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</a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eugenia Charles</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2" title="أوجينيا تشارلز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوجينيا تشارلز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7" title="Юджынія Чарлз – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Юджынія Чарлз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Charles" title="Eugenia Charles – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Eugenia Charles" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Charles" title="Eugenia Charles – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eugenia Charles" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Eugenia_Charles" title="Mary Eugenia Charles – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mary Eugenia Charles" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Charles" title="Eugenia Charles – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eugenia Charles" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Charles" title="Eugenia Charles – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eugenia Charles" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Charles" title="Eugenia Charles – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eugenia Charles" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2" title="یوجینیا چارلز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوجینیا چارلز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Charles" title="Eugenia Charles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eugenia Charles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A7%80%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="유지니아 찰스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유지니아 찰스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Charles" title="Eugenia Charles – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eugenia Charles" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Charles" title="Eugenia Charles – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Eugenia Charles" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Charles" title="Eugenia Charles – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eugenia Charles" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Charles" title="Eugenia Charles – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eugenia Charles" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Charles" title="Eugenia Charles – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eugenia Charles" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1" title="יוג'יניה צ'ארלס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוג'יניה צ'ארלס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Charles" title="Eugenia Charles – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Eugenia Charles" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Charles" title="Eugenia Charles – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eugenia Charles" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA" title="ユージェニア・チャールズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユージェニア・チャールズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Charles" title="Eugenia Charles – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eugenia Charles" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Charles" title="Eugenia Charles – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eugenia Charles" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Charles" title="Eugenia Charles – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eugenia Charles" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7,_%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чарлз, Юджиния – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чарлз, Юджиния" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Charles" title="Eugenia Charles – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eugenia Charles" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%B5%D8%B2" title="یوجینیا چارڵز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یوجینیا چارڵز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Charles" title="Eugenia Charles – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eugenia Charles" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Charles" title="Eugenia Charles – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eugenia Charles" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Charles" title="Eugenia Charles – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eugenia Charles" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Charles" title="Eugenia Charles – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eugenia Charles" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7" title="Юджинія Чарлз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юджинія Чарлз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Charles" title="Eugenia Charles – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Eugenia Charles" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E9%87%91%E5%A6%AE%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="尤金妮亚·查尔斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尤金妮亚·查尔斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q258685#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Eugenia Charles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Eugenia_Charles_at_the_United_Nations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Eugenia_Charles_at_the_United_Nations.jpg/220px-Eugenia_Charles_at_the_United_Nations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Eugenia_Charles_at_the_United_Nations.jpg/330px-Eugenia_Charles_at_the_United_Nations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Eugenia_Charles_at_the_United_Nations.jpg/440px-Eugenia_Charles_at_the_United_Nations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="879" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Charles in 1985</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Dominica" title="Prime Minister of Dominica">Prime Minister of Dominica</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />21 July 1980 – 14 June 1995</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Marie" title="Aurelius Marie">Aurelius Marie</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Seignoret" title="Clarence Seignoret">Clarence Seignoret</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Crispin_Sorhaindo" title="Crispin Sorhaindo">Crispin Sorhaindo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Moise" title="Anthony Moise">Anthony Moise</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maynard_(Dominican_politician)" title="Charles Maynard (Dominican politician)">Charles Maynard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Seraphin" title="Oliver Seraphin">Oliver Seraphin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edison_James" title="Edison James">Edison James</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roseau_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roseau Central (page does not exist)">Roseau Central</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 March 1975 – 14 June 1995</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Savarin" title="Charles Savarin">Charles Savarin</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1919-05-15</span>)</span>15 May 1919<br /><a href="/wiki/Pointe_Michel" title="Pointe Michel">Pointe Michel</a>, Dominica</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 September 2005<span style="display:none">(2005-09-06)</span> (aged 86)<br /><a href="/wiki/Fort-de-France" title="Fort-de-France">Fort-de-France</a>, Martinique</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dominica_Freedom_Party" title="Dominica Freedom Party">Freedom Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a><br /><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mary Eugenia Charles</b> (15 May 1919 – 6 September 2005) was a Dominican politician who was <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Dominica" title="Prime Minister of Dominica">Prime Minister of Dominica</a> from 21 July 1980 until 14 June 1995. The first female lawyer in Dominica, she was Dominica's first, and to date only, female prime minister. She was the second female prime minister in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> after <a href="/wiki/Lucina_da_Costa_Gomez-Matheeuws" title="Lucina da Costa Gomez-Matheeuws">Lucina da Costa</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a>. She was the first female in the Americas to be elected in her own right as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. She served for the second longest period of any Dominican prime minister, and was the world's fourth longest-serving female prime minister, behind <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina" title="Sheikh Hasina">Sheikh Hasina</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike" title="Sirimavo Bandaranaike">Sirimavo Bandaranaike</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She was also described as the "Iron Lady of the Caribbean."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenia_Charles&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eugenia Charles was born on 15 May 1919, in the fishing village of <a href="/wiki/Pointe_Michel" title="Pointe Michel">Pointe Michel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Luke_Parish,_Dominica" title="Saint Luke Parish, Dominica">Saint Luke Parish</a>, Dominica. She was the daughter of John Baptiste Charles and Josephine Charles (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a></span> Delauney),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the youngest of four children.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her family was considered part of the "coloured bourgeoisie", descendants of <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a>. Her father was a mason who became a wealthy landowner and had business interests in export-import.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She attended the Convent High School in <a href="/wiki/Roseau" title="Roseau">Roseau</a>, Dominica, which was then the island's only girls' secondary school, and St Joseph's Convent in Grenada.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterward Charles became interested in law while working at the colonial magistrate's court.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She worked for many years as assistant to <a href="/wiki/Alastair_Forbes" title="Alastair Forbes">Alastair Forbes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> in Canada, receiving her <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LL.B.</a> in 1947. She then moved to the United Kingdom to attend the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, where she earned her <a href="/wiki/LL.M." class="mw-redirect" title="LL.M.">LL.M.</a> in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was a member of the sorority <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Gamma_Rho" title="Sigma Gamma Rho">Sigma Gamma Rho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She trained as a <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Temple" title="Inner Temple">Inner Temple</a> and was <a href="/wiki/Call_to_the_bar" title="Call to the bar">called to the bar</a> in London in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She passed the bar and returned to Dominica, where she became the island's first female lawyer. She established a practice specializing in property law.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She served as President of the Dominica Bar Association during the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also worked as a director of the Dominican Cooperative Bank, which had been established by her father, and instituted the country's first student loan scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles never married nor had children. In 1991, she was made a Dame Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenia_Charles&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Eugenia_Charles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/President_Ronald_Reagan_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Eugenia_Charles.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Eugenia_Charles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/President_Ronald_Reagan_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Eugenia_Charles.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Eugenia_Charles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/President_Ronald_Reagan_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Eugenia_Charles.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Eugenia_Charles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2647" /></a><figcaption>Charles meets with American President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in the White House's <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> about ongoing events in <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Charles began campaigning in politics during the 1960s against restrictions on press freedom. She wrote anonymous newspaper columns for <i>The Herald</i> and <i>The Star</i> criticising the <a href="/wiki/Dominica_Labour_Party" title="Dominica Labour Party">Dominica Labour Party</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, she became involved in the Freedom Fighters, an advocacy group which opposed the Seditious and Undesirable Publications Act.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1968, the group merged with the National Democratic Movement of Dominica to become the <a href="/wiki/Dominica_Freedom_Party" title="Dominica Freedom Party">Dominica Freedom Party</a> (DFP). The party held its first convention in June 1969 and Charles was appointed as its leader, a position she would hold until 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles contested the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roseau_North_(Dominica_constituency)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roseau North (Dominica constituency) (page does not exist)">Roseau North</a> seat in the <a href="/wiki/1970_Dominican_general_election" title="1970 Dominican general election">1970 general election</a> but lost to <a href="/wiki/Patrick_John" title="Patrick John">Patrick John</a>. She was elected to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Dominica" title="House of Assembly of Dominica">House of Assembly</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1975_Dominican_general_election" title="1975 Dominican general election">1975 general election</a>, representing the constituency of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roseau_Central_(Dominica_constituency)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roseau Central (Dominica constituency) (page does not exist)">Roseau Central</a> and became the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Dominica)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Dominica)">Leader of the Opposition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles was a delegate at the 1977 constitutional conference at <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_House" title="Marlborough House">Marlborough House</a> in London and actively supported Dominica gaining full independence from British rule in 1978. In 1979, she was a member of the Committee for National Salvation, which created an interim government after the resignation of Patrick John.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prime_minister">Prime minister</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenia_Charles&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prime minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eugenia_Charles_(full).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Eugenia_Charles_%28full%29.jpg/170px-Eugenia_Charles_%28full%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Eugenia_Charles_%28full%29.jpg/255px-Eugenia_Charles_%28full%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Eugenia_Charles_%28full%29.jpg/340px-Eugenia_Charles_%28full%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="1461" /></a><figcaption>Charles in Grenada in 1986</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles became prime minister when the DFP swept the <a href="/wiki/1980_Dominican_general_election" title="1980 Dominican general election">1980 general election</a>, the party's first electoral victory.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She took over from <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Seraphin" title="Oliver Seraphin">Oliver Seraphin</a>, who had taken over only the year before, when mass protests had forced the country's first prime minister, Patrick John, to step down from office. Her first term was focused on rebuilding infrastructure and disaster management as <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_David" title="Hurricane David">Hurricane David</a> had hit Dominica on 29 August 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She additionally served as Dominica's <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Dominica)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Dominica)">Foreign Minister</a> from 1980 to 1990,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Dominica)" title="Minister of Finance (Dominica)">Minister of Finance</a> from 1980 to 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States" title="Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States</a> (OECS).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981, she faced two attempted <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coups d'état</a>. That year <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Newton" title="Frederick Newton">Frederick Newton</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Dominica" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Dominica">Military of Dominica</a>, organised an attack on the police headquarters in Roseau, resulting in the death of a police officer.<sup id="cite_ref-coup_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coup-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newton and five other soldiers were found guilty in the attack and sentenced to death in 1983. The sentences of the five accomplices were later commuted to life in prison, but Newton was executed in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-coup_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coup-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981, a group of Canadian and American mercenaries, mostly affiliated with <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> groups, planned a coup to restore former Prime Minister Patrick John to power. The attempt, which the conspirators codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Red_Dog" title="Operation Red Dog">Operation Red Dog</a>, was thwarted by American federal agents in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans, Louisiana</a>. It was soon facetiously dubbed the "Bayou of Pigs", referring to the failed <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a> years before in Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles became more widely known to the outside world for her role in the lead-up to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States Invasion of Grenada</a> on 25 October 1983. In the wake of the arrest and execution of Grenadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bishop" title="Maurice Bishop">Maurice Bishop</a>, Charles, then serving as chair of the OECS, appealed to the United States, Jamaica, and Barbados for intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She appeared on television with U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, supporting the invasion. Journalist <a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Bob Woodward</a> reported that the U.S. paid millions of dollars to the Dominica government, some of which was regarded by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> as a "payoff", for Charles's support of the intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She was re-elected in the <a href="/wiki/1985_Dominican_general_election" title="1985 Dominican general election">1985 general election</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1990_Dominican_general_election" title="1990 Dominican general election">1990 general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles and her party were considered conservative by Caribbean standards. However, American observers considered many of her policies to be centrist or even leftist; for instance, she supported some social welfare programmes. Other issues that were important to her were anti-corruption laws and individual freedom.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (April 2017)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> For her uncompromising stance on this and other issues, she became known as the "Iron Lady of the Caribbean" (after the original "Iron Lady", <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years_and_death">Later years and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenia_Charles&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later years and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With popularity declining during her third term, Charles retired in 1995. The DFP subsequently lost the <a href="/wiki/1995_Dominican_general_election" title="1995 Dominican general election">1995 general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After retiring, Charles undertook speaking engagements in the United States and abroad. She became involved in former U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center">Carter Center</a>, which promotes human rights and observes elections to encourage fairness. </p><p>On 30 August 2005, Charles entered a hospital in <a href="/wiki/Fort-de-France" title="Fort-de-France">Fort-de-France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Hip_replacement" title="Hip replacement">hip-replacement</a> surgery. She died from a <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a> on 6 September, at the age of 86.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was buried in <a href="/wiki/Pointe_Michel" title="Pointe Michel">Pointe Michel</a> on 14 September.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenia_Charles&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_women_lawyers_around_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="First women lawyers around the world">First women lawyers around the world</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenia_Charles&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200821070311/https://london.ac.uk/eugenia-charles">"Eugenia Charles"</a>. University of London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://london.ac.uk/eugenia-charles">the original</a> on 21 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eugenia+Charles&rft.pub=University+of+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flondon.ac.uk%2Feugenia-charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenia+Charles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdition_20052003" class="citation news cs1">Edition 2005 (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eugenia-Charles">"Eugenia Charles – prime minister of Dominica"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Eugenia+Charles+%E2%80%93+prime+minister+of+Dominica&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Edition+2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FEugenia-Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenia+Charles" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/09/obituaries/eugenia-charles-86-is-dead-expremier-of-dominica-called-iron.html">"Eugenia Charles, 86, Is Dead; Ex-Premier of Dominica, Called 'Iron Lady'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 9 September 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Eugenia+Charles%2C+86%2C+Is+Dead%3B+Ex-Premier+of+Dominica%2C+Called+%27Iron+Lady%27&rft.date=2005-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F09%2F09%2Fobituaries%2Feugenia-charles-86-is-dead-expremier-of-dominica-called-iron.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenia+Charles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sR4Ch1dMe8IC&q=charles+eugenia+international+whos+who+2004&pg=PA302"><i>The International Who's Who 2004</i></a>. Psychology Press. 2003. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-217-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-217-6"><bdi>978-1-85743-217-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Who%27s+Who+2004&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-217-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsR4Ch1dMe8IC%26q%3Dcharles%2Beugenia%2Binternational%2Bwhos%2Bwho%2B2004%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenia+Charles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-96671">"Charles, Dame (Mary) Eugenia (1919–2005), prime minister of Dominica"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F96671">10.1093/ref:odnb/96671</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861412-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles%2C+Dame+%28Mary%29+Eugenia+%281919%E2%80%932005%29%2C+prime+minister+of+Dominica&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F96671&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-96671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenia+Charles" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSecretariat1999" class="citation book cs1">Secretariat, Commonwealth (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3_7kSP6mH7QC"><i>Women in Politics: Voices from the Commonwealth</i></a>. Commonwealth Secretariat. pp. 50–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85092-569-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85092-569-2"><bdi>978-0-85092-569-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Politics%3A+Voices+from+the+Commonwealth&rft.pages=50-52&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Secretariat&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-85092-569-2&rft.aulast=Secretariat&rft.aufirst=Commonwealth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3_7kSP6mH7QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenia+Charles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obit-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obit_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattullo2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Polly_Pattullo" title="Polly Pattullo">Pattullo, Polly</a> (8 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/sep/08/guardianobituaries.pollypattullo">"Obituary: Dame Eugenia Charles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Dame+Eugenia+Charles&rft.date=2005-09-08&rft.aulast=Pattullo&rft.aufirst=Polly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2Fsep%2F08%2Fguardianobituaries.pollypattullo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenia+Charles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1337025/Sir-Alastair-Forbes.html">"Sir Alastair Forbes"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 11 August 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Sir+Alastair+Forbes&rft.date=2001-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F1337025%2FSir-Alastair-Forbes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenia+Charles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/law/centenary/people/eugenia-charles.aspx">"Hon Dame Eugenia Charles (LLM, 1949)"</a>. <i>London School of Economics and Political Science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Hon+Dame+Eugenia+Charles+%28LLM%2C+1949%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Flaw%2Fcentenary%2Fpeople%2Feugenia-charles.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenia+Charles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomes2018" class="citation web cs1">Gomes, Sonia (21 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsehistory/2018/03/21/eugeniacharles/">"Eugenia Charles – DBE, Iron Lady and Mamo"</a>. <i>LSE History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LSE+History&rft.atitle=Eugenia+Charles+%E2%80%93+DBE%2C+Iron+Lady+and+Mamo&rft.date=2018-03-21&rft.aulast=Gomes&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lse.ac.uk%2Flsehistory%2F2018%2F03%2F21%2Feugeniacharles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenia+Charles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2019" class="citation web cs1">Grant, Teddy (12 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebony.com/news/5-sigma-gamma-rho-inc-members-in-politics/">"5 Sigma Gamma Rho, Inc. Members in Politics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)" title="Ebony (magazine)">EBONY</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EBONY&rft.atitle=5+Sigma+Gamma+Rho%2C+Inc.+Members+in+Politics&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Teddy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebony.com%2Fnews%2F5-sigma-gamma-rho-inc-members-in-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenia+Charles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3cJNAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Commonwealth Caribbean Law List, 1976</i></a>. Organisation of Commonwealth Caribbean Bar Associations. 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commonwealth+Caribbean+Law+List%2C+1976&rft.pub=Organisation+of+Commonwealth+Caribbean+Bar+Associations&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3cJNAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenia+Charles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EzFsAAAAMAAJ"><i>Bulletin of Eastern Caribbean Affairs</i></a>. University of West Indies. 1975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulletin+of+Eastern+Caribbean+Affairs&rft.pub=University+of+West+Indies&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEzFsAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenia+Charles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2013" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Lawrence (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nbGcAQAAQBAJ&q=eugenia+charles+pulmonary&pg=PA210"><i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2005–2008</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967154-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967154-0"><bdi>978-0-19-967154-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography+2005%E2%80%932008&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967154-0&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnbGcAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Deugenia%2Bcharles%2Bpulmonary%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenia+Charles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xwdaAAAAYAAJ&q=key+portfolios"><i>Current Biography Yearbook</i></a>. H. W. Wilson Co. 1 January 1986. p. 89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Current+Biography+Yearbook&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=H.+W.+Wilson+Co.&rft.date=1986-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxwdaAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dkey%2Bportfolios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenia+Charles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/general/dominica-freedom-party-remembers-dame-eugenia-charles/">"Dominica Freedom Party remembers Dame Eugenia Charles"</a>. <i>dominicanewsonline.com/</i>. 7 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dominicanewsonline.com%2F&rft.atitle=Dominica+Freedom+Party+remembers+Dame+Eugenia+Charles&rft.date=2011-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdominicanewsonline.com%2Fnews%2Fhomepage%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2Fdominica-freedom-party-remembers-dame-eugenia-charles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenia+Charles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610033648/http://www.caricom.org/jsp/projects/personalities/dame_mary.jsp?menu=projects">"Dame Mary Eugenia Charles"</a>. <i>Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Secretariat</i>. 10 June 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caricom.org/jsp/projects/personalities/dame_mary.jsp?menu=projects">the original</a> on 10 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caribbean+Community+%28CARICOM%29+Secretariat&rft.atitle=Dame+Mary+Eugenia+Charles&rft.date=2007-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caricom.org%2Fjsp%2Fprojects%2Fpersonalities%2Fdame_mary.jsp%3Fmenu%3Dprojects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenia+Charles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coup-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coup_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coup_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/09/world/around-the-world-ex-commander-hanged-for-dominica-coup-role.html">"Ex-Commander Hanged For Dominica Coup Role"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 9 August 1986<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-Commander+Hanged+For+Dominica+Coup+Role&rft.date=1986-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F08%2F09%2Fworld%2Faround-the-world-ex-commander-hanged-for-dominica-coup-role.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenia+Charles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrask2011" class="citation book cs1">Crask, Paul (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UNUSbvkWDP0C&q=eugenia+charles+bayou&pg=PA15"><i>Dominica</i></a>. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-356-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-356-6"><bdi>978-1-84162-356-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dominica&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-356-6&rft.aulast=Crask&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUNUSbvkWDP0C%26q%3Deugenia%2Bcharles%2Bbayou%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenia+Charles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodward, Bob, <i>Veil: the Secret Wars of the CIA 1981–1987</i>, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987, pp. 290, 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vb0DAAAAMBAJ&q=eugenia+charles+died&pg=PA17">"Eugenia Charles, Pioneering Dominica Leader Known As 'Iron Lady', Succumbs At 86"</a>. <i>Jet</i>. Johnson Publishing Company: 17. 10 October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jet&rft.atitle=Eugenia+Charles%2C+Pioneering+Dominica+Leader+Known+As+%27Iron+Lady%27%2C+Succumbs+At+86&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2005-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVb0DAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Deugenia%2Bcharles%2Bdied%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenia+Charles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenia_Charles&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gabriel J. Christian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=93IuDwAAQBAJ&q=Mamo%21+The+Life+%26+Times+of+Dame+Mary+Eugenia+Charles"><i>Mamo! The Life & Times of Dame Mary Eugenia Charles</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053728/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=93IuDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Mamo!+The+Life+%26+Times+of+Dame+Mary+Eugenia+Charles&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi4_87Ao57ZAhWnLcAKHTXOCdwQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Mamo!%20The%20Life%20%26%20Times%20of%20Dame%20Mary%20Eugenia%20Charles&f=false">Archived</a> 2019-01-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Pont Casse Press, 2010.</li> <li>Alan Gregor Cobley and Eudine Barriteau (2006), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jLxqAAAAMAAJ">Enjoying Power: Eugenia Charles and Political Leadership in the Commonwealth Caribbean</a></i>, University of the West Indies Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-976-640-191-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-976-640-191-7">978-976-640-191-7</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008231109/http://chronicledominica.com/Sept1109/news%202.html">"Memorial Mass for Dame Eugenia"</a>, <i>The Chronicle</i>, 11 September 2009.</li> <li>Janet Higbie (1993), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WAxsAAAAMAAJ">Eugenia: The Caribbean's Iron Lady</a></i>, Macmillan Caribbean, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-57235-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-57235-1">978-0-333-57235-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFarland1984" class="citation news cs1">McFarland, Beverly (26 February 1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspapers.com/image/630932391/">"Madam Prime Minister"</a></span>. <i>Tropic (<a href="/wiki/The_Miami_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Miami Herald">The Miami Herald</a>)</i>. pp. 13–16, 18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tropic+%28The+Miami+Herald%29&rft.atitle=Madam+Prime+Minister&rft.pages=13-16%2C+18&rft.date=1984-02-26&rft.aulast=McFarland&rft.aufirst=Beverly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspapers.com%2Fimage%2F630932391%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenia+Charles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Torild Skard (2014), "Eugenia Charles", <i>Women of power – half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide</i>, Bristol: Policy Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44731-578-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-44731-578-0">978-1-44731-578-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenia_Charles&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1VVoag3oUo"><span class="plainlinks">"MAMO: Profiling Eugenia Charles", CaribNation interview with Gabriel J. Christian</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Thompson" title="Dudley Thompson">Dudley Thompson</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thedominican.net/2009/05/reflections-on-eugenia-charles-eugenia.html">"Reflections on Eugenia Charles - The Eugenia I knew"</a>, <i>thedominican.net</i>, 23 May 2009.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Seraphin" title="Oliver Seraphin">Oliver Seraphin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Dominica" title="Prime Minister of Dominica">Prime Minister of Dominica</a> </b><br />1980–1995 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edison_James" title="Edison James">Edison James</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Moise" title="Anthony Moise">Anthony Moise</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Dominica)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Dominica)">Leader of the Opposition (Dominica)</a> </b><br />1975–1980 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Joseph">Matthew Joseph</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_government_of_Dominica" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#b0c4de;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DominicaPMs" title="Template:DominicaPMs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DominicaPMs" title="Template talk:DominicaPMs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DominicaPMs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DominicaPMs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_government_of_Dominica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Dominica" title="List of heads of government of Dominica">Heads of government of Dominica</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b0c4de;;width:1%">Chief ministers <small>(1960–1967)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Baron_(Dominica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Baron (Dominica)">Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Oliver_LeBlanc" title="Edward Oliver LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Dominica.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Dominica"><img alt="Flag of Dominica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/80px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/120px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/160px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b0c4de;;width:1%">Premiers <small>(1967–1978)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Oliver_LeBlanc" title="Edward Oliver LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_John" title="Patrick John">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b0c4de;;width:1%">Prime ministers <small>(1978–)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_John" title="Patrick John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Seraphin" title="Oliver Seraphin">Seraphin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">E. Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_James" title="Edison James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Douglas" title="Rosie Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_(Dominican_politician)" title="Pierre Charles (Dominican politician)">P. Charles</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osborne_Riviere" title="Osborne Riviere">Riviere</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Skerrit" title="Roosevelt Skerrit">Skerrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#b0c4de;"><div>Acting officeholders shown in <i>italics</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258685#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258685#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258685#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000026571435">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/263799718">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/131785/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrgGmq9Dj64mQbqC3p773">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84038739">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p301058156">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/091965683">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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