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id="toc-Iraq_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Iraq War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abu_Ghraib_prison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abu_Ghraib_prison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Abu Ghraib prison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abu_Ghraib_prison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_reports_of_human_rights_abuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_reports_of_human_rights_abuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 First reports of human rights abuses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_reports_of_human_rights_abuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authorization_of_torture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorization_of_torture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Authorization of torture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Authorization_of_torture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Authorization of torture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Authorization_of_torture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Executive_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Executive order </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authorization_from_Ricardo_Sanchez" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorization_from_Ricardo_Sanchez"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Authorization from Ricardo Sanchez </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorization_from_Ricardo_Sanchez-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authorization_from_Donald_Rumsfeld" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorization_from_Donald_Rumsfeld"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Authorization from Donald Rumsfeld </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorization_from_Donald_Rumsfeld-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prisoner_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisoner_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Prisoner abuse </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prisoner_abuse-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prisoner abuse subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prisoner_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death_of_Manadel_al-Jamadi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_Manadel_al-Jamadi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Death of Manadel al-Jamadi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_Manadel_al-Jamadi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prisoner_rape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisoner_rape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Prisoner rape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prisoner_rape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_abuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_abuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Other abuses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_abuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systematic_torture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systematic_torture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Systematic torture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systematic_torture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Media coverage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media_coverage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Media coverage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Media_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Associated_Press_report_(2003)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_Press_report_(2003)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Associated Press report (2003) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associated_Press_report_(2003)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-60_Minutes_II_broadcast_(2004)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#60_Minutes_II_broadcast_(2004)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 60 Minutes II broadcast (2004) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-60_Minutes_II_broadcast_(2004)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Yorker_article_(2004)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Yorker_article_(2004)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 New Yorker article (2004) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Yorker_article_(2004)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_coverage_(2006)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_coverage_(2006)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Later coverage (2006) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_coverage_(2006)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coverage_in_Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coverage_in_Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Coverage in Arts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Coverage_in_Arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Coverage in Arts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Coverage_in_Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fine_Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fine_Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Fine Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fine_Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Reactions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reactions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Government response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraqi_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraqi_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Iraqi response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraqi_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Global reaction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Scholarly analysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repercussions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repercussions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Repercussions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Repercussions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Repercussions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Repercussions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Convictions_of_soldiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convictions_of_soldiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Convictions of soldiers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convictions_of_soldiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senior_personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senior_personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Senior personnel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senior_personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Legal issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legal issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 International law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations_resolution_1546" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations_resolution_1546"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 United Nations resolution 1546 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations_resolution_1546-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torture_Memos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torture_Memos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Torture Memos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torture_Memos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_legal_proceedings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_legal_proceedings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Other legal proceedings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_legal_proceedings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Military Commissions Act of 2006 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Later developments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Incidents_and_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidents_and_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Incidents and coverage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incidents_and_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" > 29 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="إساءة معاملة السجناء والتعذيب في سجن أبي غريب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إساءة معاملة السجناء والتعذيب في سجن أبي غريب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%83_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83-%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B1" title="Катаванні зняволеных у турме Абу-Грэйб – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Катаванні зняволеных у турме Абу-Грэйб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortures_a_la_pres%C3%B3_d%27Abu_Ghraib" title="Tortures a la presó d'Abu Ghraib – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tortures a la presó d'Abu Ghraib" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu-Ghuraib-Folterskandal" title="Abu-Ghuraib-Folterskandal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abu-Ghuraib-Folterskandal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%82_%CF%86%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80" title="Βασανιστήρια στις φυλακές Αμπού Γκράιμπ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασανιστήρια στις φυλακές Αμπού Γκράιμπ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortura_y_abuso_de_prisioneros_en_Abu_Ghraib" title="Tortura y abuso de prisioneros en Abu Ghraib – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tortura y abuso de prisioneros en Abu Ghraib" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%87_%D9%88_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="شکنجه و آزار زندانیان ابوغریب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شکنجه و آزار زندانیان ابوغریب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandale_d%27Abou_Ghraib" title="Scandale d'Abou Ghraib – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Scandale d'Abou Ghraib" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B6%80%EA%B7%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%8C_%EA%B5%90%EB%8F%84%EC%86%8C_%EA%B0%80%ED%98%B9%ED%96%89%EC%9C%84_%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4" title="아부그라이브 교도소 가혹행위 사건 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아부그라이브 교도소 가혹행위 사건" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%82%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A2_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Աբու Ղրայբ բանտի բանտարկյալների տանջանքներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աբու Ղրայբ բանտի բանտարկյալների տանջանքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="अबू गरीब यातना और कैदी शोषण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अबू गरीब यातना और कैदी शोषण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyiksaan_dan_pelecehan_tahanan_Abu_Ghraib" title="Penyiksaan dan pelecehan tahanan Abu Ghraib – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyiksaan dan pelecehan tahanan Abu Ghraib" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandalo_di_Abu_Ghraib" title="Scandalo di Abu Ghraib – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scandalo di Abu Ghraib" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C4%ABdzin%C4%81%C5%A1ana_un_vardarb%C4%ABba_Ab%C5%AB_Graibas_cietum%C4%81" title="Spīdzināšana un vardarbība Abū Graibas cietumā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Spīdzināšana un vardarbība Abū Graibas cietumā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kankinimai_Abu_Graibo_kal%C4%97jime" title="Kankinimai Abu Graibo kalėjime – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kankinimai Abu Graibo kalėjime" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyeksaan_dan_penderaan_banduan_di_Abu_Ghraib" title="Penyeksaan dan penderaan banduan di Abu Ghraib – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyeksaan dan penderaan banduan di Abu Ghraib" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%96%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E5%88%91%E5%8B%99%E6%89%80%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E6%8D%95%E8%99%9C%E8%99%90%E5%BE%85" title="アブグレイブ刑務所における捕虜虐待 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アブグレイブ刑務所における捕虜虐待" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torturen_i_Abu-Ghuraib-fengslet" title="Torturen i Abu-Ghuraib-fengslet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Torturen i Abu-Ghuraib-fengslet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortura_e_abuso_de_prisioneiros_em_Abu_Ghraib" title="Tortura e abuso de prisioneiros em Abu Ghraib – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tortura e abuso de prisioneiros em Abu Ghraib" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2_%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1" title="Пытки заключённых в тюрьме Абу-Грейб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пытки заключённых в тюрьме Абу-Грейб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_jirdil_iyo_xadgudub_maxbuus" title="Abu Ghraib jirdil iyo xadgudub maxbuus – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Abu Ghraib jirdil iyo xadgudub maxbuus" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%A8" title="ئەشکەنجەدان و ئازاردانی زیندانییانی ئەبووغرێب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەشکەنجەدان و ئازاردانی زیندانییانی ئەبووغرێب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%99%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83" title="Мучење и злостављање затвореника у Абу Граибу – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мучење и злостављање затвореника у Абу Граибу" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%8Denja_i_zlostavljanja_zatvorenika_u_Abu_Graibu" title="Mučenja i zlostavljanja zatvorenika u Abu Graibu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mučenja i zlostavljanja zatvorenika u Abu Graibu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraibin_vankilan_kidutusskandaali" title="Abu Ghraibin vankilan kidutusskandaali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Abu Ghraibin vankilan kidutusskandaali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%8C" title="การทรมานและการใช้อำนาจโดยมิชอบต่อนักโทษที่อะบูฆุร็อยบ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทรมานและการใช้อำนาจโดยมิชอบต่อนักโทษที่อะบูฆุร็อยบ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebu_Gureyb_Cezaevi_i%C5%9Fkenceleri" title="Ebu Gureyb Cezaevi işkenceleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ebu Gureyb Cezaevi işkenceleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%83_%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1" title="Тортури ув'язнених у в'язниці Абу-Грейб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тортури ув'язнених у в'язниці Абу-Грейб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2004 American military scandal</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AbuGhraibAbuse-standing-on-box.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/AbuGhraibAbuse-standing-on-box.jpg/220px-AbuGhraibAbuse-standing-on-box.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/AbuGhraibAbuse-standing-on-box.jpg/330px-AbuGhraibAbuse-standing-on-box.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/AbuGhraibAbuse-standing-on-box.jpg/440px-AbuGhraibAbuse-standing-on-box.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1917" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Known as <a href="/wiki/The_Hooded_Man" title="The Hooded Man">The Hooded Man</a>, a prisoner (Abdou Hussain Saad Faleh) being tortured, has become internationally infamous, eventually making it onto the cover of <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> (see "<a href="#Media_coverage">Media coverage</a>" below)<a href="#cite_note-WashPostNewDetails-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-WorldCrunch-2">[2]</a></figcaption></figure> During the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> committed a series of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations">human rights violations</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> against detainees in the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_prison" title="Abu Ghraib prison">Abu Ghraib prison</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. These abuses included <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual humiliation</a>, physical and psychological <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Manadel_al-Jamadi" title="Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi">killing of Manadel al-Jamadi</a> and the desecration of his body.<a href="#cite_note-New_Yorker_2004-05-17-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Benjamin2009-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-hersh2007-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-walsh2006-6">[6]</a> The abuses came to public attention with the publication of photographs by <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a> in April 2004, causing shock and outrage and receiving widespread condemnation within the United States and internationally.<a href="#cite_note-Sontag-7">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">George W. Bush administration</a> stated that the abuses at Abu Ghraib were isolated incidents and not indicative of U.S. policy.<a href="#cite_note-Brown_2005-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smeulers-9">[9]</a>: 328  This was disputed by humanitarian organizations including the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">Red Cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, which stated that the abuses were part of a wider pattern of torture and brutal treatment at American overseas detention centers, including those in Iraq, in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay</a> (GTMO).<a href="#cite_note-Smeulers-9">[9]</a>: 328  There were also 36 prisoners killed at Abu Ghraib due to insurgent mortar attacks, which provoked further criticism due to the facility's location in a combat zone.<a href="#cite_note-med-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> reported that most detainees at Abu Ghraib were <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilians</a> with no links to armed groups.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Documents known as the <a href="/wiki/Torture_Memos" title="Torture Memos">Torture Memos</a> came to light a few years later. These documents, prepared in the months leading up to the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a>, authorized certain "<a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">enhanced interrogation techniques</a>" (generally considered to involve torture) of foreign detainees. The memoranda also argued that <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international humanitarian laws</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>, did not apply to American interrogators overseas. Several subsequent U.S. Supreme Court decisions, including <a href="/wiki/Hamdan_v._Rumsfeld" title="Hamdan v. Rumsfeld">Hamdan v. Rumsfeld</a> (2006), overturned Bush administration policy, ruling that the Geneva Conventions do apply. In response to the events at Abu Ghraib, the United States Department of Defense removed 17 soldiers and officers from duty. Eleven soldiers were charged with <a href="/wiki/Dereliction_of_duty" class="mw-redirect" title="Dereliction of duty">dereliction of duty</a>, maltreatment, <a href="/wiki/Aggravated_assault" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggravated assault">aggravated assault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battery_(crime)" title="Battery (crime)">battery</a>. Between May 2004 and April 2006, these soldiers were <a href="/wiki/Courts-martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts-martial">court-martialed</a>, convicted, sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Military_prison" title="Military prison">military prison</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dishonorable_discharge" class="mw-redirect" title="Dishonorable discharge">dishonorably discharged</a> from service. Two soldiers, found to have perpetrated many of the worst offenses at the prison, Specialist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Graner" title="Charles Graner">Charles Graner</a> and PFC <a href="/wiki/Lynndie_England" title="Lynndie England">Lynndie England</a>, were subject to more severe charges and received harsher sentences. Graner was convicted of assault, <a href="/wiki/Battery_(crime)" title="Battery (crime)">battery</a>, conspiracy, maltreatment of detainees, committing indecent acts and dereliction of duty; he was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment and loss of rank, pay, and benefits.<a href="#cite_note-graner_gets_10_years-12">[12]</a> England was convicted of <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(crime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (crime)">conspiracy</a>, maltreating detainees, and committing an indecent act and sentenced to three years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/Janis_Karpinski" title="Janis Karpinski">Janis Karpinski</a>, the commanding officer of all detention facilities in Iraq, was reprimanded and demoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">colonel</a>. Several more military personnel accused of perpetrating or authorizing the measures, including many of higher rank, were not prosecuted. In 2004, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> apologized for the Abu Ghraib abuses. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_on_terror">War on terror</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: War on terror">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></div> The war on terror, also known as the Global War on Terrorism, is an international military campaign launched by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States government</a> after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schmitt/slogan-14">[14]</a> U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> first used the <a href="/wiki/Slogans_and_terms_derived_from_the_September_11_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Slogans and terms derived from the September 11 attacks">phrase</a> "war on terrorism" on September 16, 2001,<a href="#cite_note-evilwar-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-evilwar2-16">[16]</a> and then used the phrase "war on terror" a few days later in a speech to Congress.<a href="#cite_note-whitehousejoint-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnntranscript-18">[18]</a> In the latter speech, Bush stated, "Our enemy is a radical network of terrorists and every government that supports them."<a href="#cite_note-cnntranscript-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq_War">Iraq War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Iraq War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> began in March 2003 as an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a> by a force led by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-PBS-20040226-21">[21]</a> The Ba'athist government led by <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> was toppled within a month. This conflict was followed by a longer phase of fighting in which an insurgency emerged to oppose <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">the occupying forces</a> and the post-invasion Iraqi government.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-22">[22]</a> During this insurgency, the United States was in the role of an <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">occupying power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abu_Ghraib_prison">Abu Ghraib prison</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Abu Ghraib prison">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_prison" title="Abu Ghraib prison">Abu Ghraib prison</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_prison_operations_in_the_Iraq_War" title="United States prison operations in the Iraq War">United States prison operations in the Iraq War</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_prison" title="Abu Ghraib prison">Abu Ghraib prison</a> in the town of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib" title="Abu Ghraib">Abu Ghraib</a> was one of the most notorious prisons in Iraq during the government of Saddam Hussein. The prison was used to hold approximately 50,000 men and women in poor conditions, and torture and execution were frequent.<a href="#cite_note-Hersh_2004-23">[23]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The prison was located on about 110 hectares (272 acres) of land 32 kilometers (20 miles) west of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fast_facts-24">[24]</a> After the collapse of Saddam Hussein's government, the prison was looted and everything that was removable was carried away. Following the invasion, the U.S. army refurbished it and turned it into a military prison.<a href="#cite_note-Hersh_2004-23">[23]</a> It was the largest of several detention centers in Iraq used by the U.S. military.<a href="#cite_note-ASIL_2004-25">[25]</a> In March 2004, during the time that the U.S. military was using the Abu Ghraib prison as a detention facility, it housed approximately 7,490 prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-Google_Books-26">[26]</a> At its peak, it held an estimated 8,000 detainees.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Three categories of prisoners were imprisoned at Abu Ghraib by the U.S. military. These were "common criminals", individuals suspected of being leaders of the insurgency, and individuals suspected of committing crimes against the occupational force led by the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHersh200420–21-28">[28]</a> Although most prisoners lived in tents in the yard, the abuses took place inside cell blocks 1a and 1b.<a href="#cite_note-Fast_facts-24">[24]</a> The 800th Military Police Brigade, from <a href="/wiki/Uniondale,_New_York" title="Uniondale, New York">Uniondale</a>, New York, was responsible for running the prison.<a href="#cite_note-ASIL_2004-25">[25]</a> The brigade was commanded by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Janis_Karpinski" title="Janis Karpinski">Janis Karpinski</a>, who was in charge of all of the U.S.-run prisons in Iraq. She did not have previous experience in running a prison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHersh200420–21-28">[28]</a> The individuals who committed abuses at the prison were members of the 372nd Military Police Company, which was a constituent of the 320th Military Police Battalion, which was overseen by Karpinski's Brigade headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHersh200422-29">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fay_Report" title="Fay Report">Fay Report</a> noted that "contracting-related issues contributed to the problems at Abu Ghraib prison". Over half the interrogators working at the prison were employees of <a href="/wiki/CACI_International" class="mw-redirect" title="CACI International">CACI International</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Titan_Corporation" title="Titan Corporation">Titan Corporation</a> supplied linguistics personnel. In his report, General Fay notes that "The general policy of not contracting for intelligence functions and services was designed in part to avoid many of the problems that eventually developed at Abu Ghraib".<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_reports_of_human_rights_abuses">First reports of human rights abuses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First reports of human rights abuses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu-ghraib-leash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abu-ghraib-leash.jpg/220px-Abu-ghraib-leash.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abu-ghraib-leash.jpg/330px-Abu-ghraib-leash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abu-ghraib-leash.jpg/440px-Abu-ghraib-leash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lynndie_England" title="Lynndie England">Lynndie England</a> holding a leash attached to a naked male prisoner, known to the guards as "Gus"</figcaption></figure> In June 2003, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> published reports of human rights abuses by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">U.S. military</a> and its coalition partners at detention centers and prisons in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-AI_2003-31">[31]</a> These included reports of brutal treatment at <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_prison" title="Abu Ghraib prison">Abu Ghraib prison</a>, which had once been used by the government of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, and had been taken over by the United States after the invasion. On June 20, 2003, Abdel Salam Sidahmed, deputy director of AI's Middle East Program, described an uprising by the prisoners against the conditions of their detention, saying "The notorious Abu Ghraib Prison, centre of torture and mass executions under Saddam Hussein, is yet again a prison cut off from the outside world. On June 13, there was a protest in this prison against indefinite detention without trial. Troops from the occupying powers killed one person and wounded seven."<a href="#cite_note-AI_2003-31">[31]</a> On July 23, 2003, Amnesty International issued a press release condemning widespread human rights abuses by U.S. and coalition forces. The release stated that prisoners had been exposed to extreme heat, not provided clothing, and forced to use open trenches for toilets. They had also been tortured, with the methods including denial of sleep for extended periods, exposure to bright lights and loud music, and being restrained in uncomfortable positions.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> On November 1, 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> presented a special report on the massive human rights abuses at Abu Ghraib. Their report began; "In Iraq's American detention camps, forbidden talk can earn a prisoner hours bound and stretched out in the sun, and detainees swinging tent poles rise up regularly against their jailers, according to recently released Iraqis." The report went on to describe abuse of the prisoners at the hands of their American captors: "'They confined us like sheep,' the newly freed Saad Naif, 38, said of the Americans. 'They hit people. They humiliated people.'" In response, U.S. Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Janis_Karpinski" title="Janis Karpinski">Janis Karpinski</a>, who oversaw all U.S. detention facilities in Iraq, claimed that prisoners were being treated "humanely and fairly".<a href="#cite_note-AP_2003-33">[33]</a> The AP report also stated that as of November 1, 2003, there were two legal cases pending against U.S. military personnel; one involving the beating of an Iraqi prisoner, while the other arose out of the death of a prisoner in custody.<a href="#cite_note-AP_2003-33">[33]</a> Since the beginning of the invasion, the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> (ICRC) had been allowed to oversee the prison, and submitted reports about the treatment of the prisoners. In response to an ICRC report, Karpinski stated that several of the prisoners were intelligence assets, and therefore not entitled to complete protection under the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ASIL_2004-25">[25]</a> The ICRC reports led to Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Sanchez" title="Ricardo Sanchez">Ricardo Sanchez</a>, the commander of the Iraqi task force, appointing Major General <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Taguba" title="Antonio Taguba">Antonio Taguba</a> to investigate the allegations on January 1, 2004.<a href="#cite_note-ASIL_2004-25">[25]</a> Taguba submitted his findings (the <a href="/wiki/Taguba_Report" title="Taguba Report">Taguba Report</a>) in February 2004, stating that "numerous incidents of sadistic, blatant, and wanton criminal abuses were inflicted on several detainees. This systemic and illegal abuse of detainees was intentionally perpetrated by several members of the military police guard force."<a href="#cite_note-ASIL_2004-25">[25]</a> The report stated that there was widespread evidence of this abuse, including photographic evidence. The report was not released publicly.<a href="#cite_note-Hersh_2004-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sjoberg_2007_58–87-34">[34]</a> The scandal came to widespread public attention in April 2004, when a <a href="/wiki/60_Minutes_II" title="60 Minutes II">60 Minutes II</a> news report was aired on April 28 by <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>, describing the abuse, including pictures showing military personnel taunting naked prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-Smeulers-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fast_facts-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-ASIL_2004-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenbergDretel2005xiii-35">[35]</a> An article was published by <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh">Seymour Hersh</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> magazine, posted online on April 30 and published days later in the May 10 issue,<a href="#cite_note-Hersh_2004-23">[23]</a> which also had a widespread impact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenbergDretel2005xiii-35">[35]</a> The photographs were subsequently reproduced in the press across the world.<a href="#cite_note-ASIL_2004-25">[25]</a> The details of the Taguba report were made public in May 2004. Shortly afterwards, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> stated that the individuals responsible would be "brought to justice", while United Nations Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> said that the effort to reconstruct a government in Iraq had been badly damaged.<a href="#cite_note-ASIL_2004-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorization_of_torture">Authorization of torture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Authorization of torture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_Ghraib_56.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Abu_Ghraib_56.jpg/220px-Abu_Ghraib_56.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Abu_Ghraib_56.jpg/330px-Abu_Ghraib_56.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Abu_Ghraib_56.jpg/440px-Abu_Ghraib_56.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Sergeant Smith, a dog handler, uses a dog to scare a bound prisoner.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_Ghraib_23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Abu_Ghraib_23.jpg/220px-Abu_Ghraib_23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Abu_Ghraib_23.jpg/330px-Abu_Ghraib_23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Abu_Ghraib_23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Frederick" title="Ivan Frederick">Sergeant Frederick</a> interrogates a detainee chained to his cell wall in an uncomfortable position.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_order">Executive order</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Executive order">edit</a>]</div> On December 21, 2004, the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> released copies of internal memoranda from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> that it had obtained under the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a>. These discussed torture and abuse at prisons in <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. One memorandum dated May 22, 2004 was from an individual described as the "On Scene Commander – Baghdad", but whose name had been redacted.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> This individual referred explicitly to an <a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive order (United States)">executive order</a> that sanctioned the use of extraordinary interrogation tactics by U.S. military personnel. The torture methods sanctioned included sleep deprivation, <a href="/wiki/Hooding" title="Hooding">hooding</a> prisoners, playing loud music, removing all detainees' clothing, forcing them to stand in so-called "stress positions", and the use of dogs. The author also stated that <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> had limited use of the techniques by requiring specific authorization from the <a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">chain of command</a>. The author identifies "physical beatings, sexual humiliation or touching" as being outside the Executive Order. This was the first internal evidence since the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse affair became public in April 2004 that forms of coercion of captives had been mandated by the president of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authorization_from_Ricardo_Sanchez">Authorization from Ricardo Sanchez</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Authorization from Ricardo Sanchez">edit</a>]</div> Documents obtained by <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> and the ACLU showed that <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Sanchez" title="Ricardo Sanchez">Ricardo Sanchez</a>, who was a Lieutenant General and the senior U.S. military officer in Iraq, authorized the use of military dogs, temperature extremes, reversed sleep patterns, and sensory deprivation as interrogation methods in Abu Ghraib.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> A November 2004 report by Brigadier General Richard Formica found that many troops at the Abu Ghraib prison had been following orders based on a memorandum from Sanchez, and that the abuse had not been carried out by isolated "criminal" elements.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> ACLU lawyer Amrit Singh said in a statement from the union that "General Sanchez authorized interrogation techniques that were in clear violation of the Geneva Conventions and the army's own standards."<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In an interview for her hometown newspaper The Signal, Karpinski stated that she had seen unreleased documents from Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> which authorized the use of these tactics on Iraqi prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authorization_from_Donald_Rumsfeld">Authorization from Donald Rumsfeld</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Authorization from Donald Rumsfeld">edit</a>]</div> A 2004 report by the <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">New Yorker</a> stated that Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld had authorized the interrogation tactics used in Abu Ghraib, and which had previously been used by the U.S. in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In November 2006, Janis Karpinski, who had been in charge of Abu Ghraib prison until early 2004, told Spain's <a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs_(Madrid)" class="mw-redirect" title="El País (Madrid)">El País</a> newspaper that she had seen a letter signed by Rumsfeld, which allowed civilian contractors to use techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Sleep_deprivation" title="Sleep deprivation">sleep deprivation</a> during interrogation. "The methods consisted of making prisoners stand for long periods, sleep deprivation... playing music at full volume, having to sit in uncomfortably ... Rumsfeld authorized these specific techniques."<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_2006-43">[43]</a> According to Karpinski, the handwritten signature was above his printed name, and the comment "Make sure this is accomplished" was in the margin in the same hand-writing.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_2006-43">[43]</a> Neither the Pentagon nor U.S. Army spokespeople in Iraq commented on the accusation. In 2006, a criminal complaint was filed in a German Court against Donald Rumsfeld by eight former soldiers and intelligence operatives, including Karpinski and former army counterintelligence special agent David DeBatto. Among other things, the complaint stated that Rumsfeld both knew of and authorized so-called "<a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">enhanced interrogation techniques</a>" that he knew to be illegal under international law.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_2006-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_ghraib_feces_06a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Abu_ghraib_feces_06a.jpg/130px-Abu_ghraib_feces_06a.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Abu_ghraib_feces_06a.jpg/195px-Abu_ghraib_feces_06a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Abu_ghraib_feces_06a.jpg/260px-Abu_ghraib_feces_06a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>An Iraqi detainee with human excreta smeared on his face and body</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prisoner_abuse">Prisoner abuse</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prisoner abuse">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_Manadel_al-Jamadi">Death of Manadel al-Jamadi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Death of Manadel al-Jamadi">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manadel_al-Jamadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Manadel al-Jamadi">Manadel al-Jamadi</a></div> Manadel al-Jamadi, a prisoner at Abu Ghraib prison, died after CIA officer Mark Swanner<a href="#cite_note-New_Yorker_2005-48">[48]</a> and a private contractor ("identified in military-court papers only as 'Clint C.'"<a href="#cite_note-New_Yorker_2005-48">[48]</a>) interrogated and tortured him in November 2003. After al-Jamadi's death, his corpse was packed in ice; the corpse was in the background for widely reprinted photographs of grinning U.S. Army specialists Sabrina Harman and Charles Graner, each of whom offered a "thumbs-up" gesture. Al-Jamadi had been a suspect in a bomb attack that killed 12 people in a Baghdad <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> facility, even though there was no confirmation of his involvement in these attacks.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> A military autopsy declared al-Jamadi's death a <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a>. No one has been charged with his death. In 2011, Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a> said that he had opened a full criminal investigation into al-Jamadi's death.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In August 2012, Holder announced that no criminal charges would be brought.<a href="#cite_note-nyt30-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prisoner_rape">Prisoner rape</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prisoner rape">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_Ghraib_49.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Abu_Ghraib_49.jpg/170px-Abu_Ghraib_49.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Abu_Ghraib_49.jpg/255px-Abu_Ghraib_49.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Abu_Ghraib_49.jpg/340px-Abu_Ghraib_49.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Prisoners staged to make it appear they were performing sexual acts</figcaption></figure> Stripping prisoners of their clothes was a common form of sexual humiliation and degradation during the torture at Abu Ghraib.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Taguba" title="Antonio Taguba">Antonio Taguba</a>, a major general in the U.S. Army, wrote in the Taguba Report that a detainee had been sodomized with "a chemical light and perhaps a broomstick."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 2009, Taguba stated that there was photographic evidence of American soldiers and translators having raped detainees at Abu Ghraib.<a href="#cite_note-dt-54">[54]</a> An Abu Ghraib detainee told investigators that he heard an Iraqi teenage boy screaming, and saw an Army translator raping him, while a female soldier took pictures.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-55">[55]</a> A witness identified the alleged rapist as an <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Americans" title="Egyptian Americans">American-Egyptian</a> who worked as a translator. In 2009, he was the subject of a civil court case in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-dt-54">[54]</a> Another photo shows an American soldier apparently raping a female prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-dt-54">[54]</a> Other photos show interrogators sexually assaulting prisoners with objects including a truncheon, wire and a phosphorescent tube, and a female prisoner having her clothing forcibly removed to expose her breasts.<a href="#cite_note-dt-54">[54]</a> Taguba supported United States President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s decision not to release the photos, stating, "These pictures show torture, abuse, rape and every indecency."<a href="#cite_note-dt-54">[54]</a> Obama, who had initially agreed to release the photographs, changed his mind after lobbying from senior military figures; Obama stated that their release could put troops in danger and "inflame anti-American public opinion".<a href="#cite_note-dt-54">[54]</a> In other instances of sexual abuse, soldiers were found to have raped female inmates. Senior U.S. officials admitted that rape had taken place at Abu Ghraib.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Some of the women who had been raped became pregnant, and in some cases, were later killed by their family members in what were thought to be instances of <a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">honor killing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Raw_Story-58">[58]</a> In addition, journalist <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh">Seymour Hersh</a> alleged in July 2004 that the Department of Defense had in its possession videos showing male children being raped by Iraqi prison staff in front of female prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_abuses">Other abuses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other abuses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AG-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/AG-8.jpg/220px-AG-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/AG-8.jpg/330px-AG-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/AG-8.jpg/440px-AG-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption> Specialist <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Graner" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles A. Graner">Charles A. Graner</a> punching handcuffed Iraqi prisoners</figcaption></figure> In May 2004, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> reported evidence given by Ameen Saeed Al-Sheikh, detainee No. 151362. It quoted him as saying; "They said we will make you wish to die and it will not happen ... They stripped me naked. One of them told me he would rape me. He drew a picture of a woman to my back and made me stand in shameful position holding my buttocks apart."<a href="#cite_note-wapo-55">[55]</a> "'Do you pray to <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>?' one asked. I said yes. They said, '[Expletive] you. And [expletive] him.' One of them said, 'You are not getting out of here healthy, you are getting out of here handicapped. And he said to me, 'Are you married?' I said, 'Yes.' They said, 'If your wife saw you like this, she will be disappointed.' One of them said, 'But if I saw her now she would not be disappointed now because I would rape her.'" "They ordered me to thank <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> that I'm alive." "I said to him, 'I believe in Allah.' So he said, 'But I believe in torture and I will torture you.'"<a href="#cite_note-wapo-55">[55]</a> On January 12, 2005, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported on further testimony from Abu Ghraib detainees. The abuses reported included urinating on detainees, pounding wounded limbs with metal batons, pouring phosphoric acid on detainees, and tying ropes to the detainees' legs or penises and dragging them across the floor.<a href="#cite_note-Zernike-60">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_Ghraib_48.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Abu_Ghraib_48.jpg/220px-Abu_Ghraib_48.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Abu_Ghraib_48.jpg/330px-Abu_Ghraib_48.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Abu_Ghraib_48.jpg/440px-Abu_Ghraib_48.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2055" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sabrina_Harman" title="Sabrina Harman">Sabrina Harman</a> poses for a photo behind naked Iraqi detainees forced to form a human pyramid, while <a href="/wiki/Charles_Graner" title="Charles Graner">Charles Graner</a> watches.</figcaption></figure> In her video diary, a prison guard said that prisoners were shot for minor misbehavior, and claimed to have had <a href="/wiki/Venomous_snakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Venomous snakes">venomous snakes</a> used to bite prisoners, sometimes resulting in their deaths. The guard said that she was "in trouble" for having thrown rocks at the detainees.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Hashem Muhsen, one of the naked prisoners in the human pyramid photo, later said the men were also forced to crawl around the floor naked while soldiers rode them like donkeys.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systematic_torture">Systematic torture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Systematic torture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_Ghraib_64.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Abu_Ghraib_64.jpg/220px-Abu_Ghraib_64.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Abu_Ghraib_64.jpg/330px-Abu_Ghraib_64.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Abu_Ghraib_64.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption>A detainee handcuffed in the nude to a bed with underwear covering his face</figcaption></figure> On May 7, 2004, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Kr%C3%A4henb%C3%BChl" title="Pierre Krähenbühl">Pierre Krähenbühl</a>, operations director for the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> (ICRC), stated that inspection visits made by the ICRC to detention centers run by the US and its allies showed that acts of prisoner abuse were not isolated acts, but were part of a "pattern and a broad system". He went on to say that some of the incidents they had observed were "tantamount to torture".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Many of the torture techniques used were developed at Guantánamo detention center, including prolonged isolation; the <a href="/wiki/Frequent_flyer_program_(Guantanamo)" title="Frequent flyer program (Guantanamo)">frequent flyer program</a>, a sleep deprivation program whereby people were moved from cell to cell every few hours so they could not sleep for days, weeks, or even months; <a href="/wiki/Short_shackling" title="Short shackling">short shackling</a> in painful positions; nudity; extreme use of heat and cold; the use of loud music and noise; and preying on phobias.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Armed forces in the US and the UK are jointly trained in techniques known as <a href="/wiki/R2I" class="mw-redirect" title="R2I">resistance to interrogation</a> (R2I) techniques. These R2I techniques are taught ostensibly to help soldiers cope with, or resist, torture if they are captured. On May 8, 2004, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reported that according to a former British special forces officer, the acts committed by the Abu Ghraib prison military personnel resembled the techniques used in R2I training.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The same report stated the following: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The US commander in charge of military jails in Iraq, Major General <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Miller_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Miller (general)">Geoffrey Miller</a>, has confirmed that a battery of 50-odd special "coercive techniques" can be used against enemy detainees. The general, who previously ran the <a href="/wiki/Camp_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp X-ray">prison camp</a> at Guantanamo Bay, said his main role was to extract as much intelligence as possible.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></cite></div></blockquote> Historian <a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._McCoy" title="Alfred W. McCoy">Alfred W. McCoy</a>, who authored a book on torture in the Philippines armed forces, noted similarities in the abusive treatment of prisoners at Abu Ghraib and the techniques described in the <a href="/wiki/KUBARK" class="mw-redirect" title="KUBARK">KUBARK</a> Counterintelligence Interrogation manual published by the United States <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> in 1963. He asserts that what he calls "the CIA's no-touch torture methods" have been in continuous use by the CIA and the US military intelligence since that time.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> A 2006 study tried to count the number of deaths by looking at public domain reports, as total figures had not been given by the US government. It counted 63 detainee deaths at Abu Ghraib from all causes. Of these, 36 occurred due to insurgent mortar attacks, others were due to natural causes and homicide.<a href="#cite_note-med-10">[10]</a> The issue of deaths due to mortar attack received criticism. The <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention">Geneva Convention</a> requires prisoners not be kept at facilities vulnerable to artillery attack.<a href="#cite_note-med-10">[10]</a> As Abu Ghraib was located in the combat zone,<a href="#cite_note-enemy-68">[68]</a> its vulnerability to such an attack had been raised early on, but ultimately it was decided to keep the prisoners there.<a href="#cite_note-med-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> No other US detention facility in Iraq suffered casualties due to mortar attacks.<a href="#cite_note-med-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_coverage">Media coverage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Media coverage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Hooded_Man" title="The Hooded Man">The Hooded Man</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associated_Press_report_(2003)">Associated Press report (2003)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Associated Press report (2003)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AbuGhraib13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/AbuGhraib13.jpg/220px-AbuGhraib13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/AbuGhraib13.jpg/330px-AbuGhraib13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/AbuGhraib13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>A victim is intimidated, or threatened, by at least two dogs</figcaption></figure> On November 1, 2003, the Associated Press published a lengthy report on inhumane treatment, beatings, and deaths at Abu Ghraib and other American prisons in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> This report was based on interviews with released detainees, who told journalist <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Hanley" title="Charles J. Hanley">Charles J. Hanley</a> that inmates had been attacked by dogs, made to wear hoods, and humiliated in other ways.<a href="#cite_note-AP_04-0509-71">[71]</a> The article gained little notice.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> One freed detainee said that he wished somebody would publish pictures of what was happening.<a href="#cite_note-AP_04-0509-71">[71]</a> When the US military first acknowledged the abuse in early 2004, much of the United States media showed little initial interest. On January 16, 2004, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a> informed the media that an official investigation had begun involving abuse and humiliation of Iraqi detainees by a group of US soldiers. On February 24, it was reported that 17 soldiers had been suspended. The military announced on March 21, 2004, that the first charges had been filed against six soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-WP2004May8Getler-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT20040321Shanker-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="60_Minutes_II_broadcast_(2004)">60 Minutes II broadcast (2004)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 60 Minutes II broadcast (2004)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AG-10B.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/AG-10B.JPG/220px-AG-10B.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/AG-10B.JPG/330px-AG-10B.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/AG-10B.JPG 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lynndie_England" title="Lynndie England">Lynndie England</a> pointing to a naked prisoner being forced to masturbate in front of her<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_Ghraib_prison_abuse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Abu_Ghraib_prison_abuse.jpg/220px-Abu_Ghraib_prison_abuse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Abu_Ghraib_prison_abuse.jpg/330px-Abu_Ghraib_prison_abuse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Abu_Ghraib_prison_abuse.jpg/440px-Abu_Ghraib_prison_abuse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Frederick" title="Ivan Frederick">Ivan Frederick</a> sitting on an Iraqi detainee between two stretchers</figcaption></figure> In late April 2004, the U.S. television news-magazine <a href="/wiki/60_Minutes_II" title="60 Minutes II">60 Minutes II</a>, a franchise of <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, broadcast a story on the abuse. The story included photographs depicting the abuse of prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-main614063.shtml-76">[76]</a> The news segment was delayed by two weeks at the request of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Myers" title="Richard Myers">Richard Myers</a>, an air force general and <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>. After learning that <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> magazine planned to publish an article and photographs on the topic in its next issue, CBS proceeded to broadcast its report on April 28.<a href="#cite_note-zmag_itemID_7926-77">[77]</a> In the CBS report, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Rather" title="Dan Rather">Dan Rather</a> interviewed then-deputy director of Coalition operations in Iraq, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Mark_Kimmitt" title="Mark Kimmitt">Mark Kimmitt</a>, who said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">The first thing I'd say is we're appalled as well. These are our fellow soldiers. These are the people we work with every day, and they represent us. They wear the same uniform as us, and they let their fellow soldiers down ... Our soldiers could be taken prisoner as well. And we expect our soldiers to be treated well by the adversary, by the enemy. And if we can't hold ourselves up as an example of how to treat people with dignity and respect ... We can't ask that other nations do that to our soldiers as well. ... So what would I tell the people of Iraq? This is wrong. This is reprehensible. But this is not representative of the 150,000 soldiers that are over here ... I'd say the same thing to the American people ... Don't judge your army based on the actions of a few.<a href="#cite_note-main614063.shtml-76">[76]</a></blockquote> Kimmitt also acknowledged that he knew of other cases of abuse during the American occupation of Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-main614063.shtml-76">[76]</a> Bill Cowan, a former Marine lieutenant colonel, was also interviewed, and said: "We went into Iraq to stop things like this from happening, and indeed, here they are happening under our tutelage."<a href="#cite_note-main614063.shtml-76">[76]</a> In addition, Rather interviewed Army Reserve Staff Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Frederick" title="Ivan Frederick">Ivan Frederick</a>, who was party to some of the abuses. Frederick's civilian job was as a corrections officer at a Virginia prison. He said, "We had no support, no training whatsoever. And I kept asking my chain of command for certain things ... like rules and regulations, and it just wasn't happening."<a href="#cite_note-main614063.shtml-76">[76]</a> Frederick's video diary, sent home from Iraq, provided some of the images used in the story. In it he listed detailed, dated entries that chronicled abuse of CIA prisoners, as well as their names: "The next day the medics came in and put his body on a stretcher, placed a fake [intravenous drip] in his arm and took him away. This [CIA prisoner] was never processed and therefore never had a number."<a href="#cite_note-shane-78">[78]</a> Frederick implicated the <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Corps_(United_States_Army)" title="Military Intelligence Corps (United States Army)">Military Intelligence Corps</a> as well, saying "MI has been present and witnessed such activity. MI has encouraged and told us great job [and] that they were now getting positive results and information."<a href="#cite_note-shane-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Yorker_article_(2004)">New Yorker article (2004)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: New Yorker article (2004)">edit</a>]</div> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Seymour_M._Hersh" class="mw-redirect" title="Seymour M. Hersh">Seymour M. Hersh</a> authored an article in The New Yorker magazine discussing the abuses in detail, relying on a copy of the Taguba report for substantiation. Under the direction of editor <a href="/wiki/David_Remnick" title="David Remnick">David Remnick</a>, the magazine also posted a report on its website by Hersh, along with a number of images of the torture taken by U.S. military prison guards. The article, entitled "Torture at Abu Ghraib", was followed in the next two weeks by two further articles on the same subject, "Chain of Command" and "The Gray Zone", also by Hersh.<a href="#cite_note-zmag_itemID_7926-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_coverage_(2006)">Later coverage (2006)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Later coverage (2006)">edit</a>]</div> In February 2006, previously unreleased photos and videos were broadcast by <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">SBS</a>, an Australian television network, on its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/dateline/article/olivia-rousset/cc683vfc6?cid=newsapp:socialshare:email">Dateline</a> program. The Bush administration attempted to prevent release of the images in the U.S., arguing that their publication could provoke antagonism. These newly released photographs depicted prisoners crawling on the floor naked, being forced to perform sexual acts, and being covered in feces. Some images also showed prisoners killed by the soldiers, some shot in the head and some with slit throats. BBC World News stated that one of the prisoners, who was reportedly mentally unstable, was considered by prison guards as a "pet" for torture.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The UN expressed hope that the pictures would be investigated immediately, but the Pentagon stated that the images "have been previously investigated as part of the Abu Ghraib investigation."<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> On March 15, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon</a> published what was then the most extensive documentation of the abuse.<a href="#cite_note-Salon_2006-81">[81]</a> A report accessed by Salon included the following summary of the material: "A review of all the computer media submitted to this office revealed a total of 1,325 images of suspected detainee abuse, 93 video files of suspected detainee abuse, 660 images of adult pornography, 546 images of suspected dead Iraqi detainees, 29 images of soldiers in simulated sexual acts, 20 images of a soldier with a Swastika drawn between his eyes, 37 images of Military Working dogs being used in abuse of detainees and 125 images of questionable acts."<a href="#cite_note-Salon_2006-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coverage_in_Arts">Coverage in Arts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Coverage in Arts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fine_Arts">Fine Arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fine Arts">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/International_Center_of_Photography" title="International Center of Photography">International Center of Photography</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Andy_Warhol_Museum" title="The Andy Warhol Museum">The Andy Warhol Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> presented the photo exhibition "Inconvenient Evidence".<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li> <li>The torture scandal was provocatively dealt with by the painter <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Botero" title="Fernando Botero">Fernando Botero</a> and was discussed controversially.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Roma_in_Trastevere" title="Museo di Roma in Trastevere">Museo di Roma</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trastevere" title="Trastevere">Trastevere</a> showed cards by Susan Crile in the exhibition "Abu Ghraib. Abuse of Power" in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li> <li>Daniel Heyman showed portraits of victims of Abu Ghraib in the exhibition "I am Sorry It is Difficult to Start" at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a> in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li> <li>At the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Biennale" title="Berlin Biennale">Berlin Biennale 2022</a>, a labyrinth of horror constructed with photos by the French artist Jean-Jacques Lebel in the Rieckhallen of the Hamburger Bahnhof Museum caused a stir and a letter of protest from artists.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Turkish feature film <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Wolves:_Iraq" title="Valley of the Wolves: Iraq">Valley of the Wolves: Iraq</a> depicts torture scenes from Abu Ghraib.</li> <li>The documentary <a href="/wiki/Standard_Operating_Procedure_(film)" title="Standard Operating Procedure (film)">Standard Operating Procedure</a> by <a href="/wiki/Errol_Morris" title="Errol Morris">Errol Morris</a> impressively illuminates the story behind the images and gives perpetrators a voice.</li> <li>A documentary directed by <a href="/wiki/Rory_Kennedy" title="Rory Kennedy">Rory Kennedy</a> called <a href="/wiki/Ghosts_of_Abu_Ghraib" title="Ghosts of Abu Ghraib">Ghosts of Abu Ghraib</a> from 2007 gives both victims and perpetrators a voice and draws a comparison to the <a href="/wiki/Milgram_experiment" title="Milgram experiment">Milgram experiment</a>.</li> <li>Photos of the scandal are shown in <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso Cuarón">Alfonso Cuarón's</a> 2006 film <a href="/wiki/Children_of_Men" title="Children of Men">Children of Men</a>.</li> <li>War film <a href="/wiki/Boys_of_Abu_Ghraib" title="Boys of Abu Ghraib">Boys of Abu Ghraib</a> from 2014 directed by <a href="/wiki/Luke_Moran" title="Luke Moran">Luke Moran</a>.</li> <li>In the 2021 feature film <a href="/wiki/The_Card_Counter" title="The Card Counter">The Card Counter</a> by director <a href="/wiki/Paul_Schrader" title="Paul Schrader">Paul Schrader</a>. The main character William Tell, played by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Isaac" title="Oscar Isaac">Oscar Isaac</a>, and Major John Gordo, played by <a href="/wiki/Willem_Dafoe" title="Willem Dafoe">Willem Dafoe</a>, were previously involved in torture in Abu Ghraib.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Reactions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AbuGhraibDogs03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/AbuGhraibDogs03.jpg/220px-AbuGhraibDogs03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/AbuGhraibDogs03.jpg/330px-AbuGhraibDogs03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/AbuGhraibDogs03.jpg/440px-AbuGhraibDogs03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sabrina_Harman" title="Sabrina Harman">Sabrina Harman</a> stitching a wound on a bound Iraqi detainee</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_Ghraib_85.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Abu_Ghraib_85.jpg/220px-Abu_Ghraib_85.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Abu_Ghraib_85.jpg/330px-Abu_Ghraib_85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Abu_Ghraib_85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Graner" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles A. Graner">Charles A. Graner</a> applies sutures to the chin of a bound detainee</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_Ghraib_91.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Abu_Ghraib_91.jpg/220px-Abu_Ghraib_91.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Abu_Ghraib_91.jpg/330px-Abu_Ghraib_91.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Abu_Ghraib_91.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Megan_Ambuhl" title="Megan Ambuhl">Megan Ambuhl</a> forces an injection into a bound detainee</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_response">Government response</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Government response">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a> did not initially readily acknowledge the abuses at Abu Ghraib. After the pictures were published and the evidence became incontrovertible, the initial reaction from the administration characterized the scandal as an isolated incident uncharacteristic of U.S. actions in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-Smeulers-9">[9]</a> Bush described the abuses as the actions of a few individuals, who were disregarding the values of the US.<a href="#cite_note-Smeulers-9">[9]</a> This view was widely disputed, notably in Arab countries. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="International Red Cross">International Red Cross</a> had been making representations about abuse of prisoners for more than a year before the scandal broke.<a href="#cite_note-ICRC04report-94">[94]</a> Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>'s office had played a central role in eliminating limits on coercion in U.S. custody, commissioning and defending legal opinions that the administration later portrayed as the initiatives of lower-ranking officials.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> On May 7, 2004, President Bush publicly apologized for the abuse of Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib, stating that he was "sorry for the humiliations suffered by the Iraqi prisoners and the humiliations suffered by their families". In an appearance with King <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">Abdullah II of Jordan</a>, Bush said he had told the king that he was "equally sorry that the people that have been seeing those pictures did not understand the true nature and the heart of America, and I assured him that Americans like me didn't appreciate what we saw and it made us sick to our stomachs". Describing the abuse as "abhorrent" and "a stain on our country's honor and our country's reputation", Bush added that "those responsible for the maltreatment 'will be brought to justice'" and that he would prevent the occurrence of future abuses.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> On the same day, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> said the following in a hearing before the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Armed_Services_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Armed Services Committee">Senate Armed Services Committee</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">These events occurred on my watch. As Secretary of Defense, I am accountable for them. I take full responsibility. It is my obligation to evaluate what happened, to make sure those who have committed wrongdoing are brought to justice, and to make changes as needed to see that it doesn't happen again. I feel terrible about what happened to these Iraqi detainees. They are human beings. They were in U.S. custody. Our country had an obligation to treat them right. We didn't do that. That was wrong. To those Iraqis who were mistreated by members of U.S. armed forces, I offer my deepest apology. It was un-American. And it was inconsistent with the values of our nation.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></blockquote> He also commented on the very existence of the evidence of abuse: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">We're functioning in a—with peacetime restraints, with legal requirements in a wartime situation, in the information age, where people are running around with digital cameras and taking these unbelievable photographs and then passing them off, against the law, to the media, to our surprise, when they had not even arrived in the Pentagon.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></blockquote> Rumsfeld was careful to draw a distinction between abuse and <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>: "What has been charged so far is abuse, which I believe technically is different from torture. I'm not going to address the 'torture' word."<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Several senators commented on Rumsfeld's testimony. <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Lindsey Graham</a> stated that "the American public needs to understand we're talking about rape and murder here."<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norm_Coleman" title="Norm Coleman">Norm Coleman</a> said that "It was pretty disgusting, not what you'd expect from Americans".<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Nighthorse_Campbell" title="Ben Nighthorse Campbell">Ben Nighthorse Campbell</a> said "I don't know how the hell these people got into our army".<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Inhofe" class="mw-redirect" title="James Inhofe">James Inhofe</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> member of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services">U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services</a>, stated that the events were being blown out of proportion: "I'm probably not the only one up at this table that is more outraged by the outrage than we are by the treatment ... [They] are not there for traffic violations. ... these prisoners—they're murderers, they're terrorists, they're insurgents. ... Many of them probably have American blood on their hands. And here we're so concerned about the treatment of those individuals."<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Other senators such as <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a> said that, “I expected that these pictures would be very hard on the stomach lining, and it was significantly worse than anything that I had anticipated,”<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> On May 26, 2004, <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> gave a sharply critical speech on the scandal and the Iraq War. He called for the resignations of Rumsfeld, <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a> <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a>, CIA Director <a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">George Tenet</a>, Deputy Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a>, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy <a href="/wiki/Douglas_J._Feith" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas J. Feith">Douglas J. Feith</a>, and Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Cambone" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen A. Cambone">Stephen A. Cambone</a>, for encouraging policies that led to the abuse of Iraqi prisoners and fanned hatred of Americans abroad. Gore also called the Bush administration's Iraq war plan "incompetent" and described Bush as the most dishonest president since <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>. Gore commented; "In Iraq, what happened at that prison, it is now clear, is not the result of random acts of a few <a href="/wiki/Bad_apples" title="Bad apples">bad apples</a>. It was the natural consequence of the Bush Administration policy. The abuse of the prisoners at Abu Ghraib flowed directly from the abuse of the truth that characterized the administration's march to war and the abuse of the trust that had been placed in President Bush by the American people in the aftermath of Sept. 11th.''<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The revelations were also the impetus for the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Fay_Report" title="Fay Report">Fay Report</a>, named for its lead author <a href="/wiki/George_Fay" title="George Fay">George Fay</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Taguba_Report" title="Taguba Report">Taguba Report</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Following the outcry, Major General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_M._Stone" title="Douglas M. Stone">Douglas Stone</a> was assigned to oversee the reform of the U.S. detention system in Iraq. Conditions for detainees were reportedly improved by the time of U.S. withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Media">Media</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RumsfeldEconomist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/RumsfeldEconomist.jpg/170px-RumsfeldEconomist.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/RumsfeldEconomist.jpg/255px-RumsfeldEconomist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e3/RumsfeldEconomist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>A headline from <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, calling for Secretary Rumsfeld's resignation</figcaption></figure> Several periodicals, including The New York Times and <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>, called for Rumsfeld's resignation.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Right-wing radio host <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a> contended that the events were being blown out of proportion, stating that "this is no different than what happens at the <a href="/wiki/Skull_and_Bones" title="Skull and Bones">Skull and Bones</a> initiation, and we're going to ruin people's lives over it and we're going to hamper our military effort, and then we are going to really hammer them because they had a good time. You know, these people are being fired at every day. I'm talking about people having a good time, these people, you ever heard of emotional release? You [ever] heard of need to blow some steam off?"<a href="#cite_note-Sontag-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rush:_MPs_Just_'Blowing_Off_Steam'-110">[110]</a> Conservative <a href="/wiki/List_of_talk_show_hosts" title="List of talk show hosts">talk show host</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Savage" title="Michael Savage">Michael Savage</a> said, "Instead of putting joysticks, I would have liked to have seen dynamite put in their orifices", and that "we need more of the humiliation tactics, not less." He repeatedly referred to Abu Ghraib prison as "Grab-an-Arab" prison.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraqi_response">Iraqi response</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Iraqi response">edit</a>]</div> The news website <a href="/wiki/AsiaNews" title="AsiaNews">AsiaNews</a> quoted Yahia Said, an Iraqi scholar at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, as saying: "The reception [of the news about Abu Ghraib] was surprisingly low-key in Iraq. Part of the reason was that rumors and tall stories, as well as true stories, about abuse, mass rape, and torture in the jails and in coalition custody have been going round for a long time. So compared to what people have been talking about here the pictures are quite benign. There's nothing unexpected. In fact what most people are asking is: why did they come up now? People in Iraq are always suspecting that there's some scheming going on, some agenda in releasing the pictures at this particular point."<a href="#cite_note-iraqreaction1-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> reporter <a href="/wiki/Ben_Wedeman" title="Ben Wedeman">Ben Wedeman</a> reported that Iraqi reaction to George W. Bush's apology for the Abu Ghraib abuses was "mixed": "Some people react[ed] positively, saying that he's come out, he's dealing frankly and openly with the problem and that he has said that those involved in the abuse will be punished. On the other hand, there are many others who say it simply isn't enough, that they—many people noted that there was not a frank apology from the president for this incident. And, in fact, I have a Baghdad newspaper with me right now from—it's called 'Dar-es-Salaam.' That's from the Islam Iraqi Islamic Party. It says that an apology is not enough for the torture ... of Iraqi prisoners."<a href="#cite_note-cnnreaction-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_A._McChrystal" title="Stanley A. McChrystal">General Stanley McChrystal</a>, who held several command positions in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, said that, "In my experience, we found that nearly every first-time jihadist claimed Abu Ghraib had first jolted him into action."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcChrystal2013172-115">[115]</a> He also said that, "mistreating detainees would discredit us. ... The pictures [from] Abu Ghraib represented a setback for America's efforts in Iraq. Simultaneously undermining U.S. domestic confidence in the way in which America was operating, and creating or reinforcing negative perceptions worldwide of American values, it fueled violence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcChrystal2013200–201-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_reaction">Global reaction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Global reaction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_Ghraib_39.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Abu_Ghraib_39.jpg/170px-Abu_Ghraib_39.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Abu_Ghraib_39.jpg/255px-Abu_Ghraib_39.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Abu_Ghraib_39.jpg/340px-Abu_Ghraib_39.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A picture, released in 2006, shows several naked Iraqis in hoods, of whom one has the words "I'm a rapeist" (sic) written on his hip.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">The torture? A more serious blow to the United States than September 11, 2001 attacks. Except that the blow was not inflicted by terrorists but by Americans against themselves.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Lajolo" title="Giovanni Lajolo">Giovanni Lajolo</a>, foreign minister of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The cover of the British periodical, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, which had backed President Bush in the 2000 election, carried a photo of the abuse with the words "Resign, Rumsfeld". The Bahraini English-language newspaper Daily Tribune wrote on May 5, 2004, that "The blood-boiling pictures will make more people inside and outside Iraq determined to carry out attacks against the Americans and British." The Qatari Arabic-language Al-Watan predicted on May 3, 2004 that due to the abuse, "The Iraqis now feel very angry and that will cause revenge to restore the humiliated dignity."<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> On May 10, 2004, <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a>-covered posters of Abu Ghraib abuse photographs were attached to several graves at the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> military cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza City</a>. Thirty-two graves of soldiers killed in World War I were desecrated or destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In November 2008, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bingham,_Baron_Bingham_of_Cornhill" title="Tom Bingham, Baron Bingham of Cornhill">Lord Bingham</a>, the former UK <a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary" title="Lords of Appeal in Ordinary">Law Lord</a>, describing the treatment of Iraqi detainees in Abu Ghraib, said: "Particularly disturbing to proponents of the rule of law is the cynical lack of concern for international legality among some top officials in the Bush administration."<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_analysis">Scholarly analysis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Scholarly analysis">edit</a>]</div> The 2007 book <a href="/wiki/The_Lucifer_Effect" title="The Lucifer Effect">The Lucifer Effect</a> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Zimbardo" title="Philip Zimbardo">Philip Zimbardo</a> mentioned the abuses at Abu Ghraib to support the conclusions of the author's 1971 psychological <a href="/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment" title="Stanford prison experiment">Stanford Prison Experiment</a>. In 2008, scholars Alette Smeulers and Sander van Niekerk published an article entitled "Abu Ghraib and the War on Terror—a case against Donald Rumsfeld?".<a href="#cite_note-Smeulers-9">[9]</a> According to the authors, the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> led to demands from the public that U.S. president George W. Bush take actions that would prevent further attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Smeulers-9">[9]</a> This pressure led to the launch of the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smeulers-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Smeulers and van Niekerk argued that because the perceived enemies in the War on Terror were stateless individuals, and because the perceived threats included extreme strategies such as <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide bombing">suicide bombing</a>, the Bush administration was under pressure to act decisively in the War on Terror.<a href="#cite_note-Smeulers-9">[9]</a> In addition, these tactics created the perception that the "legitimate" techniques used in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> would not be of much use. The article noted that Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> has stated that the United States "[had] to work sort of on the dark side", and that it had to "use any means at [its] disposal".<a href="#cite_note-Smeulers-9">[9]</a> Smeulers and van Niekerk opined that the abuses at Abu Ghraib constituted state-sanctioned crimes.<a href="#cite_note-Smeulers-9">[9]</a> Scholar Michelle Brown agreed.<a href="#cite_note-Brown_2005-8">[8]</a> A number of feminist academics have examined how ideas of masculinity and race likely influenced the violence perpetrated at Abu Ghraib.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Laura_Sjoberg" title="Laura Sjoberg">Laura Sjoberg</a>, for example, has argued that the sexual humiliation of detainees was meant to mark "the victory of hegemonic American manliness over subordinated Iraqi masculinities."<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Jasbir_Puar" title="Jasbir Puar">Jasbir Puar</a>’s book Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times (2007) examines the feminist, queer, and American government's response to the Abu Ghraib photographs. Puar draws upon <a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">queer theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biopolitics" title="Biopolitics">biopolitics</a>, among other frameworks, in her analysis and coins the term "<a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">homonationalism</a>," short for "homonormative nationalism."<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> She discusses ideas that the soldiers’ beliefs of American cultural supremacy over the "sexually repressed" and "homophobic" Muslim detainees were used to dehumanize the victims.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repercussions">Repercussions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Repercussions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convictions_of_soldiers">Convictions of soldiers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Convictions of soldiers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navy_consolidated_brig_--_Mirimar_CA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Navy_consolidated_brig_--_Mirimar_CA.jpg/220px-Navy_consolidated_brig_--_Mirimar_CA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Navy_consolidated_brig_--_Mirimar_CA.jpg/330px-Navy_consolidated_brig_--_Mirimar_CA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Navy_consolidated_brig_--_Mirimar_CA.jpg/440px-Navy_consolidated_brig_--_Mirimar_CA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Naval_Consolidated_Brig,_Miramar" title="Naval Consolidated Brig, Miramar">Naval Consolidated Brig, Miramar</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Lynndie_England" title="Lynndie England">England</a> and Harman served their sentences</figcaption></figure> Twelve soldiers were convicted of various charges relating to the incidents, with all of the convictions including the charge of <a href="/wiki/Dereliction_of_duty" class="mw-redirect" title="Dereliction of duty">dereliction of duty</a>. Most soldiers only received minor sentences. Three other soldiers were either cleared of charges or were not charged. No one was convicted for the murders of the detainees. <ul><li>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pappas" title="Thomas Pappas">Thomas Pappas</a> was relieved of his command on May 13, 2005, after receiving <a href="/wiki/Non-judicial_punishment" title="Non-judicial punishment">non-judicial punishment</a> for two instances of dereliction of duty, including that of allowing dogs to be present during interrogations. He was fined $8000 under the provisions of Article 15 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (non-judicial punishment). He also received a General Officer Memorandum of Reprimand which effectively ended his military career. He did not face criminal prosecution.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Steven_L._Jordan" title="Steven L. Jordan">Steven L. Jordan</a> became the second highest-ranking officer to have charges brought against him in connection with the Abu Ghraib abuse on April 29, 2006.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Prior to his trial, eight of the twelve charges against him were dismissed, including two of the most serious, after <a href="/wiki/Major_general#United_States" title="Major general">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Fay" title="George Fay">George Fay</a> admitted that he did not read Jordan his rights before interviewing him. On August 28, 2007, Jordan was acquitted of all charges related to prisoner mistreatment and received a reprimand for disobeying an order not to discuss a 2004 investigation into the allegations.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></li> <li>Specialist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Graner" title="Charles Graner">Charles Graner</a> was found guilty on January 14, 2005, of conspiracy to maltreat detainees, failing to protect detainees from abuse, cruelty, and maltreatment, as well as charges of assault, indecency, adultery, and obstruction of justice. On January 15, 2005, he was sentenced to 10 years in prison, dishonorable discharge, and <a href="/wiki/Reduction_in_rank" title="Reduction in rank">reduction in rank</a> to private.<a href="#cite_note-graner_gets_10_years-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Graner was paroled from the U.S. military's Fort Leavenworth prison on August 6, 2011, after serving six-and-a-half years.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></li> <li>Staff Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Frederick" title="Ivan Frederick">Ivan Frederick</a> pleaded guilty on October 20, 2004, to conspiracy, dereliction of duty, maltreatment of detainees, assault and committing an indecent act, in exchange for other charges being dropped. His abuses included forcing three prisoners to masturbate. He also punched one prisoner so hard in the chest that he needed <a href="/wiki/Resuscitation" title="Resuscitation">resuscitation</a>. He was sentenced to eight years in prison, forfeiture of pay, a dishonorable discharge and a reduction in rank to private.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> He was released on parole in October 2007, after four years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></li> <li>Sergeant Javal Davis pleaded guilty on February 4, 2005, to dereliction of duty, making false official statements, and battery. He was sentenced to six months in prison, a reduction in rank to private, and a bad conduct discharge. Davis had admitted to stepping on the hands and feet of a group of handcuffed detainees and falling with his full weight on top of them.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li> <li>Specialist <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Sivits" title="Jeremy Sivits">Jeremy Sivits</a> was sentenced on May 19, 2004, by a <a href="/wiki/Court-martial#Courts-martial_in_the_United_States" title="Court-martial">special court-martial</a> to the maximum one-year sentence, in addition to a bad conduct discharge and a reduction of rank to private, upon his guilty plea.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> He died from <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> in 2022.</li> <li>Specialist Armin Cruz was sentenced on September 11, 2004, to eight months' confinement, reduction in rank to private and a bad conduct discharge in exchange for his testimony against other soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-NYT20040911-137">[137]</a></li> <li>Specialist <a href="/wiki/Sabrina_Harman" title="Sabrina Harman">Sabrina Harman</a> was sentenced on May 17, 2005, to six months in prison and a bad conduct discharge after being convicted on six of the seven counts. Previously, she had faced a maximum sentence of five years.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Harman served her sentence at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Consolidated_Brig,_Miramar" title="Naval Consolidated Brig, Miramar">Naval Consolidated Brig, Miramar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></li> <li>Specialist <a href="/wiki/Megan_Ambuhl" title="Megan Ambuhl">Megan Ambuhl</a> was convicted on October 30, 2004, of dereliction of duty. She was dishonorably discharged, reduced in rank to private, and ordered to forfeit half a month of pay.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></li> <li>Private First Class <a href="/wiki/Lynndie_England" title="Lynndie England">Lynndie England</a> was convicted on September 26, 2005, of one count of <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(crime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (crime)">conspiracy</a>, four counts of maltreating detainees and one count of committing an <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">indecent</a> act. She was acquitted on a second conspiracy count. England had faced a maximum sentence of ten years. She was sentenced on September 27, 2005, to three years' confinement, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, reduction to Private (E-1) and received a dishonorable discharge.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-132">[132]</a> England served her sentence at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Consolidated_Brig,_Miramar" title="Naval Consolidated Brig, Miramar">Naval Consolidated Brig, Miramar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EnglandParole-141">[141]</a> She was <a href="/wiki/Parole" title="Parole">paroled</a> on March 1, 2007, after having served one year and five months.<a href="#cite_note-EnglandParole-141">[141]</a></li> <li>Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Santos_Cardona" title="Santos Cardona">Santos Cardona</a> was convicted of dereliction of duty and aggravated assault, the equivalent of a felony in the U.S. civilian justice system. Cardona was sentenced to 90 days of hard labor, which he served at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bragg_(North_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Bragg (North Carolina)">Fort Bragg</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> He was also fined and demoted. Cardona was unable to re-enlist due to his conviction. However, on September 29, 2007, Cardona left the Army with an <a href="/wiki/Honorable_discharge" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorable discharge">honorable discharge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-white-143">[143]</a> In 2009, he was killed in action while working as a government contractor in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-white-143">[143]</a></li> <li>Specialist Roman Krol pleaded guilty on February 1, 2005, to conspiracy and maltreatment of detainees at Abu Ghraib. He was sentenced to ten months' confinement, reduction in rank to Private, and a bad conduct discharge.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></li> <li>Specialist Israel Rivera, who was present during abuse on October 25, was under investigation but was never charged and testified against other soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT20040911-137">[137]</a></li> <li>Sergeant Michael Smith was found guilty on March 21, 2006, of two counts of prisoner maltreatment, one count of simple assault, one count of conspiracy to maltreat, one count of dereliction of duty and a final charge of an indecent act, and sentenced to 179 days in prison, a fine of $2,250, a demotion to private, and a bad conduct discharge.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senior_personnel">Senior personnel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Senior personnel">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Janis_Karpinski" title="Janis Karpinski">Janis Karpinski</a>, who had been commanding officer at the prison, was demoted to colonel on May 5, 2005. In a <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> interview, Janis Karpinski said that she was being made a scapegoat, and that the top U.S. commander for Iraq, General <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Sanchez" title="Ricardo Sanchez">Ricardo Sanchez</a>, should be asked what he knew about the abuse.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Karpinski told a reporter in 2014 that, at the time, military intelligence personnel had informed her that 75 percent of the inmates were innocent of the crimes they had been accused of and had been detained simply by being in the wrong place at the wrong time. She later learned that this figure was closer to 90 percent.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> stated in February 2005 that as a result of the Abu Ghraib scandal, he had twice offered to resign from his post of Secretary of Defense, but U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> declined both offers.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Bybee" title="Jay Bybee">Jay Bybee</a>, the author of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a> memo defining torture as activity producing pain equivalent to the pain experienced during death and organ failure,<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> was nominated by President Bush to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, where he began service in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-LVRJ_Mar292003-151">[151]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a>, who as head of the Justice Department's criminal division advised the CIA on the outer limits of legality in coercive interrogation sessions, was selected by President Bush to fill the cabinet-level vacancy at Secretary of Homeland Security created by the departure of <a href="/wiki/Tom_Ridge" title="Tom Ridge">Tom Ridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-newchief-153">[153]</a></li> <li>Karpinski's immediate operational supervisor and Sanchez's deputy, Major General Walter Wojdakowski, was cleared of all charges, and was subsequently appointed Chief of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Infantry_School" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Infantry School">U.S. Army Infantry School</a> at Fort Benning.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></li> <li>Pappas's boss, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Fast" title="Barbara Fast">Barbara Fast</a>, was subsequently appointed Chief of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Intelligence_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Intelligence Center">U.S. Army Intelligence Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Huachuca" title="Fort Huachuca">Fort Huachuca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ArizonaDailyStar20050731-155">[155]</a></li></ul> The Final Report of the Independent Panel to Review Department of Defense detention operations specifically absolved U.S. military and political leadership from culpability: "The Panel finds no evidence that organizations above the 800th MP brigade or the <a href="/wiki/205th_Military_Intelligence_Brigade_(United_States)" title="205th Military Intelligence Brigade (United States)">205th MI Brigade</a>-level were directly involved in the incidents at Abu Ghraib."<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_issues">Legal issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Legal issues">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_law">International law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: International law">edit</a>]</div> Since much of the abuse took place while Iraq was occupied by the United States under the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> (CPA), Common Article Two of the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> (which governs rules applicable to international armed conflict) applied to the situation. Common Article Two states: <blockquote> In addition to the provisions which shall be implemented in peacetime, the present Convention shall apply to all cases of declared war or of any other armed conflict which may arise between two or more of the High Contracting Parties, even if the state of war is not recognized by one of them. The Convention shall also apply to all cases of partial or total occupation of the territory of a High Contracting Party, even if the said occupation meets with no armed resistance.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> </blockquote> The United States has ratified the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">1907 Hague Convention</a> IV - Laws and Customs of War on Land and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Geneva_Convention" title="Third Geneva Convention">Third</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention" title="Fourth Geneva Convention">Fourth Geneva Conventions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Torture">United Nations Convention against Torture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush Administration</a> took the position that: "Both the United States and Iraq are parties to the Geneva Conventions. The United States recognizes that these treaties are binding in the war for the 'liberation of Iraq'".<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_Ghraib_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Abu_Ghraib_22.jpg/220px-Abu_Ghraib_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Abu_Ghraib_22.jpg/330px-Abu_Ghraib_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Abu_Ghraib_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Detainee after dog bite</figcaption></figure> The Convention Against Torture defines <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> in the following terms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">For the purposes of this Convention, the term "torture" means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person, information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Torture" title="United Nations Convention Against Torture">United Nations Convention Against Torture</a>, (Article 1)</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_Ghraib_29.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Abu_Ghraib_29.JPG/110px-Abu_Ghraib_29.JPG" decoding="async" width="110" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Abu_Ghraib_29.JPG/165px-Abu_Ghraib_29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Abu_Ghraib_29.JPG/220px-Abu_Ghraib_29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>A prisoner with wounds, possibly from non-lethal ammunition.</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Al-Qaeda detainees would likely not be accorded <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner of War">Prisoner of War</a> (POW) status, but the Conventions still provide explicit protections to all persons held in an international armed conflict, even if they are not entitled to POW status. Such protections include the right to be free from coercive interrogation, to receive a fair trial if charged with a criminal offense, and, in the case of detained civilians, to be able to appeal periodically the security rationale for continued detention.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> (ICRC) concluded in its confidential February 2004 report to the Coalition Forces (CF) that it had documented "serious violations" of international law in connection with prisoners held in Iraq. The ICRD added that its report "establishes that persons deprived of their liberty face the risk of being subjected to a process of physical and psychological coercion, in some cases tantamount to torture, in the early stages of the internment process".<a href="#cite_note-ICRC04report-94">[94]</a> There were several major violations described in the ICRC report. These included brutality against protected persons upon capture and initial custody, sometimes causing death or serious injury; absence of notification of arrest of persons deprived of their liberty to their families causing distress among persons deprived of their liberty and their families; physical or psychological coercion during interrogation to secure information; prolonged solitary confinement in cells devoid of daylight; excessive and disproportionate use of force against persons deprived of their liberty resulting in death or injury during their period of internment.<a href="#cite_note-ICRC04report-94">[94]</a> Some legal experts have said that the United States could be obligated to try some of its soldiers for <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Under the Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions, prisoners of war and civilians detained in a war may not be treated in a degrading manner, and violation of that section is a "grave breach". In a November 5, 2003 report on prisons in Iraq, the Army's provost marshal, Major General Donald J. Ryder, stated that the conditions under which prisoners were held sometimes violated the Geneva Conventions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations_resolution_1546">United Nations resolution 1546</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: United Nations resolution 1546">edit</a>]</div> In December 2005, John Pace, human rights chief for the United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq (UNAMI), criticized the U.S. military's practice of holding Iraqi prisoners in Iraqi facilities such as Abu Ghraib. Pace stated that this practice was not mandated by UN Resolution 1546, according to which the U.S. government has claimed a legal mandate permitting its ongoing occupation of Iraq. Pace said, "All except those held by the Ministry of Justice are, technically speaking, held against the law because the Ministry of Justice is the only authority that is empowered by law to detain, to hold anybody in prison. Essentially none of these people have any real recourse to protection and therefore we speak ... of a total breakdown in the protection of the individual in this country."<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torture_Memos">Torture Memos</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Torture Memos">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a> and other senior administration lawyers argued that detainees at the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a> and other similar prisons should be considered "<a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">unlawful combatants</a>" and were not protected by the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>. These opinions were issued in multiple memoranda, known today as the "<a href="/wiki/Torture_Memos" title="Torture Memos">Torture Memos</a>", in August 2002, by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Legal_Counsel" title="Office of Legal Counsel">Office of Legal Counsel</a> (OLC) in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Justice Department</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> They were written by <a href="/wiki/John_Yoo" title="John Yoo">John Yoo</a>, deputy assistant attorney-general in the OLC, and two of three were signed by his boss <a href="/wiki/Jay_Bybee" title="Jay Bybee">Jay S. Bybee</a>. (The latter was appointed as a federal judge in 2003, starting March 21, 2003.) An additional memo was issued on March 14, 2003, after the resignation of Bybee, and just prior to the American invasion of Iraq. In it, Yoo concluded that federal laws prohibiting the use of torture did not apply to U.S. practices overseas.<a href="#cite_note-Haynes-167">[167]</a> Gonzales observed that denying coverage under the Geneva Conventions, "substantially reduces the threat of domestic criminal prosecution under the <a href="/wiki/War_Crimes_Act_of_1996" title="War Crimes Act of 1996">War Crimes Act</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Holtzman-168">[168]</a> Congresswoman <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Holtzman" title="Elizabeth Holtzman">Elizabeth Holtzman</a> wrote that Gonzales's statement suggested that policy was crafted to ensure that the actions of U.S. officials could not be considered <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holtzman-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_legal_proceedings">Other legal proceedings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Other legal proceedings">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Hamdan_v._Rumsfeld" title="Hamdan v. Rumsfeld">Hamdan v. Rumsfeld</a> (2006), the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruled that Common Article Three of the Geneva Conventions applied to all detainees in the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>. It said that the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_military_commission" title="Guantanamo military commission">military tribunals</a> used to try these suspects were in violation of U.S. and international law. It said that the president could not unilaterally establish such tribunals, and that Congress needed to authorize a means by which detainees could confront their accusers and challenge their detention.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> At the time of the court's ruling, the U.S. fought in cooperation with recognized territorial governments (including the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic of Afghanistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Iraq" title="Federal government of Iraq">Iraqi federal government</a>) in the War on Terror against <a href="/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor" title="Violent non-state actor">violent non-state actors</a>, and therefore Common Article Three was binding upon the U.S. rather than Common Article Two. On June 27, 2011, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear the appeals of lawsuits from a group of 250 Iraqis who wanted to sue <a href="/wiki/CACI" title="CACI">CACI</a> International Inc. and <a href="/wiki/Titan_Corporation" title="Titan Corporation">Titan Corp.</a> (now a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/L3_Technologies" title="L3 Technologies">L-3 Communications</a>), the two private contractors at Abu Ghraib, over claims of abuse by interrogators and translators at the prison. The suits had been dismissed by the lower courts on the grounds that the companies held a derivative sovereign immunity from suits based on their status as government contractors pursuant to a battle-field preemption doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AbuGhraibScandalGraner55.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/AbuGhraibScandalGraner55.jpg/170px-AbuGhraibScandalGraner55.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/AbuGhraibScandalGraner55.jpg/255px-AbuGhraibScandalGraner55.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/AbuGhraibScandalGraner55.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Graner" title="Charles Graner">Charles Graner</a> poses over <a href="/wiki/Manadel_al-Jamadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Manadel al-Jamadi">Manadel al-Jamadi</a>'s corpse, after he was tortured to death by CIA personnel.<a href="#cite_note-New_Yorker_2005-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salon_2006-81">[81]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabrina-Harman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sabrina-Harman.jpg/220px-Sabrina-Harman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sabrina-Harman.jpg/330px-Sabrina-Harman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Sabrina-Harman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sabrina_Harman" title="Sabrina Harman">Sabrina Harman</a> poses over the corpse of <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Manadel_al-Jamadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Manadel al-Jamadi">Manadel al-Jamadi</a>, after he was tortured to death by CIA personnel.<a href="#cite_note-New_Yorker_2005-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salon_2006-81">[81]</a></figcaption></figure> On November 14, 2006, legal proceedings invoking <a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">universal jurisdiction</a> were begun in Germany against <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Yoo" title="John Yoo">John Yoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">George Tenet</a> and others for their alleged involvement in <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">prisoner abuse</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Command_responsibility" title="Command responsibility">command responsibility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> On April 27, 2007, the German <a href="/wiki/Public_Prosecutor_General_(Germany)" title="Public Prosecutor General (Germany)">Public Prosecutor General</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monika_Harms" title="Monika Harms">Monika Harms</a>, announced that the government would not pursue charges against Rumsfeld and the 11 other U.S. officials, stating the accusations did not apply, in part because there was insufficient evidence that the acts occurred on German soil, and because the accused did not live in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> In June 2011, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a> announced it was opening a grand jury investigation into CIA torture which killed a prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> In June 2014, the U.S. court of appeals in Richmond, Virginia, found that an 18th-century law known as the <a href="/wiki/Alien_Tort_Statute" title="Alien Tort Statute">Alien Tort Statute</a>, allowed non-US citizens access to U.S. courts for violations of "the law of nations or a treaty of the United States". This would enable abused Iraqis to file suit against contractor CACI International. Employees of CACI International are being accused of encouraging torture and abuse as well as taking part in it as the four Iraqis contend that they were "repeatedly shot in the head with a taser gun", "beaten on the genitals with a stick", and forced to watch the "rape [of] a female detainee", during their time at the prison.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> As of April 2024, an <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a> federal civil jury was deliberating whether to hold CACI liable for its employees' torture of three Iraqi citizens at Abu Ghraib.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> The case ended in a <a href="/wiki/Hung_jury" title="Hung jury">hung jury</a>, with the majority of jurors believing that CACI should be held responsible, and a second trial began on October 30.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> On November 12, 2024, the federal court found CACI Premier Technology liable for its involvement in the torture and ordered CACI to pay $3 million in compensatory damages to each of the three plaintiffs, plus $11 million each in punitive damages, for a total of $42 million.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Although the court found that CACI employees did not directly take part in the human rights abuses, it concluded that interrogators had instructed the military police to "soften up" prisoners for questioning by mistreating them.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006">Military Commissions Act of 2006</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Military Commissions Act of 2006">edit</a>]</div> Critics consider the <a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006" title="Military Commissions Act of 2006">Military Commissions Act of 2006</a> an amnesty law for crimes committed in the War on Terror by retroactively rewriting the War Crimes Act.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> It abolished <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> for foreign detainees, effectively making it impossible for detainees to challenge crimes committed against them.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-VillageVoice2006-12-08-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_developments">Later developments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Later developments">edit</a>]</div> On October 29, 2007, the memoir of a soldier stationed in Abu Ghraib, Iraq from 2005 to 2006 was published. It was called <a href="/wiki/Torture_Central" title="Torture Central">Torture Central</a> and chronicled many events previously unreported in the news media, including torture that continued at Abu Ghraib over a year after the abuse photos were published.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> In 2010, the last of the prisons were turned over to the Iraqi government to run. An <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> article said <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Despite Abu Ghraib- or perhaps because of reforms in its wake- prisoners have more recently said they receive far better treatment in American custody than in Iraqi jails.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a></blockquote> In September 2010, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> warned in a report titled New Order, Same Abuses; Unlawful Detentions and Torture in Iraq that up to 30,000 prisoners, including many veterans of the U.S. detention system, remain detained without rights in Iraq and are frequently tortured or abused. Furthermore, it describes a detention system that has not evolved since Saddam Hussein's regime, in which human rights abuses were endemic with arbitrary arrests and secret detention common and a lack of accountability throughout the military forces. Amnesty's Middle East and North Africa director, Malcolm Smart went on to say: "Iraq's security forces have been responsible for systematically violating detainees' rights and they have been permitted. U.S. authorities, whose own record on detainees' rights has been so poor, have now handed over thousands of people detained by U.S. forces to face this catalogue of illegality, violence and abuse, abdicating any responsibility for their human rights."<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> On October 22, 2010, nearly 400,000 secret United States Army <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_documents_leak" title="Iraq War documents leak">field reports and war logs</a>, detailing torture, <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a> and war crimes, were passed on to the British paper, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, and several other international media organisations through the <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblowing</a> website <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a>. Among other things, the logs detail how U.S. authorities failed to investigate hundreds of reports of abuse, torture, rape, and even murder by Iraqi police and soldiers, whose conduct appeared to be systematic and normally unpunished, and that U.S. troops abused prisoners for years even after the Abu Ghraib scandal.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> stated that Engility Holdings, of <a href="/wiki/Chantilly,_Virginia" title="Chantilly, Virginia">Chantilly, Virginia</a>, paid $5.28 million in a settlement to 71 former inmates held at Abu Ghraib and other U.S.-run detention sites between 2003 and 2007. The settlement was the first successful attempt by the detainees to obtain reparations for the abuses they had experienced.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> In 2014, Abu Ghraib prison was closed indefinitely by the Iraqi government over concerns that <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIL</a> would take over the facility.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> In November 2024, more than two decades later, three former detainees of Abu Ghraib prison were awarded $42 million after a jury found CACI liable for conspiring with military police to inflict abuse on the prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incidents_and_coverage">Incidents and coverage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Incidents and coverage">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagram_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Bagram torture and prisoner abuse">Bagram torture and prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Nama" title="Camp Nama">Camp Nama</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Copper_Green" title="Copper Green">Copper Green</a>" (May 2004 <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh">Seymour Hersh</a> article connecting abuse to alleged Black Ops program)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emad_al-Janabi" title="Emad al-Janabi">Emad al-Janabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Human rights in post-invasion Iraq">Human rights in post-invasion Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_prison_abuse_scandals" title="Iraq prison abuse scandals">Iraq prison abuse scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maywand_District_murders" title="Maywand District murders">Maywand District murders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment" title="Stanford prison experiment">Stanford prison experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Side_(book)" title="The Dark Side (book)">The Dark Side (book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi_to_the_Dark_Side" title="Taxi to the Dark Side">Taxi to the Dark Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lucifer_Effect" title="The Lucifer Effect">The Lucifer Effect</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">Criticism of the war on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disarmed_Enemy_Forces" title="Disarmed Enemy Forces">Disarmed Enemy Forces</a> (redesignation of POWs after WWII to avoid having to obey international treaties on POW treatment)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Record_of_the_United_States" title="Human Rights Record of the United States">Human Rights Record of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_and_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="International Criminal Court and the 2003 invasion of Iraq">International Criminal Court and the 2003 invasion of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampala_Review_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampala Review Conference">Kampala Review Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_issues_related_to_the_September_11_attacks" title="Legal issues related to the September 11 attacks">Legal issues related to the September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">List of photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">List of war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milgram_experiment" title="Milgram experiment">Milgram experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_principles" title="Nuremberg principles">Nuremberg principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sexual assault in the United States military">Sexual assault in the United States military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_orders" title="Superior orders">Superior orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_the_United_States" title="Torture in the United States">Torture in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_International_Criminal_Court" title="United States and the International Criminal Court">United States and the International Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WashPostNewDetails-1"><a href="#cite_ref-WashPostNewDetails_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHighamStephens2004" class="citation news cs1">Higham, Scott; Stephens, Joe (May 21, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514000853/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A43783-2004May20?language=printer">"New Details of Prison Abuse Emerge"</a>. The Washington Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A43783-2004May20?language=printer">the original</a> on May 14, 2011. Retrieved July 7, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=New+Details+of+Prison+Abuse+Emerge&rft.date=2004-05-21&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Stephens%2C+Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fac2%2Fwp-dyn%2FA43783-2004May20%3Flanguage%3Dprinter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldCrunch-2"><a href="#cite_ref-WorldCrunch_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcrunch.com/this-happened/hooded-man-photo">"This Happened—November 4: U.S. Army Image Of Shame"</a>. WorldCrunch. November 4, 2022. Retrieved March 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WorldCrunch&rft.atitle=This+Happened%E2%80%94November+4%3A+U.S.+Army+Image+Of+Shame&rft.date=2022-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldcrunch.com%2Fthis-happened%2Fhooded-man-photo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Yorker_2004-05-17-3"><a href="#cite_ref-New_Yorker_2004-05-17_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1">Hersh, Seymour M. (May 17, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/05/17/chain-of-command-2">"Chain of Command"</a>. The New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101055751/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/05/17/040517fa_fact2?currentPage=all">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2011. <q>NBC News later quoted U.S. military officials as saying that the unreleased photographs showed American soldiers 'severely beating an Iraqi prisoner nearly to death, having sex with a female Iraqi prisoner, and "acting inappropriately with a dead body." The officials said there also was a videotape, apparently shot by U.S. personnel, showing Iraqi guards raping young boys.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Chain+of+Command&rft.date=2004-05-17&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Seymour+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2004%2F05%2F17%2Fchain-of-command-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benjamin2009-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Benjamin2009_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2008" class="citation news cs1">Benjamin, Mark (May 30, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2009/05/30/taguba_2/">"Taguba denies he's seen abuse photos suppressed by Obama: The general told a U.K. paper about images he saw investigating Abu Ghraib – not photos Obama wants kept secret"</a>. Salon.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090611145722/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2009/05/30/taguba/">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2009. Retrieved June 6, 2009. <q>The paper quoted Taguba as saying, 'These pictures show torture, abuse, rape and every indecency.' ... The actual quote in the Telegraph was accurate, Taguba said – but he was referring to the hundreds of images he reviewed as an investigator of the abuse at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=Taguba+denies+he%27s+seen+abuse+photos+suppressed+by+Obama%3A+The+general+told+a+U.K.+paper+about+images+he+saw+investigating+Abu+Ghraib+%E2%80%93+not+photos+Obama+wants+kept+secret.&rft.date=2008-05-30&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2009%2F05%2F30%2Ftaguba_2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hersh2007-5"><a href="#cite_ref-hersh2007_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHersh2007" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh">Hersh, Seymour Myron</a> (June 25, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/06/25/070625fa_fact_hersh">"The General's Report: how Antonio Taguba, who investigated the Abu Ghraib scandal, became one of its casualties"</a>. The New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070912104000/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/06/25/070625fa_fact_hersh?printable=true">Archived</a> from the original on September 12, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2007. <q>Taguba said that he saw "a video of a male American soldier in uniform sodomizing a female detainee"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+General%27s+Report%3A+how+Antonio+Taguba%2C+who+investigated+the+Abu+Ghraib+scandal%2C+became+one+of+its+casualties.&rft.date=2007-06-25&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Seymour+Myron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Freporting%2F2007%2F06%2F25%2F070625fa_fact_hersh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-walsh2006-6"><a href="#cite_ref-walsh2006_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalshMichael_SchererMark_BenjaminPage_Rockwell2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Walsh" title="Joan Walsh">Walsh, Joan</a>; Michael Scherer; Mark Benjamin; Page Rockwell; Jeanne Carstensen; Mark Follman; Page Rockwell; Tracy Clark-Flory (March 14, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2006/03/14/chapter_5/">"Other government agencies"</a>. The Abu Ghraib files. <a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080212035108/http://www.salon.com/news/abu_ghraib/2006/03/14/chapter_5/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2008. Retrieved February 24, 2008. <q>The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology later ruled al-Jamadi's death a homicide, caused by 'blunt force injuries to the torso complicated by compromised respiration.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=Other+government+agencies&rft.date=2006-03-14&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft.au=Michael+Scherer&rft.au=Mark+Benjamin&rft.au=Page+Rockwell&rft.au=Jeanne+Carstensen&rft.au=Mark+Follman&rft.au=Page+Rockwell&rft.au=Tracy+Clark-Flory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2006%2F03%2F14%2Fchapter_5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sontag-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sontag_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sontag_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSontag2004" class="citation news cs1">Sontag, Susan (May 23, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/23/magazine/regarding-the-torture-of-others.html">"Regarding The Torture Of Others"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170902101726/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/23/magazine/regarding-the-torture-of-others.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">Archived</a> from the original on September 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=Regarding+The+Torture+Of+Others&rft.date=2004-05-23&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F05%2F23%2Fmagazine%2Fregarding-the-torture-of-others.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown_2005-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_2005_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_2005_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown2005" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Michelle (September 2005). ""Setting the Conditions" for Abu Ghraib: The Prison Nation Abroad". American Quarterly. 57 (3): 973–997. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Faq.2005.0039">10.1353/aq.2005.0039</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40068323">40068323</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144661236">144661236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%22Setting+the+Conditions%22+for+Abu+Ghraib%3A+The+Prison+Nation+Abroad&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E973-%3C%2Fspan%3E997&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144661236%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40068323%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Faq.2005.0039&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smeulers-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smeulers_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smeulers_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smeulers_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smeulers_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smeulers_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smeulers_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smeulers_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smeulers_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smeulers_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smeulers_9-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smeulers_9-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmeulersvan_Niekirk2009" class="citation journal cs1">Smeulers, Alette; van Niekirk, Sander (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/2403096/215948.pdf">"Abu Ghraib and the War on Terror - A case against Donald Rumsfeld?"</a> (PDF). Crime, Law and Social Change. 51 (3–4): 327–349. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10611-008-9160-2">10.1007/s10611-008-9160-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145710956">145710956</a>. <q>After the pictures were published the Bush administration was quick to condemn the abuse and accuse the low ranking soldiers who featured in the pictures. Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld described the abuse at Abu Ghraib as an isolated case and President Bush talked about: 'disgraceful conduct by a few American troops who dishonoured our country and disregarded our values.' 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Retrieved July 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Convicted+reservist+testifies&rft.date=2005-07-25&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Andrea+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fbs-xpm-2005-07-27-0507270312-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdgar2005" class="citation web cs1">Edgar, L.B. (May 19, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071123112051/http://www4.army.mil/news/article.php?story=7348">"Harman found guilty for Abu Ghraib"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Army_News_Service" title="Army News Service">Army News Service</a>. 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"Lynndie England, Abu Ghraib, and the New Imperialism". Canadian Review of American Studies. 38 (1): 83–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fcras.38.1.83">10.3138/cras.38.1.83</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Review+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Lynndie+England%2C+Abu+Ghraib%2C+and+the+New+Imperialism&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fcras.38.1.83&rft.au=Tucker%2C+Bruce+and+Sia+Triantafyllos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClemens2010" class="citation book cs1">Clemens, Michael (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001070249/http://www.potomacbooksinc.com/Books/SearchResults.aspx?str=secrets+of+abu+ghraib">The Secrets of Abu Ghraib Revealed: American Soldiers on Trial</a>. Potomac Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-441-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-441-7"><bdi>978-1-59797-441-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.potomacbooksinc.com/Books/SearchResults.aspx?str=secrets+of+abu+ghraib">the original</a> on October 1, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secrets+of+Abu+Ghraib+Revealed%3A+American+Soldiers+on+Trial&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59797-441-7&rft.aulast=Clemens&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.potomacbooksinc.com%2FBooks%2FSearchResults.aspx%3Fstr%3Dsecrets%2Bof%2Babu%2Bghraib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZimbardo2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Zimbardo" title="Philip Zimbardo">Zimbardo, Philip</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lucifereffect.com/">The Lucifer effect: How good people turn evil</a>. Rider. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84604-103-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84604-103-7"><bdi>978-1-84604-103-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219183946/http://www.lucifereffect.com/">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2008. Retrieved January 11, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lucifer+effect%3A+How+good+people+turn+evil&rft.pub=Rider&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84604-103-7&rft.aulast=Zimbardo&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lucifereffect.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeštrović2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Meštrović">Meštrović, Stjepan</a> (January 8, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CSNZCwAAQBAJ">The Trials of Abu Ghraib: An Expert Witness Account of Shame and Honor</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317250111" title="Special:BookSources/9781317250111"><bdi>9781317250111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trials+of+Abu+Ghraib%3A+An+Expert+Witness+Account+of+Shame+and+Honor&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-01-08&rft.isbn=9781317250111&rft.aulast=Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Stjepan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCSNZCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkovitz2011" class="citation book cs1">Markovitz, Jonathan (June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz7TegRvZLoC&pg=PA124">"New Media and Abu Ghraib"</a>. Racial Spectacles: Explorations in Media, Race, and Justice. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136911262" title="Special:BookSources/9781136911262"><bdi>9781136911262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Media+and+Abu+Ghraib&rft.btitle=Racial+Spectacles%3A+Explorations+in+Media%2C+Race%2C+and+Justice&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011-06&rft.isbn=9781136911262&rft.aulast=Markovitz&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQz7TegRvZLoC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/torturefoia/released/">U.S. government documents related to Abu Ghraib</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZimbardo2005" class="citation interview cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Zimbardo" title="Philip Zimbardo">Zimbardo, Philip</a> (January 19, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/zimbardo05/zimbardo05_index.html">"You can't be a sweet cucumber in a vinegar barrel"</a> (Interview). <q>'When you put that set of horrendous work conditions and external factors together, it creates an evil barrel,' writes the eminent situationist psychologist Philip Zimbardo, known for his famous Stanford Prison Experiment in the early 70s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=You+can%27t+be+a+sweet+cucumber+in+a+vinegar+barrel&rft.date=2005-01-19&rft.aulast=Zimbardo&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edge.org%2F3rd_culture%2Fzimbardo05%2Fzimbardo05_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoise" class="citation web cs1">Moise, Edwin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edmoise.sites.clemson.edu/iraqbib.html#ghraib">"Bibliography: Iraq Wars: Prisons and Prisoner Abuse"</a> – via clemson.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bibliography%3A+Iraq+Wars%3A+Prisons+and+Prisoner+Abuse&rft.aulast=Moise&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedmoise.sites.clemson.edu%2Firaqbib.html%23ghraib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGourevitchErrol_Morris2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Gourevitch" title="Philip Gourevitch">Gourevitch, Philip</a>; <a href="/wiki/Errol_Morris" title="Errol Morris">Errol Morris</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Abu_Ghraib" title="The Ballad of Abu Ghraib">The Ballad of Abu Ghraib</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311539-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311539-7"><bdi>978-0-14-311539-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ballad+of+Abu+Ghraib&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311539-7&rft.aulast=Gourevitch&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Errol+Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHersh2004" class="citation book cs1">Hersh, Seymour M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chainofcommandroher00hers">Chain of Command: The Road from 9/11 to Abu Ghraib</a>. New York: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-019591-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-019591-6"><bdi>0-06-019591-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chain+of+Command%3A+The+Road+from+9%2F11+to+Abu+Ghraib&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-06-019591-6&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Seymour+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchainofcommandroher00hers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaster_Sergeant_Michael_Clemens2010" class="citation book cs1">Master Sergeant Michael Clemens, Special Investigator (2010). The Secrets of Abu Ghraib Revealed: American Soldiers on Trial. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-441-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-441-7"><bdi>978-1-59797-441-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secrets+of+Abu+Ghraib+Revealed%3A+American+Soldiers+on+Trial&rft.place=Dulles%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59797-441-7&rft.aulast=Master+Sergeant+Michael+Clemens&rft.aufirst=Special+Investigator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcChrystal2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_A._McChrystal" title="Stanley A. McChrystal">McChrystal, Stanley A.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/myshareoftaskmem0000mcch">My share of the task: A memoir</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59184-475-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59184-475-4"><bdi>978-1-59184-475-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+share+of+the+task%3A+A+memoir&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-59184-475-4&rft.aulast=McChrystal&rft.aufirst=Stanley+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmyshareoftaskmem0000mcch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenbergDretel2005" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, Karen J.; Dretel, Joshua L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/torturepapersroa00gree_0">The Torture Papers: The Road to Abu Ghraib</a>. The Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521853248" title="Special:BookSources/9780521853248"><bdi>9780521853248</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Torture+Papers%3A+The+Road+to+Abu+Ghraib&rft.pub=The+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780521853248&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Karen+J.&rft.au=Dretel%2C+Joshua+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftorturepapersroa00gree_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Abu_Ghraib_prisoner_abuse" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2006/03/14/introduction_2/">"Introduction: The Abu Ghraib files"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a>. March 14, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+Abu+Ghraib+files&rft.date=2006-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2006%2F03%2F14%2Fintroduction_2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRousset2006" class="citation news cs1">Rousset, Olivia (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/dateline/article/olivia-rousset/cc683vfc6?cid=newsapp:socialshare:email">"Abu Ghraib Trilogy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dateline_(Australian_TV_program)" title="Dateline (Australian TV program)">Dateline</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060331112016/http://news.sbs.com.au/dateline/index.php?page=transcript&dte=2006-02-15&headlineid=1069">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2006 – via sbs.com.au.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dateline&rft.atitle=Abu+Ghraib+Trilogy&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Rousset&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnews%2Fdateline%2Farticle%2Folivia-rousset%2Fcc683vfc6%3Fcid%3Dnewsapp%3Asocialshare%3Aemail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB340/index.htm">The Torture Archive</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_National_Security_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Security Archive">The National Security Archive</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jurist.org/currentawareness/abughraib.php">"Abu Ghraib"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JURIST" class="mw-redirect" title="JURIST">JURIST</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JURIST&rft.atitle=Abu+Ghraib&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjurist.org%2Fcurrentawareness%2Fabughraib.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/usa0604/">"The Road to Abu Ghraib"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. June 9, 2004. Retrieved April 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=The+Road+to+Abu+Ghraib&rft.date=2004-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2004%2Fusa0604%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Ghraib+torture+and+prisoner+abuse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccrjustice.org/abu-ghraib-trial">Center for Constitutional Rights: Justice for Abu Ghraib</a> (Legal Campaign Site)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iraq_War" title="Template:Iraq War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iraq_War" title="Template talk:Iraq War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iraq_War_(2003–2011)719" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–2011)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraqi conflict</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prelude719" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Prelude to the Iraq War">Prelude</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Ba%27ath_Party_Purge" title="1979 Ba'ath Party Purge">1979 Ba'ath Party Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="British support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">British</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">U.S. support for Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_chemical_attacks_against_Iran" title="Iraqi chemical attacks against Iran">Chemical attacks against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990–2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">Invasion of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayirah_testimony" title="Nayirah testimony">Nayirah testimony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">Sanctions against Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones_conflict" title="Iraqi no-fly zones conflict">No-fly zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNSCOM" class="mw-redirect" title="UNSCOM">UNSCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms-to-Iraq_affair" title="Arms-to-Iraq affair">Arms-to-Iraq affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil-for-Food_Programme" title="Oil-for-Food Programme">Oil-for-Food Programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil-for-Food_Program_Hearings" title="Oil-for-Food Program Hearings">Investigations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Aftermath of the September 11 attacks">Aftermath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_anthrax_attacks" title="2001 anthrax attacks">2001 anthrax attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">U.S. War in Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">Invasion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War" title="Rationale for the Iraq War">Rationale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">WMD claims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niger_uranium_forgeries" title="Niger uranium forgeries">Yellowcake uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_aluminum_tubes" title="Iraqi aluminum tubes">Aluminum tubes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_biological_weapons_program" title="Iraqi biological weapons program">Biological weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_chemical_weapons_program" title="Iraqi chemical weapons program">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curveball_(informant)" title="Curveball (informant)">"Curveball"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_Iraqi_mobile_weapons_laboratories" title="Allegations of Iraqi mobile weapons laboratories">Mobile weapon labs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_anthrax_attacks#Al-Qaeda_and_Iraq_blamed_for_attacks" title="2001 anthrax attacks">Anthrax claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atta%27s_alleged_Prague_connection" title="Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection">Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_Green_ricin_plot" title="Wood Green ricin plot">Ricin claims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War#Oil" title="Rationale for the Iraq War">Oil as a possible rationale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfowitz_Doctrine" title="Wolfowitz Doctrine">Wolfowitz Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell%27s_presentation_to_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Colin Powell's presentation to the United Nations Security Council">Colin Powell's UN presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_disarmament_crisis" title="Iraq disarmament crisis">Disarmament crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Monitoring,_Verification_and_Inspection_Commission" title="United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission">UNMOVIC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failed_Iraqi_peace_initiatives" title="Failed Iraqi peace initiatives">Failed peace initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Iraq_Resolution_of_2002" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002">Iraq resolution</a> / <a href="/wiki/British_parliamentary_approval_for_the_invasion_of_Iraq" title="British parliamentary approval for the invasion of Iraq">UK parliament's support for invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Legality of the Iraq War">Legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Legitimacy of the invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Media coverage of the Iraq War">Media coverage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_military_analyst_program" title="Pentagon military analyst program">Military analyst program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_rapid_response_operation" title="Pentagon rapid response operation">Rapid response operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein%27s_alleged_shredder" title="Saddam Hussein's alleged shredder">Saddam's alleged shredder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preemptive_war" title="Preemptive war">Preemptive war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Human rights in Ba'athist Iraq">Saddam Hussein and human rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dossiers and memos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habbush_letter" title="Habbush letter">Habbush letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_memo" title="Downing Street memo">Downing Street memo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Dossier" title="September Dossier">September Dossier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius_letter" title="Vilnius letter">Vilnius letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_letter_of_the_eight" title="The letter of the eight">Letter of the eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush%E2%80%93Blair_2003_Iraq_memo" title="Bush–Blair 2003 Iraq memo">Bush–Blair 2003 memo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Dossier" title="Iraq Dossier">February Dossier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush%E2%80%93Aznar_memo" title="Bush–Aznar memo">Bush–Aznar memo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview719" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">Invasion (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">Occupation (2003–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932006)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2006)">2003–06 period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anbar_campaign_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Anbar campaign (2003–2011)">Anbar campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallujah_during_the_Iraq_War" title="Fallujah during the Iraq War">Fallujah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Capture of Saddam Hussein">Capture of Saddam Hussein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interrogation_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Interrogation of Saddam Hussein">Interrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Trial of Saddam Hussein">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Execution of Saddam Hussein">Execution</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_execution_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Reactions to the execution of Saddam Hussein">Reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_al-Askari_mosque_bombing" title="2006 al-Askari mosque bombing">2006 al-Askari mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)">Civil war (2006–08)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">2007 U.S. troop surge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Timeline of the Iraq War troop surge of 2007">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">U.S. withdrawal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement">Status of forces agreement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">Invasion (2003)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="Timeline of the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preparations_for_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq">Preparations for invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">Multi-National Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasiriyah" title="Battle of Nasiriyah">Battle of Nasiriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2003)" title="Battle of Baghdad (2003)">Fall of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debecka_Pass" title="Battle of Debecka Pass">Battle of Debecka Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firdos_Square_statue_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Firdos Square statue destruction">Firdos Square statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Accomplished_speech" title="Mission Accomplished speech">Mission Accomplished speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_in_the_United_States_on_the_invasion_of_Iraq" title="Public opinion in the United States on the invasion of Iraq">US public opinion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">Occupation (2003–2011)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_occupation_of_Ramadi" title="American occupation of Ramadi">Occupation of Ramadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Ba%27athification" title="De-Ba'athification">De-Ba'athification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100_Orders" title="100 Orders">100 Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority_Order_2" title="Coalition Provisional Authority Order 2">CPA Order 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority_Order_17" title="Coalition Provisional Authority Order 17">CPA Order 17</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_installations_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military installations in Iraq">U.S. military bases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(company)#Role_in_the_Iraq_War" title="Blackwater (company)">Blackwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Reconstruction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_Fund_for_Iraq" title="Development Fund for Iraq">Development Fund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_reform_of_Iraq" title="Economic reform of Iraq">Economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_for_Iraq" title="United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq">UNAMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qa%27qaa_high_explosives_controversy" title="Al Qa'qaa high explosives controversy">Al Qa'qaa high explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_kill_or_capture_strategy_in_Iraq" title="United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq">U.S. kill or capture strategy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Replacementgovernments71" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Administrative_Law_(Iraq)" title="Transitional Administrative Law (Iraq)">Replacement governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Governing_Council" title="Iraqi Governing Council">Iraqi Governing Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Interim_Government" title="Iraqi Interim Government">Interim Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2005_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="January 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election">2005 parliamentary elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Transitional_Government" title="Iraqi Transitional Government">Transitional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Iraqi_constitutional_referendum" title="2005 Iraqi constitutional referendum">Ratification</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Participants719" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Combatants_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Combatants of the Iraq War">Participants</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian involvement in the Iraq War">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancon/Irak" title="Dancon/Irak">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" title="Georgian involvement in the Iraq War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" title="Iranian involvement in the Iraq War">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" title="Italian involvement in the Iraq War">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Iraq_Reconstruction_and_Support_Group" title="Japanese Iraq Reconstruction and Support Group">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" title="Polish involvement in the Iraq War">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaytun_Division" title="Zaytun Division">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Humanitarian_Assistance_Task_Force_976_Thai-Iraq" title="Thai Humanitarian Assistance Task Force 976 Thai-Iraq">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" title="Ukrainian involvement in the Iraq War">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" title="British involvement in the Iraq War">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insurgent groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sunni groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Army_in_Iraq" title="Islamic Army in Iraq">Islamic Army in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Revolution_Brigades" title="1920 Revolution Brigades">1920 Revolution Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Rashideen" title="Jaish al-Rashideen">Jaish al-Rashideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Front_for_the_Iraqi_Resistance" title="Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance">Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas_of_Iraq" title="Hamas of Iraq">Hamas of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeish_Muhammad" title="Jeish Muhammad">Jeish Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Iraq)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">Al-Qaeda in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Ta%27ifa_al-Mansurah" title="Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah">Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat_Ansar_al-Sunna" title="Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna">Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Banner_Organization" title="Black Banner Organization">Black Banner Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefulness_and_Holy_War" title="Wakefulness and Holy War">Wakefulness and Holy War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Theeb" title="Abu Theeb">Abu Theeb</a>'s group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Al-Salafi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army">Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Army_(Iraq)" title="Mujahideen Army (Iraq)">Mujahideen Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shia groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi_Army" title="Mahdi Army">Mahdi Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Deraa" title="Abu Deraa">Abu Deraa</a>'s militia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Organization" title="Badr Organization">Badr Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Supreme_Council_of_Iraq" title="Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq">Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheibani_Network" title="Sheibani Network">Sheibani Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_of_Heaven" title="Soldiers of Heaven">Soldiers of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa%27ib_Ahl_al-Haq" title="Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq">Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Day_Brigade" title="Promised Day Brigade">Promised Day Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_Hezbollah" title="Kata'ib Hezbollah">Kata'ib Hezbollah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ba'ath loyalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fedayeen_Saddam" title="Fedayeen Saddam">Fedayeen Saddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">Al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Army_(Iraq)" title="Popular Army (Iraq)">Popular Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Abud_Network" title="Al-Abud Network">Al-Abud Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order" title="Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order">Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Command_for_Jihad_and_Liberation" title="Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation">Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Battles_and_operations719" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Battles and <a href="/wiki/List_of_coalition_military_operations_of_the_Iraq_War" title="List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War">operations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ancient_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Ancient Babylon">Ancient Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Catalyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Scorpion_(Iraq_2003)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Scorpion (Iraq 2003)">Desert Scorpion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Thrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Thrust">Desert Thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Falconer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iron_Hammer_(Iraq_2003)" title="Operation Iron Hammer (Iraq 2003)">Iron Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iron_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Iron Justice">Iron Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ivy_Blizzard" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Ivy Blizzard">Ivy Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northern_Delay" title="Operation Northern Delay">Northern Delay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Airborne_Dragon" title="Operation Airborne Dragon">Airborne Dragon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Panther_Squeeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Panther Squeeze">Panther Squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peninsula_Strike" title="Operation Peninsula Strike">Peninsula Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Planet_X" title="Operation Planet X">Planet X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Capture of Saddam Hussein">Capture of Saddam Hussein (Red Dawn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Telic" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Telic">Telic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samarra_(2004)" title="Battle of Samarra (2004)">Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bulldog_Mammoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Bulldog Mammoth">Bulldog Mammoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iron_Saber" title="Operation Iron Saber">Iron Saber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Second Battle of Fallujah">New Dawn (Al Fajr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Second Battle of Fallujah">Phantom Fury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phantom_Linebacker" title="Operation Phantom Linebacker">Phantom Linebacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Plymouth_Rock" title="Operation Plymouth Rock">Plymouth Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="First Battle of Fallujah">Vigilant Resolve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Warrior%27s_Rage" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Warrior's Rage">Warrior's Rage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Able_Rising_Force" title="Operation Able Rising Force">Able Rising Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Able_Warrior" title="Operation Able Warrior">Able Warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iron_Hammer_(Iraq_2005)" title="Operation Iron Hammer (Iraq 2005)">Iron Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Qa%27im_(2005)" title="Battle of Al-Qa'im (2005)">Matador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_New_Market" title="Operation New Market">New Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spear" title="Operation Spear">Spear (Romhe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Squeeze_Play" title="Operation Squeeze Play">Squeeze Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steel_Curtain" title="Operation Steel Curtain">Steel Curtain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Al_Majid" title="Operation Al Majid">Al Majid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gaugamela" title="Operation Gaugamela">Gaugamela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Guardian_Tiger_IV" title="Operation Guardian Tiger IV">Guardian Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iron_Triangle" title="Operation Iron Triangle">Iron Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_River_Falcon" title="Operation River Falcon">River Falcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sinbad" title="Operation Sinbad">Sinbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Swarmer" title="Operation Swarmer">Swarmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Together_Forward" title="Operation Together Forward">Together Forward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Alljah" title="Operation Alljah">Alljah</a></li> <li>Arbead II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ardennes" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Ardennes">Ardennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Black_Eagle" title="Operation Black Eagle">Black Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Commando_Eagle" title="Operation Commando Eagle">Commando Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Forsythe_Park" title="Operation Forsythe Park">Forsythe Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Imposing_Law" title="Operation Imposing Law">Imposing Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leyte_Gulf" title="Operation Leyte Gulf">Leyte Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Marne_Avalanche" title="Operation Marne Avalanche">Marne Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Marne_Torch" title="Operation Marne Torch">Marne Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mawtini" title="Operation Mawtini">Mawtini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phantom_Strike" title="Operation Phantom Strike">Phantom Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phantom_Thunder" title="Operation Phantom Thunder">Phantom Thunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Saber_Guardian" title="Operation Saber Guardian">Saber Guardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sledgehammer_(2007)" title="Operation Sledgehammer (2007)">Sledgehammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stampede_3" title="Operation Stampede 3">Stampede 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_Hammer" title="Operation Tiger Hammer">Tiger Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valiant_Guardian" title="Operation Valiant Guardian">Valiant Guardian (Harris Ba'sil)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Defeat_Al_Qaeda_in_the_North" title="Operation Defeat Al Qaeda in the North">Defeat Al Qaeda in the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Augurs_of_Prosperity" title="Operation Augurs of Prosperity">Augurs of Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phantom_Phoenix" title="Operation Phantom Phoenix">Phantom Phoenix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009–2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War#2010:_US_drawdown_and_Operation_New_Dawn" title="Iraq War">New Dawn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Invasion8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Invasion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Umm_Qasr" title="Battle of Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Faw_(2003)" title="Battle of Al Faw (2003)">Al Faw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basra_(2003)" title="Battle of Basra (2003)">Basra I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasiriyah" title="Battle of Nasiriyah">Nasiriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_attack_on_Karbala" title="2003 attack on Karbala">Karbala I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haditha_Dam" title="Battle of Haditha Dam">Haditha Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najaf_(2003)" title="Battle of Najaf (2003)">Najaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samawah_(2003)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Samawah (2003)">Samawah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala_(2003)" title="Battle of Karbala (2003)">Karbala II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Kut_(2003)" title="Battle of Al Kut (2003)">Al Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hillah_(2003)" title="Battle of Hillah (2003)">Hillah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Karbala_Gap_(2003)" title="Battle of the Karbala Gap (2003)">Karbala Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debecka_Pass" title="Battle of Debecka Pass">Debecka Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2003)" title="Battle of Baghdad (2003)">Baghdad I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majar_al-Kabir" title="Battle of Majar al-Kabir">Majar al-Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Offensive_(2003)" title="Ramadan Offensive (2003)">Ramadan Offensive</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Iraq_spring_fighting" title="2004 Iraq spring fighting">Spring fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_the_Karbala_City_Hall" title="Defense of the Karbala City Hall">Karbala City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="First Battle of Fallujah">Fallujah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sadr_City" title="Siege of Sadr City">Siege of Sadr City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramadi_(2004)" title="Battle of Ramadi (2004)">Ramadi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Good_Friday_ambush" title="2004 Good Friday ambush">Good Friday ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_International_Airport" title="Battle of Baghdad International Airport">Baghdad International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Husaybah_(2004)" title="Battle of Husaybah (2004)">Husaybah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Danny_Boy" title="Battle of Danny Boy">Danny Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najaf_(2004)" title="Battle of Najaf (2004)">Najaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_CIMIC_House" title="Battle of the CIMIC House">CIMIC House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samarra_(2004)" title="Battle of Samarra (2004)">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Second Battle of Fallujah">Fallujah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2004)" title="Battle of Mosul (2004)">Mosul</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tharthar_raid" title="Lake Tharthar raid">Lake Tharthar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abu_Ghraib" title="Battle of Abu Ghraib">Abu Ghraib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Qa%27im_(2005)" title="Battle of Al-Qa'im (2005)">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Hit_convoy_ambush" title="2005 Hit convoy ambush">Hit convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haditha" title="Battle of Haditha">Haditha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tal_Afar_(2005)" title="Battle of Tal Afar (2005)">Tal Afar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Battle of Baghdad (2006–2008)">Baghdad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramadi_(2006)" title="Battle of Ramadi (2006)">Ramadi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diwaniya" title="Battle of Diwaniya">Diwaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Rumaythah" title="Battle of Al Rumaythah">Al Rumaythah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amarah" title="Battle of Amarah">Amarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turki" title="Battle of Turki">Turki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haifa_Street" title="Battle of Haifa Street">Haifa Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbala_provincial_headquarters_raid" title="Karbala provincial headquarters raid">Karbala provincial HQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najaf_(2007)" title="Battle of Najaf (2007)">Najaf III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shurta_Nasir" title="Operation Shurta Nasir">Shurta Nasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basra_(2007)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Basra (2007)">Basra II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baqubah" title="Battle of Baqubah">Baqubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Route_Bismarck" title="Battle of Route Bismarck">Route Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Donkey_Island" title="Battle of Donkey Island">Donkey Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala_(2007)" title="Battle of Karbala (2007)">Karbala III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Iraq_spring_fighting" title="2008 Iraq spring fighting">Spring fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Iraqi_Day_of_Ashura_fighting" title="2008 Iraqi Day of Ashura fighting">Iraqi Day of Ashura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nineveh_campaign" title="2008 Nineveh campaign">Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basra_(2008)" title="Battle of Basra (2008)">Basra III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_al-Qaeda_offensive_in_Iraq" title="2008 al-Qaeda offensive in Iraq">Al-Qaeda offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009–2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Palm_Grove" title="Battle of the Palm Grove">Palm Grove</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_operations_in_northern_Iraq" title="List of Turkish operations in northern Iraq">Turkish incursions into northern Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2007_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="December 2007 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">2008</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Abu_Kamal_raid" title="2008 Abu Kamal raid">Abu Kamal raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="War_crimes719" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">War crimes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Occupation_forces231" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupation forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Killings and massacres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq#War_crimes_and_allegations" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">During the 2003 invasion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2003_journalist_killings_by_the_United_States" title="April 2003 journalist killings by the United States">U.S. killings of journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallujah_killings_of_April_2003" title="Fallujah killings of April 2003">Fallujah killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Nadhem_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Killing of Nadhem Abdullah">Killing of Nadhem Abdullah</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Muhamad_Husain_Kadir" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder of Muhamad Husain Kadir">Murder of Muhamad Husain Kadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukaradeeb_wedding_party_massacre" title="Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre">Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa_Street_helicopter_incident" title="Haifa Street helicopter incident">Haifa Street helicopter incident</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2005_Tal_Afar_shootings" title="January 2005 Tal Afar shootings">Tal Afar shootings</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra_prison_incident" title="Basra prison incident">Basra prison incident</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haditha_massacre" title="Haditha massacre">Haditha massacre</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmudiyah_rape_and_killings" title="Mahmudiyah rape and killings">Mahmudiyah rape and killings</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaqi_massacre" title="Ishaqi massacre">Ishaqi massacre</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Hatley#2006_Deployment_and_murder_allegations" title="John E. Hatley">Baghdad detainee killings</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdania_incident" title="Hamdania incident">Hamdania incident</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Moonen#Shooting_incident" title="Andrew J. Moonen">Iraqi bodyguard killing</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iron_Triangle" title="Operation Iron Triangle">Iron Triangle Murders</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_12,_2007,_Baghdad_airstrike" title="July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike">Baghdad airstrike</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisour_Square_massacre" title="Nisour Square massacre">Nisour Square massacre</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_documents_leak" title="Iraq War documents leak">Iraq War Logs</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus_munitions#Use_by_US_forces_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="White phosphorus munitions">Use of white phosphorus by the United States</a> (2004–05)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Torture and abuse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abu Ghraib prison</a> (2003–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Bucca" title="Camp Bucca">Camp Bucca</a> (2003–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Nama" title="Camp Nama">Camp Nama</a> (2003–04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balad_Air_Base#Structure" title="Balad Air Base">Balad Air Base</a> (2003–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Nagem_Hatab" title="Death of Nagem Hatab">Death of Nagem Hatab</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Baha_Mousa" title="Killing of Baha Mousa">Killing of Baha Mousa</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abed_Hamed_Mowhoush" title="Death of Abed Hamed Mowhoush">Death of Abed Hamed Mowhoush</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Manadel_al-Jamadi" title="Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi">Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Fashad_Mohamed" title="Death of Fashad Mohamed">Death of Fashad Mohamed</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">§ <a href="/wiki/List_of_bombings_during_the_Iraq_War" title="List of bombings during the Iraq War">Other killings and bombings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_bombing_of_Jordanian_embassy_in_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 bombing of Jordanian embassy in Baghdad">Jordanian embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Hotel_bombing" title="Canal Hotel bombing">Canal Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_mosque_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Ali mosque bombing">Imam Ali mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27_October_2003_Baghdad_bombings" title="27 October 2003 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad October 2003</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Erbil_bombings" title="2004 Erbil bombings">Erbil 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Ashura_massacre" title="2004 Ashura massacre">Ashura massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21_April_2004_Basra_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="21 April 2004 Basra bombings">Basra 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Mosul_bombings" title="2004 Mosul bombings">Mosul 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_attacks_on_churches_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 attacks on churches in Iraq">2004 church bombings</a></li> <li>Baghdad bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14_September_2004_Baghdad_bombing" title="14 September 2004 Baghdad bombing">14 September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_September_2004_Baghdad_bombing" title="30 September 2004 Baghdad bombing">30 September</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Karbala_and_Najaf_bombings" title="2004 Karbala and Najaf bombings">Karbala and Najaf bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Baqubah_bombing" title="2004 Baqubah bombing">Baqubah 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Kufa_mosque_bombing" title="2004 Kufa mosque bombing">Kufa mosque bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Al_Hillah_bombing" title="2005 Al Hillah bombing">Al Hillah 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Erbil_bombing" title="2005 Erbil bombing">Erbil 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Musayyib_bombing" title="2005 Musayyib bombing">Musayyib bombing</a></li> <li>Baghdad bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/17_August_2005_Baghdad_bombings" title="17 August 2005 Baghdad bombings">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_September_2005_Baghdad_bombings" title="14 September 2005 Baghdad bombings">September</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Balad_bombings" title="2005 Balad bombings">Balad 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Khanaqin_bombings" title="2005 Khanaqin bombings">Khanaqin bombings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5_January_2006_Iraq_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="5 January 2006 Iraq bombings">Karbala and Ramadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_al-Askari_mosque_bombing" title="2006 al-Askari mosque bombing">Al-Askari mosque 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buratha_mosque_bombing" title="Buratha mosque bombing">Buratha mosque bombing</a></li> <li>Sadr City bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_July_2006_Sadr_City_bombing" title="1 July 2006 Sadr City bombing">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23_November_2006_Sadr_City_bombings" title="23 November 2006 Sadr City bombings">November</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_Al-Jihad_massacre" title="Hayy Al-Jihad massacre">Hayy Al-Jihad massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustansiriya_University_bombings" title="Mustansiriya University bombings">Mustansiriya University</a></li> <li>Baghdad bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/22_January_2007_Baghdad_bombings" title="22 January 2007 Baghdad bombings">22 January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_February_2007_Baghdad_market_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="3 February 2007 Baghdad market bombing">3 February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_February_2007_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="12 February 2007 Baghdad bombings">12 February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18_February_2007_Baghdad_bombings" title="18 February 2007 Baghdad bombings">18 February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29_March_2007_Baghdad_bombings" title="29 March 2007 Baghdad bombings">29 March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18_April_2007_Baghdad_bombings" title="18 April 2007 Baghdad bombings">18 April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26_July_2007_Baghdad_market_bombing" title="26 July 2007 Baghdad market bombing">26 July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_August_2007_Baghdad_bombings" title="1 August 2007 Baghdad bombings">1 August</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Al_Hillah_bombings" title="2007 Al Hillah bombings">Al Hillah 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Tal_Afar_bombings_and_massacre" title="2007 Tal Afar bombings and massacre">Tal Afar 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Iraqi_Parliament_bombing" title="2007 Iraqi Parliament bombing">Iraqi Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Karbala_mosque_bombings" title="2007 Karbala mosque bombings">2007 Karbala mosque bombings</a></li> <li>Massacres of Yazidis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2007_Yazidi_massacre" title="April 2007 Yazidi massacre">April massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qahtaniyah_bombings" title="Qahtaniyah bombings">Qahtaniyah bombings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Makhmour_bombing" title="2007 Makhmour bombing">Makhmour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayda_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Sayda bombing">Abu Sayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_al-Askari_mosque_bombing" title="2007 al-Askari mosque bombing">Al-Askari mosque 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_al-Khilani_mosque_bombing" title="2007 al-Khilani mosque bombing">Al-Khilani mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Amirli_bombing" title="2007 Amirli bombing">Amirli bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Kirkuk_bombings" title="2007 Kirkuk bombings">Kirkuk 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Al_Amarah_bombings" title="2007 Al Amarah bombings">Al Amarah bombings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bagdad bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_February_2008_Baghdad_bombings" title="1 February 2008 Baghdad bombings">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6_March_2008_Baghdad_bombing" title="6 March 2008 Baghdad bombing">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_June_2008_Baghdad_bombing" title="17 June 2008 Baghdad bombing">June</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Balad_bombing" title="2008 Balad bombing">Balad 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Karbala_bombing" title="2008 Karbala bombing">Karbala 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Karmah_bombing" title="2008 Karmah bombing">Al-Karmah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Dujail_bombing" title="2008 Dujail bombing">Dujail bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Balad_Ruz_bombing" title="2008 Balad Ruz bombing">Balad Ruz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_attacks_on_Christians_in_Mosul" title="2008 attacks on Christians in Mosul">Attacks on Christians in Mosul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bagdad bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Baghdad_police_recruitment_centre_bombing" title="2009 Baghdad police recruitment centre bombing">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Baghdad_bombings" title="2009 Baghdad bombings">6 April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2009_Baghdad_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="June 2009 Baghdad bombing">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2009_Baghdad_bombings" title="August 2009 Baghdad bombings">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2009_Baghdad_bombings" title="October 2009 Baghdad bombings">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2009_Baghdad_bombings" title="December 2009 Baghdad bombings">December</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2009_Baghdad%E2%80%93Miqdadiyah_suicide_attacks" title="April 2009 Baghdad–Miqdadiyah suicide attacks">Baghdad–Miqdadiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Taza_bombing" title="2009 Taza bombing">Taza bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Kirkuk_bombing" title="2009 Kirkuk bombing">Kirkuk 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Tal_Afar_bombing" title="2009 Tal Afar bombing">Tal Afar 2009</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nationwide attacks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_May_2010_Iraq_attacks" title="10 May 2010 Iraq attacks">10 May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25_August_2010_Iraq_bombings" title="25 August 2010 Iraq bombings">25 August</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bagdad bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/25_January_2010_Baghdad_bombings" title="25 January 2010 Baghdad bombings">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_February_2010_Baghdad_bombing" title="1 February 2010 Baghdad bombing">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2010_Baghdad_bombings" title="April 2010 Baghdad bombings">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_August_2010_Baghdad_bombings" title="17 August 2010 Baghdad bombings">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_September_2010_Baghdad_bombings" title="19 September 2010 Baghdad bombings">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_November_2010_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="2 November 2010 Baghdad bombings">November</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Baqubah_bombings" title="2010 Baqubah bombings">Baqubah 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Baghdad_church_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Baghdad church massacre">Baghdad church massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nationwide attacks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2011_Iraq_suicide_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="January 2011 Iraq suicide attacks">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_2011_Iraq_attacks" title="15 August 2011 Iraq attacks">August</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bagdad bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/27_January_2011_Baghdad_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="27 January 2011 Baghdad bombing">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_August_2011_Baghdad_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="28 August 2011 Baghdad bombing">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2011_Baghdad_bombings" title="October 2011 Baghdad bombings">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24_January_2011_Iraq_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="24 January 2011 Iraq bombings">Arba'een bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tikrit_assault" title="2011 Tikrit assault">Tikrit assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Al_Hillah_bombing" title="2011 Al Hillah bombing">Al Hillah 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Samarra_bombing" title="2011 Samarra bombing">Samarra bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Al_Diwaniyah_bombing" title="2011 Al Diwaniyah bombing">Al Diwaniyah bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Taji_bombings" title="2011 Taji bombings">Taji bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Karbala_bombing" title="2011 Karbala bombing">Karbala 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Basra_bombings" title="2011 Basra bombings">Basra 2011</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other war crimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_raid_on_Camp_Ashraf" title="2011 raid on Camp Ashraf">Raid on Camp Ashraf (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq" title="Archaeological looting in Iraq">Archaeological looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_bombings_in_Iraq" title="Chlorine bombings in Iraq">Chlorine bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Brigade_(Iraq)#Human_rights_abuses" title="Wolf Brigade (Iraq)">Torture by the Wolf Brigade</a> (2004–2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prosecution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_International_Criminal_Court" title="United States and the International Criminal Court">United States and the International Criminal Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Service-Members%27_Protection_Act" title="American Service-Members' Protection Act">Hague Invasion Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_and_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="International Criminal Court and the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Prosecution for the 2003 invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abtan_v._Blackwater" title="Abtan v. Blackwater">Abtan v. Blackwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_v._Rumsfeld" title="Hamdan v. Rumsfeld">Hamdan v. Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_v._Bush" title="Saleh v. Bush">Saleh v. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taguba_Report" title="Taguba Report">Taguba Report</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>§ All attacks listed in this group were either committed by insurgents, or have unknown perpetrators</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact719" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Casualties of the Iraq War">Casualties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Body_Count_project" title="Iraq Body Count project">Iraq Body Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Family_Health_Survey" title="Iraq Family Health Survey">Iraq Family Health Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancet_surveys_of_Iraq_War_casualties" title="Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties">Lancet surveys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORB_survey_of_Iraq_War_casualties" title="ORB survey of Iraq War casualties">ORB survey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damage_to_Baghdad_during_the_Iraq_War" title="Damage to Baghdad during the Iraq War">Damage to Baghdad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Al-Aimmah_Bridge_disaster" title="2005 Al-Aimmah Bridge disaster">Al-Aimmah Bridge disaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Human rights in post-invasion Iraq">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_crises_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Humanitarian crises of the Iraq War">Humanitarian crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Iraq_cholera_outbreak" title="2007 Iraq cholera outbreak">2007 cholera outbreak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_cost_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Financial cost of the Iraq War">Financial cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_Iraq" title="Refugees of Iraq">Refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq#Iraq_War" title="Christianity in Iraq">Iraqi Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans#Modern_Iraq_and_Iran" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_academics_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Violence against academics in post-invasion Iraq">Violence against Iraqi academics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WMD_conjecture_in_the_aftermath_of_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="WMD conjecture in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Post-invasion WMD conjecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_leak" title="Iraq leak">Iraq scandal in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_Chicks_comments_on_George_W._Bush" title="Dixie Chicks comments on George W. Bush">Dixie Chicks comments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plame_affair" title="Plame affair">Plame affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_event" title="Hood event">Hood event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kelly_(weapons_expert)" title="David Kelly (weapons expert)">Death of David Kelly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutton_Inquiry" title="Hutton Inquiry">Hutton Inquiry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Angelo_dela_Cruz" title="Kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz">Kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Iraq_document_leak" title="2004 Iraq document leak">2004 document leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_bombing_memo" title="Al Jazeera bombing memo">Al Jazeera bombing memo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Thomas_Beauchamp_controversy" title="Scott Thomas Beauchamp controversy">Scott Thomas Beauchamp controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoveOn.org_ad_controversy" title="MoveOn.org ad controversy">MoveOn.org ad controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Days_in_Fallujah" title="Six Days in Fallujah">Six Days in Fallujah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Iraq_War" title="Canada and the Iraq War">Role of Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_resisters_in_Canada" title="Iraq War resisters in Canada">War resisters</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Investigations14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Investigations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Report_on_Iraqi_WMD_Intelligence" title="Senate Report on Iraqi WMD Intelligence">Senate Report on WMD Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Survey_Group" title="Iraq Survey Group">Duelfer Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Inquiry" title="Iraq Inquiry">Chilcot Inquiry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pre-war7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_prelude_to_the_Iraq_War" title="International reactions to the prelude to the Iraq War">Pre-war international reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuy_Voyne!" title="Khuy Voyne!">Khuy Voyne!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2003_Saddam_Hussein_interview" title="February 2003 Saddam Hussein interview">Saddam Hussein interview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="Views on the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Views on the invasion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_in_the_United_States_on_the_invasion_of_Iraq" title="Public opinion in the United States on the invasion of Iraq">U.S. public opinion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Opposition to the Iraq War">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Criticism of the Iraq War">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_and_the_Iraq_War" title="United Nations Security Council and the Iraq War">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah%27s_Anti-war_series" title="Oprah's Anti-war series">Oprah's Anti-war series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_map_pendant" title="Iraqi map pendant">Iraqi map pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Soldier:_Iraq_%26_Afghanistan" title="Winter Soldier: Iraq & Afghanistan">Winter Soldier: Iraq & Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_Op_(photomontage)" title="Photo Op (photomontage)">Photo Op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Responsible_Plan_to_End_the_War_in_Iraq" title="A Responsible Plan to End the War in Iraq">A Responsible Plan to End the War in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_shoe-throwing_incident" title="George W. Bush shoe-throwing incident">Bush shoe-throwing incident</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War" title="Protests against the Iraq War">Protests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween_2002_anti-war_protest" title="Halloween 2002 anti-war protest">Halloween 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_February_2003_anti-war_protests" title="15 February 2003 anti-war protests">February 15, 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_March_2003_anti-war_protest" title="20 March 2003 anti-war protest">March 20, 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bring_Them_Home_Now_Tour" title="Bring Them Home Now Tour">Bring Them Home Now Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_20,_2005_counter-inaugural_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="January 20, 2005 counter-inaugural protest">January 20, 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_24,_2005_anti-war_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="September 24, 2005 anti-war protest">September 24, 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_27,_2007_anti-war_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="January 27, 2007 anti-war protest">January 27, 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_17,_2007_anti-war_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="March 17, 2007 anti-war protest">March 17, 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Port_of_Tacoma_protests" title="2007 Port of Tacoma protests">2007 Port of Tacoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_15,_2007,_anti-war_protest" title="September 15, 2007, anti-war protest">September 15, 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_19,_2008_anti-war_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="March 19, 2008 anti-war protest">March 19, 2008</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath in Iraq</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_State#Jamāʻat_al-Tawḥīd_wa-al-Jihād_(1999–2004)" title="History of the Islamic State">The rise of ISIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Insurgency</a> (2011–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq</a> (2013–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">War against ISIL</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">U.S.-led intervention in Iraq</a> (2014–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Insurgency</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Miscellaneous719" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Miscellaneous</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outposts_of_tyranny" title="Outposts of tyranny">Outposts of tyranny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Saeed_al-Sahhaf" title="Muhammad Saeed al-Sahhaf">"Baghdad Bob"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid" title="Ali Hassan al-Majid">"Chemical Ali"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_willing_(Iraq_war)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition of the willing (Iraq war)">Coalition of the willing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_checking" title="Dead checking">Dead checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_journalism" title="Embedded journalism">Embedded journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_fries" title="Freedom fries">Freedom fries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedman_Unit" title="Friedman Unit">Friedman Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBU-43/B_MOAB" title="GBU-43/B MOAB">"Mother of All Bombs"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huda_Salih_Mahdi_Ammash" title="Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash">"Mrs. Anthrax"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Europe_and_New_Europe" title="Old Europe and New Europe">Old Europe and New Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">Regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Shock and awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_uranium_forgeries#"Sixteen_Words"_controversy_in_2003_State_of_the_Union" title="Niger uranium forgeries">"Sixteen Words"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gerson#Lines_attributed_to_Gerson" title="Michael Gerson">"Smoking gun / mushroom cloud"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Spangled_Ice_Cream" title="Star Spangled Ice Cream">Star Spangled Ice Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_reset" title="Strategic reset">Strategic reset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/There_are_unknown_unknowns" title="There are unknown unknowns">"There are unknown unknowns"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_of_Death_(Iraq)" title="Triangle of Death (Iraq)">Triangle of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo,_Blair" title="Yo, Blair">"Yo, Blair"</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Critical8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Critical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_arrogance" title="Global arrogance">Global arrogance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_totalitarianism" title="Inverted totalitarianism">Inverted totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_wrong_war,_at_the_wrong_place,_at_the_wrong_time#Iraq_War_usage" title="The wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time">"The wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Iraqi_Freedom_Memorial" title="Afghan–Iraqi Freedom Memorial">Afghan–Iraqi Freedom Memorial (Salem, Oregon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaheed_Monument" title="Al-Shaheed Monument">Al-Shaheed Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_Afghanistan_Memorial" title="Iraq and Afghanistan Memorial">Iraq and Afghanistan Memorial (London)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwood_Gratitude_and_Honor_Memorial" title="Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial">Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_North_Memorial_Garden" title="Old North Memorial Garden">Old North Memorial Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saving_Iraqi_Culture" title="Saving Iraqi Culture">Saving Iraqi Culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_of_the_Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of assassinations of the Iraq War">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aviation_shootdowns_and_accidents_during_the_Iraq_War" title="List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Iraq War">Aviation shootdowns and accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bombings_during_the_Iraq_War" title="List of bombings during the Iraq War">Bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coalition_military_operations_of_the_Iraq_War" title="List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War">Coalition military operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iraq_War_documentaries" title="List of Iraq War documentaries">Documentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iraqi_security_forces_fatality_reports_in_Iraq" title="List of Iraqi security forces fatality reports in Iraq">Iraqi security forces fatality reports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most-wanted_Iraqi_playing_cards" title="Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards">Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_private_contractor_deaths_in_Iraq" title="List of private contractor deaths in Iraq">Private contractor deaths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Timeline of the Iraq War">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_Iraq" title="2003 in Iraq">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_in_Iraq" title="2004 in Iraq">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_Iraq" title="2005 in Iraq">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_Iraq" title="2006 in Iraq">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Iraq" title="2007 in Iraq">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_Iraq" title="2008 in Iraq">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_Iraq" title="2009 in Iraq">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_Iraq" title="2010 in Iraq">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_Iraq" title="2011 in Iraq">2011</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related719" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Manning" title="Chelsea Manning">Chelsea Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_black_sites" title="CIA black sites">CIA black sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">Efforts to impeach George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">"Enhanced interrogation techniques"</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_the_United_States" title="Torture in the United States">Torture in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">Extraordinary rendition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zone" title="Green Zone">Green Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident" title="Gulf of Tonkin incident">Gulf of Tonkin incident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Resolution" title="Gulf of Tonkin Resolution">Resolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrodollar_recycling#Petrodollar_warfare" title="Petrodollar recycling">Petrodollar warfare theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-9/11" title="Post-9/11">Post-9/11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Iraq_War:_A_Historiography_of_Wikipedia_Changelogs" title="The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs">The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilateralism" title="Unilateralism">Unilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="United States foreign policy in the Middle East">U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_archives" title="Ba'ath Party archives">Ba'ath Party archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Outline of the Iraq War">Outline</a> / <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iraq_War" title="Category:Iraq War">Category</a> / <a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Iraq_War" class="extiw" title="n:Iraq War">Wikinews</a> / <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iraq_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iraq War">Multimedia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_on_terror565" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_on_terror" title="Template:War on terror"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_on_terror" title="Template talk:War on terror"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_on_terror" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War on terror"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_on_terror565" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2011%E2%80%932016)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–2011) (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Withdrawal</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">ISAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participants_in_Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_bin_Laden" title="Hamza bin Laden">Hamza bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani" title="Jalaluddin Haqqani">Jalaluddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Haqqani" title="Anas Haqqani">Anas Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Haqqani" title="Khalil Haqqani">Khalil Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Saeed" title="Hafiz Saeed">Hafiz Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mohamed_Ahmed_Bahaziq" title="Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq">Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Jihad_al-Islami" title="Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami">Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiyah" title="Jemaah Islamiyah">Jemaah Islamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan" title="Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan">Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Philippines" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines">OEF – Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Train_and_Equip_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Train and Equip Program">Georgia Train and Equip Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Sustainment_and_Stability_Operations_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Sustainment and Stability Operations Program">Georgia Sustainment and Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">OEF – Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Juniper_Shield" title="Operation Juniper Shield">OEF – Trans Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">Drone strikes in Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Active_Endeavour" title="Operation Active Endeavour">Operation Active Endeavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi" title="Operation Linda Nchi">Operation Linda Nchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Terrorism in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">2007 Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_Memos" title="Torture Memos">Torture Memos</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006" title="Military Commissions Act of 2006">Military Commissions Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2009" title="Military Commissions Act of 2009">Military Commissions Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Surveillance_Program" title="President's Surveillance Program">President's Surveillance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protect_America_Act_of_2007" title="Protect America Act of 2007">Protect America Act of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_Surveillance_Program" title="Terrorist Surveillance Program">Terrorist Surveillance Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant_Status_Review_Tribunal" title="Combatant Status Review Tribunal">Combatant Status Review Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">Criticism of the war on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_black_sites" title="CIA black sites">CIA black sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri">Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">Enhanced interrogation techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_prisoners_of_the_United_States" title="Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States">Extrajudicial prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">Extraordinary rendition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Noble_Eagle" title="Operation Noble Eagle">Operation Noble Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Assist" title="Operation Eagle Assist">Operation Eagle Assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)">Situation Room photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsors of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposition_Matrix" title="Disposition Matrix">Targeted killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killing_in_International_Law" title="Targeted Killing in International Law">Targeted Killing in International Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killings" title="Targeted Killings">Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage_(organisation)" title="Cage (organisation)">CAGE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:War_on_terror" title="Category:War on terror">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror" class="extiw" title="commons:War on terror">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Controversies_surrounding_people_captured_during_the_War_on_Terror370" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Controversies_surrounding_people_captured_during_the_War_on_Terror" title="Template:Controversies surrounding people captured during the War on Terror"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Controversies_surrounding_people_captured_during_the_War_on_Terror" title="Template talk:Controversies surrounding people captured during the War on Terror"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Controversies_surrounding_people_captured_during_the_War_on_Terror" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Controversies surrounding people captured during the War on Terror"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Controversies_surrounding_people_captured_during_the_War_on_Terror370" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Controversies surrounding people captured during the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp_suicide_attempts" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp suicide attempts">Suicide attempts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_at_Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Human rights violations at Guantánamo Bay detention camp">Human rights violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Quran_desecration_controversy" title="2005 Quran desecration controversy">Quran desecration controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott_of_Guantanamo_Military_Commissions" title="Boycott of Guantanamo Military Commissions">Boycott of military tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_former_Guantanamo_Bay_detainees_alleged_to_have_returned_to_terrorism" title="Lists of former Guantanamo Bay detainees alleged to have returned to terrorism">Former captives alleged to have (re)joined insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_hunger_strikes" title="Guantanamo Bay hunger strikes">Hunger strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_force_feeding" title="Guantanamo force feeding">Force feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_homicide_accusations" title="Guantanamo Bay homicide accusations">Homicide accusations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_juveniles_held_at_the_Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="List of juveniles held at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Juvenile prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seton_Hall_reports" title="Seton Hall reports">Seton Hall reports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_site" title="Black site">black site</a> operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">Enhanced interrogation techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_detainee" title="Ghost detainee">Ghost detainees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterboarding" title="Waterboarding">Waterboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_CIA_interrogation_videotapes_destruction" title="2005 CIA interrogation videotapes destruction">Destruction of interrogation tapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_torture_in_the_war_on_terror" title="Music torture in the war on terror">Music torture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Prison and detainee abuse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abu Ghraib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagram_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Bagram torture and prisoner abuse">Bagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Afghan_detainee_issue" title="Canadian Afghan detainee issue">Canadian Afghan detainee issue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_jail" title="Black jail">Black jail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Pit" title="Salt Pit">Salt Pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Jessen" title="Bruce Jessen">Bruce Jessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Elmer_Mitchell" title="James Elmer Mitchell">James Elmer Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2005_Afghan_captive_incident" title="July 2005 Afghan captive incident">Operating Base Ripley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prison_escape" title="Prison escape">Prison uprisings and escapes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qala-i-Jangi" title="Battle of Qala-i-Jangi">Battle of Qala-i-Jangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abu_Ghraib" title="Battle of Abu Ghraib">Battle of Abu Ghraib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarposa_prison_attack_of_2008" title="Sarposa prison attack of 2008">2008 Sarposa Prison mass escape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra_prison_incident" title="Basra prison incident">Basra prison incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_War_prisoner_escapes" title="Afghan War prisoner escapes">Afghan escapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Iraq_prisoner_escapes" title="Invasion of Iraq prisoner escapes">Iraqi escapes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Deaths in custody</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilawar_(torture_victim)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilawar (torture victim)">Dilawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Nasser" title="Jamal Nasser">Jamal Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abdul_Wahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Abdul Wahid">Abdul Wahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habibullah_(Bagram_detainee)" title="Habibullah (Bagram detainee)">Habibullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abed_Hamed_Mowhoush" class="mw-redirect" title="Abed Hamed Mowhoush">Abed Hamed Mowhoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Manadel_al-Jamadi" title="Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi">Manadel al-Jamadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagem_Hatab" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagem Hatab">Nagem Hatab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Baha_Mousa" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Baha Mousa">Baha Mousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashad_Mohamed" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashad Mohamed">Fashad Mohamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zaidan" title="Muhammad Zaidan">Muhammad Zaidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gul_Rahman" title="Gul Rahman">Gul Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abdul_Wali" title="Death of Abdul Wali">Abdul Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-i-Leili_massacre" title="Dasht-i-Leili massacre">Dasht-i-Leili massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Tortured</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zubaydah" title="Abu Zubaydah">Abu Zubaydah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamedou_Ould_Salahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamedou Ould Salahi">Mohamedou Ould Salahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Qahtani" title="Mohammed al-Qahtani">Mohammed al-Qahtani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed" title="Khalid Sheikh Mohammed">Khalid Sheikh Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahim_al-Nashiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri">Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binyam_Mohamed" title="Binyam Mohamed">Binyam Mohamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_El-Masri" title="Khalid El-Masri">Khalid El-Masri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">Forced disappearances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Shaykh_al-Libi" title="Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi">Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdu_Ali_al_Haji_Sharqawi" title="Abdu Ali al Haji Sharqawi">Abdu Ali al Haji Sharqawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Omar_Abdel-Rahman" title="Mohammed Omar Abdel-Rahman">Mohammed Omar Abdel-Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Mahmood_(detainee)" title="Tariq Mahmood (detainee)">Tariq Mahmood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ghul" title="Hassan Ghul">Hassan Ghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musaad_Aruchi" title="Musaad Aruchi">Musaad Aruchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwa_Abdul_Rahman_Rashul" title="Hiwa Abdul Rahman Rashul">Hiwa Abdul Rahman Rashul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Reports and legal developments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryder_Report_(Detention_and_Corrections_in_Iraq)" title="Ryder Report (Detention and Corrections in Iraq)">Ryder Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fay_Report" title="Fay Report">Fay Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taguba_Report" title="Taguba Report">Taguba Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Report">Church Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detainee_Treatment_Act" title="Detainee Treatment Act">Detainee Treatment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_v._Rumsfeld" title="Hamdan v. Rumsfeld">Hamdan v. Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006" title="Military Commissions Act of 2006">Military Commissions Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques#Senate_Armed_Services_Committee_report" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">Senate Armed Services Committee Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Intelligence_Committee_report_on_CIA_torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture">Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Related media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Guant%C3%A1namo" title="The Road to Guantánamo">The Road to Guantánamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi_to_the_Dark_Side" title="Taxi to the Dark Side">Taxi to the Dark Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Operating_Procedure_(film)" title="Standard Operating Procedure (film)">Standard Operating Procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torturing_Democracy" title="Torturing Democracy">Torturing Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_Combatant_(book)" title="Enemy Combatant (book)">Enemy Combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Report_(2019_film)" title="The Report (2019 film)">The Report</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abuse66" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abuse" title="Template:Abuse"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abuse" title="Template talk:Abuse"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abuse" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abuse"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abuse66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse" title="Abuse">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">Anti-social behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_abuse" title="Disability abuse">Disability abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_draft" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability draft">military draft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_financial_abuse" title="Elder financial abuse">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_marriage" title="Predatory marriage">Marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incivility" title="Incivility">Incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Institutional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Religious abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_abuse" title="Social abuse">Social abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Substance abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">Alcohol abuse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_abuse" title="Surveillance abuse">Surveillance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpire_abuse" title="Umpire abuse">Referee and umpire abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse" title="Abuse">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">Abuse of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Complex post-traumatic stress disorder">Complex post-traumatic stress disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">Destabilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-world hypothesis">Just-world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie" title="Lie">Lying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">Manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)" title="Minimisation (psychology)">Minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_the_victim" title="Playing the victim">Playing the victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">Psychological trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">Psychopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)" title="Rationalization (psychology)">Rationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_bonding" title="Traumatic bonding">Traumatic bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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