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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escalatation_of_tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Escalatation of tensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escalatation_of_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outbreak_of_general_hostilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outbreak_of_general_hostilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Outbreak of general hostilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outbreak_of_general_hostilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Philippine_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Philippine_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>First Philippine Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Philippine_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Philippine_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Philippine_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Second Philippine Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Philippine_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_civil_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_civil_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Establishment of civil government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_civil_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_end_to_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_end_to_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Official end to war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_end_to_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_hostilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_hostilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Later hostilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_hostilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparisons_with_the_First_Philippine_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparisons_with_the_First_Philippine_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Comparisons with the First Philippine Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparisons_with_the_First_Philippine_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Military Government of the Philippine Islands</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement_militaire_am%C3%A9ricain_des_%C3%8Eles_Philippines" title="Gouvernement militaire américain des Îles Philippines – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gouvernement militaire américain des Îles Philippines" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan_Militer_Amerika_Serikat_di_Kepulauan_Filipina" title="Pemerintahan Militer Amerika Serikat di Kepulauan Filipina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemerintahan Militer Amerika Serikat di Kepulauan Filipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan_Tentera_Amerika_Syarikat_di_Kepulauan_Filipina" title="Pemerintahan Tentera Amerika Syarikat di Kepulauan Filipina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemerintahan Tentera Amerika Syarikat di Kepulauan Filipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3%E8%AB%B8%E5%B3%B6%E7%B1%B3%E5%9B%BD%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="フィリピン諸島米国軍政府 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィリピン諸島米国軍政府" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamahalaang_Militar_ng_Estados_Unidos_ng_Kapuluang_Pilipinas" title="Pamahalaang Militar ng Estados Unidos ng Kapuluang Pilipinas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pamahalaang Militar ng Estados Unidos ng Kapuluang Pilipinas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="รัฐบาลทหารสหรัฐแห่งหมู่เกาะฟิลิปปินส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐบาลทหารสหรัฐแห่งหมู่เกาะฟิลิปปินส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Військовий уряд США на Філіппінських островах – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Військовий уряд США на Філіппінських островах" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="美國菲律賓群島軍政府 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美國菲律賓群島軍政府" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q31351948#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1898–1902 U.S. military occupation of the Philippines</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media 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.ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 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.ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Military Government<br />of the Philippine Islands</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Gobierno Militar<br />de las Islas Filipinas</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1898–1902</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1896%E2%80%931908).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Military Government of the Philippine Islands"><img alt="Flag of Military Government of the Philippine Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Seal of Military Government of the Philippine Islands"><img alt="Great Seal of Military Government of the Philippine Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/85px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/128px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/170px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States" title="Great Seal of the United States">Great Seal</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">"<a href="/wiki/E_pluribus_unum" title="E pluribus unum">E pluribus unum</a>"</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span><br />"Out of many, one"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> "<a href="/wiki/Hail,_Columbia" title="Hail, Columbia">Hail, Columbia</a>"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="39" data-mwtitle="Four_Ruffles_and_Flourishes_and_Hail_Columbia.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Four_Ruffles_and_Flourishes_and_Hail_Columbia.ogg/Four_Ruffles_and_Flourishes_and_Hail_Columbia.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Four_Ruffles_and_Flourishes_and_Hail_Columbia.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AFour_Ruffles_and_Flourishes_and_Hail_Columbia.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AFour_Ruffles_and_Flourishes_and_Hail_Columbia.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_of_the_Philippine_Islands_(1900)_(14585638559).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Philippines in 1901"><img alt="Philippines in 1901" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Atlas_of_the_Philippine_Islands_%281900%29_%2814585638559%29.jpg/250px-Atlas_of_the_Philippine_Islands_%281900%29_%2814585638559%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Atlas_of_the_Philippine_Islands_%281900%29_%2814585638559%29.jpg/375px-Atlas_of_the_Philippine_Islands_%281900%29_%2814585638559%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Atlas_of_the_Philippine_Islands_%281900%29_%2814585638559%29.jpg/500px-Atlas_of_the_Philippine_Islands_%281900%29_%2814585638559%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4944" data-file-height="5806" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Philippines in 1901</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Former_U.S._military_occupations" title="Territories of the United States">United States military occupation</a> (1898–1899)<br /><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Former_unincorporated_territories" title="Territories of the United States">Unincorporated, unorganized territory</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1899–1902)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manila_(province)" title="Manila (province)">Manila</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>,<br />other <a href="/wiki/Languages_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages in the Philippines">Languages in the Philippines</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Military-occupied</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Transitional_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional government">transitional government</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1898–1901 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1901–1902 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines#United_States_Military_Government_(1898–1902)" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Military Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1898 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Merritt" title="Wesley Merritt">Wesley Merritt</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1898–1900 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elwell_S._Otis" class="mw-redirect" title="Elwell S. Otis">Elwell S. Otis</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1900–1901 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_MacArthur,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur MacArthur, Jr.">Arthur MacArthur, Jr.</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1901–1902 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adna_Chaffee" title="Adna Chaffee">Adna Chaffee</a><br />(jointly with Civil Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a><br />(1898–1900)<br /><a href="/wiki/Taft_Commission" title="Taft Commission">Philippine Commission</a><br />(1900–1902)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1898)" title="Battle of Manila (1898)">Capture of Manila</a></b> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">August 14, 1898</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <b><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a></b> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">December 10, 1898</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1899)" title="Battle of Manila (1899)">Insurrection</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">February 4, 1899</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malolos" title="Capture of Malolos">Capture of Malolos</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">March 31, 1899</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Taft_Commission" title="Taft Commission">Taft Commission</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">March 16, 1900</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Funston#Philippines" title="Frederick Funston">Capture of Aguinaldo</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">March 23, 1901</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Malvar#Philippine–American_War" title="Miguel Malvar">Surrender of Malvar</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">April 16, 1902</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Organic_Act_(1902)" title="Philippine Organic Act (1902)">Organic Act enacted</a></b></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">July 1, 1902</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1898 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">See below</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Philippine peso</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government of the Philippine Islands</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">In 1901, a civil governor was appointed, but the military retained authority in disturbed areas.</li><li value="2">An 1898 census is reported by some sources to have yielded a count of 7,832,719 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority#National_Statistics_Office" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">National Statistics Office</a> of the Philippines reports that no census was conducted in that year.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another well regarded source estimates a population of seven million in 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-tucker2009_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tucker2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Military Government of the Philippine Islands</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i>Gobierno Militar de las Islas Filipinas</i>; <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>: <i>Pamahalaang Militar ng Estados Unidos sa Kapuluang Pilipinas</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines#United_States_Military_Government_(1898–1901)" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">military government</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> established by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> on August 14, 1898, a day after the capture of Manila, with General <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Merritt" title="Wesley Merritt">Wesley Merritt</a> acting as military governor.<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead1898ch11pp110-112_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead1898ch11pp110-112-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Merrit established this military government by proclamation on August 14, 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During military rule (1898–1902), the U.S. military commander governed the Philippines under the authority of the U.S. president as <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>. After the appointment of a <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines#Insular_Government_(1901–1935)" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">civil Governor-General</a>, the procedure developed that as parts of the country were pacified and placed firmly under American control, responsibility for the area would be passed to the civilian. </p><p>General Merritt was succeeded by General <a href="/wiki/Elwell_Stephen_Otis" title="Elwell Stephen Otis">Elwell S. Otis</a> as military governor, who in turn was succeeded by General <a href="/wiki/Arthur_MacArthur,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur MacArthur, Jr.">Arthur MacArthur</a>. Major General <a href="/wiki/Adna_Chaffee" title="Adna Chaffee">Adna Chaffee</a> was the final military governor. The position of military governor was abolished in July 1902, after which the civilian office Governor-General became the sole executive authority in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-End_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-End-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AmnestyProc_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmnestyProc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the military government, initially with soldiers as teachers;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> civil and criminal courts were reestablished, including a supreme court;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and local governments were established in towns and provinces. The first local election was conducted by General Harold W. Lawton on May 7, 1899, in <a href="/wiki/Baliuag,_Bulacan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baliuag, Bulacan">Baliuag, Bulacan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaide1994ch21p279_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaide1994ch21p279-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capture_of_Manila">Capture of Manila</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Capture of Manila"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1898)" title="Battle of Manila (1898)">Battle of Manila (1898)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Americans_guarding_Pasig_River_bridge,_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Americans_guarding_Pasig_River_bridge%2C_1898.jpg/200px-Americans_guarding_Pasig_River_bridge%2C_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Americans_guarding_Pasig_River_bridge%2C_1898.jpg/300px-Americans_guarding_Pasig_River_bridge%2C_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Americans_guarding_Pasig_River_bridge%2C_1898.jpg/400px-Americans_guarding_Pasig_River_bridge%2C_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption><span style="font-size:85%;">Photo of American soldiers guarding a bridge over the <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a> after the battle, August 13, 1898</span></figcaption></figure> <p>By June, U.S. and Filipino forces had taken control of most of the islands, except for the walled city of <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a>. Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were able to work out a bloodless solution with acting Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_J%C3%A1udenes" title="Fermín Jáudenes">Fermín Jáudenes</a>. The negotiating parties made a secret agreement to stage a mock battle in which the Spanish forces would be defeated by the American forces, but the Filipino forces would not be allowed to enter the city. This plan minimized the risk of unnecessary casualties on all sides, while the Spanish would also avoid the shame of possibly having to surrender Intramuros to the Filipino forces.<sup id="cite_ref-karnow1990p123_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karnow1990p123-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the eve of the mock battle, General Anderson telegraphed Aguinaldo, "Do not let your troops enter Manila without the permission of the American commander. On this side of the Pasig River you will be under fire."<sup id="cite_ref-agoncillo1990p196_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agoncillo1990p196-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insurgent_soldiers_in_the_Philippines_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Insurgent_soldiers_in_the_Philippines_1899.jpg/200px-Insurgent_soldiers_in_the_Philippines_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Insurgent_soldiers_in_the_Philippines_1899.jpg/300px-Insurgent_soldiers_in_the_Philippines_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Insurgent_soldiers_in_the_Philippines_1899.jpg/400px-Insurgent_soldiers_in_the_Philippines_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption><span style="font-size:85%;">"Insurgent (Filipino) soldiers in the Philippines, 1899"<i>(original caption)</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>On August 13, with American commanders unaware that a ceasefire had already been signed between Spain and the U.S. on the previous day, American forces captured the city of Manila from the Spanish in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1898)" title="Battle of Manila (1898)">Battle of Manila</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-U.S._Library_of_Congress_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Library_of_Congress-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle started when Dewey's ships bombarded <a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Antonio_Abad" title="Fort San Antonio Abad">Fort San Antonio Abad</a>, a decrepit structure on the <a href="/wiki/Malate,_Manila" title="Malate, Manila">southern outskirts of Manila</a>, and the virtually impregnable walls of Intramuros. In accordance with the plan, the Spanish forces withdrew while U.S. forces advanced. Once a sufficient show of battle had been made, Dewey hoisted the signal "D.W.H.B." (meaning "Do you surrender?),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereupon the Spanish hoisted a white flag and Manila was formally surrendered to U.S. forces.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This battle marked the end of Filipino-American collaboration, as the American action of preventing Filipino forces from entering the captured city of Manila was deeply resented by the Filipinos. This later led to the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> (1899–1902),<sup id="cite_ref-lac126_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lac126-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would prove to be more deadly and costly than the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> (1898). </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish–American_War_ends"><span id="Spanish.E2.80.93American_War_ends"></span>Spanish–American War ends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spanish–American War ends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris (1898)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Hay_signs_Treaty_of_Paris,_1899.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/John_Hay_signs_Treaty_of_Paris%2C_1899.JPG/200px-John_Hay_signs_Treaty_of_Paris%2C_1899.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/John_Hay_signs_Treaty_of_Paris%2C_1899.JPG/300px-John_Hay_signs_Treaty_of_Paris%2C_1899.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/John_Hay_signs_Treaty_of_Paris%2C_1899.JPG/400px-John_Hay_signs_Treaty_of_Paris%2C_1899.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><span style="font-size:85%;">John Hay, Secretary of State, signing the memorandum of ratification on behalf of the United States</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Article V of the peace protocol signed on August 12 had mandated negotiations to conclude a treaty of peace to begin in Paris not later than October 1, 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead1898ch15pp176-178_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead1898ch15pp176-178-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President McKinley sent a five-man commission, initially instructed to demand no more than Luzon, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>; which would have provided a limited U.S. empire of pinpoint colonies to support a global fleet and provide communication links.<sup id="cite_ref-miller1984p20_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller1984p20-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Paris, the commission was besieged with advice, particularly from American generals and European diplomats, to demand the entire Philippine archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-miller1984p20_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller1984p20-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unanimous recommendation was that "it would certainly be cheaper and more humane to take the entire Philippines than to keep only part of it."<sup id="cite_ref-miller1984pp20-21_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller1984pp20-21-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 28, 1898, McKinley wired the commission that "cessation of Luzon alone, leaving the rest of the islands subject to Spanish rule, or to be the subject of future contention, cannot be justified on political, commercial, or humanitarian grounds. The cessation must be the whole archipelago or none. The latter is wholly inadmissible, and the former must therefore be required."<sup id="cite_ref-miller1984p24_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller1984p24-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish negotiators were furious over the "immodist demands of a conqueror", but their wounded pride was assuaged by an offer of twenty million dollars for "Spanish improvements" to the islands. The Spaniards capitulated, and on December 10, 1898, the U.S. and Spain signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a>, formally ending the Spanish–American War. In Article III, Spain ceded the Philippine archipelago to the United States, as follows: "Spain cedes to the United States the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands, and comprehending the islands lying within the following line: [... geographic description elided ...]. The United States will pay to Spain the sum of twenty million dollars ($20,000,000) within three months after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty."<sup id="cite_ref-Kalaw1927:430-445_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalaw1927:430-445-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the U.S., there was a movement for Philippine independence; some said that the U.S. had no right to a land where many of the people wanted self-government. In 1898 <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a>, an industrialist and steel magnate, offered to buy the Philippines for $20 million and give it to the Filipinos so that they could be free of United States government.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 7, 1900, Spain and the U.S. signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1900)" title="Treaty of Washington (1900)">Treaty of Washington</a>, clarifying that the territories relinquished by Spain to the United States included any and all islands belonging to the Philippine Archipelago, but lying outside the lines described in the Treaty of Paris. That treaty explicitly named the islands of <a href="/wiki/Mapun,_Tawi-Tawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapun, Tawi-Tawi">Cagayan Sulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sibutu,_Tawi-Tawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibutu, Tawi-Tawi">Sibutu</a> and their dependencies as among the relinquished territories.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philippine–American_War_(1899–1902)"><span id="Philippine.E2.80.93American_War_.281899.E2.80.931902.29"></span>Philippine–American War (1899–1902)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Philippine–American War (1899–1902)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escalatation_of_tensions">Escalatation of tensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Escalatation of tensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops,_around_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gregorio del Pilar and his troops, around 1898."><img alt="Gregorio del Pilar and his troops, around 1898." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg/120px-Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg/180px-Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg/240px-Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_del_Pilar" title="Gregorio del Pilar">Gregorio del Pilar</a> and his troops, around 1898.</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Quingua.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Quingua, April 23, 1899 Philippine–American War"><img alt="Battle of Quingua, April 23, 1899 Philippine–American War" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Battle_of_Quingua.jpg/120px-Battle_of_Quingua.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Battle_of_Quingua.jpg/180px-Battle_of_Quingua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Battle_of_Quingua.jpg/240px-Battle_of_Quingua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8227" data-file-height="5882" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">Battle of Quingua, April 23, 1899 <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_before_Caloocan,_02-10-1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle before Caloocan"><img alt="Battle before Caloocan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Battle_before_Caloocan%2C_02-10-1899.jpg/120px-Battle_before_Caloocan%2C_02-10-1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Battle_before_Caloocan%2C_02-10-1899.jpg/180px-Battle_before_Caloocan%2C_02-10-1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Battle_before_Caloocan%2C_02-10-1899.jpg/240px-Battle_before_Caloocan%2C_02-10-1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2544" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">Battle before Caloocan</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LeadingtheTroops-SantaCruz-0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Santa Cruz"><img alt="Battle of Santa Cruz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/LeadingtheTroops-SantaCruz-0.jpg/120px-LeadingtheTroops-SantaCruz-0.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/LeadingtheTroops-SantaCruz-0.jpg/180px-LeadingtheTroops-SantaCruz-0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/LeadingtheTroops-SantaCruz-0.jpg/240px-LeadingtheTroops-SantaCruz-0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="892" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">Battle of Santa Cruz</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Americans_guarding_Pasig_River_bridge,_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="American troops guarding the bridge over the River Pasig"><img alt="American troops guarding the bridge over the River Pasig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Americans_guarding_Pasig_River_bridge%2C_1898.jpg/120px-Americans_guarding_Pasig_River_bridge%2C_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Americans_guarding_Pasig_River_bridge%2C_1898.jpg/180px-Americans_guarding_Pasig_River_bridge%2C_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Americans_guarding_Pasig_River_bridge%2C_1898.jpg/240px-Americans_guarding_Pasig_River_bridge%2C_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">American troops guarding the bridge over the River Pasig</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harpersweeklyapr241899.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Attack on the barracks of Company C of the 13th Minnesota Volunteers by Filipino forces during the Tondo Fire in Manila, 1899"><img alt="Attack on the barracks of Company C of the 13th Minnesota Volunteers by Filipino forces during the Tondo Fire in Manila, 1899" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Harpersweeklyapr241899.png/94px-Harpersweeklyapr241899.png" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Harpersweeklyapr241899.png/140px-Harpersweeklyapr241899.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Harpersweeklyapr241899.png/187px-Harpersweeklyapr241899.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">Attack on the barracks of Company C of the 13th Minnesota Volunteers by Filipino forces during the Tondo Fire in Manila, 1899</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YoungsScouts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Young's Scouts, including Marcus W. Robertson(2nd from right, front row squatting), Richard Moses Longfellow (4th from right, front row squatting), Medal of Honor recipients. Picture taken in Philippines."><img alt="Young's Scouts, including Marcus W. Robertson(2nd from right, front row squatting), Richard Moses Longfellow (4th from right, front row squatting), Medal of Honor recipients. Picture taken in Philippines." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/YoungsScouts.jpg/120px-YoungsScouts.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/YoungsScouts.jpg/180px-YoungsScouts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/YoungsScouts.jpg/240px-YoungsScouts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">Young's Scouts, including Marcus W. Robertson(2nd from right, front row squatting), Richard Moses Longfellow (4th from right, front row squatting), Medal of Honor recipients. Picture taken in Philippines.</span></div> </li> </ul> <p>The Spanish had yielded <a href="/wiki/Iloilo" title="Iloilo">Iloilo</a> to the insurgents in 1898 to trouble the Americans. On January 1, 1899, news had come to Washington, D.C., from Manila that American forces, which had been sent to Iloilo under the command of General Marcus Miller, had been confronted by 6,000 armed Filipinos, who refused them permission to land.<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead1898ch28p316_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead1898ch28p316-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-miller1984p51_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller1984p51-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Filipino official styling himself "Presidente Lopez of the Federal Government of the Visayas" informed Miller that "foreign troops" would not land "without express orders from the central government of Luzon."<sup id="cite_ref-miller1984p51_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller1984p51-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 21, 1898, McKinley issued a <a href="/wiki/Benevolent_assimilation" title="Benevolent assimilation">Proclamation of Benevolent Assimilation</a>. General Otis delayed its publication until January 4, 1899, and published a version that had been edited to avoid conveying the meanings of the terms "sovereignty," "protection," and "right of cessation," which occurred in the unedited version.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unknown to Otis, the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of War">US Department of War</a> had also sent an enciphered copy of the proclamation to General Marcus Miller in Iloilo for informational purposes. Miller assumed that it was for distribution and, unaware that a politically-<a href="/wiki/Expurgation" title="Expurgation">expired</a> version had been sent to Aguinaldo, published it in both Spanish and Tagalog translations, which eventually made their way to Aguinaldo.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even before Aguinaldo received the unaltered version and observed the changes in the copy that he had received from Otis, Aguinaldo was already upset that Otis was referred to as "Military Governor of the Philippines" in the unaltered version, which he had received from Otis (the unaltered version said "in the Philippines."). Aguinaldo did not miss the significance of the alteration, which Otis had made without authorization from Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 5, Aguinaldo issued a counterproclamation that summarized what he saw as American violations of the ethics of friendship, particularly regarding the events in Iloilo. The proclamation concluded, "Such procedures, so foreign to the dictates of culture and the usages observed by civilized nations, gave me the right to act without observing the usual rules of intercourse. Nevertheless, in order to be correct to the end, I sent to General Otis commissioners charged to solicit him to desist from his rash enterprise, but they were not listened to. My government can not remain indifferent in view of such a violent and aggressive seizure of a portion of its territory by a nation which arrogated to itself the title champion of oppressed nations. Thus it is that my government is disposed to open hostilities if the American troops attempt to take forcible possession of the Visayan Islands. I denounce these acts before the world, in order that the conscience of mankind may pronounce its infallable verdict as to who are the true oppressors of nations and the tormentors of human kind."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 356–7">: 356–7 </span></sup> </p><p>After some copies of that proclamation had been distributed, Aguinaldo ordered the recall of undistributed copies and issued another proclamation, which was published the same day in <i>El Heraldo de la Revolucion</i>, the official newspaper of the Philippine Republic: "As in General Otis's proclamation he alluded to some instructions edited by His Excellency the President of the United States, referring to the administration of the matters in the Philippine Islands, I in the name of God, the root and fountain of all justice, and that of all the right which has been visibly granted to me to direct my dear brothers in the difficult work of our regeneration, protest most solemnly against this intrusion of the United States Government on the sovereignty of these islands. </p><p>I equally protest in the name of the Filipino people against the said intrusion, because as they have granted their vote of confidence appointing me president of the nation, although I don't consider that I deserve such, therefore I consider it my duty to defend to death its liberty and independence."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 357">: 357 </span></sup> </p><p>Otis, taking both proclamations as a call to arms, strengthened American observation posts and alerted his troops. In the tense atmosphere, some 40,000 Filipinos fled Manila within a period of 15 days.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Agoncillo" title="Felipe Agoncillo">Felipe Agoncillo</a>, who had been commissioned by the Philippine Revolutionary Government as Minister Plenipotentiary to negotiate treaties with foreign governments and had attempted to be seated at the negotiations between the US and Spain in Paris, was now in Washington. On January 6, he filed a request for an interview with the President to discuss affairs in the Philippines. The next day, the government officials were surprised to learn that messages to Otis to deal mildly with the rebels and not to force a conflict had become known to Agoncillo and had been cabled by him to Aguinaldo. At the same time, Aguinaldo's protest against General Otis signing himself "Military Governor of the Philippines" arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead1898ch28p316_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead1898ch28p316-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 8, Agoncillo stated, "In my opinion the Filipino people, whom I represent, will never consent to become a colony dependency of the United States. The soldiers of the Filipino army have pledged their lives that they will not lay down their arms until General Aguinaldo tells them to do so, and they will keep that pledge, I feel confident."<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead1898ch28p316_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead1898ch28p316-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Filipino committees in London, Paris, and Madrid around that time telegraphed to President McKinley: "We protest against the disembarkation of American troops at Iloilo. The treaty of peace still unratified, the American claim to sovereignty is premature. Pray reconsider the resolution regarding Iloilo. Filipinos wish for the friendship of America and abhor militarism and deceit."<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead1898ch28p316_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead1898ch28p316-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 8, Aguinaldo received the following message from <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Sandiko" title="Teodoro Sandiko">Teodoro Sandiko</a> to the President of the Revolutionary Government, Malolos, from Sandico, Manila. January 8, 1899, 9.40 p.m., "In consequence of the order of General Rios to his officers, as soon as the Filipino attack begins the Americans should be driven into the Intramuros district and the walled city should be set on fire. Pipi."<sup id="cite_ref-taylor1907p39_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor1907p39-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The New York Times</i> reported on January 8 that two Americans who had been guarding a waterboat in Iloilo had been attacked, one fatally, and that insurgents were threatening to destroy the business section of the city by fire and that on January 10, a peaceful solution to the Iloilo issues may result but that Aguinaldo had issued a proclamation threatening to drive the Americans from the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By January 10, insurgents were ready to assume the offensive but desired, if possible, to provoke the Americans into firing the first shot. They made no secret of their desire for conflict but increased their hostile demonstrations and pushed their lines forward into forbidden territory. Their attitude was well illustrated by this extract from a telegram sent by Colonel Cailles to Aguinaldo on January 10, 1899: "Most urgent. An American interpreter has come to tell me to withdraw our forces in Maytubig fifty paces. I shall not draw back a step, and in place of withdrawing, I shall advance a little farther. He brings a letter from his general, in which he speaks to me as a friend. I said that from the day I knew that Maquinley (McKinley) opposed our independence I did not want any dealings with any American. War, war, is what we want. The Americans after this speech went off pale."<sup id="cite_ref-worcester1914ch4p93_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch4p93-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aguinaldo approved the hostile attitude of Cailles since a reply in his handwriting stated, "I approve and applaud what you have done with the Americans, and zeal and valour always, also my beloved officers and soldiers there. I believe that they are playing us until the arrival of their reinforcements, but I shall send an ultimatum and remain always on the alert.--E. A. Jan. 10, 1899."<sup id="cite_ref-worcester1914ch4p93_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch4p93-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 31, 1899, the Minister of Interior of the revolutionary First Philippine Republic, Teodoro Sandiko, signed a decree stating that President Aguinaldo had directed that all idle lands be planted to provide food for the people in view of impending war with the Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outbreak_of_general_hostilities">Outbreak of general hostilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Outbreak of general hostilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1899)" title="Battle of Manila (1899)">Battle of Manila (1899)</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aguinaldo%27s_quarters_in_Manila_after_capture.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Emilio Aguinaldo's quarters in Manila following his capture by the Americans."><img alt="Emilio Aguinaldo's quarters in Manila following his capture by the Americans." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Aguinaldo%27s_quarters_in_Manila_after_capture.JPG/120px-Aguinaldo%27s_quarters_in_Manila_after_capture.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Aguinaldo%27s_quarters_in_Manila_after_capture.JPG/180px-Aguinaldo%27s_quarters_in_Manila_after_capture.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Aguinaldo%27s_quarters_in_Manila_after_capture.JPG/240px-Aguinaldo%27s_quarters_in_Manila_after_capture.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="1386" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">Emilio Aguinaldo's quarters in Manila following his capture by the Americans.</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filipino_casualties_on_the_first_day_of_war.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Filipino casualties"><img alt="Filipino casualties" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Filipino_casualties_on_the_first_day_of_war.jpg/120px-Filipino_casualties_on_the_first_day_of_war.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Filipino_casualties_on_the_first_day_of_war.jpg/180px-Filipino_casualties_on_the_first_day_of_war.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Filipino_casualties_on_the_first_day_of_war.jpg/240px-Filipino_casualties_on_the_first_day_of_war.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2944" data-file-height="2370" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">Filipino casualties</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emilio_Aguinaldo_boarding_USS_Vicksburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Surrendered President Aguinaldo boards the USS Vicksburg, 1900."><img alt="Surrendered President Aguinaldo boards the USS Vicksburg, 1900." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Emilio_Aguinaldo_boarding_USS_Vicksburg.jpg/120px-Emilio_Aguinaldo_boarding_USS_Vicksburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Emilio_Aguinaldo_boarding_USS_Vicksburg.jpg/180px-Emilio_Aguinaldo_boarding_USS_Vicksburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Emilio_Aguinaldo_boarding_USS_Vicksburg.jpg/240px-Emilio_Aguinaldo_boarding_USS_Vicksburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="485" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">Surrendered President Aguinaldo boards the USS Vicksburg, 1900.</span></div> </li> </ul> <p>Worcester gave General Otis' account of the opening of active hostilities,<sup id="cite_ref-worcester1914ch4p96_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch4p96-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 96">: 96 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style="width:90%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><i>On the night of February 2 they sent in a strong detachment to draw the fire of our outposts, which took up a position immediately in front and within a few yards of the same. The outpost was strengthened by a few of our men, who silently bore their taunts and abuse the entire night. This was reported to me by General MacArthur, whom I directed to communicate with the officer in command of the insurgent troops concerned. His prepared letter was shown me and approved, and the reply received was all that could be desired. However, the agreement was ignored by the insurgents and on the evening of February 4 another demonstration was made on one of our small outposts, which occupied a retired position at least 150 yards within the line which had been mutually agreed upon, an insurgent approaching the picket and refusing to halt or answer when challenged. The result was that our picket discharged his piece, when the insurgent troops near Santa Mesa opened a spirited fire on our troops there stationed.</i> </p><p><i>The insurgents had thus succeeded in drawing the fire of a small outpost, which they had evidently labored with all their ingenuity to accomplish, in order to justify in some way their premeditated attack. It is not believed that the chief insurgent leaders wished to open hostilities at this time, as they were not completely prepared to assume the initiative. They desired two or three days more to perfect their arrangements, but the zeal of their army brought on the crisis which anticipated their premeditated action. They could not have delayed long, however, for it was their object to force an issue before American troops, then en route, could arrive in Manila.</i> </p><p><i>Thus began the Insurgent attack, so long and so carefully planned for. We learn from the Insurgent records that the shot of the American sentry missed its mark. There was no reason why it should have provoked a hot return fire, but it did.</i> </p><p><i>The result of the ensuing combat was not at all what the Insurgents had anticipated. The Americans did not drive very well. It was but a short time before they themselves were routed and driven from their positions.</i> </p><p><i>Aguinaldo of course promptly advanced the claim that his troops had been wantonly attacked. The plain fact is that the Insurgent patrol in question deliberately drew the fire of the American sentry, and this was just as much an act of war as was the firing of the shot. Whether the patrol was acting under proper orders from higher authority is not definitely known.</i> </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Dean Conant Worcester. 1914. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=56151&pageno=96">The Philippines: Past and Present</a></i>. p. 96.<sup id="cite_ref-worcester1914ch4p96_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch4p96-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 96">: 96 </span></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Other sources name the two specific US soldiers involved in the first exchange of fire as Privates William Grayson and Orville Miller of the Nebraska Volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war had ended, and he had analyzed captured insurgent papers, Major Major J. R. M. Taylor wrote, "An attack on the United States forces was planned which should annihilate the little army in Manila, and delegations were appointed to secure the interference of foreign powers. The protecting cloak of pretense of friendliness to the United States was to be kept up until the last. While commissioners were appointed to negotiate with General Otis, secret societies were organized in Manila pledged to obey orders of the most barbarous character to kill and burn. The attack from without and the attack from within was to be on a set day and hour. The strained situation could not last. The spark was applied, either inadvertently or by design, on the 4th of February by an insurgent, willfully transgressing upon what, by their own admission, was within the agreed limits of the holding of the American troops. Hostilities resulted and the war was an accomplished fact."<sup id="cite_ref-taylor1907p5_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor1907p5-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War">War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On February 4, Aguinaldo declared, "That peace and friendly relations with the Americans be broken and that the latter be treated as enemies, within the limits prescribed by the laws of war."<sup id="cite_ref-Halstead1898ch28p318_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halstead1898ch28p318-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 2, 1899, the <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">Malolos Congress</a> enacted and ratified a declaration of war on the United States, which was publicly proclaimed on that same day by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_A._Paterno" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro A. Paterno">Pedro A. Paterno</a>, the President of the Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalaw1927:199-200_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalaw1927:199-200-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As when they had fought the Spanish, the Filipino rebels did not do well in the field. Aguinaldo and his provisional government escaped after the capture of Malolos on March 31, 1899, and they were driven into northern Luzon. Peace feelers from members of Aguinaldo's cabinet failed in May when the American commander, General Ewell Otis, demanded an unconditional surrender. In 1901, Aguinaldo was captured and swore allegiance to the United States, which marked an end to the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Philippine_Commission">First Philippine Commission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First Philippine Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Schurman_Commission" title="Schurman Commission">Schurman Commission</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine-American_War.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Philippine-American_War.png/200px-Philippine-American_War.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Philippine-American_War.png/300px-Philippine-American_War.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Philippine-American_War.png/400px-Philippine-American_War.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption><span style="font-size:85%;">1899 political cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay">Winsor McCay</a>. Uncle Sam (representing the United States), gets entangled with rope around a tree, labeled "Imperialism," while he tries to subdue a bucking colt or mule, labeled "Philippines," and a figure, representing Spain, walks off over the horizon and carr ies a bag, labeled "$20,000,000."</span></figcaption></figure> <p>McKinley had appointed a five-person group, headed by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Gould_Schurman" title="Jacob Gould Schurman">Jacob Gould Schurman</a>, president of <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, on January 20, 1899, to investigate conditions in the islands and to make recommendations. The three civilian members of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Commission" title="Philippine Commission">Philippine Commission</a> arrived in Manila on March 4, 1899, a month after the Battle of Manila, which had begun armed conflict between US and revolutionary Filipino forces. The commission published a proclamation containing assurances that the US was "anxious to establish in the Philippine Islands an enlightened system of government under which the Philippine people may enjoy the largest measure of home rule and the amplest liberty." </p><p>After meetings in April with revolutionary representatives, the commission requested authorization from McKinley to offer a specific plan. He authorized an offer of a government, consisting of "a Governor-General appointed by the President; cabinet appointed by the Governor-General; [and] a general advisory council elected by the people."<sup id="cite_ref-golay1997p49_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golay1997p49-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Revolutionary Congress voted unanimously to cease fighting and to accept peace, and on May 8, the revolutionary cabinet, headed by Apolinario Mabini, was replaced by a new "peace" cabinet, headed by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Paterno" title="Pedro Paterno">Pedro Paterno</a>. General <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Luna" title="Antonio Luna">Antonio Luna</a> then arrested Paterno and most of his cabinet and returned Mabini and his cabinet to power. The commission then concluded, "The Filipinos are wholly unprepared for independence... there being no Philippine nation, but only a collection of different peoples."<sup id="cite_ref-golay1997pp50-51_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golay1997pp50-51-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the report, which they issued to the president the next year, the commissioners acknowledged Filipino aspirations for independence but declared that the Philippines was not ready for it.<sup id="cite_ref-worcester1914ch9p199_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch9p199-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 2, 1899, the commission issued a preliminary report that stayted:<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 183">: 183 </span></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style="width:90%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Should our power by any fatality be withdrawn, the commission believe that the government of the Philippines would speedily lapse into anarchy, which would excuse, if it did not necessitate, the intervention of other powers and the eventual division of the islands among them. Only through American occupation, therefore, is the idea of a free, self-governing, and united Philippine commonwealth at all conceivable. And the indispensable need from the Filipino point of view of maintaining American sovereignty over the archipelago is recognized by all intelligent Filipinos and even by those insurgents who desire an American protectorate. The latter, it is true, would take the revenues and leave us the responsibilities. Nevertheless, they recognize the indubitable fact that the Filipinos cannot stand alone. Thus the welfare of the Filipinos coincides with the dictates of national honour in forbidding our abandonment of the archipelago. We cannot from any point of view escape the responsibilities of government which our sovereignty entails; and the commission is strongly persuaded that the performance of our national duty will prove the greatest blessing to the peoples of the Philippine Islands." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Report Philippine Commission, Vol. I, November 3, 1899. p. 183.</cite></p> </div> <p>Specific recommendations included the establishment of civilian government as rapidly as possible (the American chief executive in the islands was then the military governor), including establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> legislature, autonomous governments on the provincial and municipal levels, and a system of free public elementary schools.<sup id="cite_ref-Seekins1993US-Rule_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seekins1993US-Rule-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Philippine_Commission">Second Philippine Commission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second Philippine Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taft_Commission" title="Taft Commission">Taft Commission</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Howard_Taft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/William_Howard_Taft.jpg/170px-William_Howard_Taft.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/William_Howard_Taft.jpg/255px-William_Howard_Taft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/William_Howard_Taft.jpg/340px-William_Howard_Taft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1197" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, governor general of the Philippines</figcaption></figure> <p>The Second Philippine Commission (the Taft Commission), appointed by McKinley on March 16, 1900, and headed by <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, was granted legislative and limited executive powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalaw1927appFp453_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalaw1927appFp453-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 1, the Taft Commission began to exercise legislative functions.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaide1994ch24p280_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaide1994ch24p280-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between September 1900 and August 1902, it issued 499 laws; established a judicial system, including a supreme court; drew up a legal code; and organized a civil service.<sup id="cite_ref-chronphil_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronphil-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1901 municipal code provided for popularly elected presidents, vice presidents, and councilors to serve on municipal boards. Members of the municipal boards were responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining municipal properties, undertaking necessary construction projects, and electing provincial governors.<sup id="cite_ref-Seekins1993US-Rule_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seekins1993US-Rule-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_civil_government">Establishment of civil government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Establishment of civil government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taft_Addressing_First_Philippine_Assembly_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Taft_Addressing_First_Philippine_Assembly_1907.jpg/200px-Taft_Addressing_First_Philippine_Assembly_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Taft_Addressing_First_Philippine_Assembly_1907.jpg/300px-Taft_Addressing_First_Philippine_Assembly_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Taft_Addressing_First_Philippine_Assembly_1907.jpg/400px-Taft_Addressing_First_Philippine_Assembly_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption><span style="font-size:85%;">Governor General <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> addressing the audience at the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Assembly" title="Philippine Assembly">Philippine Assembly</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Grand_Opera_House" title="Manila Grand Opera House">Manila Grand Opera House</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>On March 3, 1901, the U.S. Congress passed the Army Appropriation Act containing (along with the <a href="/wiki/Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment">Platt Amendment</a> on Cuba) the <a href="/wiki/Spooner_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="Spooner Amendment">Spooner Amendment</a>, which provided the President with the legislative authority to establish a civil government in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-Piedad-Pugay_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piedad-Pugay-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until then, the President had been administering the Philippines by virtue of his war powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Jernegan2009pp57-58_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jernegan2009pp57-58-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 1, 1901, civil government was inaugurated, with Taft as the Civil Governor. On February 3, 1903, the US Congress changed the title of <i>Civil Governor</i> to <i>Governor-General</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaide1994ch21p281_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaide1994ch21p281-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A highly-centralized public school system was installed in 1901, using English as the medium of instruction. Since that created a heavy shortage of teachers, the Philippine Commission authorized the Secretary of Public Instruction to bring to the Philippines 600 teachers from the U.S., the so-called <a href="/wiki/Thomasites" title="Thomasites">Thomasites</a>. Free primary instruction to train the people for the duties of citizenship and avocation was enforced by the Taft Commission, according to instructions by McKinley.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the Catholic Church was disestablished, and a considerable amount of church land was purchased and redistributed. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_end_to_war">Official end to war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Official end to war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaro_(Phil)_Reception-Taft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Jaro_%28Phil%29_Reception-Taft.jpg/200px-Jaro_%28Phil%29_Reception-Taft.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Jaro_%28Phil%29_Reception-Taft.jpg/300px-Jaro_%28Phil%29_Reception-Taft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Jaro_%28Phil%29_Reception-Taft.jpg/400px-Jaro_%28Phil%29_Reception-Taft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1830" data-file-height="1233" /></a><figcaption><span style="font-size:85%;">The town of Jaro in the subdued Philippines prepared for the immediate arrival of Governor-General Taft.</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Organic_Act_(1902)" title="Philippine Organic Act (1902)">Philippine Organic Act</a> of July 1902 approved, ratified, and confirmed McKinley's <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a> establishing the Philippine Commission and stipulated that a bicameral <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Legislature" title="Philippine Legislature">Philippine Legislature</a> would be established, composed of an elected lower house, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Assembly" title="Philippine Assembly">Philippine Assembly</a>, and an appointed upper house, the Philippine Commission. The act also provided for extending the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</a> to the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-Seekins1993US-Rule_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seekins1993US-Rule-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 2, 1902, the Secretary of War telegraphed that the insurrection against the sovereign authority of the U.S. had come to an end, with provincial civil governments established, and so the office of Military Governor was terminated.<sup id="cite_ref-AmnestyProc_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmnestyProc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 4, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, who had succeeded to the presidency after the assassination of McKinley on September 5, 1901, proclaimed a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all persons in the Philippine archipelago who had participated in the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-AmnestyProc_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmnestyProc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-worcester1914ch9p180_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch9p180-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 9, 2002, Philippine president <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> proclaimed that the Philippine–American War had ended on April 16, 1902, with the surrender of General <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Malvar" title="Miguel Malvar">Miguel Malvar</a>, and she declared the centennial anniversary of that date as a national working holiday and as a special non-working holiday in the Province of <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a> and in the Cities of <a href="/wiki/Batangas_City" title="Batangas City">Batangas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipa,_Batangas" title="Lipa, Batangas">Lipa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanauan,_Batangas" title="Tanauan, Batangas">Tanaun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_hostilities">Later hostilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later hostilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some sources have suggested that the war unofficially continued for nearly a decade since bands of guerrillas, quasi-religious armed groups, and other resistance groups continued to roam the countryside and to clash with U.S. Army or <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Philippine Constabulary</a> patrols. The U.S. Army and the Philippine Constabulary continued hostilities against those resistance groups until 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians consider these unofficial extensions to be part of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparisons_with_the_First_Philippine_Republic">Comparisons with the First Philippine Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Comparisons with the First Philippine Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/28px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/56px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States Military Government</a> </th> <td rowspan="17" bgcolor="#606060"> </td> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/28px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/56px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">Philippine Republic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Established </th> <td>August 14, 1898<sup id="cite_ref-establishment_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-establishment-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>January 23, 1899 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Constitutional Document </th> <td>War powers authority of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malolos_Constitution" title="Malolos Constitution">Malolos Constitution</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Capital </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Manila_(province)" title="Manila (province)">Manila</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malolos" title="Malolos">Malolos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Head of State </th> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (1898–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1901–1902)</li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> (1898–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Malvar" title="Miguel Malvar">Miguel Malvar</a> (1901–1902) <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unofficial_Presidents_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines">(unofficial)</a></span></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Head of Government </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines#United_States_Military_Government_(1898–1902)" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Military Governor of the Philippine Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Merritt" title="Wesley Merritt">Wesley Merritt</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elwell_S._Otis" class="mw-redirect" title="Elwell S. Otis">Elwell S. Otis</a> (1898–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_MacArthur,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur MacArthur, Jr.">Arthur MacArthur, Jr.</a> (1900–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adna_Chaffee" title="Adna Chaffee">Adna Chaffee</a> (1901–1902)</li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Philippines" title="Prime Minister of the Philippines">Prime Minister of the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_A._Paterno" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro A. Paterno">Pedro A. Paterno</a> (1899)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Legislative </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Martial_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial Law">Martial Law</a> (1898–1900)<br /><a href="/wiki/Taft_Commission" title="Taft Commission">Philippine Commission</a> (1900–1902) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malolos_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Malolos Republic">National Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Military </th> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolutionary_Army" title="Philippine Revolutionary Army">Philippine Republican Army</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Currency </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Peso</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Peso</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Official Language(s) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">English</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">History of the Philippines (1898–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government of the Philippine Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&pg=PA719">719</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-951-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-951-1"><bdi>978-1-85109-951-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Spanish-American+and+Philippine-American+Wars%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pages=719&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-951-1&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8V3vZxOmHssC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halstead1898ch11pp110-112-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Halstead1898ch11pp110-112_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalstead1898">Halstead 1898</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=58428&pageno=110">110–112</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaust1899">Faust 1899</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hcRwAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA103">103-104</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-End-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-End_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElliott1917">Elliott 1917</a>, p. 509.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmnestyProc-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AmnestyProc_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmnestyProc_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmnestyProc_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/07/04/101957581.pdf">"General Amnesty for the Filipinos; Proclamation Issued by the President"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. July 4, 1902.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=General+Amnesty+for+the+Filipinos%3B+Proclamation+Issued+by+the+President&rft.date=1902-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1902%2F07%2F04%2F101957581.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOtis1899">Otis 1899</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WH8KAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22schools%22&pg=PA152">152</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOtis1899">Otis 1899</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WH8KAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22courts%22&pg=PA145">145-146</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaide1994ch21p279-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zaide1994ch21p279_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaide1994">Zaide 1994</a>, p. 279 Ch.21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-karnow1990p123-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-karnow1990p123_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarnow1990">Karnow 1990</a>, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-agoncillo1990p196-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-agoncillo1990p196_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, p. 196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/intro.html"><i>The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War</i></a>, U.S. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+1898%3A+The+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War&rft.pub=U.S.+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fhispanic%2F1898%2Fintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-U.S._Library_of_Congress-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-U.S._Library_of_Congress_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/intro.html"><i>The World of 1898: the Spanish–American War</i></a>, U.S. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+1898%3A+the+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War&rft.pub=U.S.+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fhispanic%2F1898%2Fintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081224035526/http://www.footnote.com/spotlight/6879/newspaper_article_americans_capture/">"Our flag is now waving over Manila"</a>, <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.footnote.com/spotlight/6879/newspaper_article_americans_capture/">the original</a> on December 24, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Our+flag+is+now+waving+over+Manila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.footnote.com%2Fspotlight%2F6879%2Fnewspaper_article_americans_capture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrask1996">Trask 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YtDT1ZQ588C&pg=RA1-PA419">419</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarnow1990">Karnow 1990</a>, pp. 123–24, <a href="#CITEREFWolff2006">Wolff 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hHzvx94oiUgC&pg=PA119">119</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lac126-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lac126_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLacsamana2006">Lacsamana 2006</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halstead1898ch15pp176-178-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Halstead1898ch15pp176-178_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalstead1898">Halstead 1898</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=58428&pageno=176">176–178</a> Ch.15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miller1984p20-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-miller1984p20_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-miller1984p20_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1984">Miller 1984</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miller1984pp20-21-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-miller1984pp20-21_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1984">Miller 1984</a>, pp. 20–1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miller1984p24-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-miller1984p24_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1984">Miller 1984</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalaw1927:430-445-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kalaw1927:430-445_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKalaw1927">Kalaw 1927</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=450">430–445</a> Appendix D</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124171215/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carnegie/timeline/timeline2.html">"Andrew Carnegie timeline of events at PBS.org"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carnegie/timeline/timeline2.html">the original</a> on November 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Andrew+Carnegie+timeline+of+events+at+PBS.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fcarnegie%2Ftimeline%2Ftimeline2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326014901/http://law.upd.edu.ph/plj/images/files/PLJ%20volume%2060/PLJ%20Volume%2060%20supplemental%20issue%20-012-%20Treaty%20between%20spain%20and%20the%20United%20States.pdf">"Treaty between Spain and the United States for Cession of Outlying Islands of the Philippines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of the Philippines. November 7, 1900. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.upd.edu.ph/plj/images/files/PLJ%20volume%2060/PLJ%20Volume%2060%20supplemental%20issue%20-012-%20Treaty%20between%20spain%20and%20the%20United%20States.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+between+Spain+and+the+United+States+for+Cession+of+Outlying+Islands+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1900-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.upd.edu.ph%2Fplj%2Fimages%2Ffiles%2FPLJ%2520volume%252060%2FPLJ%2520Volume%252060%2520supplemental%2520issue%2520-012-%2520Treaty%2520between%2520spain%2520and%2520the%2520United%2520States.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halstead1898ch28p316-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead1898ch28p316_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead1898ch28p316_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead1898ch28p316_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halstead1898ch28p316_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalstead1898">Halstead 1898</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=58428&pageno=316">316</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miller1984p51-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-miller1984p51_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-miller1984p51_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1984">Miller 1984</a>, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text of the amended version, published by General Otis, is quoted in its entirety in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_Roca_de_Togores_y_SaraviaRemigio_GarciaNational_Historical_Institute_(Philippines)2003" class="citation book cs1">José Roca de Togores y Saravia; Remigio Garcia; National Historical Institute (Philippines) (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lhZ3AAAAMAAJ"><i>Blockade and siege of Manila</i></a>. National Historical Institute. pp. 148–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-538-167-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-538-167-3"><bdi>978-971-538-167-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blockade+and+siege+of+Manila&rft.pages=148-50&rft.pub=National+Historical+Institute&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-971-538-167-3&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Roca+de+Togores+y+Saravia&rft.au=Remigio+Garcia&rft.au=National+Historical+Institute+%28Philippines%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlhZ3AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span><br /> See also <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letter_from_E.S._Otis_to_the_inhabitants_of_the_Philippine_Islands,_January_4,_1899" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Letter from E.S. Otis to the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands, January 4, 1899">Wikisource:Letter from E.S. Otis to the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands, January 4, 1899</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff2006">Wolff 2006</a>, p. 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1984">Miller 1984</a>, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1997">Agoncillo 1997</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1997">Agoncillo 1997</a>, p. 357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1997">Agoncillo 1997</a>, pp. 357–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taylor1907p39-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-taylor1907p39_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1907">Taylor 1907</a>, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1899/01/09/100434663.pdf">"Bloodshed at Iloilo; Two Americans Attacked and One Fatally Wounded by Natives."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>The New York Times</i>, January 8, 1899<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bloodshed+at+Iloilo%3B+Two+Americans+Attacked+and+One+Fatally+Wounded+by+Natives.&rft.date=1899-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1899%2F01%2F09%2F100434663.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1899/01/10/117910003.pdf">"The Philippine Climax; Peaceful Solution of the Iloilo Issue May Result To-day. 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November 3, 1899.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=The+Philippines+%3A+As+viewed+by+President+McKinley%27s+Special+Commissioners&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2214&rft.date=1899-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1297%26dat%3D18991103%26id%3DjNAwAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5546%2C3586431%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Report Philippine Commission, Vol. I, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seekins1993US-Rule-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seekins1993US-Rule_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seekins1993US-Rule_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seekins1993US-Rule_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeekins1993">Seekins 1993</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalaw1927appFp453-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kalaw1927appFp453_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKalaw1927">Kalaw 1927</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc=philamer;idno=afj2233.0001.001;frm=frameset;view=image;seq=473;page=root;size=s">453</a>Appendix F</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaide1994ch24p280-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zaide1994ch24p280_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaide1994">Zaide 1994</a>, p. 280 Ch.21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chronphil-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chronphil_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/chronphil.html"><i>Chronology for the Philippine Islands and Guam in the Spanish–American War</i></a>, U.S. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology+for+the+Philippine+Islands+and+Guam+in+the+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War&rft.pub=U.S.+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fhispanic%2F1898%2Fchronphil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piedad-Pugay-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piedad-Pugay_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiedad-Pugay" class="citation web cs1">Piedad-Pugay, Chris Antonette. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhcp.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=147">"The Philippine Bill of 1902: Turning Point in Philippine Legislation"</a>. 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April 9, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+Proclamation+No.+173+S.+2002&rft.pub=Official+Gazette&rft.date=2002-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F2002%2F04%2F09%2Fproclamation-no-173-s-2002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617203054/http://www.pnp.gov.ph/about/content/history.html">"PNP History"</a>, <i>Philippine National Police</i>, Philippine Department of Interior and Local Government, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnp.gov.ph/about/content/history.html">the original</a> on June 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+National+Police&rft.atitle=PNP+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnp.gov.ph%2Fabout%2Fcontent%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, pp. 251–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-establishment-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-establishment_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippinesUnited_States_Philippine_Commission1904" class="citation book cs1">Philippines; United States Philippine Commission (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G-YxAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA567">"Military Proclamation, August 14, 1898"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G-YxAQAAIAAJ"><i>Public Laws Enacted by the Philippine Legislature: During the Period from Sept. 1, 1900 to Nov. 14, 1935; Comprising Acts Nos. 1 to 4275</i></a>. Bureau of Printing. p. 567.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Military+Proclamation%2C+August+14%2C+1898&rft.btitle=Public+Laws+Enacted+by+the+Philippine+Legislature%3A+During+the+Period+from+Sept.+1%2C+1900+to+Nov.+14%2C+1935%3B+Comprising+Acts+Nos.+1+to+4275&rft.pages=567&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Printing&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Philippines&rft.au=United+States+Philippine+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG-YxAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgoncillo1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Agoncillo" title="Teodoro Agoncillo">Agoncillo, Teodoro Andal</a> (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffilipin00teod/page/187">"11. The Revolution Second Phase"</a>, <i>History of the Filipino People</i> (Eighth ed.), University of the Philippines, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffilipin00teod/page/187">187–198</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-8711-06-6" title="Special:BookSources/971-8711-06-6"><bdi>971-8711-06-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11.+The+Revolution+Second+Phase&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Filipino+People&rft.pages=187-198&rft.edition=Eighth&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=971-8711-06-6&rft.aulast=Agoncillo&rft.aufirst=Teodoro+Andal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoffilipin00teod%2Fpage%2F187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgoncillo1997" class="citation cs2">Agoncillo, Teodoro Andal (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LnxvAAAACAAJ"><i>Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic</i></a>, University of the Philippines Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-542-096-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-542-096-9"><bdi>978-971-542-096-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malolos%3A+The+Crisis+of+the+Republic&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-971-542-096-9&rft.aulast=Agoncillo&rft.aufirst=Teodoro+Andal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLnxvAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchard1996" class="citation cs2">Blanchard, William H. (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d42R23Jq6SMC&pg=PA127">"9. Losing Stature in the Philippines"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d42R23Jq6SMC"><i>Neocolonialism American Style, 1960-2000</i></a>, Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30013-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30013-5"><bdi>0-313-30013-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9.+Losing+Stature+in+the+Philippines&rft.btitle=Neocolonialism+American+Style%2C+1960-2000&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-313-30013-5&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd42R23Jq6SMC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlitz2000" class="citation cs2">Blitz, Amy (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n2rdOhMdCDEC&q=william+grayson+philippines&pg=PA31">"Conquest and Coercion: Early U.S. Colonialism, 1899–1916"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n2rdOhMdCDEC"><i>The Contested State: American Foreign Policy and Regime Change in the Philippines</i></a>, Rowman & Littlefield, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-9935-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-9935-8"><bdi>0-8476-9935-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conquest+and+Coercion%3A+Early+U.S.+Colonialism%2C+1899%E2%80%931916&rft.btitle=The+Contested+State%3A+American+Foreign+Policy+and+Regime+Change+in+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8476-9935-8&rft.aulast=Blitz&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn2rdOhMdCDEC%26q%3Dwilliam%2Bgrayson%2Bphilippines%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstantino1975" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Renato_Constantino" title="Renato Constantino">Constantino, Renato</a> (1975), <i>The Philippines: A Past Revisited</i>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-8958-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/971-8958-00-2"><bdi>971-8958-00-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Past+Revisited&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=971-8958-00-2&rft.aulast=Constantino&rft.aufirst=Renato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott1917" class="citation cs2">Elliott, Charles Burke (1917), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0qff9SZ8NUgC"><i>The Philippines: To the End of the Commission Government, a Study in Tropical Democracy</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+To+the+End+of+the+Commission+Government%2C+a+Study+in+Tropical+Democracy&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Charles+Burke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0qff9SZ8NUgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaust1899" class="citation book cs1">Faust, K.I. (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l60TAAAAYAAJ"><i>Campaigning in the Philippines: Illustrated</i></a>. Hicks-Judd Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Campaigning+in+the+Philippines%3A+Illustrated&rft.pub=Hicks-Judd+Company&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Faust&rft.aufirst=K.I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl60TAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolay1997" class="citation cs2">Golay, Frank H. (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=up5KPgAACAAJ"><i>Face of empire: United States-Philippine relations, 1898–1946</i></a>, Ateneo de Manila University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-254-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-254-2"><bdi>978-971-550-254-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Face+of+empire%3A+United+States-Philippine+relations%2C+1898%E2%80%931946&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-971-550-254-2&rft.aulast=Golay&rft.aufirst=Frank+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dup5KPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuevara1972" class="citation cs2">Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=philamer;iel=1;view=toc;idno=aab1246.0001.001"><i>The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899</i></a>, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (published 1972)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+laws+of+the+first+Philippine+Republic+%28the+laws+of+Malolos%29+1898%E2%80%931899&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Library&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Ftext-idx%3Fc%3Dphilamer%3Biel%3D1%3Bview%3Dtoc%3Bidno%3Daab1246.0001.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span> (English translation by Sulpicio Guevara)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalstead1898" class="citation cs2">Halstead, Murat (1898), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIQcwt7g2wkC"><i>The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Philippines+and+Our+New+Possessions%2C+Including+the+Ladrones%2C+Hawaii%2C+Cuba+and+Porto+Rico&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Halstead&rft.aufirst=Murat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlIQcwt7g2wkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalstead1918" class="citation cs2">Halstead, Murat (1918), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=58428"><i>The Story of the Philippines by Murat Halstead</i></a>, Project Gutenberg</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Philippines+by+Murat+Halstead&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Halstead&rft.aufirst=Murat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcatalog%2Fworld%2Freadfile%3Ffk_files%3D58428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJernegan2009" class="citation cs2">Jernegan, Prescott F (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=70XqApkaZ7YC"><i>The Philippine Citizen</i></a>, BiblioBazaar, LLC, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-115-97139-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-115-97139-3"><bdi>978-1-115-97139-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Citizen&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar%2C+LLC&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-115-97139-3&rft.aulast=Jernegan&rft.aufirst=Prescott+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D70XqApkaZ7YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalaw1927" class="citation cs2">Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=17"><i>The Development of Philippine Politics</i></a>, Oriental commercial</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Philippine+Politics&rft.pub=Oriental+commercial&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Kalaw&rft.aufirst=Maximo+Manguiat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dphilamer%26cc%3Dphilamer%26idno%3Dafj2233.0001.001%26frm%3Dframeset%26view%3Dimage%26seq%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarnow1990" class="citation cs2">Karnow, Stanley (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G8DcOwAACAAJ"><i>In Our Image</i></a>, Century, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-3732-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-3732-9"><bdi>978-0-7126-3732-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Our+Image&rft.pub=Century&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-3732-9&rft.aulast=Karnow&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG8DcOwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacsamana2006" class="citation cs2">Lacsamana, Leodivico Cruz (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wb53AAAACAAJ"><i>Philippine history and government</i></a>, Phoenix Publishing House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-06-1894-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-06-1894-1"><bdi>978-971-06-1894-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+history+and+government&rft.pub=Phoenix+Publishing+House&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-971-06-1894-1&rft.aulast=Lacsamana&rft.aufirst=Leodivico+Cruz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWb53AAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1984" class="citation cs2">Miller, Stuart Creighton (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zj6g2ag47TwC"><i>Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899-1903</i></a> (4th edition, reprint ed.), Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03081-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03081-5"><bdi>978-0-300-03081-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benevolent+Assimilation%3A+The+American+Conquest+of+the+Philippines%2C+1899-1903&rft.edition=4th+edition%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-300-03081-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Stuart+Creighton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZj6g2ag47TwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeekins1993" class="citation cs2">Seekins, Donald M. (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ph0026)">"The First Phase of United States Rule, 1898–1935"</a>, in Dolan, Ronald E. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/phtoc.html"><i>Philippines: A Country Study</i></a> (4th ed.), Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+First+Phase+of+United+States+Rule%2C+1898%E2%80%931935&rft.btitle=Philippines%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Seekins&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bph0026%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtis1899" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Elwell_Stephen_Otis" title="Elwell Stephen Otis">Otis, Elwell Stephen</a> (1899), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WH8KAQAAIAAJ">"Annual report of Maj. Gen. E.S. Otis, U.S.V., commanding Department of the Pacific and 8th Army Corps, military governor in the Philippine Islands"</a>, <i>Annual Report of the Major-General Commanding the Army</i>, vol. 2, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Annual+report+of+Maj.+Gen.+E.S.+Otis%2C+U.S.V.%2C+commanding+Department+of+the+Pacific+and+8th+Army+Corps%2C+military+governor+in+the+Philippine+Islands&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Major-General+Commanding+the+Army&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Otis&rft.aufirst=Elwell+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWH8KAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1907" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_R._M._Taylor" title="John R. M. Taylor">Taylor, John R.M.</a>, ed. (1907), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003035754/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=/p4013coll11&CISOPTR=374&filename=374.pdf"><i>Compilation of Philippine Insurgent Records</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Combined Arms Research Library, originally from War Department, Bureau of Insular Affairs, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/p4013coll11&CISOPTR=374">the original</a> on October 3, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compilation+of+Philippine+Insurgent+Records&rft.pub=Combined+Arms+Research+Library%2C+originally+from+War+Department%2C+Bureau+of+Insular+Affairs&rft.date=1907&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcgsc.cdmhost.com%2Fcdm4%2Fitem_viewer.php%3FCISOROOT%3D%2Fp4013coll11%26CISOPTR%3D374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrask1996" class="citation cs2">Trask, David F. (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2f0Gf0DQfmUC"><i>The war with Spain in 1898</i></a>, University of Nebraska Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9429-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9429-5"><bdi>978-0-8032-9429-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+war+with+Spain+in+1898&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-9429-5&rft.aulast=Trask&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2f0Gf0DQfmUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff2006" class="citation cs2">Wolff, Leon (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TGowAAAACAAJ"><i>Little brown brother: how the United States purchased and pacified the Philippine Islands at the century's turn</i></a>, History Book Club (published 2005), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58288-209-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58288-209-3"><bdi>978-1-58288-209-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little+brown+brother%3A+how+the+United+States+purchased+and+pacified+the+Philippine+Islands+at+the+century%27s+turn&rft.pub=History+Book+Club&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-58288-209-3&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTGowAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span>(Introduction, <i>Decolonizing the History of the Philippine–American War</i>, by Paul A. Kramer dated December 8, 2005)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorcester1914" class="citation cs2">Worcester, Dean Conant (1914), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12077publisher=Macmillan"><i>The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2)</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4191-7715-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4191-7715-X"><bdi>1-4191-7715-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+Past+and+Present+%28vol.+1+of+2%29&rft.date=1914&rft.isbn=1-4191-7715-X&rft.aulast=Worcester&rft.aufirst=Dean+Conant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F12077publisher%3DMacmillan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaide1994" class="citation cs2">Zaide, Sonia M. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YMsNgAACAAJ"><i>The Philippines: A Unique Nation</i></a>, All-Nations Publishing Co., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-642-071-4" title="Special:BookSources/971-642-071-4"><bdi>971-642-071-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Unique+Nation&rft.pub=All-Nations+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=971-642-071-4&rft.aulast=Zaide&rft.aufirst=Sonia+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YMsNgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+Government+of+the+Philippine+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Philippines belonged to, but were not a part of, the United States. See the page for the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Cases#Background" title="Insular Cases">Insular Cases</a> for more information.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">26th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1901–1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">25th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_New_York" title="List of governors of New York">33rd</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> (1899–1900)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy">Assistant Secretary of the Navy</a> (1897–1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Commissioner" title="New York City Police Commissioner">New York City Police Commissioner</a> (1895–1897)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt">First inauguration</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Inaugural_National_Historic_Site" title="Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site">historic site</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt">Second inauguration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Theodore Roosevelt administration">Foreign policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington_dinner_at_the_White_House" title="Booker T. Washington dinner at the White House">Booker T. Washington dinner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt#Conservation" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Conservation</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Newlands_Reclamation_Act" title="Newlands Reclamation Act">Newlands Reclamation Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transfer_Act_of_1905" title="Transfer Act of 1905">Transfer Act of 1905</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_Act" title="Antiquities Act">Antiquities Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pelican_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge">Pelican Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devils_Tower" title="Devils Tower">Devils Tower National Monument</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Muir_Woods_National_Monument" title="Muir Woods National Monument">Muir Woods National Monument</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</a>, </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Reclamation" title="United States Bureau of Reclamation">United States Reclamation Service</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Wildlife_Refuge_System" title="History of the National Wildlife Refuge System">National Wildlife Refuge System</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Arch" title="Roosevelt Arch">Roosevelt Arch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Governors" title="Conference of Governors">Conference of Governors</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Securities_Company" title="Northern Securities Company">Northern Securities Company breakup</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Securities_Co._v._United_States" title="Northern Securities Co. v. United States">court case</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coal_strike_of_1902" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal strike of 1902">Coal strike of 1902</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act" title="Pure Food and Drug Act">Pure Food and Drug Act</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration#History" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Meat_Inspection_Act" title="Federal Meat Inspection Act">Meat Inspection Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expediting_Act" title="Expediting Act">Expediting Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elkins_Act" title="Elkins Act">Elkins Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_Act" title="Hepburn Act">Hepburn Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aldrich%E2%80%93Vreeland_Act" title="Aldrich–Vreeland Act">Aldrich–Vreeland Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tillman_Act_of_1907" title="Tillman Act of 1907">Tillman Act of 1907</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Employers_Liability_Act" title="Federal Employers Liability Act">Federal Employers Liability Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kinkaid_Act" title="Kinkaid Act">Kinkaid Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Big_stick_ideology" title="Big stick ideology">Big stick ideology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Bunau-Varilla_Treaty" title="Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty">Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal#United_States_acquisition" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">Venezuelan crisis</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Occupation_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Occupation of Cuba">Occupation of Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War#Peace_and_aftermath" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">1906 Nobel Peace Prize</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907</a> </span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College" title="United States Army War College">Army War College</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Hall_(National_War_College)" title="Roosevelt Hall (National War College)">Roosevelt Hall</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association#History" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">College football meetings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation#History" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Bureau of Investigation</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce_and_Labor" title="United States Department of Commerce and Labor">Department of Commerce and Labor</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Corporations" title="Bureau of Corporations">Bureau of Corporations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Department_Methods" title="Committee on Department Methods">Keep Commission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inland_Waterways_Commission" title="Inland Waterways Commission">Inland Waterways Commission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Bureau of the Census</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_White_Fleet" title="Great White Fleet">Great White Fleet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perdicaris_affair" title="Perdicaris affair">Perdicaris affair</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt#Cabinet" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Cabinet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/West_Wing" title="West Wing">White House West Wing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1901_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1901 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address, 1901</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1906_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1906 State of the Union Address">1906</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1908_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1908 State of the Union Address">1908</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_desk" title="Theodore Roosevelt desk">White House desk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="List of federal judges appointed by Theodore Roosevelt">Federal judiciary appointments</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders" title="Rough Riders">Rough Riders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Guasimas" title="Battle of Las Guasimas">Battle of Las Guasimas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_Hill" title="Battle of San Juan Hill">Battle of San Juan Hill</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">"Bull Moose" Progressive Party</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Nationalism_(Theodore_Roosevelt)" title="New Nationalism (Theodore Roosevelt)">New Nationalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Attempted assassination of Theodore Roosevelt">Assassination attempt</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian%E2%80%93Roosevelt_African_expedition" title="Smithsonian–Roosevelt African expedition">Smithsonian–Roosevelt African expedition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt%E2%80%93Rondon_Scientific_Expedition" title="Roosevelt–Rondon Scientific Expedition">"River of Doubt" Amazonian expedition</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Birthplace_National_Historic_Site" title="Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site">Birthplace, boyhood home replica</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sagamore_Hill" title="Sagamore Hill">Sagamore Hill Home and Museum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt%27s_Maltese_Cross_Cabin" title="Theodore Roosevelt's Maltese Cross Cabin">Maltese Cross Cabin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elkhorn_Ranch" title="Elkhorn Ranch">Elkhorn Ranch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pine_Knot_(cabin)" title="Pine Knot (cabin)">Pine Knot cabin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Youngs_Memorial_Cemetery" title="Youngs Memorial Cemetery">Gravesite</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings<br />and speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_bibliography" title="Theodore Roosevelt bibliography">Theodore Roosevelt bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Naval_War_of_1812" title="The Naval War of 1812"><i>The Naval War of 1812</i> (1882 book)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Strenuous_Life" title="The Strenuous Life">"The Strenuous Life" (1899 speech)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/League_to_Enforce_Peace" title="League to Enforce Peace">League to Enforce Peace</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_in_a_Republic" title="Citizenship in a Republic">"Citizenship in a Republic" (1910 speech)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Progressive_Cause_Greater_Than_Any_Individual" class="extiw" title="s:Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual">"Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual" (1912 post-assassination-attempt speech)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt:_An_Autobiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography"><i>Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography</i> (1913 book)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Forum_(American_magazine)#Contributions_from_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="The Forum (American magazine)"><i>The Forum</i> magazine articles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Cyclopedia" title="Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia">Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Association#Theodore_Roosevelt_Collection" title="Theodore Roosevelt Association">Archival collections</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Electoral history of Theodore Roosevelt">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1898_New_York_state_election" title="1898 New York state election">1898 New York state election</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Republican National Convention: <a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">United States presidential elections: <a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Bibliography of Theodore Roosevelt">Bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Digital_Library" title="Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library">Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Room" title="Roosevelt Room">White House Roosevelt Room</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park" title="Theodore Roosevelt National Park">Theodore Roosevelt National Park</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Wilderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness">Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Island" title="Theodore Roosevelt Island">Theodore Roosevelt Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_National_Forest" title="Roosevelt National Forest">Roosevelt National Forest</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Park_(San_Antonio)" title="Roosevelt Park (San Antonio)">Roosevelt Park (San Antonio)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute_for_American_Studies" title="Roosevelt Institute for American Studies">Roosevelt Study Center</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Association" title="Theodore Roosevelt Association">Theodore Roosevelt Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Anniversary_coins" title="Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins">Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Statues</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Statue_of_Theodore_Roosevelt_(New_York_City)" title="Equestrian Statue of Theodore Roosevelt (New York City)">New York City</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt,_Rough_Rider" title="Theodore Roosevelt, Rough Rider">Portland, Oregon</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Memorial_Park" title="Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park">Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Monument_Assemblage" title="Theodore Roosevelt Monument Assemblage">Monument Assemblage</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Monument" title="Theodore Roosevelt Monument">Theodore Roosevelt Monument</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Memorial_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="Theodore Roosevelt Memorial (Portland, Oregon)">Roosevelt Memorial, Portland, Oregon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Presidential_Library" title="Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library">Proposed presidential library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_United_States_Courthouse" title="Theodore Roosevelt United States Courthouse">Theodore Roosevelt United States Courthouse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_River" title="Roosevelt River">Roosevelt River</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Bridge" title="Theodore Roosevelt Bridge">Theodore Roosevelt Bridge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Memorial_Bridge" title="Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Bridge">Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Bridge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Award" title="Theodore Roosevelt Award">Theodore Roosevelt Award</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_(ID-1478)" title="USS Theodore Roosevelt (ID-1478)">USS <i>Theodore Roosevelt</i> (1906</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_(SSBN-600)" title="USS Theodore Roosevelt (SSBN-600)">1961</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_(CVN-71)" title="USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71)">1984</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Road" title="Roosevelt Road">Roosevelt Road</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Teddy_bear" title="Teddy bear">Teddy bear</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Big_stick_ideology" title="Big stick ideology">"Speak softly, and carry a big stick"</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Category:Books about Theodore Roosevelt">Books</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Category:Films about Theodore Roosevelt">Films</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Terrible_Teddy,_the_Grizzly_King" title="Terrible Teddy, the Grizzly King"><i>Terrible Teddy, the Grizzly King</i>, 1901 film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_in_Africa" title="Roosevelt in Africa"><i>Roosevelt in Africa</i>, 1910 documentary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Rough_Riders_(film)" title="The Rough Riders (film)"><i>The Rough Riders</i>, 1927 film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Teddy,_the_Rough_Rider" title="Teddy, the Rough Rider"><i>Teddy, the Rough Rider</i>, 1940 film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders_(miniseries)" title="Rough Riders (miniseries)"><i>Rough Riders</i>, 1997 miniseries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Roosevelts_(miniseries)" title="The Roosevelts (miniseries)"><i>The Roosevelts</i>, 2014 documentary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_(miniseries)" title="Theodore Roosevelt (miniseries)"><i>Theodore Roosevelt</i>, 2022 miniseries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elkhorn_(TV_series)" title="Elkhorn (TV series)"><i>Elkhorn</i>, 2024 series</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Political positions of Theodore Roosevelt">Political positions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Bully_pulpit" title="Bully pulpit">Bully pulpit</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ananias_Club" title="Ananias Club">Ananias Club</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Nature_fakers_controversy#Roosevelt's_involvement" title="Nature fakers controversy">Nature fakers</a>"</span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/League_to_Enforce_Peace" title="League to Enforce Peace">League to Enforce Peace</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guest_of_Honor_(opera)" title="A Guest of Honor (opera)">A Guest of Honor</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Muckraker#Origin_of_the_term,_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Muckraker">Muckraker</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Republican" title="Roosevelt Republican">Roosevelt Republican</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barnes_vs._Roosevelt_libel_trial" title="Barnes vs. Roosevelt libel trial">Barnes vs. Roosevelt libel trial</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_family" title="Roosevelt family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hathaway_Lee_Roosevelt" title="Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt">Alice Hathaway Lee</a> (first wife)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edith_Roosevelt" title="Edith Roosevelt">Edith Kermit Carow</a> (second wife)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Roosevelt_Longworth" title="Alice Roosevelt Longworth">Alice Lee Roosevelt</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Jr." title="Theodore Roosevelt Jr.">Theodore Roosevelt III</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kermit_Roosevelt" title="Kermit Roosevelt">Kermit Roosevelt</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Roosevelt_Derby" title="Ethel Roosevelt Derby">Ethel Carow Roosevelt</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Roosevelt" title="Archibald Roosevelt">Archibald Roosevelt</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Roosevelt" title="Quentin Roosevelt">Quentin Roosevelt</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_III" title="Theodore Roosevelt III">Theodore Roosevelt IV</a> (grandson)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_V._S._Roosevelt" title="Cornelius V. S. Roosevelt">Cornelius V. S. Roosevelt III</a> (grandson)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Roosevelt_II" title="Quentin Roosevelt II">Quentin Roosevelt II</a> (grandson)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kermit_Roosevelt_Jr." title="Kermit Roosevelt Jr.">Kermit Roosevelt Jr.</a> (grandson)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Willard_Roosevelt" title="Joseph Willard Roosevelt">Joseph Willard Roosevelt</a> (grandson)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edith_Derby_Williams" title="Edith Derby Williams">Edith Roosevelt Derby</a> (granddaughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Keogh" title="Theodora Keogh">Theodora Roosevelt</a> (granddaughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Sr." title="Theodore Roosevelt Sr.">Theodore Roosevelt Sr.</a> (father)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Bulloch_Roosevelt" title="Martha Bulloch Roosevelt">Martha Bulloch Roosevelt</a> (mother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bamie_Roosevelt" title="Bamie Roosevelt">Anna "Bamie" Roosevelt</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Roosevelt_(socialite)" title="Elliott Roosevelt (socialite)">Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Corinne_Roosevelt_Robinson" title="Corinne Roosevelt Robinson">Corinne Roosevelt</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Roosevelt" title="Cornelius Roosevelt">Cornelius Roosevelt</a> (grandfather)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Stephens_Bulloch" title="James Stephens Bulloch">James Stephens Bulloch</a> (grandfather)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Roosevelt" title="James A. Roosevelt">James Alfred Roosevelt</a> (uncle)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Roosevelt" title="Robert Roosevelt">Robert Barnhill Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Anna Eleanor Roosevelt</a> (niece)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hall_Roosevelt" title="Hall Roosevelt">Gracie Hall Roosevelt</a> (nephew)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pete_(Theodore_Roosevelt%27s_dog)" title="Pete (Theodore Roosevelt's dog)">Pete</a> (dog)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">← William McKinley</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft →</a></b></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">← Garret Hobart</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Category:Theodore Roosevelt">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="William_Howard_Taft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:William_Howard_Taft" title="Template:William Howard Taft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:William_Howard_Taft" title="Template talk:William Howard Taft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:William_Howard_Taft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:William Howard Taft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="William_Howard_Taft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States#List_of_chief_justices" title="Chief Justice of the United States">10th</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a> (1921–1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">27th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1909–1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Cuba" title="List of colonial governors of Cuba">3rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cuba" title="President of Cuba">Provisional Governor of Cuba</a> (1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War#Secretary_of_War_(1789–1947)" title="United States Secretary of War">42nd</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a> (1904–1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines#Insular_Government_(1901–1935)" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General of the Philippines</a> (1901–1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States#List_of_solicitors_general" title="Solicitor General of the United States">6th</a> <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">Solicitor General of the United States</a> (1890–1892)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft#Presidency_(1909–1913)" title="William Howard Taft">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">timeline)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Inauguration of William Howard Taft">1909 inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_diplomacy" title="Dollar diplomacy">Dollar diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Adoption" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Income Tax amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payne%E2%80%93Aldrich_Tariff_Act" title="Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act">Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeks_Act" title="Weeks Act">Weeks Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Corrupt_Practices_Act" title="Federal Corrupt Practices Act">Federal Corrupt Practices Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Ship_Act_of_1910" title="Wireless Ship Act of 1910">Wireless Ship Act of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_Act_of_1911" title="Apportionment Act of 1911">Apportionment Act of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Fur_Seal_Convention_of_1911" title="North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911">North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mann%E2%80%93Elkins_Act" title="Mann–Elkins Act">Mann–Elkins Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Act_of_1912" title="Radio Act of 1912">Radio Act of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Secrets_Act_of_1911" title="Defense Secrets Act of 1911">Defense Secrets Act of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchot%E2%80%93Ballinger_controversy" title="Pinchot–Ballinger controversy">Pinchot–Ballinger controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Economy_and_Efficiency" title="Commission on Economy and Efficiency">Commission on Economy and Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">U.S. occupation of Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">United States Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_first_pitch#Presidential_first_pitches" title="Ceremonial first pitch">Ceremonial first pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1912 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft#Inauguration_and_appointments" title="William Howard Taft">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_William_Howard_Taft" title="List of federal judges appointed by William Howard Taft">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_William_Howard_Taft#United_States_Supreme_Court_Justices" title="List of federal judges appointed by William Howard Taft">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oval_Office#Taft_Oval_Office:_1909–33" title="Oval Office">First Oval Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidential transition of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chief Justice,<br />Supreme Court</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft#Chief_Justice_(1921–1930)" title="William Howard Taft">Supreme Court career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1925" title="Judiciary Act of 1925">Judiciary Act of 1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Creation of the Supreme Court Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">Taft Court cases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other actions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taft_Commission" title="Taft Commission">Taft Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government of the Philippine Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Philippines Civil Governor, 1901–1904</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Katsura_agreement" title="Taft–Katsura agreement">Taft–Katsura agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Occupation_of_Cuba#Occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Occupation of Cuba">1906–1909 Occupation of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_to_Enforce_Peace" title="League to Enforce Peace">League to Enforce Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_War_Labor_Board_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="National War Labor Board (1918–1919)">National War Labor Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft#Early_life_and_education" title="William Howard Taft">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_National_Historic_Site" title="William Howard Taft National Historic Site">Birthplace, home, and historic site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodbury_Point" title="Woodbury Point">Woodbury Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft_Bridge" title="Taft Bridge">Taft Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Bibliography of William Howard Taft">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft,_Montana" title="Taft, Montana">Taft, Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_High_School_(New_York_City)" title="William Howard Taft High School (New York City)">High school (New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_High_School_(Chicago)" title="William Howard Taft High School (Chicago)">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_Charter_High_School" title="William Howard Taft Charter High School">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_High_School_(San_Antonio)" title="William Howard Taft High School (San Antonio)">San Antonio)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 Republican National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908 U.S. presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 Republican National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 U.S. presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taft_family" title="Taft family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Herron_Taft" title="Helen Herron Taft">Helen Herron Taft</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert Alphonso Taft</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Taft_Manning" title="Helen Taft Manning">Helen Taft Manning</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Phelps_Taft_II" title="Charles Phelps Taft II">Charles Phelps Taft II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_III" title="William Howard Taft III">William Howard Taft III</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Taft_Jr." title="Robert Taft Jr.">Robert Alphonso Taft Jr.</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Taft" title="Seth Taft">Seth Taft</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Taft" title="Alphonso Taft">Alphonso Taft</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Taft" title="Louise Taft">Louise Taft</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Phelps_Taft" title="Charles Phelps Taft">Charles Phelps Taft</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Waters_Taft" title="Henry Waters Taft">Henry Waters Taft</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Dutton_Taft" title="Horace Dutton Taft">Horace Dutton Taft</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Rawson_Taft" title="Peter Rawson Taft">Peter Rawson Taft</a> (paternal grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Possum" title="Billy Possum">Billy Possum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Wayne" title="Pauline Wayne">Pauline Wayne</a> (cow)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House">Backstairs at the White House</a></i> (1979 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_(miniseries)" title="Theodore Roosevelt (miniseries)">Theodore Roosevelt</a></i> (2022 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">← Theodore Roosevelt</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:William_Howard_Taft" title="Category:William Howard Taft">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Territories_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Territories of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Territories of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Territories of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Territories_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_act" title="Organic act">Organic act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States#Former_organized_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Organized incorporated territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">U.S. territorial sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:1px #ccc solid"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest</a> (1787–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest</a> (1790–1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi</a> (1798–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana</a> (1800–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Orleans" title="Territory of Orleans">Orleans</a> (1804–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri</a> (1805–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan</a> (1805–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory" title="Illinois Territory">Illinois</a> (1809–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Territory" title="Alabama Territory">Alabama</a> (1817–1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Territory" title="Arkansas Territory">Arkansas</a> (1819–1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Florida</a> (1822–1845)</li> <li>Oklahoma <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> 1834–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma Panhandle">Panhandle</a> 1850–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Territory</a> 1890–1907</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Territory" title="Wisconsin Territory">Wisconsin</a> (1836–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Territory" title="Iowa Territory">Iowa</a> (1838–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon</a> (1848–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Territory" title="Minnesota Territory">Minnesota</a> (1849–1858)</li> <li>New Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._provisional_government_of_New_Mexico" title="U.S. provisional government of New Mexico">Provisional</a> 1846–1850</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">Territory</a> 1850–1912</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah</a> (1850–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington</a> (1853–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas</a> (1854–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory" title="Nebraska Territory">Nebraska</a> (1854–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Territory" title="Nevada Territory">Nevada</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Territory" title="Colorado Territory">Colorado</a> (1861–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota</a> (1861–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Territory" title="Idaho Territory">Idaho</a> (1863–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona</a> (1863–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana</a> (1864–1889)</li> <li>Alaska <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska">Department</a> 1867–1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Alaska" title="District of Alaska">District</a> 1884–1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Territory</a> 1912–1959</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Territory" title="Wyoming Territory">Wyoming</a> (1868–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Hawaii</a> (1900–1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Incorporated_vs._unincorporated_territories" title="Territories of the United States">Unincorporated territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a> (1898–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naval_Government_of_Guam" title="Naval Government of Guam">Naval Government</a> 1899–1950)</li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">Military Government</a> 1899–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government</a> 1902–1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth</a> 1935–1946</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_Porto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of Porto Rico">Military Government</a> 1899–1900</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_Porto_Rico" title="Insular Government of Porto Rico">Insular Government</a> 1900–1952</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> (1900–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a> (1917–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana 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<li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> (1903–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Islands" title="Corn Islands">Corn Islands</a> (1914–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_and_Enderbury_Islands" title="Canton and Enderbury Islands">Canton and Enderbury Islands</a> (1939–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonin_Islands#Navy_Time" title="Bonin Islands">Bonin Islands</a> (1945–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_Islands#History" title="Volcano Islands">Volcano Islands</a> (1945–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a> (1947–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Administration_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands" title="United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a> (1950–1972)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guano_Islands_Act" title="Guano Islands Act">Guano Islands Act</a> claims and other <a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">uninhabited islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Islands" title="Phoenix Islands">Phoenix Islands</a> (1856–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roncador_Bank" title="Roncador Bank">Roncador Bank</a> (1856–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrana_Bank" title="Serrana Bank">Serrana Bank</a> (1856–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a> (1857–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a> (1858–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a> (1858–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" 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