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher2014150-76">[76]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Grigorenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Grigorenko">Pyotr Grigorenko</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllworth1998216-77">[77]</a> both classified the population transfers of the Crimean Tatars as genocide. Historian <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a> included it in a list of Soviet policies that "meet the standard of genocide".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> French historian and expert on communist studies <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Werth" title="Nicolas Werth">Nicolas Werth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth2008413-79">[79]</a> German historian Philipp Ther,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETher2014118-80">[80]</a> Professor Anthony James Joes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoes2010357-81">[81]</a> American journalist <a href="/wiki/Eric_Margolis_(journalist)" title="Eric Margolis (journalist)">Eric Margolis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargolis2008277-82">[82]</a> Canadian political scientist <a href="/wiki/Adam_Jones_(Canadian_scholar)" title="Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)">Adam Jones</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2016203-83">[83]</a> professor of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic History">Islamic History</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Dartmouth" title="University of Massachusetts Dartmouth">University of Massachusetts Dartmouth</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Glyn_Williams" title="Brian Glyn Williams">Brian Glyn Williams</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201567-84">[84]</a> scholars Michael Fredholm<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredholm2000315-85">[85]</a> and Fanny E. Bryan<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryan198499-86">[86]</a> also considered the population transfers of the Chechens and Ingush as the <a href="/wiki/Crime_of_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime of genocide">crime of genocide</a>. German investigative journalist <a href="/wiki/Lutz_Kleveman" title="Lutz Kleveman">Lutz Kleveman</a> compared the deportations of Chechens and Ingush to a "slow genocide".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleveman200287-87">[87]</a> On 12 December 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Parliament">Ukrainian Parliament</a> issued a resolution recognizing the deportation of Crimean Tatars as genocide and established 18 May as the "Day of Remembrance for the victims of the Crimean Tatar genocide."<a href="#cite_note-ukgeno-88">[88]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Saeima" title="Saeima">parliament of Latvia</a> recognized the event as an act of genocide on 9 May 2019.<a href="#cite_note-latgeno-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-latgeno2-90">[90]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Seimas" title="Seimas">Parliament of Lithuania</a> did the same on 6 June 2019.<a href="#cite_note-lithugenod-91">[91]</a> Canadian Parliament passed a motion on 10 June 2019, recognizing the Crimean Tatar deportation of 1944 (Sürgünlik) as a genocide perpetrated by Soviet dictator Stalin, designating 18 May to be a day of remembrance.<a href="#cite_note-canogeno-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-ganoex-93">[93]</a> The deportation of Chechens and Ingush was acknowledged by the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> as an act of genocide in 2004:<a href="#cite_note-Europarl-94">[94]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">...Believes that the deportation of the entire Chechen people to Central Asia on 23 February 1944 on the orders of Stalin constitutes an act of genocide within the meaning of the Fourth Hague Convention of 1907 and the Convention for the Prevention and Repression of the Crime of Genocide adopted by the UN General Assembly on 9 December 1948.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></blockquote> Experts of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a> cited the events of 1944 for a reason of placing Chechnya on their genocide watch list for its potential for genocide.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">separatist government of Chechnya</a> also recognized it as genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETishkov200430-97">[97]</a> Some academics disagree with the classification of deportation as genocide. Professor Alexander Statiev argues that Stalin's administration did not have a conscious <a href="/wiki/Genocidal_intent" title="Genocidal intent">genocidal intent</a> to exterminate the various deported peoples, but that Soviet "political culture, poor planning, haste, and wartime shortages were responsible for the genocidal <a href="/wiki/Death_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Death rate">death rate</a> among them." He rather considers these deportations an example of Soviet <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> of "unwanted nations."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStatiev2010243–264-98">[98]</a> According to Professor Amir Weiner, "...It was their territorial identity and not their physical existence or even their distinct <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic identity">ethnic identity</a> that the regime sought to eradicate."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner200244–53-99">[99]</a> According to Professor Francine Hirsch, "although the Soviet regime practiced politics of <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">exclusion</a>, it did not practice what contemporaries thought of as <a href="/wiki/Racial_politics" title="Racial politics">racial politics</a>." To her, these mass deportations were based on the concept that nationalities were "sociohistorical groups with a shared consciousness and not racial-biological groups".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirsch200230–43-100">[100]</a> In contrast to this view, Jon K. Chang contends that the deportations had been in fact based on ethnicity and that "social historians" in the West have failed to champion the rights of marginalized ethnicities in the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-changonrevison-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_motivations">Possible motivations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Possible motivations">edit</a>]</div> Harvard's Terry Martin suggested a concept of "Soviet <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>", which he defines as the ideologically motivated "exaggerated Soviet fear of foreign influence and foreign contamination". This theory espouses the belief that the Soviet Union ethnically cleansed the border peoples of the USSR from 1937 to 1951 (including the Caucasus and the Crimea) to remove Soviet nationalities whose political allegiances were allegedly suspect or <a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_agitation" title="Anti-Soviet agitation">inimical to Soviet socialism</a>. In this view, the USSR did not practice direct negative ethnic animus or discrimination ("In neither case did the Soviet state itself conceive of these deportations as ethnic.")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1998829-102">[102]</a> Political ideology of all Soviet peoples was the primary consideration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2018a174-103">[103]</a> Martin stated that the various deportations of the Soviet border peoples were simply the "culmination of a gradual shift from predominantly class-based terror", which began during collectivization (1932–33), to "national/ethnic" based terror (1937).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1998852-104">[104]</a> Accordingly, Martin further claimed that the nationalities deportations were "ideological, not ethnic. It was spurred by an ideological hatred and suspicion of foreign capitalist governments, not the national hatred of non-Russians."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1998829,_860-105">[105]</a> His theory entitled "Soviet xenophobia" paints the USSR and the Stalinist regime as having practiced and carried out in politics, education and Soviet society relatively pure socialism and Marxist practices. This view has been supported by many of the major historians of the USSR, those in Russian and even Korean studies such as Fitzpatrick, Suny, F. Hirsch, A. Weiner and A. Park.<a href="#cite_note-chang2018-106">[106]</a> A. Park, in her archival work, found very little evidence that Koreans had proven or were able to prove their loyalties beyond a shadow of a doubt, thus 'necessitating' deportation from the border areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPark2019241–243-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Robert Conquest</a> stated that these nationalities were transferred because "in Stalin's view, either welcomed or not opposed the Germans".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In contrast, the views of J. Otto Pohl and Jon K. Chang affirm that the Soviet Union, its officials and everyday citizens produced and reproduced (from the <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist</a> era) racialized (<a href="/wiki/Primordialism" title="Primordialism">primordialist</a>) views, policies and tropes regarding their non-Slavic peoples. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2018174–179-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl19991–9,_137-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang201862–65-111">[111]</a> Norman M. Naimark believed that the Stalinist "nationalities deportations" were forms of national-cultural genocide. The deportations at the very least changed the cultures, way of life and world views of the deported peoples as the majority were sent to Soviet Central Asia and Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark201025–29,_135–137-112">[112]</a> "Primordialism" is simply another way of saying ethnic <a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">chauvinism</a> or racism because the said "primordial" peoples or ethnic groups are seen as possessing "permanent" traits and characteristics, which they pass on, one generation to the next. Both Chang and Martin agree that the Stalinist regime took a turn towards primordializing nationality in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2018b65-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1999350,_352,_357–358-114">[114]</a> After the "primordialist turn" by the Stalinist regime in the mid-1930s, the <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Soviet_Greeks" title="Deportation of the Soviet Greeks">Soviet Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_the_Ingrian_Finns" title="Deportations of the Ingrian Finns">Finns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Chinese_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Deportation of Chinese in the Soviet Union">Chinese</a>, Koreans, <a href="/wiki/Volga_German_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> and the other <a href="/wiki/National_operations_of_the_NKVD" class="mw-redirect" title="National operations of the NKVD">deported peoples</a> were seen to have loyalties to their <a href="/wiki/Titular_nation" title="Titular nation">titular nations</a> (or to non-Soviet polities) as the Soviet state in the 1930s regarded nationality (ethnicity) and political loyalty (ideology) as a primordial equivalents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2018b65-113">[113]</a> Thus, it was no surprise that the regime would choose "deportation." Martin's different interpretation is that the Soviet regime was not deporting the various diaspora peoples because of their nationality. Rather, nationality (ethnicity or phenotype) served as a referent or a signifier for the political ideology of the deported peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2018174-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1998860-116">[116]</a> Amir Weiner's argument is similar to Martin's, substituting "territorial identity" for Martin's "xenophobia."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner200246-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2019266–67-118">[118]</a> The "Soviet xenophobia" argument also does not hold up semantically. Xenophobia is the fear by natives of invasion or loss of territory and influence to foreigners. The "Russians" and other Eastern Slavs are coming into the territory of the natives (the deported peoples) who were simply Soviet national minorities. They were not foreign elements. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian empire</a> was not the "native" state, polity or government in the Asian Far East, the Caucasus and many other regions of the deported peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2019266–67-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Koguryo</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Parhae</a>/Balhae/Bohai were the first states of the Russian Far East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephan19941–50-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPai2000-120">[120]</a> John J. Stephan called the "erasure" of Chinese and Korean history (state-formation, cultural contributions, peoples) to the region by the USSR and Russia—the intentional "genesis of a 'blank spot.' "<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephan199417–19-121">[121]</a> Chang notes that all forms of racism could be explained away in a like manner. Regardless, all of the Stalinist orders for "total deportation" of the thirteen nationalities (from 1937 to 1951) list each of the peoples by ethnicity as well as a charge of treason. Soviet law required that one's guilt or innocence (for treason) be determined individually and in a court of law prior to sentencing (per 1936 Constitution). Finally, on the other end of the "primordial" spectrum, the Eastern Slavs (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians) were seen as inherently more loyal and more representative of the Soviet people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2018189–193-122">[122]</a> This is clearly a deviation from socialism and Marxist–Leninism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2018188,_191–192-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_toll">Death toll</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Death toll">edit</a>]</div> The number of deaths attributed to deported people living in exile is considerable. The causes for such demographic catastrophe lie in harsh climates of Siberia and Kazakhstan, disease, <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">work exploitation</a> which lasted for up to 12 hours daily as well as the lack of any kind of appropriate housing or accommodation for the deported people. Overall, it is assumed that the fatalities caused by this relocation upheaval range from 800,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrieb2014930-5">[5]</a> up to 1,500,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth200473-6">[6]</a> The partial documentation in the NKVD archives indicated that the <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortality rates">mortality rates</a> of these deported ethnic groups were considerable. The <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a> had a 14.6% mortality rate, the Kalmyks 17.4%, people from Crimea 19.6%, while the Chechens, the Ingush and other people from the Northern Caucasus had the highest losses reaching 23.7%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckleyRubleHofmann2008207-124">[124]</a> The NKVD did not record excess deaths for the deported Soviet Koreans, but their mortality rate estimates range from 10%<a href="#cite_note-Gwangju-125">[125]</a> to 16.3%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2018157-126">[126]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width: 300px"> <caption>Number of deaths of peoples in exile, 1930s–1950s </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Group </th> <th scope="col">Estimated number of deaths </th> <th scope="col">References </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">Kulaks</a> 1930–1937</td> <td>389,521</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl199946-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a></td> <td>100,000–400,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-kazbek-130">[130]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a></td> <td>90,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrucht200428-131">[131]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a></td> <td>16,500–40,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Gwangju-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl199914-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERywkin199467-133">[133]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a></td> <td>5,400</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettaiPettai201455-134">[134]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Latvians</a></td> <td>17,400</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettaiPettai201455-134">[134]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a></td> <td>28,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a></td> <td>18,800</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ediev-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a></td> <td>15,000</td> <td> <a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a></td> <td>15,000–20,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBognár201256-138">[138]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></td> <td>13,100–35,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckleyRubleHofmann2008207-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERywkin199467-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Germans">Soviet Germans</a></td> <td>42,823–228,800</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2000267-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckleyRubleHofmann2008207-124">[124]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a></td> <td>12,600–48,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckleyRubleHofmann2008207-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ediev-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERywkin199467-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a></td> <td>20,300–23,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckleyRubleHofmann2008207-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERywkin199467-133">[133]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></td> <td>7,600–11,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckleyRubleHofmann2008207-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ediev-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERywkin199467-133">[133]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></td> <td>34,300–109,956</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckleyRubleHofmann2008207-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2015109-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a></td> <td>12,859–50,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckleyRubleHofmann2008207-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERywkin199467-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td nowrap="nowrap">800,000–1,500,000</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrieb2014930-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth200473-6">[6]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Additionally, around 300,000–360,000 <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Germans deported after World War II</a> from occupied territories in Eastern Europe perished,<a href="#cite_note-Erlebenisberichte_1989,_pp._40-15">[15]</a> but the Soviet Army was not the sole perpetrator of these expulsions, since other European countries also participated. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date of transfer </th> <th>Targeted group </th> <th>Approximate numbers </th> <th>Place of initial residence </th> <th>Transfer destination </th> <th>Stated reasons for transfer </th></tr> <tr> <td>April 1920 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terek_Cossacks" title="Terek Cossacks">Terek Cossacks</a> </td> <td>45,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundovichGoriGuercetti200376-146">[146]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Decossackization" class="mw-redirect" title="Decossackization">Decossackization</a>", stopping Russian colonisation of <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930–1931 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">Kulaks</a> </td> <td>1,679,528- 1,803,392<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViola200732-19">[19]</a> </td> <td>"Regions of total collectivization", most of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a>, other regions </td> <td>Northern <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic">Kazakh ASSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_(1926%E2%80%9336)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–36)">Kirghiz ASSR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Collectivization" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivization">Collectivization</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930–1937 </td> <td>Kulaks </td> <td>15,000,000<a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[20]</a> </td> <td>"Regions of total collectivization", most of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a>, other regions </td> <td>Northern <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic">Kazakh ASSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_(1926%E2%80%9336)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–36)">Kirghiz ASSR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Collectivization" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivization">Collectivization</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November–December 1932 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peasants" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasants">Peasants</a> </td> <td>45,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolian2004328-147">[147]</a> - 46,000<a href="#cite_note-cossackspunished-148">[148]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Northern Russia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 1933 </td> <td>People from <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> who had been unable to obtain an internal passport </td> <td>6,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nazino_affair#Nazino_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazino affair">Nazino Island</a> </td> <td>"cleanse Moscow, Leningrad and the other great urban centers of the USSR of superfluous elements not connected with production or administrative work, as well as kulaks, criminals, and other antisocial and socially dangerous elements."<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February–May 1935; September 1941; 1942 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_Finns" title="Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finns</a> </td> <td>420,000<a href="#cite_note-Council_of_Europe-150">[150]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Astrakhan Oblast">Astrakhan Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vologda_Oblast" title="Vologda Oblast">Vologda Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="West Siberian economic region">Western Siberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February–March 1935 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> </td> <td>412,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolian2004328-147">[147]</a> </td> <td>Central and western <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a> </td> <td>Eastern <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 1936 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> </td> <td>45,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolian2004328-147">[147]</a> </td> <td>Border regions of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 1937 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurds</a> </td> <td>1,325<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolian200498-151">[151]</a> </td> <td>Border regions of <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajikistan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghizia</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September–October 1937 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koreans</a> </td> <td>172,000<a href="#cite_note-Punished_Peoples_of_the_Soviet_Union-152">[152]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Far Eastern economic region">Far East</a> </td> <td>Northern <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September–October 1937 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Harbin Russians</a> </td> <td>At least 17,500<a href="#cite_note-Yin_2016-153">[153]</a> </td> <td>Southern <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Far Eastern economic region">Far East</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolian2004328-147">[147]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Province,_Republic_of_China" title="Xinjiang Province, Republic of China">Xinjiang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Yin_2016-153">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolian2004328-147">[147]</a> </td> <td>At least 12,000 Chinese citizens were deported to Xinjiang, while 5,500 Chinese Soviet citizens were deported to Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Yin_2016-153">[153]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1938 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a> </td> <td>6,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolian2004329-154">[154]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mary_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Province">Mary Province</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenistan</a>) </td> <td>Deserted areas of northern <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenistan</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 1938 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani people">Azeris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> </td> <td>6,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundovichGoriGuercetti200377-155">[155]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iranian</a> citizenship </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 1940 – 1941 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> (including refugees from <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>) </td> <td>320,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanford2007-156">[156]</a> </td> <td>Western <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussia</a> </td> <td>Northern <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1940 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kola_Norwegians" title="Kola Norwegians">Norwegians</a>, Finns, Swedes, Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians </td> <td>6,973<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-23.6.40-158">[158]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Oblast" title="Murmansk Oblast">Murmansk Oblast</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Karelo-Finnish SSR">Karelo-Finnish SSR</a> and later to <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblast" title="Arkhangelsk Oblast">Arkhangelsk Oblast</a> </td> <td>Lavrenty Beria's order of 23 June 1940 about resettlement of "citizens of foreign nationalities"<a href="#cite_note-23.6.40-158">[158]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1940 </td> <td>Germans, Poles, Chinese, Greeks, Koreans, and other "citizens of foreign nationalities" </td> <td>1,743<a href="#cite_note-23.6.40-158">[158]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Oblast" title="Murmansk Oblast">Murmansk Oblast</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Altai_Krai" title="Altai Krai">Altai Krai</a> </td> <td>Lavrenty Beria's order of 23 June 1940 about resettlement of "citizens of foreign nationalities"<a href="#cite_note-23.6.40-158">[158]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 1940 to 1953 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Latvians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a> </td> <td>203,590<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundovichGoriGuercetti2003100-159">[159]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and Northern <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 1941 – March 1942 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union">Germans</a> </td> <td>855,674<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalitan199274-160">[160]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Povolzhye</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimea_Germans" title="Crimea Germans">Crimea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, central <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 1943 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachais" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachais">Karachais</a> </td> <td>69,267<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugay1996156-161">[161]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachay%E2%80%93Cherkess_Autonomous_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachay–Cherkess Autonomous Oblast">Karachay–Cherkess AO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol Krai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghizia</a>, other </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bandit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandit">Banditism</a>, other </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 1943 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a> </td> <td>93,139<a href="#cite_note-Punished_Peoples_of_the_Soviet_Union-152">[152]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmyk ASSR">Kalmyk ASSR</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 1944 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a> </td> <td>478,479<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAskerov201512-162">[162]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghizia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1940-1944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" class="mw-redirect" title="1940-1944 insurgency in Chechnya">1940-1944 insurgency in Chechnya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 1944 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azeris" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeris">Azeris</a> </td> <td>3,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolian200433¸1-163">[163]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a>) </td> <td>Southern <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 1944 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a> </td> <td>37,406<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugay1996156-161">[161]</a>–40,900<a href="#cite_note-Punished_Peoples_of_the_Soviet_Union-152">[152]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghizia</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 1944 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> </td> <td>191,014<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugay1996156-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Punished_Peoples_of_the_Soviet_Union-152">[152]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Crimea</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May–June 1944 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> </td> <td>37,080 (9,620 Armenians, 12,040 Bulgarians, 15,040 Greeks<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorostelina20079-164">[164]</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Crimea</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a> (?) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1944 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kabardins" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabardins">Kabardins</a> </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkarian_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR">Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>) </td> <td>Southern <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a> </td> <td>Collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 1944 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_Church" title="Catacomb Church">Russian True Orthodox Church</a> members </td> <td>1,000 </td> <td>Central <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 1944 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamshenis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamshenis">Hamshenis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karapapak" class="mw-redirect" title="Karapapak">Karapapaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Lazes</a> and other inhabitants of the border zone </td> <td>115,000<a href="#cite_note-Punished_Peoples_of_the_Soviet_Union-152">[152]</a> </td> <td>Southwestern <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghizia</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 1944 – January 1945 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Ukraine" title="Hungarians in Ukraine">Hungarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> </td> <td>30,000–40,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBognár201256-138">[138]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trans-Carpathian_Ukraine_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Carpathian Ukraine during World War II">Transcarpathian Ukraine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussia</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 1945 </td> <td>"Traitors and collaborators" </td> <td>2,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolian2004332-165">[165]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mineralnye_Vody" title="Mineralnye Vody">Mineralnye Vody</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajikistan</a> </td> <td>Collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944–1953 </td> <td>Families of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a> </td> <td>204,000<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944–1953 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> </td> <td>1,240,000<a href="#cite_note-Council_of_Europe-150">[150]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a> region </td> <td>postwar <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>Removal of indigenous population from the new territory acquired by Soviet Union </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945–1950 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> </td> <td>Tens of thousands </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> </td> <td>West or Middle Germany </td> <td>Removal of indigenous population from the new territory acquired by Soviet Union </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945–1951 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a> </td> <td>400,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcColl2014803-167">[167]</a> </td> <td>Mostly from <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Far Eastern economic region">Far East</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td>Removal of indigenous population from the new territory acquired by Soviet Union </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948–1951 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani people">Azeris</a> </td> <td>100,000<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kura-Aras_Lowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura-Aras Lowland">Kura-Aras Lowland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan</a> </td> <td>"Measures for resettlement of collective farm workers" </td></tr> <tr> <td>May–June 1949 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> </td> <td>57,680<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundovichGoriGuercetti2003102-169">[169]</a> (including 15,485 Dashnaks)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundovichGoriGuercetti2003102-169">[169]</a> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>), <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> </td> <td>Southern <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a> </td> <td>Membership in the nationalist <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Dashnaktsutiun Party</a> (Armenians), <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> citizenship (Greeks): "suspect cross-border ethnic ties."<a href="#cite_note-:1-52">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 1951 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Basmachi Revolt">Basmachis</a> </td> <td>2,795<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundovichGoriGuercetti2003102-169">[169]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajikistan</a> </td> <td>Northern <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 1951 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> </td> <td>8,576–9,500 <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaran201662-170">[170]</a> </td> <td>Mostly from <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="West Siberian economic region">Western Siberia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Operation_North" title="Operation North">Operation North</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td>Armenians </td> <td>24 villages,<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> 17,000 people<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> </td> <td>Armenia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ring" title="Operation Ring">Operation Ring</a> Desire to re-unify with Armenia and/or obtain more autonomy from the Azeri SSR.<a href="#cite_note-memorial2-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-174">[174]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920 to 1953 </td> <td>Total </td> <td>~20,296,000 - </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Against_Their_Will_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Against Their Will (book)">Against Their Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_engineering" title="Demographic engineering">Demographic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot#Alleged_planned_deportation_of_Jews" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot: Speculation about a planned deportation of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast#Jewish_settlement_in_the_region" title="Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Jewish Autonomous Oblast: Jewish settlement in the region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_cleansing_campaigns" title="List of ethnic cleansing campaigns">List of ethnic cleansing campaigns</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-europarl-1"><a href="#cite_ref-europarl_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unpo.org/article/438">UNPO: Chechnya: European Parliament recognizes the genocide of the Chechen People in 1944</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosefielde84-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosefielde84_2-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRosefielde2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Rosefielde" title="Steven Rosefielde">Rosefielde, Steven</a> (2009). <a href="/wiki/Red_Holocaust_(2009_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Holocaust (2009 book)">Red Holocaust</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redholocaust00rose/page/n102">84</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77757-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77757-5"><bdi>978-0-415-77757-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Holocaust&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77757-5&rft.aulast=Rosefielde&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-perovic-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perovic_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-perovic_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerovic2018" class="citation book cs1">Perovic, Jeronim (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O19gDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA320">Perovic, Jeronim (2018). From Conquest to Deportation: The North Caucasus under Russian Rule. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190934675. OCLC 1083957407</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190934675" title="Special:BookSources/9780190934675"><bdi>9780190934675</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perovic%2C+Jeronim+%282018%29.+From+Conquest+to+Deportation%3A+The+North+Caucasus+under+Russian+Rule.+Oxford+University+Press.+ISBN+9780190934675.+OCLC+1083957407.&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-06&rft.isbn=9780190934675&rft.aulast=Perovic&rft.aufirst=Jeronim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO19gDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jeffburds-4"><a href="#cite_ref-jeffburds_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurds2007" class="citation journal cs1">Burds, Jeffrey (1 April 2007). "The Soviet War against 'Fifth Columnists': The Case of Chechnya, 1942–4". Journal of Contemporary History. 42 (2): 267–314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009407075545">10.1177/0022009407075545</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159523593">159523593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+War+against+%27Fifth+Columnists%27%3A+The+Case+of+Chechnya%2C+1942%E2%80%934&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E314&rft.date=2007-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009407075545&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159523593%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Burds&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrieb2014930-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrieb2014930_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrieb2014930_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrieb2014930_5-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrieb2014">Grieb 2014</a>, p. 930. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth200473-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerth200473_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerth200473_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerth200473_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerth200473_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerth200473_6-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFWerth2004">Werth 2004</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBekus201042-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBekus201042_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBekus2010">Bekus 2010</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey_Michael2022" class="citation web cs1">Casey Michael (9 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/russias-crimes-of-colonialism-putin-ukraine-war-empire-eurasia-lavrov-africa-soviet-union-11660076835">"Russia's Crimes of Colonialism"</a>. Wall Street Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Crimes+of+Colonialism&rft.date=2022-08-09&rft.au=Casey+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Frussias-crimes-of-colonialism-putin-ukraine-war-empire-eurasia-lavrov-africa-soviet-union-11660076835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman20021158-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllman20021158_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllman2002">Ellman 2002</a>, p. 1158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolian20044-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolian20044_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPolian2004">Polian 2004</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosefielde83-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosefielde83_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosefielde2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Rosefielde" title="Steven Rosefielde">Rosefielde, Steven</a> (2009). <a href="/wiki/Red_Holocaust_(2009_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Holocaust (2009 book)">Red Holocaust</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redholocaust00rose/page/n101">83</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77757-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77757-5"><bdi>978-0-415-77757-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Holocaust&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77757-5&rft.aulast=Rosefielde&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman20021159-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllman20021159_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllman20021159_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllman20021159_12-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllman2002">Ellman 2002</a>, p. 1159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl199758-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl199758_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl1997">Pohl 1997</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1997148-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl1997148_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl1997">Pohl 1997</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-Erlebenisberichte_1989,_pp._40-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erlebenisberichte_1989,_pp._40_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erlebenisberichte_1989,_pp._40_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erlebenisberichte_1989,_pp._40_15-2">c</a> Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1978. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28 Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewälte Erlebenisberichte, Bonn 1989, pp. 40–41, 46–47, 51–53 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071105114641/http://gulaghistory.org/exhibits/nps/onlineexhibit/stalin/crimes.php">"Gulag: Soviet Forced Labor Camps and the Struggle for Freedom"</a>. Gulaghistory.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulaghistory.org/exhibits/nps/onlineexhibit/stalin/crimes.php">the original</a> on 5 November 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gulag%3A+Soviet+Forced+Labor+Camps+and+the+Struggle+for+Freedom&rft.pub=Gulaghistory.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgulaghistory.org%2Fexhibits%2Fnps%2Fonlineexhibit%2Fstalin%2Fcrimes.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugay1996166-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugay1996166_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBugay1996">Bugay 1996</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://users.cyberone.com.au/myers/courtois.html">[1]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114220819/http://users.cyberone.com.au/myers/courtois.html">Archived</a> 14 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViola200732-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViola200732_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViola200732_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFViola2007">Viola 2007</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebag_Montefiore2014" class="citation book cs1">Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2014). 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W&N. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780228358" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780228358"><bdi>978-1780228358</bdi></a>. <q>By 1937, 18,5 million were collectivized but there were now only 19.9 million households: 5.7 million households, perhaps 15 million persons, had been deported, many of them dead</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+The+Court+of+the+Red+Tsar&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=W%26N&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1780228358&rft.aulast=Sebag+Montefiore&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin1998">Martin 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl1999">Pohl 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin1998">Martin 1998</a>, p. 815. Poles, Germans, Finns, Estonians, Latvians, Koreans, Italians, Chinese, Kurds, and Iranians. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin1998">Martin 1998</a>, p. 820. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Otto_Pohl1999" class="citation book cs1">J. Otto Pohl (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SnLANpCfDn4C">Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937–1949</a>. Greenwood Press. pp. 9–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30921-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30921-2"><bdi>978-0-313-30921-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Cleansing+in+the+USSR%2C+1937%E2%80%931949&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30921-2&rft.au=J.+Otto+Pohl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSnLANpCfDn4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novayagazeta.ru/data/2009/063/22.html">First deportation and the "Effective manager"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090620231557/http://www.novayagazeta.ru/data/2009/063/22.html">Archived</a> 20 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novaya_gazeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Novaya gazeta">Novaya gazeta</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Polian" title="Pavel Polian">Pavel Polyan</a> and Nikolai Pobol </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Wheatcroft" class="citation web cs1">Stephen Wheatcroft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/WCR-German_Soviet.pdf">"The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45"</a> (PDF). Sovietinfo.tripod.com. Retrieved 17 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Scale+and+Nature+of+German+and+Soviet+Repression+and+Mass+Killings%2C+1930%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Sovietinfo.tripod.com&rft.au=Stephen+Wheatcroft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsovietinfo.tripod.com%2FWCR-German_Soviet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Boobbyer2000" class="citation book cs1">Philip Boobbyer (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lYMsIE5KjmMC&pg=PA130">The Stalin Era</a>. Psychology Press. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18298-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18298-0"><bdi>978-0-415-18298-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stalin+Era&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18298-0&rft.au=Philip+Boobbyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlYMsIE5KjmMC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/USSR.TAB1B.GIF">"Table 1B : Soviet Transit, Camp and Deportation Death Rates"</a> (GIF). 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London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1979, p. 373 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.volgagermans.net/volgagermans/Volga%20German%20Deportation.htm">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090806104429/http://www.volgagermans.net/volgagermans/Volga%20German%20Deportation.htm">Archived</a> 6 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/statshist.html">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091015035819/http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/statshist.html">Archived</a> 15 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3509933.stm">"Europe | Remembering Stalin's deportations"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ingnews.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8897:--l---r---&catid=2:2009-01-27-16-50-00&Itemid=5">the original</a> on 21 March 2013. 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Retrieved 25 June 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Renmin_University_of_China" title="Renmin University of China">Renmin University of China</a> Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Chinese+History+Studies&rft.atitle=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%A4%84%E7%BD%AE%E8%BF%9C%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E8%80%83%E5%AF%9F%281937%E2%80%941938%29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=41&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Yin&rft.aufirst=Guangming&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frdbk1.ynlib.cn%3A6251%2FQw%2FPaper%2F605629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolian2004329-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolian2004329_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPolian2004">Polian 2004</a>, p. 329. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundovichGoriGuercetti200377-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundovichGoriGuercetti200377_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDundovichGoriGuercetti2003">Dundovich, Gori & Guercetti 2003</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanford2007-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanford2007_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanford2007">Sanford 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Polian" title="Pavel Polian">Pavel Polian</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Not_of_Their_Own_Will&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Not of Their Own Will (page does not exist)">Not of Their Own Will</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23.6.40-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-23.6.40_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-23.6.40_158-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-23.6.40_158-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-23.6.40_158-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.historyrussia.org/ru/nodes/165305-prikaz-narodnogo-komissariata-vnutrennih-del-soyuza-ssr-za-1940-g-o-pereselenii-iz-g-murmanska-i-murmanskoy-obl-grazhdan-inonatsionalnostey-moskva-23-iyunya-1940-g">Приказ Народного комиссариата внутренних дел Союза ССР за 1940 г. 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Москва. 23 июня 1940 г.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundovichGoriGuercetti2003100-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundovichGoriGuercetti2003100_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDundovichGoriGuercetti2003">Dundovich, Gori & Guercetti 2003</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalitan199274-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalitan199274_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalitan1992">Salitan 1992</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugay1996156-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugay1996156_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugay1996156_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugay1996156_161-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBugay1996">Bugay 1996</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAskerov201512-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAskerov201512_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAskerov2015">Askerov 2015</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolian200433¸1-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolian200433¸1_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPolian2004">Polian 2004</a>, p. 33¸1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorostelina20079-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorostelina20079_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKorostelina2007">Korostelina 2007</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolian2004332-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolian2004332_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPolian2004">Polian 2004</a>, p. 332. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Viatrovych, V.; Hrytskiv, R.; Dereviany, I.; Zabily, R.; Sova, A.; Sodol, P. (2007). Volodymyr Viatrovych (ed.). Українська Повстанська Армія – Історія нескорених [Ukrainian Insurgent Army – History of the unconquered] (in Ukrainian). Lviv Liberation Movement Research Centre. pp. 307–310. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcColl2014803-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcColl2014803_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcColl2014">McColl 2014</a>, p. 803. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaparov2003" class="citation journal cs1">Saparov, Arseny (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_REVUE=CMR&ID_NUMPUBLIE=CMR_441&ID_ARTICLE=CMR_441_0179">"The alteration of place names and construction of national identity in Soviet Armenia"</a>. Cahiers du monde russe. 44 (1): 179–198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+du+monde+russe&rft.atitle=The+alteration+of+place+names+and+construction+of+national+identity+in+Soviet+Armenia&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E198&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Saparov&rft.aufirst=Arseny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Farticle.php%3FID_REVUE%3DCMR%26ID_NUMPUBLIE%3DCMR_441%26ID_ARTICLE%3DCMR_441_0179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundovichGoriGuercetti2003102-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundovichGoriGuercetti2003102_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundovichGoriGuercetti2003102_169-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundovichGoriGuercetti2003102_169-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDundovichGoriGuercetti2003">Dundovich, Gori & Guercetti 2003</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaran201662-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaran201662_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaran2016">Baran 2016</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Gokhman, M. "Карабахская война" [The Karabakh War]. Russkaya Misl. 29 November 1991. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Melkonian. My Brother's Road, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-memorial2-173"><a href="#cite_ref-memorial2_173-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumgait.info/ring/seda-vermisheva/karabakh-deportation-3.htm">Доклад Правозащитного центра общества "Мемориал"</a> Нарушения прав человека в ходе проведения операций внутренними войсками МВД СССР, советской армией и МВД Азербайджана в ряде районов Азербайджанской Республики в период с конца апреля по начало июня 1991 года </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_174-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.physics.harvard.edu/~wilson/publications/VOSKEPAR_files/VOSKEPAR.html">Report by Professor Richard Wilson</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060342/http://users.physics.harvard.edu/~wilson/publications/VOSKEPAR_files/VOSKEPAR.html">Archived</a> 21 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "On the Visit to the Armenian-Azerbaijani Border, May 25–29, 1991" Presented to the First International Sakharov Conference on Physics, Lebedev Institute, Moscow on 31 May 1991. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Council_of_Europe" class="citation book cs1">Council of Europe (19 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sE67dG7WJWUC&q=finns&pg=PA157">Documents: working papers, 2006 ordinary session (third part), 26–30 June 2006, Vol. 4: Documents 10868, 10886, 10893, 10903-10950</a>. Council of Europe. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789287160270" title="Special:BookSources/9789287160270"><bdi>9789287160270</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents%3A+working+papers%2C+2006+ordinary+session+%28third+part%29%2C+26%E2%80%9330+June+2006%2C+Vol.+4%3A+Documents+10868%2C+10886%2C+10893%2C+10903-10950&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=2007-03-19&rft.isbn=9789287160270&rft.au=Council+of+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsE67dG7WJWUC%26q%3Dfinns%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAskerov2015" class="citation book cs1">Askerov, Ali (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L0jDCAAAQBAJ&q=chechens+ingush+deported+478%2C479&pg=PA12">Historical Dictionary of the Chechen Conflict</a>. 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Nova Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1560723714" title="Special:BookSources/978-1560723714"><bdi>978-1560723714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deportation+of+Peoples+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1560723714&rft.aulast=Bugay&rft.aufirst=Nikolay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxwp5y9NDaEwC%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2014" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, Jon K. 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Eurasia Studies Society of Great Britain & Europe Journal. 3: 32–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasia+Studies+Society+of+Great+Britain+%26+Europe+Journal&rft.atitle=Tsarist+continuities+in+Soviet+nationalities+policy%3A+A+case+of+Korean+territorial+autonomy+in+the+Soviet+Far+East%2C+1923-1937&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Jon+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F17823472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2018" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Jon K. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qh7HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157">Burnt by the Sun: The Koreans of the Russian Far East</a>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824876746" title="Special:BookSources/9780824876746"><bdi>9780824876746</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015046032">2015046032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burnt+by+the+Sun%3A+The+Koreans+of+the+Russian+Far+East&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2015046032&rft.isbn=9780824876746&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Jon+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqh7HDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, Jon K. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nas.org/academic-questions/32/2/ethnic-cleansing-and-revisionist-russian-and-soviet-history">"Ethnic Cleansing and Revisionist Russian and Soviet History"</a>. Academic Questions. 32 (2): 263–270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12129-019-09791-8">10.1007/s12129-019-09791-8</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150711796">150711796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academic+Questions&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Cleansing+and+Revisionist+Russian+and+Soviet+History&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12129-019-09791-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150711796%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Jon+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nas.org%2Facademic-questions%2F32%2F2%2Fethnic-cleansing-and-revisionist-russian-and-soviet-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavoliūtė2014" class="citation book cs1">Davoliūtė, Violeta (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=82uGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT29">The Making and Breaking of Soviet Lithuania: Memory and Modernity in the Wake of War</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134693580" title="Special:BookSources/9781134693580"><bdi>9781134693580</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+and+Breaking+of+Soviet+Lithuania%3A+Memory+and+Modernity+in+the+Wake+of+War&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781134693580&rft.aulast=Davoli%C5%ABt%C4%97&rft.aufirst=Violeta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D82uGAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundovichGoriGuercetti2003" class="citation book cs1">Dundovich, Elena; Gori, Francesca; Guercetti, Emanuela (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X2FGqiDKFysC&q=6%2C015">Reflections on the Gulag: With a Documentary Index on the Italian Victims of Repression in the USSR</a> (37 ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8807990588" title="Special:BookSources/978-8807990588"><bdi>978-8807990588</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+the+Gulag%3A+With+a+Documentary+Index+on+the+Italian+Victims+of+Repression+in+the+USSR&rft.edition=37&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-8807990588&rft.aulast=Dundovich&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Gori%2C+Francesca&rft.au=Guercetti%2C+Emanuela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX2FGqiDKFysC%26q%3D6%252C015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllman2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ellman" title="Michael Ellman">Ellman, Michael</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427044908/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d4ac/a67ff06f3902c7b95b9eff2562f223f16c2b.pdf">"Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Europe-Asia_Studies" title="Europe-Asia Studies">Europe-Asia Studies</a>. 54 (7): 1151–1172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0966813022000017177">10.1080/0966813022000017177</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/826310">826310</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43510161">43510161</a>. 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Stanford, California: Hoover Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817966638" title="Special:BookSources/9780817966638"><bdi>9780817966638</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/76041085">76041085</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/946788279">946788279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crimean+Tatars&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F946788279&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F76041085&rft.isbn=9780817966638&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Alan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFredholm2000" class="citation journal cs1">Fredholm, Michael (2000). 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ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598849486" title="Special:BookSources/9781598849486"><bdi>9781598849486</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2014017775">2014017775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=War+Crimes%2C+Soviet%2C+World+War+II&rft.btitle=Russia+at+War%3A+From+the+Mongol+Conquest+to+Afghanistan%2C+Chechnya%2C+and+Beyond&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2014017775&rft.isbn=9781598849486&rft.aulast=Grieb&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTq2BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2004" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Nicholas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rUYyhMxHqnQC&pg=PA40">Caucasus: A Journey to the Land Between Christianity and Islam</a>. 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Routledge. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317533856" title="Special:BookSources/9781317533856"><bdi>9781317533856</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.pages=203&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317533856&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0kBZBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleveman2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Kleveman" title="Lutz Kleveman">Kleveman, Lutz</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dnntAAAAMAAJ&q=V%C3%B6lkermord">Der Kampf um das Heilige Feuer: Wettlauf der Weltmächte am Kaspischen Meer</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Rowohlt_Verlag" title="Rowohlt Verlag">Rowohlt</a>. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783871344565" title="Special:BookSources/9783871344565"><bdi>9783871344565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Kampf+um+das+Heilige+Feuer%3A+Wettlauf+der+Weltm%C3%A4chte+am+Kaspischen+Meer&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Rowohlt&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9783871344565&rft.aulast=Kleveman&rft.aufirst=Lutz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdnntAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DV%25C3%25B6lkermord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorostelina2007" class="citation book cs1">Korostelina, K. 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Springer. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230605671" title="Special:BookSources/9780230605671"><bdi>9780230605671</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Identity+and+Conflict%3A+Structures%2C+Dynamics%2C+and+Implications&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780230605671&rft.aulast=Korostelina&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLzB9DAAAQBAJ%26q%3D9%252C620%2Barmenian%2B12%252C420%2BBulgarians%2B15%252C040%2Bgreeks%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegters1992" class="citation book cs1">Legters, Lyman H. 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Pittsburgh: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press" title="University of Pittsburgh Press">University of Pittsburgh Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822976820" title="Special:BookSources/9780822976820"><bdi>9780822976820</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/555693841">555693841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+American+Genocide&rft.btitle=Native+Americans+and+Public+Policy&rft.place=Pittsburgh&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F555693841&rft.isbn=9780822976820&rft.aulast=Legters&rft.aufirst=Lyman+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwghp62KBvWYC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotljarchuk2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kotljarchuk, Andrej (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:748534/FULLTEXT01.pdf">"3. 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Infobase Publishing. p. 803. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816072293" title="Special:BookSources/9780816072293"><bdi>9780816072293</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58431770">58431770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Geography+-+Facts+on+File+library+of+world+geography&rft.pages=803&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58431770&rft.isbn=9780816072293&rft.aulast=McColl&rft.aufirst=R.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDJgnebGbAB8C%26q%3D400%252C000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mikaberidze" title="Alexander Mikaberidze">Mikaberidze, Alexander</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JNNQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA191">Historical Dictionary of Georgia</a> (2 ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442241466" title="Special:BookSources/9781442241466"><bdi>9781442241466</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2014024518">2014024518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Georgia&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2014024518&rft.isbn=9781442241466&rft.aulast=Mikaberidze&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJNNQCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2004" class="citation journal cs1">Morris, James (2004). 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Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691147840" title="Special:BookSources/9780691147840"><bdi>9780691147840</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2010019063">2010019063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Genocides&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2010019063&rft.isbn=9780691147840&rft.aulast=Naimark&rft.aufirst=Norman+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF3UwF1eqb0AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPai2000" class="citation book cs1">Pai, Hyung Il (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QxztLeLoVkQC">Constructing "Korean" Origins: A Critical Review of Archaeology, Historiography, and Racial Myth in Korean State-Formation Theories</a>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674002449" title="Special:BookSources/9780674002449"><bdi>9780674002449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+%22Korean%22+Origins%3A+A+Critical+Review+of+Archaeology%2C+Historiography%2C+and+Racial+Myth+in+Korean+State-Formation+Theories&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780674002449&rft.aulast=Pai&rft.aufirst=Hyung+Il&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQxztLeLoVkQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2019" class="citation book cs1">Park, Alyssa M. (2019). 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Multilingual Matters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847690876" title="Special:BookSources/9781847690876"><bdi>9781847690876</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008012757">2008012757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multilingualism+in+Post-Soviet+Countries&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008012757&rft.isbn=9781847690876&rft.aulast=Pavlenko&rft.aufirst=Aneta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWO_I4d612fMC%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettaiPettai2014" class="citation book cs1">Pettai, Eva-Clarita; Pettai, Vello (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WD-iBQAAQBAJ&q=ESTONIA+DEPORTED+SOVIET+8%2C000+dead&pg=PA55">Transitional and Retrospective Justice in the Baltic States</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107049499" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107049499"><bdi>978-1107049499</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2014-043729">2014-043729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transitional+and+Retrospective+Justice+in+the+Baltic+States&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2014-043729&rft.isbn=978-1107049499&rft.aulast=Pettai&rft.aufirst=Eva-Clarita&rft.au=Pettai%2C+Vello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWD-iBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DESTONIA%2BDEPORTED%2BSOVIET%2B8%252C000%2Bdead%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl1997" class="citation book cs1">Pohl, J. 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Otto (2000). "Stalin's genocide against the "Repressed Peoples"". 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Journal of Genocide Research. 11 (2–3): 243–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520903118961">10.1080/14623520903118961</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71905569">71905569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Soviet+ethnic+deportations%3A+intent+versus+outcome&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E264&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623520903118961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A71905569%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Statiev&rft.aufirst=Alexandar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephan1994" class="citation book cs1">Stephan, John J. 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Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804727013" title="Special:BookSources/9780804727013"><bdi>9780804727013</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Far+East%3A+A+History&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780804727013&rft.aulast=Stephan&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJce4rBWjG5wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTher2014" class="citation book cs1">Ther, Philipp (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jHEXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118">The Dark Side of Nation-States: Ethnic Cleansing in Modern Europe</a>. Göttingen: Berghahn Books. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782383031" title="Special:BookSources/9781782383031"><bdi>9781782383031</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2011516970">2011516970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dark+Side+of+Nation-States%3A+Ethnic+Cleansing+in+Modern+Europe&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2011516970&rft.isbn=9781782383031&rft.aulast=Ther&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjHEXAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTishkov2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Valery_Tishkov" title="Valery Tishkov">Tishkov, Valery</a> (2004). Chechnya: Life in a War-Torn Society. Vol. 6. <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>: University of California Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520930209" title="Special:BookSources/9780520930209"><bdi>9780520930209</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2003017330">2003017330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chechnya%3A+Life+in+a+War-Torn+Society&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2003017330&rft.isbn=9780520930209&rft.aulast=Tishkov&rft.aufirst=Valery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViola2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Viola" title="Lynne Viola">Viola, Lynne</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gG6cPY2RpzUC&q=1%2C803%2C392&pg=PA32">The Unknown Gulag: The Lost World of Stalin's Special Settlements</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195187694" title="Special:BookSources/9780195187694"><bdi>9780195187694</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+Gulag%3A+The+Lost+World+of+Stalin%27s+Special+Settlements&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780195187694&rft.aulast=Viola&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgG6cPY2RpzUC%26q%3D1%252C803%252C392%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner2002" class="citation journal cs1">Weiner, Amir (2002). "Nothing but Certainty". <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Review" title="Slavic Review">Slavic Review</a>. 61 (1): 44–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2696980">10.2307/2696980</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2696980">2696980</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159548222">159548222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=Nothing+but+Certainty&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159548222%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2696980%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2696980&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Amir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerth2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Werth" title="Nicolas Werth">Werth, Nicolas</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CIt7fMp30sAC&pg=PA73">"Strategies of Violence in the Stalinist USSR"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rousso" title="Henry Rousso">Rousso, Henry</a>; Golsan, Richard Joseph (eds.). Stalinism and Nazism: History and Memory Compared. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803290006" title="Special:BookSources/9780803290006"><bdi>9780803290006</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2003026805">2003026805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strategies+of+Violence+in+the+Stalinist+USSR&rft.btitle=Stalinism+and+Nazism%3A+History+and+Memory+Compared&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2003026805&rft.isbn=9780803290006&rft.aulast=Werth&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCIt7fMp30sAC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerth2008" class="citation book cs1">Werth, Nicholas (2008). "The Crimes of the Stalin Regime: Outline for an Inventory and Classification". In Stone, Dan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historiographyge00ston">The Historiography of Genocide</a> (repeated ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historiographyge00ston/page/n426">412</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230297784" title="Special:BookSources/9780230297784"><bdi>9780230297784</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2007048561">2007048561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Crimes+of+the+Stalin+Regime%3A+Outline+for+an+Inventory+and+Classification&rft.btitle=The+Historiography+of+Genocide&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=412&rft.edition=repeated&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2007048561&rft.isbn=9780230297784&rft.aulast=Werth&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoriographyge00ston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Glyn_Williams" title="Brian Glyn Williams">Williams, Brian Glyn</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xabnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">The Crimean Tatars: From Soviet Genocide to Putin's Conquest</a>. London, New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190494728" title="Special:BookSources/9780190494728"><bdi>9780190494728</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015033355">2015033355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crimean+Tatars%3A+From+Soviet+Genocide+to+Putin%27s+Conquest&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2015033355&rft.isbn=9780190494728&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Brian+Glyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxabnCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+transfer+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Polian" title="Pavel Polian">Polian, Pavel</a> (Павел Полян), Deportations in the USSR: An index of operations with list of corresponding directives and legislation, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Academy of Science">Russian Academy of Science</a>.</li> <li>Павел Полян, Не по своей воле... (Pavel Polyan, <a href="/wiki/Not_by_Their_Own_Will" class="mw-redirect" title="Not by Their Own Will">Not by Their Own Will</a>... A History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR), ОГИ Мемориал, Moscow, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-94282-007-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-94282-007-4">5-94282-007-4</a></li> <li>28 августа 1941 г. Указ Президиума Верховного Совета СССР "О выселении немцев из районов Поволжья".</li> <li>1943 г. Указ Президиума Верховного Совета СССР "О ликвидации Калмыцкой АССР и образовании Астраханской области в составе РСФСР". *Постановление правительства СССР от 12 января 1949 г. "О выселении с территории Литвы, Латвии и Эстонии кулаков с семьями, семей бандитов и националистов, находящихся на нелегальном положении, убитых при вооруженных столкновениях и осужденных, легализованных бандитов, продолжающих вести вражескую работу, и их семей, а также семей репрессированных пособников и бандитов"</li> <li>Указ Президиума Верховного Совета СССР от 13 декабря 1955 г. "О снятии ограничений в правовом положении с немцев и членов их семей, находящихся на спецпоселении".</li> <li>17 марта 1956 г. Указ Президиума Верховного Совета СССР "О снятии ограничений в правовом положении с калмыков и членов их семей, находящихся на спецпоселении".</li> <li>1956 г. Постановление ЦК КПСС "О восстановлении национальной автономии калмыцкого, карачаевского, балкарского, чеченского и ингушского народов".</li> <li>29 августа 1964 г. Указ Президиума Верховного Совета СССР "О внесении изменений в Указ Президиума Верховного Совета СССР от 28 августа 1941 г. о переселении немцев, проживающих в районах Поволжья".</li> <li>1991 г: Laws of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a>: "О реабилитации репрессированных народов", "О реабилитации жертв политических репрессий".</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wikisource">Wikisource</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Wikisource">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/State_Defense_Committee_Decree_No._5859ss" class="extiw" title="wikisource:State Defense Committee Decree No. 5859ss">State Defense Committee Decree No. 5859ss: On Crimean Tatars</a> (See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211130849/http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/tatardep2.html">Three answers to the Decree No. 5859ss</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Soviet_deportations" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Soviet deportations">Soviet deportations</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/TheseNamesAccuse/ThNA-00-OurFamilies.php">These Names Accuse (Soviet Deportations in Latvia)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/TheseNamesAccuse/ThNA-08-Appendix-1.php">Baltic Deportation Instructions</a> – Full text, English</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/depo.html">DEPORTATIONS</a> Revelations from the Russian Archives at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unpo.org/article.php?id=438">Chechnya: European Parliament recognises the genocide of the Chechen People in 1944</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3955/is_n8_v48/ai_19298459/pg_3">The scale and nature of German and Soviet repression and mass killings, 1930–45</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205122/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0147/biblio01.php">Эдиев Д.М. Демографические потери депортированных народов СССР. Ставрополь, 2003</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tadeuszromer.com">Polish deportees in the USSR</a> List compiled in 1941 by <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Romer" title="Tadeusz Romer">Tadeusz Romer</a>, the Polish ambassador to Japan</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Joseph_Stalin557" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Joseph_Stalin" title="Template:Joseph Stalin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Joseph_Stalin" title="Template talk:Joseph Stalin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joseph_Stalin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Joseph Stalin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Joseph_Stalin557" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1922–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union">Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union</a> (1946–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Early life of Joseph Stalin">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_during_the_Russian_Revolution,_Civil_War,_and_the_Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Stalin during the Russian Revolution, Civil War, and the Polish–Soviet War">Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Joseph Stalin">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">Rule as Soviet leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Political views of Joseph Stalin">Political views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Joseph Stalin's cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Death and state funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality_in_the_Soviet_Union_under_Joseph_Stalin" title="Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin">Death toll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)</a>/<a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">(1928–1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkhoz" title="Kolkhoz">Kolkhoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovkhoz" title="Sovkhoz">Sovkhoz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="First five-year plan (Soviet Union)">First five-year plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th</a> / <a href="/wiki/17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Menshevik_Trial" title="1931 Menshevik Trial">1931 Menshevik Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Soviet_Union_legislative_election" title="1937 Soviet Union legislative election">1937 legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Peace_Treaty" title="Moscow Peace Treaty">Moscow Peace Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Axis_talks" title="German–Soviet Axis talks">German–Soviet Axis talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">Soviet atomic bomb project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Alliance" title="Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance">Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Soviet_Union_legislative_election" title="1946 Soviet Union legislative election">1946 legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">1946 Iran crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship,_Alliance_and_Mutual_Assistance" title="Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance">Sino-Soviet Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Soviet_Union_legislative_election" title="1950 Soviet Union legislative election">1950 legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Korenizatsiya">Korenizatsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_One_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in One Country">Socialism in One Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggravation_of_class_struggle_under_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggravation of class struggle under socialism">Aggravation of class struggle under socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Construction_Projects_of_Communism" title="Great Construction Projects of Communism">Great Construction Projects of Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineers_of_the_human_soul" title="Engineers of the human soul">Engineers of the human soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Soviet Constitution">1936 Soviet Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Soviet_man" title="New Soviet man">New Soviet man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stakhanovite" class="mw-redirect" title="Stakhanovite">Stakhanovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_plan_for_the_transformation_of_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's plan for the transformation of nature">Transformation of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backwardness_brings_on_beatings_by_others" title="Backwardness brings on beatings by others">Backwardness brings on beatings by others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crimes, repressions, and controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_Bolshevik_raid_on_the_Tsarevich_Giorgi" title="1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi">1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Tiflis_bank_robbery" title="1907 Tiflis bank robbery">1907 Tiflis bank robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Affair">Georgian Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decossackization" class="mw-redirect" title="Decossackization">Decossackization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekulakization" title="Dekulakization">Dekulakization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittorf_affair" title="Wittorf affair">Wittorf affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour" title="Cathedral of Christ the Saviour">Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1932%E2%80%9333" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet famine of 1932–33">Soviet famine of 1932–33</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kirov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Kirov">Murder of Sergey Kirov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_of_Trotskyist_Anti-Soviet_Military_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization">Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacres" title="NKVD prisoner massacres">NKVD prisoner massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Berezhany" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Berezhany">Berezhany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezwecz-Taklinovo_Death_Road" title="Berezwecz-Taklinovo Death Road">Berezwecz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Dubno" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Dubno">Dubno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_Chortkiv_Prison" title="Evacuation of Chortkiv Prison">Chortkiv </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurapaty" title="Kurapaty">Kurapaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy%C5%84_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyń massacre">Katyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Lutsk" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Lutsk">Lutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacres_in_Lviv" title="NKVD prisoner massacres in Lviv">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medvedev_Forest_massacre" title="Medvedev Forest massacre">Medvedev Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Sambir" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Sambir">Sambir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valozhyn-Tarasovo_Death_Road" title="Valozhyn-Tarasovo Death Road">Valozhyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vileyka-Barysaw_Death_Road" title="Vileyka-Barysaw Death Road">Vileyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia_massacre" title="Vinnytsia massacre">Vinnytsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Zolochiv" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Zolochiv">Zolochiv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Trials">Moscow Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Lux" title="Hotel Lux">Hotel Lux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_repressions_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan">Repressions in Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ideological repression in science <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhetic_theory" title="Japhetic theory">Japhetic theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavists_case" title="Slavists case">Slavists case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1937)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Census (1937)">1937 Soviet Census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge_of_the_Red_Army_in_1941" class="mw-redirect" title="Purge of the Red Army in 1941">1941 Red Army purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_offensive_plans_controversy" title="Soviet offensive plans controversy">Soviet offensive plans controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth_Conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler Youth Conspiracy">Hitler Youth Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Allegations of antisemitism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Population transfer</a> (<a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_population_transfers" title="German–Soviet population transfers">German–Soviet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet deportations">Deportations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Chechens_and_Ingush" class="mw-redirect" title="Deportation of Chechens and Ingush">Operation "Lentil"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Koreans_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_North" title="Operation North">Operation "North"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation "Priboi"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazino_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazino affair">Nazino affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced settlements in the Soviet Union">Forced settlement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_on_trees" title="Tax on trees">Tax on trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1946%E2%80%9347" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet famine of 1946–47">1946–1947 Soviet famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad Affair">Leningrad Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Mingrelian Affair">Mingrelian Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets" title="Night of the Murdered Poets">Night of the Murdered Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Anarchism_or_Socialism%3F" title="Anarchism or Socialism?">Anarchism or Socialism?</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_the_National_Question" title="Marxism and the National Question">Marxism and the National Question</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Leninism" title="Foundations of Leninism">Foundations of Leninism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dizzy_with_Success" title="Dizzy with Success">Dizzy with Success</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_the_Peoples_of_Russia" title="Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia">Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_ten_blows" title="Stalin's ten blows">"Ten Blows" speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_alleged_speech_of_19_August_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's alleged speech of 19 August 1939">Alleged 19 August 1939 speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiers_of_History" title="Falsifiers of History">Falsifiers of History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Note" title="Stalin Note">Stalin Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)">The History of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Soviet Constitution">1936 Soviet Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's poetry">Stalin's poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_and_Historical_Materialism" title="Dialectical and Historical Materialism">Dialectical and Historical Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_No._227" title="Order No. 227">Order No. 227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_No._270" title="Order No. 270">Order No. 270</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_Problems_of_Linguistics" title="Marxism and Problems of Linguistics">Marxism and Problems of Linguistics</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Problems_of_Socialism_in_the_USSR" title="Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR">Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pospelov_Commission" title="Pospelov Commission">Pospelov Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(Soviet)" title="Rehabilitation (Soviet)">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Gomulka thaw (Polish October)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Soviet Nonconformist Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvernik_Commission" title="Shvernik Commission">Shvernik Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Criticism and opposition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Epigram" title="Stalin Epigram">Stalin Epigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Testament" title="Lenin's Testament">Lenin's Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryutin_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryutin Affair">Ryutin Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Plot" title="Kremlin Plot">Kremlin Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Communists" title="True Communists">True Communists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness_at_Noon" title="Darkness at Noon">Darkness at Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Nazism_and_Stalinism" title="Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism">Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Soviet_Story" title="The Soviet Story">The Soviet Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IS_tank_family" title="IS tank family">Iosif Stalin tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_locomotive_class_IS" title="Soviet locomotive class IS">Iosif Stalin locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalissimo_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Generalissimo of the Soviet Union">Generalissimo of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="List of statues of Joseph Stalin">Stalin statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Moscow" title="Pantheon, Moscow">Pantheon, Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1956 Georgian demonstrations">1956 Georgian demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honours_bestowed_upon_Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin">List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Joseph_Stalin,_Berlin" title="Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin">Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Monument_(Budapest)" title="Stalin Monument (Budapest)">Stalin Monument in Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Monument_(Prague)" title="Stalin Monument (Prague)">Stalin Monument in Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_Museum,_Gori" title="Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori">Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi_Stalin_Museum" title="Batumi Stalin Museum">Batumi Stalin Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_Joseph_Stalin" title="List of places named after Joseph Stalin">Places named after Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Stalin_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="State Stalin Prize">State Stalin Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin Peace Prize">Stalin Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Society" title="Stalin Society">Stalin Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Bloc_%E2%80%93_For_the_USSR" title="Stalin Bloc – For the USSR">Stalin Bloc – For the USSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse:_Stalin" title="Apocalypse: Stalin">Apocalypse: Stalin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besarion_Jughashvili" title="Besarion Jughashvili">Besarion Jughashvili</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keke_Geladze" title="Keke Geladze">Keke Geladze</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kato_Svanidze" title="Kato Svanidze">Kato Svanidze</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Dzhugashvili" title="Yakov Dzhugashvili">Yakov Dzhugashvili</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kuzakov" title="Konstantin Kuzakov">Konstantin Kuzakov</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artyom_Sergeyev" title="Artyom Sergeyev">Artyom Sergeyev</a> (adopted son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Alliluyeva" title="Nadezhda Alliluyeva">Nadezhda Alliluyeva</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Stalin" title="Vasily Stalin">Vasily Stalin</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alliluyeva" title="Svetlana Alliluyeva">Svetlana Alliluyeva</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Dzhugashvili" title="Yevgeny Dzhugashvili">Yevgeny Dzhugashvili</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galina_Dzhugashvili" title="Galina Dzhugashvili">Galina Dzhugashvili</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Alliluyev" title="Joseph Alliluyev">Joseph Alliluyev</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Alliluyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Alliluyev">Sergei Alliluyev</a> (second father-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Svanidze" title="Alexander Svanidze">Alexander Svanidze</a> (brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Zhdanov" title="Yuri Zhdanov">Yuri Zhdanov</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wesley_Peters" title="William Wesley Peters">William Wesley Peters</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_residences" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's residences">Stalin's residences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_house,_Gori" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's house, Gori">Stalin's house, Gori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Theological_Seminary" title="Tbilisi Theological Seminary">Tiflis Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kureika_(village)" title="Kureika (village)">Kureika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Room at Kremlin</a></li> <li>Dachas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuntsevo_Dacha" title="Kuntsevo Dacha">Kuntsevo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sochi_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sochi Dacha (page does not exist)">Sochi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uspenskoye_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uspenskoye Dacha (page does not exist)">Uspenskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semyonovskoye_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semyonovskoye Dacha (page does not exist)">Semyonovskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Athos_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Athos Dacha (page does not exist)">New Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kholodnaya_Rechka_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kholodnaya Rechka Dacha (page does not exist)">Kholodnaya Rechka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Ritsa_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Ritsa Dacha (page does not exist)">Lake Ritsa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sukhumi_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sukhumi Dacha (page does not exist)">Sukhumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_bunker,_Samara" title="Stalin's bunker, Samara">Stalin's bunker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Joseph_Stalin" title="Category:Joseph Stalin">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_Union_topics570" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template talk:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_Union_topics570" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Soviet Union–related articles">Index of Soviet Union–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Creation treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (World War II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Caribbean Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965 economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">August Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_period_and_cessation_of_the_existence_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transition period and cessation of the existence of the Soviet Union">Transition period and cessation of the existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession,_continuity_and_legacy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Succession, continuity and legacy of the Soviet Union">Succession, continuity and legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Gun control in the Soviet Union">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_post-Soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the post-Soviet states">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Capital punishment in the Soviet Union">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">Passport system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">Propiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Heads of state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Security services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">Destruction battalions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor in the Soviet Union">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulag_camps" title="List of Gulag camps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_science_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression of science in the Soviet Union">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation#Soviet_Union" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Rouble (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_system_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway system of the Soviet Union">Railway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rail transport in the Soviet Union">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of metro systems in the Soviet Union">List of metro systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Vehicle registration plates of the Soviet Union">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#In_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">Sharashkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukograd" title="Naukograd">Naukograds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naukograds" title="Category:Naukograds">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Society of the Soviet Union">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crime in the Soviet Union">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Working class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ethnic conflicts in the Soviet Union">Ethnic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Languages of the Soviet Union">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistics of the Soviet Union">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">Cyrillisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in the Soviet Union">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature#20th_century" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera#20th_century" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Phraseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Printed media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a> and their groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_opposition_groups" title="Category:Soviet opposition groups">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Anthem of the Soviet Union">Anthem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Anthems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Emblem of the Soviet Union">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emblems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Emblems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Flags of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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