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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Campaigns of Ahmad Shah Abdali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaigns_of_Ahmad_Shah_Abdali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigns_of_Timur_Shah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns_of_Timur_Shah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Campaigns of Timur Shah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaigns_of_Timur_Shah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigns_of_Zaman_Shah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns_of_Zaman_Shah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Campaigns of Zaman Shah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campaigns_of_Zaman_Shah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet 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id="toc-Campaigns_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Multan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Multan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Siege of Multan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Multan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Shopian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Shopian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Battle of Shopian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Shopian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Nowshera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Nowshera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Battle of Nowshera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Nowshera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Jamrud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Jamrud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Battle of Jamrud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Jamrud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_Afgano-Sij" title="Guerras Afgano-Sij – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerras Afgano-Sij" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="جنگ‌های افغان‌ها و سیک‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ‌های افغان‌ها و سیک‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_afghano-sikh" title="Guerre afghano-sikh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerre afghano-sikh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afgan%C5%B3-sikh%C5%B3_karai" title="Afganų-sikhų karai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Afganų-sikhų karai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E2%80%93%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7" title="ਅਫ਼ਗ਼ਾਨ–ਸਿੱਖ ਯੁੱਧ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਫ਼ਗ਼ਾਨ–ਸਿੱਖ ਯੁੱਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DA%A9%DA%BE_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="افغان سکھ جنگاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="افغان سکھ جنگاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%DB%90" title="د افغانانو او سیکانو جګړې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د افغانانو او سیکانو جګړې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1748–1837 wars between the Afghan and Sikh empires</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Afghan–Sikh wars</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan-Sikh_Wars_depiction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Afghan-Sikh_Wars_depiction.jpg/220px-Afghan-Sikh_Wars_depiction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Afghan-Sikh_Wars_depiction.jpg/330px-Afghan-Sikh_Wars_depiction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Afghan-Sikh_Wars_depiction.jpg/440px-Afghan-Sikh_Wars_depiction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="616" /></a></span><br />Historical Sikh depiction of a battle between the Sikhs and the Durranis.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1748–1837 (Intermittent)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Sikhs consolidate central rule over multiple north western regions of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/23px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/35px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/45px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a> (1747–1823)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Kabul</a> (1823–1837)<br /><b>Supported by:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/FlagofKalat.svg/23px-FlagofKalat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/FlagofKalat.svg/35px-FlagofKalat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/FlagofKalat.svg/45px-FlagofKalat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="722" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kalat" title="Khanate of Kalat">Khanate of Kalat</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Qandahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Qandahar">Principality of Qandahar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mohammad_Khan" title="Sultan Mohammad Khan">Peshawar Sardars</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Akali_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sikh_Akali_flag.svg/24px-Sikh_Akali_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sikh_Akali_flag.svg/36px-Sikh_Akali_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sikh_Akali_flag.svg/48px-Sikh_Akali_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="254" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Dal_Khalsa_(Sikh_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)">Dal Khalsa</a> (1748–1765)<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/24px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/36px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/48px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Confederacy" title="Sikh Confederacy">Sikh Confederacy</a> (1765–1799)<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sikh_Empire_flag.svg/24px-Sikh_Empire_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sikh_Empire_flag.svg/36px-Sikh_Empire_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sikh_Empire_flag.svg/48px-Sikh_Empire_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> (1799–1837)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/23px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/35px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/45px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/23px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/35px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/45px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> Jahan Khan (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/23px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/35px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/45px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/23px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/35px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/45px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mir_Mannu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Mannu">Moin-ul-Mulk</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/23px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/35px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/45px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Shah_Durrani" title="Zaman Shah Durrani">Zaman Shah Durrani</a><br /> Fateh Khan Barakzai<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/23px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/35px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/45px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zain_Khan_Sirhindi" title="Zain Khan Sirhindi">Zain Khan</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/23px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/35px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/45px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> Abdus khan (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>) <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/23px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/35px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/45px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> Jangbaz khan (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/23px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/35px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/45px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> Usman Khan <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/23px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/35px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/45px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> Muhiuddin Khan <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/23px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/35px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/45px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> Hamid Khan (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/23px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/35px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/45px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> Buland Khan <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/23px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/35px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/45px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> Jamal Shah <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/23px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/35px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/45px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> Mir Nimat Khan <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/23px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/35px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/45px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> Ataullah Khan <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jihad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/29px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/44px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/58px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Barelvi" title="Syed Ahmad Barelvi">Syed Ahmad Barelvi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></span> <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jihad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/29px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/44px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/58px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail_Dehlvi" title="Shah Ismail Dehlvi">Shah Ismail Dehlvi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jihad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/29px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/44px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/58px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> Mirza Hayat Dehlvi <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nawab_Muzaffar_Khan" title="Nawab Muzaffar Khan">Nawab Muzaffar Khan</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mohammad_Khan" title="Sultan Mohammad Khan">Sultan Mohammad Khan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Azim_Khan" title="Azim Khan">Azim Khan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Akbar_Khan" title="Wazir Akbar Khan">Wazir Akbar Khan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/FlagofKalat.svg/23px-FlagofKalat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/FlagofKalat.svg/35px-FlagofKalat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/FlagofKalat.svg/45px-FlagofKalat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="722" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mir_Nasir_Khan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Nasir Khan I">Mir Nasir Khan I</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Akali_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sikh_Akali_flag.svg/24px-Sikh_Akali_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sikh_Akali_flag.svg/36px-Sikh_Akali_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sikh_Akali_flag.svg/48px-Sikh_Akali_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="254" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Deep_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Singh">Akali Baba Deep Singh</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/24px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/36px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/48px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia" title="Jassa Singh Ahluwalia">Jassa Singh Ahluwalia</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/24px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/36px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/48px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sukha_Singh" title="Sukha Singh">Sukha Singh</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/25px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/38px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/50px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jassa_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Jassa Singh Ramgarhia">Jassa Singh Ramgharia</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/24px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/36px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/48px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Dhillon" title="Hari Singh Dhillon">Hari Singh Dhillon</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/24px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/36px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/48px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charat_Singh" title="Charat Singh">Charat Singh</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/24px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/36px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/48px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jai_Singh_Kanhaiya" title="Jai Singh Kanhaiya">Jai Singh Kanhaiya</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/24px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/36px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/48px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maha_Singh" title="Maha Singh">Maha Singh</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/24px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/36px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/48px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sukha_Singh" title="Sukha Singh">Sukha Singh</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/24px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/36px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/48px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Baba_Gurbaksh_Singh" title="Baba Gurbaksh Singh">Baba Gurbaksh Singh</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><sup id="cite_ref-Harbans_Singh_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harbans_Singh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/24px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/36px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/48px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ala_Singh" title="Ala Singh">Ala Singh</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/24px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/36px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/48px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jhanda_Singh_Dhillon" title="Jhanda Singh Dhillon">Jhanda Singh Dhillon</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/24px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/36px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/48px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Baghel_Singh" title="Baghel Singh">Baghel Singh</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/25px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/38px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/50px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Maharaja Ranjit Singh</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/25px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/38px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/50px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/25px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/38px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/50px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Misr_Diwan_Chand" title="Misr Diwan Chand">Misr Diwan Chand</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/25px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/38px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/50px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/25px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/38px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/50px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jodh_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Jodh Singh Ramgarhia">Jodh Singh Ramgarhia</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/25px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/38px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/50px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/25px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/38px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/50px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tej_Singh" title="Tej Singh">Tej Singh</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/25px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/38px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/50px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mahan_Singh_Mirpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahan Singh Mirpuri">Mahan Singh Mirpuri</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/25px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/38px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/50px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Khushal_Singh_Jamadar" title="Khushal Singh Jamadar">Khushal Singh Jamadar</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/24px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/36px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg/48px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Akali_Phula_Singh" title="Akali Phula Singh">Akali Phula Singh</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/25px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/38px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/50px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Majithia" title="Amar Singh Majithia">Amar Singh Majithia</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/25px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/38px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/50px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/25px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/38px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/50px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/25px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/38px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/50px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a></span>Goolab Singh <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/25px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/38px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/50px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a></span>Kurram Singh <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Afghan–Sikh Wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manupur_(1748)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Manupur (1748)">Manupur (1748)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amritsar_(1757)" title="Battle of Amritsar (1757)">Amritsar (1757)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mahilpur_(1757)" title="Battle of Mahilpur (1757)">Mahilpur (1757)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jalandhar_(1757)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Jalandhar (1757) (page does not exist)">Jalandhar (1757)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sirhind_1758&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Sirhind 1758 (page does not exist)">Sirhind (1758)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Lahore_(1758)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occupation of Lahore (1758) (page does not exist)">Lahore (1758)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Lahore_(1759)" title="Second Battle of Lahore (1759)">2nd Lahore (1759)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lahore_(1760)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Lahore (1760) (page does not exist)">Lahore (1760)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sialkot_(1761)" title="Battle of Sialkot (1761)">Sialkot (1761)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujranwala_(1761)" title="Battle of Gujranwala (1761)">Gujranwala (1761)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lahore_(1761)" title="Siege of Lahore (1761)">Lahore (1761)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jandiala_(1762)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Jandiala (1762) (page does not exist)">Jandiala (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kup" title="Battle of Kup">Kup (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Amritsar_(1762)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Battle of Amritsar (1762) (page does not exist)">Amritsar (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harnaulgarh" title="Battle of Harnaulgarh">Harnaulgarh (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pipli_Sahib" title="Battle of Pipli Sahib">Pipli Sahib (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lakhi_Jungle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Lakhi Jungle (page does not exist)">Lakhi Jungle (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ravi_Ford" title="Battle of the Ravi Ford">Ravi (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sialkot_(1763)" title="Battle of Sialkot (1763)">Sialkot (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kasur_(1763)" title="Battle of Kasur (1763)">Kasur (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Urmar_Tanda" title="Battle of Urmar Tanda">Urmar Tanda (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Malerkotla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Malerkotla (page does not exist)">Malerkotla (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirhind_(1764)" title="Battle of Sirhind (1764)">Sirhind (1764)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Rohtas_(1764)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Rohtas (1764) (page does not exist)">Rohtas (1764)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qarawal" title="Battle of Qarawal">Qarawal (1764)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darbar_Sahib_(1764)" title="Battle of Darbar Sahib (1764)">Darbar Sahib (1764)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jandiala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Jandiala (page does not exist)">Jandiala (1764)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Batala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Batala (page does not exist)">Batala (1764)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Adinanagar_(1764)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Adinanagar (1764) (page does not exist)">Adinanagar (1764)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Jullunder_Doab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of the Jullunder Doab (page does not exist)">Jullundur (1765)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_on_the_Sutlej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle on the Sutlej (page does not exist)">Sutlej Ford (1765)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nurmahal_(1765)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Nurmahal (1765) (page does not exist)">Nurmahal (1765)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skirmish_of_Kapurthala_(1765)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skirmish of Kapurthala (1765) (page does not exist)">Kapurthala (1765)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_on_the_Beas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle on the Beas (page does not exist)">Beas Ford (1765)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gujrat_(1765)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Gujrat (1765) (page does not exist)">Gujrat (1765)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Fatahbad_(1766)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Fatahbad (1766) (page does not exist)">Fatahbad (1766)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jhelum_Town_(1766)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Jhelum Town (1766) (page does not exist)">Jhelum Town (1766)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Amritsar_(1767)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Amritsar (1767) (page does not exist)">Amritsar (1767)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Meerut_(1767)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Meerut (1767) (page does not exist)">Meerut (1767)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Lahore_(1767)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occupation of Lahore (1767) (page does not exist)">Lahore (1767)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jullundur_Doab_(1767)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Jullundur Doab (1767) (page does not exist)"> Jullundur (1767)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Rohtas_(1767)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Rohtas (1767) (page does not exist)">Rohtas (1767)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kunjpura_(1772)" title="Siege of Kunjpura (1772)">Kunjpura (1772)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1772)" title="Siege of Multan (1772)">Multan (1772)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rohtas_(1779)" title="Battle of Rohtas (1779)">Rohtas (1779)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1780)" title="Siege of Multan (1780)">Multan (1780)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shujabad_(1780)" title="Battle of Shujabad (1780)">Shujabad (1780)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attock_(1787)" title="Battle of Attock (1787)">Attock (1787)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Rohtas_(1795)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Rohtas (1795) (page does not exist)">Rohtas (1795)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Indus_Ford_(1795)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Indus Ford (1795) (page does not exist)">Indus Ford (1795)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujrat_Campaign_(1796)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gujrat Campaign (1796) (page does not exist)">Gujrat (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Rohtas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Rohtas (page does not exist)">Rohtas (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Attock_(1796)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Attock (1796) (page does not exist)">Attock (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Lahore_(1796)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Lahore (1796) (page does not exist)">Lahore (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pind_Dadan_Khan_(1796)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Pind Dadan Khan (1796) (page does not exist)">Pind Dadan Khan (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Amritsar_(1797)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Amritsar (1797) (page does not exist)">Amritsar (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_near_Amritsar_(1797)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle near Amritsar (1797) (page does not exist)">Battle near Amritsar (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujrat_Expedition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gujrat Expedition (page does not exist)">Gujrat (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skirmish_at_Sarae_Kali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skirmish at Sarae Kali (page does not exist)">Sarae Kali (1798)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacre_at_Wazirabad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massacre at Wazirabad (page does not exist)">Wazirabad (1798)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Shahdara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Shahdara (page does not exist)">Shahdara (1798)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skirmish_near_Lahore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skirmish near Lahore (page does not exist)">Near Lahore (1798)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amritsar_(1798)" title="Battle of Amritsar (1798)">Amritsar (1798)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacre_at_Rogheen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massacre at Rogheen (page does not exist)">Rogheen (1798)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kasur_(1798)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Kasur (1798) (page does not exist)">Kasur (1798)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skirmish_at_Eminabad_(1798)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skirmish at Eminabad (1798) (page does not exist)">Eminabad (1798)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engagement_at_Chunian_(1798)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Engagement at Chunian (1798) (page does not exist)">Chunian (1798)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_on_western_bank_of_Ravi_(1798)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle on western bank of Ravi (1798) (page does not exist)">Ravi Ford (1798)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_in_centre_of_Gujrat_and_Wazirabad_(1798)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle in centre of Gujrat and Wazirabad (1798) (page does not exist)">Battle in centre of Gujrat and Wazirabad (1798)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kasur" title="Battle of Kasur">Kasur (1807)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Multan_(1810)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Multan (1810) (page does not exist)">Multan (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan-Sikh_Capture_of_Kashmir_(1812-1813)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan-Sikh Capture of Kashmir (1812-1813)">Kashmir (1812-1813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hasan_Abdal_(1813)" title="Battle of Hasan Abdal (1813)">Hasan Abdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attock" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Attock">Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kashmir_(1814)" title="Battle of Kashmir (1814)">Kashmir (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Multan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Multan (1818)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mangal" title="Battle of Mangal">Mangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mankera_(1821-1822)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Mankera (1821-1822)">Mankera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taragarh_(1822)" title="Battle of Taragarh (1822)">Taragarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Akora_Khattak" title="Battle of Akora Khattak">Akora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaidu" title="Battle of Shaidu">Shaidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haidru_(1828)" title="Battle of Haidru (1828)">Haidru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balakot" title="Battle of Balakot">Balakot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Peshawar_(1834)" title="Capture of Peshawar (1834)">Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramkani" title="Battle of Ramkani">Ramkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standoff_at_the_Khyber_Pass_(1834%E2%80%931835)" title="Standoff at the Khyber Pass (1834–1835)">Khyber Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Panjtar" title="Battle of Panjtar">Panjtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Jamrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0.5em; font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#History" title="South Asia">History of South Asia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_(orthographic_projection)_without_national_boundaries.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="South Asia (orthographic projection)"><img alt="South Asia (orthographic projection)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/150px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/225px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/300px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Asian_history" title="Outline of South Asian history">Outline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Palaeolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(2,500,000–250,000 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Madrasian_culture" title="Madrasian culture">Madrasian culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(10,800–3300 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (7570–6200 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (7000–3300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Edakkal_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Edakkal Caves">Edakkal culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (5000–3000 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(3500–1500 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anarta_tradition" title="Anarta tradition">Anarta tradition</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3950</span>–1900 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ahar%E2%80%93Banas_culture" title="Ahar–Banas culture">Ahar-Banas culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (3000–1500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pandu_culture" title="Pandu culture">Pandu culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–750 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malwa_culture" title="Malwa culture">Malwa culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jorwe_culture" title="Jorwe culture">Jorwe culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1400–700 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age</a> <span class="nobold">(3300–1300 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(3300–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Early_Harappan" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Early Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(3300–2600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Mature_Harappan" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Mature Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2600–1900 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Late Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1900–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2000–500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Ochre_Coloured_Pottery_culture" title="Ochre Coloured Pottery culture">Ochre Coloured Pottery culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2000–1600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Swat culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1600–500 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">Iron Age</a> <span class="nobold">(1500–200 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1500–500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Janapada" title="Janapada">Janapadas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1500–600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Black_and_red_ware" title="Black and red ware">Black and Red ware culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1300–1000 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1200–600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (700–200 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pradyota_dynasty" title="Pradyota dynasty">Pradyota dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (799–684 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (684–424 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Three_Crowned_Kings" title="Three Crowned Kings">Three Crowned Kingdoms</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BC</span> – AD 1600)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Maha Janapadas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>–300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (550–330 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Ror Dynasty</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (450 BC – AD 489)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (424–345 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (380–321 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (330–323 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (321–184 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (312–303 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 AD</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1345)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1102)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1279)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 AD</span> – AD 800)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty" title="Mahameghavahana dynasty">Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 500</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (247 BC – AD 224)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle Kingdoms</a> <span class="nobold">(230 BC – AD 1206)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (230 BC – AD 220)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (200 BC – AD 300)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mitra_dynasty_(Mathura)" title="Mitra dynasty (Mathura)">Mitra Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50 BC</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (185–73 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (180 BC – AD 10)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (75–26 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythian Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (50 BC – AD 400)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 21 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 130</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satrap Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 35–405 )</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 60–240)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati" title="Nagas of Padmavati">Bharshiva Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (170–350)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati" title="Nagas of Padmavati">Nagas of Padmavati</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (210–340)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (224–651)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Indo-Sassanid Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (230–360)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhras Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (280–550)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (345–525)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (350–1000)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (350–1100)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Vishnukundina Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (420–624)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maitraka_dynasty" title="Maitraka dynasty">Maitraka Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (475–767)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Huna Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (475–576)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (489–632)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Kabul Shahi Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span> – 1026)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (543–753)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maukhari_dynasty" title="Maukhari dynasty">Maukhari Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (606–647)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (618–841)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (624–1075)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (632–661)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (650–1036)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (661–750)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (694–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhauma-Kara_dynasty" title="Bhauma-Kara dynasty">Bhauma-Kara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (736–916)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (750–1174)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (753–982)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty">Paramara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (800–1327)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty">Yadava Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (850–1334)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Somavamshi_dynasty" title="Somavamshi dynasty">Somavamshi Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (882–1110)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Chaulukya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (942–1244)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (973–1189)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lohara_dynasty" title="Lohara dynasty">Lohara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1003–1320)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1040–1347)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1070–1230)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1078–1434)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1083–1323)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1102–1766)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri">Kalachuris of Tripuri</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (675–1210)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Kalyani" title="Kalachuris of Kalyani">Kalachuris of Kalyani</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1156–1184)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chutia_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chutia Kingdom">Chutiya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1187–1673)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Deva Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span>)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Late medieval period</a> <span class="nobold">(1206–1526)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (977–1186)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1170–1206)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1206–1526)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1206–1290)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1290–1320)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1320–1414)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1414–1451)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1451–1526)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1228–1826)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga" title="Nayakas of Chitradurga">Chitradurga Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1300–1779)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Reddi_Kingdom" title="Reddi Kingdom">Reddy Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1325–1448)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1336–1646)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1352–1576)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Garhwal Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1358–1803)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1399–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gajapati_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajapati Empire">Gajapati Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1434–1541)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Ladakh Kingdom </a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1470–1842)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1596)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmadnagar Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1636)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Berar_sultanate" title="Berar sultanate">Berar sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1574)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate" title="Bidar Sultanate">Bidar Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1492–1619)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1492–1686)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Golkonda_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Golkonda Sultanate">Golkonda Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1518–1687)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Keladi Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1499–1763)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Koch_dynasty" title="Koch dynasty">Koch Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1515–1947)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a> <span class="nobold">(1526–1858)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1526–1858)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1540–1556)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_dynasty" title="Madurai Nayak dynasty">Madurai Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1529–1736)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Nayak_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Nayak kingdom">Thanjavur Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1532–1673)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhoi_dynasty" title="Bhoi dynasty">Bhoi dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1541–1804)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1576–1757)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ramnad_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramnad estate">Marava Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–1750)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1642–1975)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tondaiman" title="Tondaiman">Thondaiman Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1650–1948)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1674–1818)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Sikh Confederacy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1707–1799)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1729–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1799–1849)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial states</a> <span class="nobold">(1510–1961)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1510–1961)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">Dutch India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1605–1825)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Danish_India" title="Danish India">Danish India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1620–1869)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1759–1954)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company Raj</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1757–1858)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1858–1947)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">National histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives" title="History of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Regional histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Assam" title="History of Assam">Assam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Balochistan" title="History of Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">Bengal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bihar" title="History of Bihar">Bihar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gujarat" title="History of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="History of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kabul" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kabul">Kabul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kashmir" title="History of Kashmir">Kashmir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rajasthan" title="History of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maharashtra" title="History of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="History of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">Punjab</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Odisha" title="History of Odisha">Odisha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">Sindh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_India" title="History of South India">South India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Specialised histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India#History" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_monarchs" title="List of Indian monarchs">Dynasties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">Education</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Indology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">Influence on Southeast Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_studies" title="Pakistan studies">Pakistan studies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions#History" title="Indian religions">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_South_Asia" title="Template:History of South Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_South_Asia" title="Template talk:History of South Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_South_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of South Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Afghan–Sikh wars</b> spanned from 1748 to 1837 in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, and saw multiple phases of fighting between the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> (and its predecessors), mainly in and around <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a>. The conflict's origins stemmed from the days of the <a href="/wiki/Dal_Khalsa_(Sikh_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)">Dal Khalsa</a>, and continued after the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Kabul</a> succeeded the Durrani Empire. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Confederacy" title="Sikh Confederacy">Sikh Confederacy</a> had effectively achieved independence from the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> in 1716, and expanded at its expense in the following decades, despite the <a href="/wiki/Chhota_Ghallughara" title="Chhota Ghallughara">Chhota Ghallughara</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty" title="Afsharid dynasty">Afsharid</a> <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah%27s_invasion_of_the_Mughal_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire">Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire</a> (1738–40) dealt a heavy blow to the Mughals, but after <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a>'s death in 1747, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shah_Abdali" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Shah Abdali">Ahmed Shah Abdali</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a> declared independence from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a>. Four years later, this new Afghan state came into conflict with the Sikh alliance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaigns_of_Ahmad_Shah_Abdali">Campaigns of Ahmad Shah Abdali</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:219px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Portrait_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.jpg/154px-Portrait_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Portrait_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.jpg/231px-Portrait_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Portrait_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.jpg/308px-Portrait_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:219px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baba_Deep_Singh_mural_fresco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Baba_Deep_Singh_mural_fresco.jpg/180px-Baba_Deep_Singh_mural_fresco.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Baba_Deep_Singh_mural_fresco.jpg/270px-Baba_Deep_Singh_mural_fresco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Baba_Deep_Singh_mural_fresco.jpg/360px-Baba_Deep_Singh_mural_fresco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Baba_Deep_Singh" title="Baba Deep Singh">Baba Deep Singh</a> (right)</div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani">Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></div> <p>On 12 January 1748, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> invaded and occupied <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansford201720_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansford201720-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the Mughal governor of Lahore, Shah Nawaz Khan, fled to Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-dupree_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dupree-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Establishing a governor over Lahore, Ahmad marched his army east taking more territory,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansford201720_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansford201720-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manupur_(1748)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Manupur (1748)">Battle of Manupur</a> by Mughals in alliance with Sikhs<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fled back to Kandahar.<sup id="cite_ref-dupree_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dupree-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sikh bands under <a href="/wiki/Charat_Singh" title="Charat Singh">Charat Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia" title="Jassa Singh Ahluwalia">Jassa Singh Ahluwalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ala_Singh" title="Ala Singh">Ala Singh</a> continued to harass Durrani forces as they retreated. Thus, the first invasion of Shah proved a failure but it gave an opportunity to the Sikhs to organize themselves into the <a href="/wiki/Dal_Khalsa_(Sikh_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)">Dal Khalsa</a>, an army of the Sikh Confederacy, at <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> in March 1748.<sup id="cite_ref-Mehta_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehta-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sikhs retook Lahore only to lose it to the Afghans by 12 April 1752.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansford201720_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansford201720-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sikhs used <a href="/wiki/Guerilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerilla warfare">guerilla warfare</a> to try to oust the Afghans from Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022126_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022126-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1757, the Sikhs were defeated by the Afghan army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amritsar_(1757)" title="Battle of Amritsar (1757)">Battle of Amritsar</a> (also known as the Battle of Gohalwar), under the command of <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah</a> Durrani, son of Ahmad Shah Durrani.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal200891_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal200891-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After witnessing the fall of Lahore, the Durrani commander-in-chief Jahan Khan and Timur Shah fled the city, and while trying to cross the <a href="/wiki/Chenab_River" title="Chenab River">Chenab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi</a> rivers, thousands of Afghan soldiers were drowned and much of the soldiers' baggage abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022126_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022126-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sikhs took the captured Afghan prisoners to Amritsar to clean the sacred pool in Amritsar that was desecrated by the Afghans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022126_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022126-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1758, the Sikhs defeated the Afghan <a href="/wiki/Faujdar" title="Faujdar">faujdar</a> (military officer) Sa‘adat Khan Afridi, who fled from <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a>, followed with the defeat of Afghan army from all direction. Though the Sikhs captured and plundered Lahore,<sup id="cite_ref-grewal_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grewal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Afghans recaptured Lahore in 1761, but just within a couple of months, in May 1761, the Sikh army defeated the Afghan army, led by Ahmad Shah's governor of the Chahar Mahal, followed with defeat and surrender of relief party sent from <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022128_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022128-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, Sikhs captured Lahore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022128_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022128-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1761, near <a href="/wiki/Gujranwala" title="Gujranwala">Gujranwala</a>, Ahmad Shah Durrani's governor of the province of Lahore, was defeated by the Sikhs, continued with the defeat and ousting of the remaining commanders of Durrani's, eventually bringing the entire territories from the Satluj to the Indus, under Sikh occupation, along with Bist Jalandhar Doab, Sarhind, Rachna and the Chaj Doabs.<sup id="cite_ref-grewal_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grewal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahmad Shah lost most of the Punjab to Sikhs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022128_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022128-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1762, Ahmad Shah Durrani attacked Amritsar but was defeated by the Sikhs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022129_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022129-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1762, he fought a skirmish with Sikh forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ravi_Ford" title="Battle of the Ravi Ford">Battle of the Ravi Ford</a> in December 1762. In November 1763, Sikh forces had forced Durrani armies to advance upon them, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sialkot_(1763)" title="Battle of Sialkot (1763)">Battle of Sialkot</a>, where the Afghans were defeated, and were forced to leave their Punjab campaign in the wake of this defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Gujranwala, Jahan Khan was heavily defeated by the Sikhs, who then continued their victory by sacking the towns of Malerkotla and Morinda,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022129_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022129-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed with the defeat of the commander of Rohtas Fortress, Sarbaland Khan Saddozai, who was captured and imprisoned but later released after consenting to the Sikh sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022129_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022129-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reports of catastrophe enraged Ahmad Shah and wrote to Nasir Khan, beglar begi of Khalat, to join him in jihad (holy war) against the Sikhs, to destroy them and to enslave their women and children, but Ahmad Shah's march to Punjab in 1764, resulted in failure of Jihad with the defeat, ambush and ousting of advance guards by the Sikhs outside of Lahore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022129_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022129-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1765, Ahmad Shah marched again to Punjab with Qazi Mur Muhammad but his authority was only restricted within his camp as he remained on the defensive side with Sikhs swarming around the camp, which eventually resulted in Ahmad Shah's return to Kabul without pursuing even a single battle, where the Qazi noticed with disappointment that the country from Sirhind to Derajat was divided amongst the Sikhs with their sovereignty<sup id="cite_ref-grewal_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grewal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sikh sovereignty was further acknowledged in Lahore by striking a coin which pierced the same inscription that fifty five years ago was used by Banda Singh Bahadur on his seal, followed with re-establishment of 13 Sikh rule.<sup id="cite_ref-grewal_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grewal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sikhs would also capture <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> in 1772.<sup id="cite_ref-pak_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pak-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sughra_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sughra-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period after this would be known as the "Sikh Interlude Period", from 1772 to 1780.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESughra1994162_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESughra1994162-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaigns_of_Timur_Shah">Campaigns of Timur Shah</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rohtas_(1779)" title="Battle of Rohtas (1779)">Battle of Rohtas (1779)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shujabad_(1780)" title="Battle of Shujabad (1780)">Battle of Shujabad (1780)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1780)" title="Siege of Multan (1780)">Siege of Multan (1780)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_royal_soldiers_of_the_Durrani_Empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Afghan_royal_soldiers_of_the_Durrani_Empire.jpg/220px-Afghan_royal_soldiers_of_the_Durrani_Empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Afghan_royal_soldiers_of_the_Durrani_Empire.jpg/330px-Afghan_royal_soldiers_of_the_Durrani_Empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Afghan_royal_soldiers_of_the_Durrani_Empire.jpg/440px-Afghan_royal_soldiers_of_the_Durrani_Empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2519" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani</a> Soldiers by <a href="/wiki/James_Rattray" title="James Rattray">James Rattray</a>. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1847</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Timur Shah ascended to the throne of the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a> after his father, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>'s death.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Timur Shah consolidated his rule through multiple attempts, and also attempted an earlier campaign in 1775, however realizing the weakness of his army in view of smaller in number, Timur Shah retired to <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> which proceeded with rebellion by Faizullah Khan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta2000236_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta2000236-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who plotted to assassinate Timur Shah but was cunningly executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta2000237_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta2000237-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1779, Timur Shah decided to conquer <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta2000238_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta2000238-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to Sikhs having been in possession of the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> and Multan, these provinces served as a barrier for any attempt by Timur Shah to invade, many chiefs and nobility, dependencies of Durranis, paid no respect to the Durrani sovereignty, such as <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sind</a> which reduced the amount of tribute and hardly paid it, mostly due to its concurrent civil war between the <a href="/wiki/Talpur" title="Talpur">Talpurs</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kalhora_dynasty" title="Kalhora dynasty">Kalhoras</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nasir_I_of_Kalat" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir I of Kalat">Nasir Khan Balouch</a>, the ruler of the Khanate of Kalat under Timur Shah did not acknowledge the authority of Afghan monarch, as a result, inducing other Durrani chiefdoms to do the same, including the chief of <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur" title="Bahawalpur">Bahawalpur</a>, who treated the authority of Timur Shah with no respect.<sup id="cite_ref-gupta_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gupta-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Timur Shah thereupon tried to recover Multan by diplomacy and therefore sent Haji Ali Khan, as his agent, along with companions, to the Bhangi Sikh Chiefs to negotiate, with advice to behave and be polite, but instead, Haji Ali Khan threatened the Bhangi Chiefs to retire from Multan or face the royal wrath. The Bhangis tied Haji to the tree and shot him dead whereas his companions were left unharmed and sent back to report to Timur.<sup id="cite_ref-gupta_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gupta-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the news of death of his agent, Timur Shah detached a force of 18,000 men that included <a href="/wiki/Yusufzai" title="Yusufzai">Yusafzais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durrani" title="Durrani">Durranis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Army of the Mughal Empire">Mughals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizalbashes</a> under general Zangi Khan,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with orders to march by less known routes and fall upon the Sikhs unaware and Zangi Khan gave strict orders to his army to keep the movement secret. Zangi Khan halted 25 km from the Sikh camps with orders to imprison anyone who goes in the direction of the Sikh camp to make the Sikhs aware of their presence. Timur Shah positioned himself in the centre, at the head of 5,000 Yusafzai men.<sup id="cite_ref-har_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-har-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little before daybreak, early morning, the Sikhs completely unaware of Afghan army's presence, were attacked, and though unorganized, the Sikhs gave tough resistance but were eventually overwhelmed. About 3000 Sikhs were killed, and 500 others drowned in river <a href="/wiki/Jhelum" title="Jhelum">Jhelum</a> in trying to cross it during the Sikh retreat, while 2000 escaped by successfully reaching the opposite bank of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta2000240_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta2000240-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the victory, Timur Shah Durrani captured Multan after meeting the relieving Sikh force in <a href="/wiki/Shujabad" title="Shujabad">Shujabad</a> where a severe battle was fought on 8 February 1780. The Sikhs lost 2,000 men in killed and wounded and proceeded to flee towards Lahore. Timur sent a large army in pursuit of them and managed to overtake them at Hujra Muqim Khan, 64 km south west of Lahore. After this successful juncture, Timur hurried from Shujabad to Multan and ordered a general massacre in the city and besieged the fort in which the Sikh army was residing.<sup id="cite_ref-har_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-har-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negotiations were held and with the acceptance of conditions, Timur took over the fort on 18 February 1780, following which Timur Shah appointed Muzaffar Khan as the <a href="/wiki/Subahdar" title="Subahdar">Nazim</a> of Multan and Abdul Karim Khan Babar, a defected Muslim general of the Sikh army was appointed as Naib (Chief officer) of Muzaffar Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuhammad_Khan1998158_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuhammad_Khan1998158-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multan would remain under Afghan rule until its loss in 1818 to the Sikh Empire, during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1818)" title="Siege of Multan (1818)">Siege of Multan</a>. </p><p>This phase ended with the death of Timur Shah on 20 May 1793, leading his successor, <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Shah_Durrani" title="Zaman Shah Durrani">Zaman Shah Durrani</a> to ascend to the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani</a> throne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaigns_of_Zaman_Shah">Campaigns of Zaman Shah</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Zaman_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Emperor_Zaman_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan.jpg/220px-Emperor_Zaman_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Emperor_Zaman_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan.jpg/330px-Emperor_Zaman_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Emperor_Zaman_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan.jpg/440px-Emperor_Zaman_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1347" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Shah_Durrani" title="Zaman Shah Durrani">Zaman Shah Durrani</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Shah_Durrani" title="Zaman Shah Durrani">Zaman Shah Durrani</a> ascended to the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani</a> throne after his father, Timur Shah died on 20 May 1793. Zaman Shah lead multiple campaigns of Punjab against the Sikhs. His first campaign was in November 1796.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022159_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022159-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_campaign_of_Punjab">First campaign of Punjab</h3></div> <p>Zaman Shah's campaign of Punjab in 1796 against the Sikhs, led to capture of <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> in January 1797,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022160_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022160-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without any opposition as the Sikh chiefs retired to Amritsar to protect the holy city.<sup id="cite_ref-jas_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jas-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zaman Shah progressed towards Amritsar on January 13, 1797, where he was defeated by the Sikhs, 10 km away from the city.<sup id="cite_ref-ton_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ton-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As intelligence from Kabul had warned of a possible Persian invasion of main <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, Zaman Shah was forced to abandon his first Punjab campaign and return home to mobilize an army to combat this threat, headed by his own brother, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Durrani" title="Mahmud Shah Durrani">Mahmud Shah Durrani</a>. The Sikhs recaptured Lahore as he left.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022160_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022160-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After retreat, he left his deputy general, Ahmad Khan Shahanchi-bashi in charge, along with Afghan soldiers but he too was defeated and killed by the Sikhs.<sup id="cite_ref-jean_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jean-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_campaign_of_Punjab">Second campaign of Punjab</h3></div> <p>Having dealt with <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Durrani" title="Mahmud Shah Durrani">Mahmud Shah Durrani</a> for the time being, Zaman Shah returned to <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> and resumed his campaign once again, occupying <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022161_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022161-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in autumn of 1798, without opposition, as it was strategy of Ranjit Singh to drive them into Lahore and then lay siege to the city.<sup id="cite_ref-jan_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jan-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zaman Shah intended to march on Delhi but the Sikhs laid waste around 150 km of his camp to stop supplies and engaged in skirmishes. Facing determined foe who could cut of his communication with Kabul, Shah Zaman exercised discretion and returned to Afghanistan with his troops on 4 January 1799.<sup id="cite_ref-jas_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jas-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhangi Sikh Misl recaptured Lahore.<sup id="cite_ref-pat_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pat-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zaman Shah then appointed 19 yr old <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> as governor of Lahore to try to divide the Sikhs and returned to Peshawar where Sikhs all along harried the Afghans to river Jhelum. While crossing the river, Zaman Shah lost most men, supplies and heavy artillery due to upsurge. Eventually, Shah Zaman and his remaining army reached <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> in late 1799, exhausted from the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022161_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022161-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_campaign_of_Punjab">Third campaign of Punjab</h3></div> <p>Zaman Shah set out his third campaign of <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> in the spring of 1800, plotted to deal with a rebellious <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a>. However, having civil strife in Afghanistan, he was forced to cut his campaign short, having to deal with his brother, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Durrani" title="Mahmud Shah Durrani">Mahmud Shah Durrani</a> once again. Shah Zaman would not return to Punjab, and he would be deposed by Mahmud Shah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022162_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022162-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaigns_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh">Campaigns of Maharaja Ranjit Singh</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attock" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Attock">Battle of Attock</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_seated_and_wearing_red_robe_with_natural_scenery_in_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Painting_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_seated_and_wearing_red_robe_with_natural_scenery_in_background.jpg/180px-Painting_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_seated_and_wearing_red_robe_with_natural_scenery_in_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Painting_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_seated_and_wearing_red_robe_with_natural_scenery_in_background.jpg/270px-Painting_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_seated_and_wearing_red_robe_with_natural_scenery_in_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Painting_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_seated_and_wearing_red_robe_with_natural_scenery_in_background.jpg/360px-Painting_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_seated_and_wearing_red_robe_with_natural_scenery_in_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="866" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amir-Dost-Muhammad-Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Amir-Dost-Muhammad-Khan.jpg/154px-Amir-Dost-Muhammad-Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Amir-Dost-Muhammad-Khan.jpg/231px-Amir-Dost-Muhammad-Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Amir-Dost-Muhammad-Khan.jpg/308px-Amir-Dost-Muhammad-Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="1248" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a> (right)</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_painting_of_Hari_Singh_Nalwa_displayed_in_the_Lahore_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Oil_painting_of_Hari_Singh_Nalwa_displayed_in_the_Lahore_Museum.jpg/220px-Oil_painting_of_Hari_Singh_Nalwa_displayed_in_the_Lahore_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Oil_painting_of_Hari_Singh_Nalwa_displayed_in_the_Lahore_Museum.jpg/330px-Oil_painting_of_Hari_Singh_Nalwa_displayed_in_the_Lahore_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Oil_painting_of_Hari_Singh_Nalwa_displayed_in_the_Lahore_Museum.jpg/440px-Oil_painting_of_Hari_Singh_Nalwa_displayed_in_the_Lahore_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1813, after demanding the return of the fort at Attock, the Durrani prime minister Wazir Fateh Khan besieged Attock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999235_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1999235-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Punjabi relief force arrived and for three months the two armies faced each other, neither side moving.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999235_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1999235-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the heat from summer started to affect the armies, <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand</a> marched his army to block the Afghans from getting water from the river.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999235_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1999235-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without water the Afghan troops began to suffer dehydration, so they launched attack after attack towards the river, but were unable to break through.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999235_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1999235-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chand, realizing the Afghans were weakened, charged his cavalry at the Afghans who broke and ran, losing two thousand men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999235_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1999235-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accusing Ranjit Singh of treachery, Fateh Khan set off from Kashmir at the head of 15,000 <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in April 1813 and <a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">invested</a> Attock Fort.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffin192_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin192-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time Ranjit Singh rushed Dewan Mokham Chand and Karam Chand Chahal from <a href="/wiki/Burhan,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Burhan, Pakistan">Burhan</a> with a force of cavalry, artillery, and a <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a> of infantry to meet the Afghans.<sup id="cite_ref-Prakash330_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prakash330-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand</a> Nayyar encamped 8 miles (13 km) from the Afghan camp,<sup id="cite_ref-MGregor170_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MGregor170-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unwilling to risk a decisive engagement, although both sides engaged in numerous skirmishes and took losses. On 12 July 1813, the Afghans' supplies were exhausted and Dewan Mokham Chand Nayyar marched 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from Attock to Haidaru, on the banks of the Indus River, to offer battle. On 13 July 1813, Dewan Mokham Chand Nayyar split the cavalry into four divisions, giving command of one division to Hari Singh Nalwa and taking command of one division himself. The lone battalion of infantry formed an <a href="/wiki/Infantry_square" title="Infantry square">infantry square</a> protecting the artillery, with Gouse Khan commanding the artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-Prakash330_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prakash330-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Afghans took up positions opposite the Sikhs, with a portion of their cavalry under the command of <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a>. </p><p>Fateh Khan opened the battle by sending his <a href="/wiki/Pathans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathans">Pathans</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Cavalry_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalry charge">cavalry charge</a> which was repulsed by heavy fire from the Sikh artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-Prakash330_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prakash330-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Afghans rallied under Dost Mohammad Khan, who led the Ghazis on another cavalry charge which threw one wing of the Sikh army into disarray and captured some artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffin192_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin192-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it appeared the Sikhs had lost the battle, Dewan Mokham Chand led a cavalry charge atop a <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephant</a> that repulsed the Afghans "at all points",<sup id="cite_ref-MGregor170_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MGregor170-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rout" title="Rout">routed</a> the remaining Afghan troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaques81_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaques81-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fateh Khan, fearing his brother, Dost Mohammad Khan, had died, escaped to Kabul and the Sikhs captured the Afghan camp, including the lost artillery pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two months after the victory at Attock, Ranjit Singh decided to capitalize on instability in the Durrani Kingdom, and launched a campaign to take <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> from the Durrani Empire. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999238_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1999238-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A late Autumn start postponed the campaign until the next spring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999238_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1999238-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By June, an army of 30,000 men under the command of Ram Dyal, grandson of <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand</a>, marched toward Baramulla, with a pincer attack of 20,000 men led by Ranjit Singh marching to Poonch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999238_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1999238-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ranjit's force was delayed by torrential rains, while Ram Dyal's army took the fortress of Baramulla on 20 July 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999238_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1999238-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Dyal's army reached Shupaiyan, the governor of Kashmir, <a href="/wiki/Azim_Khan" title="Azim Khan">Azim Khan</a> blocked his advance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999238-239_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1999238-239-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fighting a delaying action, Dyal waited on a reinforcement of 5,000 men from Ranjit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999239_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1999239-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These reinforcements were forced to a standstill by Afghan snipers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999239_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1999239-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ranjit Singh's force made little progress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999239_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1999239-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faced with a scorched earth from the fleeing populace, food supplies became a major issue for his army, followed by a cholera outbreak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999239_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1999239-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Ram Dyal, who was entrenched near <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a>, received a proposal from Azim Khan for a negotiated peace and was able to extricate himself from a difficult situation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999239_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1999239-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ranjit Singh's campaign ended in failure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999239_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1999239-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, Lahore, and other large cities across the Sikh Empire were illuminated for two months afterwards in rejoicing over the victory.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his defeat at Attock, Fateh Khan fought off an attempt by <a href="/wiki/Fat%E2%80%B2h-Ali_Shah_Qajar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar">Ali Shah</a>, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, and his son <a href="/wiki/Dowlatshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dowlatshah">Ali Mirza</a> to capture the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, which left their newly captured province of Kashmir open to attack.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Multan">Siege of Multan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1818)" title="Siege of Multan (1818)">Siege of Multan (1818)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Fateh_Singh_Ahluwalia_of_Kapurthala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Raja_Fateh_Singh_Ahluwalia_of_Kapurthala.jpg/220px-Raja_Fateh_Singh_Ahluwalia_of_Kapurthala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Raja_Fateh_Singh_Ahluwalia_of_Kapurthala.jpg/330px-Raja_Fateh_Singh_Ahluwalia_of_Kapurthala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Raja_Fateh_Singh_Ahluwalia_of_Kapurthala.jpg/440px-Raja_Fateh_Singh_Ahluwalia_of_Kapurthala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="1792" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a> <a href="/wiki/Fateh_Singh_Ahluwalia" title="Fateh Singh Ahluwalia">Fateh Singh Ahluwalia</a> of Kapurthala</figcaption></figure> <p>In early January the Sikh force began their campaign with the capture of <a href="/wiki/Nawab_Muzaffar_Khan" title="Nawab Muzaffar Khan">Nawab Muzaffar Khan</a>'s forts at <a href="/wiki/Muzaffargarh" title="Muzaffargarh">Muzaffargarh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khangarh,_Punjab" title="Khangarh, Punjab">Khangarh</a>. In February, the Sikh force under <a href="/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a> reached Multan and ordered Muzaffar to pay the large <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> he owed and to surrender the fort, but Muzaffar refused. The Sikh forces won an engagement near the city but were unable to capture Muzaffar before he retreated into the fort. The Sikh army asked for more artillery and Ranjit Singh sent them the <a href="/wiki/Zamzama" title="Zamzama">Zamzama</a> and other large artillery pieces, which commenced fire on the walls of the fort. In early June, Sadhu Singh and a small band of other <a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Akalis</a> attacked the fort walls and discovered a breach in the wall. As they ran in to battle the unaware garrison the larger Sikh army was alerted and entered the fort through the breach. Muzaffar and his sons attempted a <a href="/wiki/Sortie" title="Sortie">sortie</a> to defend the fort but were killed in the battle. </p><p>The siege of Multan ended significant <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghan</a> influence in the <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> region and led to multiple Sikh attempts at capturing and the final capture of Peshawar.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Shopian">Battle of Shopian</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a></div> <p>The battle took place in the <a href="/wiki/Shopian_district" title="Shopian district">Shopian</a> region in the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> region. This battle included the 1819 Kashmir expedition, which led to Kashmir being annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Sikh army entered the city of <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> after the battle, Prince Kharak Singh guaranteed the personal safety of every citizen and ensured the city was not plundered. The peaceful capture of Srinagar was important as Srinagar, besides having a large <a href="/wiki/Shawl" title="Shawl">Shawl</a>-making industry, was also the center of trade between <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Panjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu">Iskardo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chopra26_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chopra26-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After taking Srinagar, the Sikh army faced no major opposition in conquering <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. However, when Ranjit Singh installed Moti Ram, the son of Dewan Mokham Chand, as the new governor of Kashmir, he also sent a "large body of troops" with him to ensure tribute from strongholds within Kashmir that might attempt to resist Sikh rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Prinsep53_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prinsep53-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capture of Kashmir set the boundaries and borders of the Sikh Empire with <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. The conquest of Kashmir marked an "extensive addition" to the Sikh Empire and "significantly" increased the empire's revenue and landmass.<sup id="cite_ref-Chopra26_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chopra26-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></div><p> The battle took place on 14 March 1823, in the bloody battle of Nowshera, Ranjit Singh led Sikh force's defeated <a href="/wiki/Yusufzai" title="Yusufzai">Yusufzai</a> Afghan supported by the Peshawar sardars. <a href="/wiki/Azim_Khan" title="Azim Khan">Azim Khan</a> <a href="/wiki/Barakzai" title="Barakzai">Barakzai</a> died shortly after the battle from <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">Cholera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></div><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a> was the foremost battle within the third Afghan–Sikh war. The result of the battle is disputed amongst historians. Some contend the failure of the Afghans to take the fort and the city of <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> or town of <a href="/wiki/Jamrud" title="Jamrud">Jamrud</a> as a victory for the Sikhs. On the other hand, some state that the killing of <a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a> resulted in an Afghan victory. James Norris, Professor of Political Science at Texas A&M International University, states that the battle's outcome was inconclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-Lafont_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lafont-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vanit1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanit1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maharajah_Sher_Singh_receiving_Dost_Muhammad_Khan-Amir_of_Kabul_in_Lahore,_Punjab,_circa_1850_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Maharajah_Sher_Singh_receiving_Dost_Muhammad_Khan-Amir_of_Kabul_in_Lahore%2C_Punjab%2C_circa_1850_painting.jpg/300px-Maharajah_Sher_Singh_receiving_Dost_Muhammad_Khan-Amir_of_Kabul_in_Lahore%2C_Punjab%2C_circa_1850_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Maharajah_Sher_Singh_receiving_Dost_Muhammad_Khan-Amir_of_Kabul_in_Lahore%2C_Punjab%2C_circa_1850_painting.jpg/450px-Maharajah_Sher_Singh_receiving_Dost_Muhammad_Khan-Amir_of_Kabul_in_Lahore%2C_Punjab%2C_circa_1850_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Maharajah_Sher_Singh_receiving_Dost_Muhammad_Khan-Amir_of_Kabul_in_Lahore%2C_Punjab%2C_circa_1850_painting.jpg/600px-Maharajah_Sher_Singh_receiving_Dost_Muhammad_Khan-Amir_of_Kabul_in_Lahore%2C_Punjab%2C_circa_1850_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1208" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> <a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a> receives <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a> <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_between_Mughals_and_Sikhs" title="List of battles between Mughals and Sikhs">List of battles between Mughals and Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Sikh_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Sikh Empire">List of battles involving the Sikh Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_States%E2%80%93Sikh_wars" title="Hill States–Sikh wars">Hill States–Sikh wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Sikh_war" title="Nepal–Sikh war">Nepal–Sikh war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Sikh_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Sikh war">Sino-Sikh war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_war" title="First Anglo-Sikh war">First Anglo-Sikh war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_war" title="Second Anglo-Sikh war">Second Anglo-Sikh war</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SoNXuXIkfS4C&dq=Sukha+Singh+killed&pg=PA474"><i>Sant Singh Sekhon: Selected Writings</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126019991" title="Special:BookSources/9788126019991"><bdi>9788126019991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sant+Singh+Sekhon%3A+Selected+Writings&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788126019991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSoNXuXIkfS4C%26dq%3DSukha%2BSingh%2Bkilled%26pg%3DPA474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harbans_Singh-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harbans_Singh_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2011" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Harbans (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/131/mode/2up"><i>The Encycl opedia of Sikhism Volume II E-L</i></a> (3rd ed.). 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Pakistan Historical Society. p. 146. <q>During the life time of Ahmad Shāh Abdali, the Sikhs under Jhanda Singh and Lahna Singh succeeded in capturing Multan on 5th January 1772</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Pakistan+Historical+Society+Volume+39&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Pakistan+Historical+Society&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Pakistan+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZPdtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sughra-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sughra_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSughra1994" class="citation journal cs1">Sughra, Bibi (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5209/1/188.pdf">"Peshawar under the AFGHANS (1753-1819)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>PRR</i>: 162<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Sang-e-Meel Publications. pp. 237–240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789693507560" title="Special:BookSources/9789693507560"><bdi>9789693507560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+In+Later+Mughal+History+Of+The+Punjab+1707-1793&rft.pages=237-240&rft.pub=Sang-e-Meel+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789693507560&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Hari+Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.73329%2Fpage%2Fn261%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Khan1998" class="citation thesis cs1">Muhammad Khan, Ashiq (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/5209"><i>THE LAST PHASE OF MUSLIM RULE IN MULTAN (1752 - 1818)</i></a> (Thesis). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=THE+LAST+PHASE+OF+MUSLIM+RULE+IN+MULTAN+%281752+-+1818%29&rft.inst=University+of+Multan%2C+MULTAN&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Muhammad+Khan&rft.aufirst=Ashiq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprr.hec.gov.pk%2Fjspui%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F5209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-har-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-har_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-har_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHari_Ram_Gupta2001" class="citation book cs1">Hari Ram Gupta (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IvTheSikhCommonwealthOrRiseAndFallOfSikh/page/n445/mode/2up"><i>History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth</i></a>. Munshirm Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd. pp. 432–435. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121501651" title="Special:BookSources/9788121501651"><bdi>9788121501651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Sikhs%3A+The+Sikh+Commonwealth&rft.pages=432-435&rft.pub=Munshirm+Manoharlal+Pub+Pvt+Ltd&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788121501651&rft.au=Hari+Ram+Gupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IvTheSikhCommonwealthOrRiseAndFallOfSikh%2Fpage%2Fn445%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta2000240-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta2000240_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGupta2000">Gupta 2000</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuhammad_Khan1998158-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuhammad_Khan1998158_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuhammad_Khan1998">Muhammad Khan 1998</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022159-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022159_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022160-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022160_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022160_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jas-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jas_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jas_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaswant_Lal_Mehta2005" class="citation book cs1">Jaswant Lal Mehta (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA680"><i>Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813</i></a>. New Dawn Press, Incorporated. p. 680. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781932705546" title="Special:BookSources/9781932705546"><bdi>9781932705546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Modern+India+1707-1813&rft.pages=680&rft.pub=New+Dawn+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781932705546&rft.au=Jaswant+Lal+Mehta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd1wUgKKzawoC%26pg%3DPA680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ton-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ton_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTony_Jaques2007" class="citation book cs1">Tony Jaques (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC&pg=PA419"><i>Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O</i></a>. Greenwood Press. p. 419. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313335389" title="Special:BookSources/9780313335389"><bdi>9780313335389</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Battles+and+Sieges%3A+F-O&rft.pages=419&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780313335389&rft.au=Tony+Jaques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDh6jydKXikoC%26pg%3DPA419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jean-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jean_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Lafont2002" class="citation book cs1">Jean Marie Lafont (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C&pg=PA17"><i>Maharaja Ranjit Singh</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maharaja+Ranjit+Singh&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Jean+Marie+Lafont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYrG_aJTgnw0C%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022161-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022161_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022161_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jan-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jan_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJann_Tibbets2016" class="citation book cs1">Jann Tibbets (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lsHLDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT460"><i>50 Great Military Leaders of All Time</i></a>. Vij Books India Private Limited. p. 460. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789385505669" title="Special:BookSources/9789385505669"><bdi>9789385505669</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+Great+Military+Leaders+of+All+Time&rft.pages=460&rft.pub=Vij+Books+India+Private+Limited&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789385505669&rft.au=Jann+Tibbets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlsHLDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pat-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pat_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatwant_Singh2007" class="citation book cs1">Patwant Singh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27XYeylUzWwC&pg=PT95"><i>The Sikhs</i></a>. Crown Publishing Group. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307429339" title="Special:BookSources/9780307429339"><bdi>9780307429339</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780307429339&rft.au=Patwant+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27XYeylUzWwC%26pg%3DPT95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2022162-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2022162_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2022">Lee 2022</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1999235-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999235_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999235_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999235_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999235_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999235_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh1999">Singh 1999</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrakash2002">Prakash 2002</a>, p. 329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffin192-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin192_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin192_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffin1892">Griffin 1892</a>, p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prakash330-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prakash330_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prakash330_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prakash330_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrakash2002">Prakash 2002</a>, p. 330</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MGregor170-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MGregor170_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MGregor170_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM'Gregor1846">M'Gregor 1846</a>, p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaques81-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jaques81_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaques2006">Jaques 2006</a>, p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrakash2002">Prakash 2002</a>, pp. 330–331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1999238-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999238_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999238_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999238_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999238_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh1999">Singh 1999</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1999238-239-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999238-239_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh1999">Singh 1999</a>, p. 238-239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1999239-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999239_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999239_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999239_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999239_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999239_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1999239_45-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh1999">Singh 1999</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM'Gregor1846">M'Gregor 1846</a>, p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UX4FAAAAQAAJ&q=battle%20of%20attock&pg=PA54">"The English in Afghanistan"</a>. <i>The North American Review</i>. 277–230 (2). Cedar Falls, Iowa: University of Northern Iowa: 54. 1929.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+North+American+Review&rft.atitle=The+English+in+Afghanistan&rft.volume=277%E2%80%93230&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=54&rft.date=1929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUX4FAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Dbattle%2520of%2520attock%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandhu1935" class="citation book cs1">Sandhu, Autar Singh (1935). <i>General Hari Singh Nalwa 1791–1837</i>. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Hari+Singh+Nalwa+1791%E2%80%931837&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Sandhu&rft.aufirst=Autar+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChopra" class="citation book cs1">Chopra, Gulshan Lall. <i>The Panjab as a Sovereign State, Lahore: Uttar Chand Kapur and Sons</i>. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panjab+as+a+Sovereign+State%2C+Lahore%3A+Uttar+Chand+Kapur+and+Sons&rft.pages=26&rft.aulast=Chopra&rft.aufirst=Gulshan+Lall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chopra26-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chopra26_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chopra26_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChopra1928">Chopra (1928)</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prinsep53-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prinsep53_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrinsepPrinsep1846">Prinsep & Prinsep (1846)</a>, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2022" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Jonathan L. (8 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=asR9DwAAQBAJ"><i>Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present</i></a>. Reaktion Books. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78914-019-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78914-019-4"><bdi>978-1-78914-019-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+A+History+from+1260+to+the+Present&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft.isbn=978-1-78914-019-4&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DasR9DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lafont-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lafont_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Lafont2002" class="citation book cs1">Jean Marie Lafont (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C&dq=battle+of+jamrud&pg=PA43"><i>Maharaja Ranjit Singh</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maharaja+Ranjit+Singh&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distri&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Jean+Marie+Lafont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYrG_aJTgnw0C%26dq%3Dbattle%2Bof%2Bjamrud%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vanit1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vanit1_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNalwa2009" class="citation cs2">Nalwa, Vanit (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ULhgNexD92QC"><i>Hari Singh Nalwa, "champion of the Khalsaji" (1791-1837)</i></a>, Manohar, pp. 177–317, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173047855" title="Special:BookSources/9788173047855"><bdi>9788173047855</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hari+Singh+Nalwa%2C+%22champion+of+the+Khalsaji%22+%281791-1837%29&rft.pages=177-317&rft.pub=Manohar&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9788173047855&rft.aulast=Nalwa&rft.aufirst=Vanit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DULhgNexD92QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChopra1928" class="citation cs2">Chopra, Gulshan Lall (1928), <i>The Panjab as a Sovereign State</i>, Lahore: Uttar Chand Kapur and Sons</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panjab+as+a+Sovereign+State&rft.place=Lahore&rft.pub=Uttar+Chand+Kapur+and+Sons&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Chopra&rft.aufirst=Gulshan+Lall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupree1980" class="citation book cs1">Dupree, Louis (1980). <i>Afghanistan</i>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Dupree&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlover2008" class="citation book cs1">Glover, William J. (2008). <i>Making Lahore Modern: Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City</i>. University of Minnesota Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Lahore+Modern%3A+Constructing+and+Imagining+a+Colonial+City&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Grewal, J.S. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&q=%22jamadar+khushal+singh%22&pg=PA91"><i>The Sikhs of the Punjab</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-63764-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-63764-3"><bdi>0-521-63764-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-63764-3&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_nryFANsoYC%26q%3D%2522jamadar%2Bkhushal%2Bsingh%2522%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin1892" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lepel_Henry_Griffin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepel Henry Griffin">Griffin, Lepel Henry</a> (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rNxGAAAAIAAJ"><i>Ranjit Singh</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ranjit+Singh&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Lepel+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrNxGAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaques2006" class="citation book cs1">Jaques, Tony (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3amnMPTPP5MC&q=attock"><i>Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33537-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33537-2"><bdi>978-0-313-33537-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Battles+and+Sieges%3A+A-E&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33537-2&rft.aulast=Jaques&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3amnMPTPP5MC%26q%3Dattock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLansford2017" class="citation book cs1">Lansford, Tom (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XxwIDgAAQBAJ&q=kasur+pashtun&pg=PA21"><i>Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598847604" title="Special:BookSources/9781598847604"><bdi>9781598847604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+at+War%3A+From+the+18th-Century+Durrani+Dynasty+to+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781598847604&rft.aulast=Lansford&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXxwIDgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkasur%2Bpashtun%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM'Gregor1846" class="citation book cs1">M'Gregor, William Lewis (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historysikhscon01gregoog"><i>The history of the Sikhs; containing the lives of the Gooroos; the history of the independent Sirdars, or Missuls, and the life of the great founder of the Sikh monarchy, Maharajah Runjeet Singh</i></a>. London: J. Madden.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+Sikhs%3B+containing+the+lives+of+the+Gooroos%3B+the+history+of+the+independent+Sirdars%2C+or+Missuls%2C+and+the+life+of+the+great+founder+of+the+Sikh+monarchy%2C+Maharajah+Runjeet+Singh&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Madden&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=M%27Gregor&rft.aufirst=William+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorysikhscon01gregoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta2005" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005). <i>Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813</i>. New Dawn Press, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Modern+India+1707-1813&rft.pub=New+Dawn+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Jaswant+Lal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrakash2002" class="citation book cs1">Prakash, Om (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=biAogtjmemYC&pg=PA328"><i>Encyclopaedic History of Indian Freedom Movement</i></a>. Anmol Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-261-0938-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-261-0938-8"><bdi>978-81-261-0938-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedic+History+of+Indian+Freedom+Movement&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-261-0938-8&rft.aulast=Prakash&rft.aufirst=Om&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbiAogtjmemYC%26pg%3DPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Singh, Khushwant (1999). <i>A History of the Sikhs</i>. Vol. 1, 1469–1839. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Sikhs&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrinsepPrinsep1846" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thoby_Prinsep" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thoby Prinsep">Prinsep, Henry Thoby</a>; Prinsep, James (1846), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2yO3iqjEdOcC&q=History%20of%20the%20Punjab%20(Volume%202)%20Thoby%20Prinsep%2C%20James%20Prinsep&pg=RA1-PR3"><i>History of the Punjab: And of the Rise, Progress, and Present Condition of the Sect and Nation of the Sikhs (Volume II)</i></a>, Wm. H. Allen and Co., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-142-34278-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-142-34278-4"><bdi>978-1-142-34278-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Punjab%3A+And+of+the+Rise%2C+Progress%2C+and+Present+Condition+of+the+Sect+and+Nation+of+the+Sikhs+%28Volume+II%29&rft.pub=Wm.+H.+Allen+and+Co.&rft.date=1846&rft.isbn=978-1-142-34278-4&rft.aulast=Prinsep&rft.aufirst=Henry+Thoby&rft.au=Prinsep%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2yO3iqjEdOcC%26q%3DHistory%2520of%2520the%2520Punjab%2520%28Volume%25202%29%2520Thoby%2520Prinsep%252C%2520James%2520Prinsep%26pg%3DRA1-PR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghan%E2%80%93Sikh+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sikh_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_Empire" title="Template talk:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Sikh Wars">Mughal-Sikh Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun" title="Battle of Nadaun">Nadaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basoli" title="Battle of Basoli">Basoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Anandpur">1st Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Anandpur">2nd Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Chamkaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarsa" title="Battle of Sarsa">Sarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Muktsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sonepat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sonepat">Sonepat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samana" title="Battle of Samana">Samana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sirhind" title="Siege of Sirhind">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadhaura" title="Battle of Sadhaura">Sadhaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chappar_Chiri" title="Battle of Chappar Chiri">Chappar Chiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rahon_(1710)" title="Battle of Rahon (1710)">Rahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lohgarh" title="Battle of Lohgarh">Lohgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jalalabad_(1710)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jalalabad (1710)">Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jammu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jammu">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurdas_Nangal" title="Battle of Gurdas Nangal">Gurdas Nangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1783)" title="Battle of Delhi (1783)">Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan–Sikh wars">Afghan–Sikh wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attock" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Attock">Battle of Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Multan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Battle of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peshawar (1834)">Battle of Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mudki" title="Battle of Mudki">Battle of Mudki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Battle of Ferozeshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Battle of Aliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon" title="Battle of Sobraon">Battle of Sobraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="Siege of Multan (1848–1849)">Siege of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal–Sikh War">Nepal–Sikh War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Sino-Sikh war</a>, Katoch–Sikh War, <a href="/wiki/Hill_States%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill States–Sikh Wars">Hill States–Sikh Wars</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panchayati Revolution (page does not exist)">Panchayati Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Sikh_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Sikh Empire">List of battles involving the Sikh Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Khas" title="Fauj-i-Khas">Fauj-i-Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Ain" title="Fauj-i-Ain">Fauj-i-Ain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampu-i-mu%27alla" title="Kampu-i-mu'alla">Kampu-i-mu'alla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_States_of_India" title="Hill States of India">Hill States Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mankera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mankera">Kingdom of Mankera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhan" title="Sudhan">Sudhans</a> of Poonch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqpon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqpon Dynasty">Maqpon Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamrud_Fort" title="Jamrud Fort">Jamrud Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan_Fort" title="Multan Fort">Multan Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkishangarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Harkishangarh">Harkishangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Fort" title="Zorawar Fort">Zorawar Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahu_Fort" title="Bahu Fort">Bahu Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindgarh_Fort" title="Gobindgarh Fort">Gobindgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillaur_Fort" title="Phillaur Fort">Phillaur Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Officials and warriors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Natives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhian_Singh" title="Dhian Singh">Dhian Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Dina_Nath" title="Diwan Dina Nath">Diwan Dina Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Bhawani_Das" title="Diwan Bhawani Das">Diwan Bhawani Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Buta_Singh" title="Diwan Buta Singh">Diwan Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_(Sikh_prince)" title="Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)">Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misr_Diwan_Chand" title="Misr Diwan Chand">Misr Diwan Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Mulraj_Chopra" title="Diwan Mulraj Chopra">Diwan Mulraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahan_Singh_Mirpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahan Singh Mirpuri">Mahan Singh Mirpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Singh_Jamadar" title="Khushal Singh Jamadar">Khushal Singh Jamadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Dogra_general)" title="Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)">Zorawar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tej_Singh" title="Tej Singh">Tej Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Singh" title="Lal Singh">Lal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Singh_(wazir)" title="Jawahar Singh (wazir)">Jawahar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehta_Basti_Ram" title="Mehta Basti Ram">Mehta Basti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_Singh_Attariwalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham Singh Attariwalla">Sham Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattar_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Chattar Singh Attariwalla">Chattar Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Majithia" title="Amar Singh Majithia">Amar Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehna_Singh_Majithia" title="Lehna Singh Majithia">Lehna Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjodh_Singh_Majithia" title="Ranjodh Singh Majithia">Ranjodh Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Singh" title="Surat Singh">Surat Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Mangal Singh Ramgarhia">Mangal Singh Ramgarhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Phula_Singh" title="Akali Phula Singh">Akali Phula Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandu_Lal" title="Chandu Lal">Chandu Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_Sandhawalia" title="Ajit Singh Sandhawalia">Ajit Singh Sandhawalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahan_Singh_Nakai" title="Kahan Singh Nakai">Kahan Singh Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangat_Singh_Saini" title="Sangat Singh Saini">Sangat Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Hukma_Singh" title="Sardar Hukma Singh">Hukma Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Singh_Dhillon" title="Veer Singh Dhillon">Veer Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Ghaus_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarnail Ghaus Khan">Jarnail Ghaus Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilahi_Bakhsh" title="Ilahi Bakhsh">Ilahi Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir_Azizuddin" title="Fakir Azizuddin">Fakir Azizuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Khan" title="Sultan Mahmud Khan">Sultan Mahmud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Fateh_Khan_Tiwana" title="Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana">Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Lal_Suri" title="Sohan Lal Suri">Sohan Lal Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Ram" title="Moti Ram">Moti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Ram_Dayal" title="Diwan Ram Dayal">Diwan Ram Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Kirpa_Ram" title="Diwan Kirpa Ram">Diwan Kirpa Ram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Foreigners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Allard" title="Jean-François Allard">Jean-François Allard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ventura" title="Jean-Baptiste Ventura">Jean-Baptiste Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auguste_Court" title="Claude Auguste Court">Claude Auguste Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_Mouton" title="François Henri Mouton">François Henri Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(soldier)" title="Alexander Gardner (soldier)">Alexander Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">Paolo Avitabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harlan" title="Josiah Harlan">Josiah Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Martin_Honigberger" title="Johann Martin Honigberger">Johann Martin Honigberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)">Henry Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Influential families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandhawalia" title="Sandhawalia">Sandhawalia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majithia_family" title="Majithia family">Majithia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwana_family_of_Shahpur" title="Tiwana family of Shahpur">Tiwana family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1809)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1809)">Treaty of Amritsar (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Treaty_(1838)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Treaty (1838)">Tripartite Treaty (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lahore" title="Treaty of Lahore">Treaty of Lahore (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1846)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1846)">Treaty of Amritsar (1846)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Darbar_records" title="Khalsa Darbar records">Khalsa Darbar records</a></li></ul> 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