CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("http://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://opensource.org/links/","20230315035823","http://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1678852703"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <title>Open Source Bibliography – Open Source Initiative</title> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://plausible.io/"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://i0.wp.com/"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://c0.wp.com/"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Open Source Initiative » Feed" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/feed/"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Open Source Initiative » Comments Feed" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/comments/feed/"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Open Source Initiative » Open Source Bibliography Comments Feed" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/links/feed/"/> <script type="text/javascript"> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230315035823\/https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230315035823\/https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230315035823\/https:\/\/opensource.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.1.1"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(e,a,t){var n,r,o,i=a.createElement("canvas"),p=i.getContext&&i.getContext("2d");function s(e,t){var a=String.fromCharCode,e=(p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,e),0,0),i.toDataURL());return p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,t),0,0),e===i.toDataURL()}function c(e){var t=a.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=t.type="text/javascript",a.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)}for(o=Array("flag","emoji"),t.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},r=0;r<o.length;r++)t.supports[o[r]]=function(e){if(p&&p.fillText)switch(p.textBaseline="top",p.font="600 32px Arial",e){case"flag":return s([127987,65039,8205,9895,65039],[127987,65039,8203,9895,65039])?!1:!s([55356,56826,55356,56819],[55356,56826,8203,55356,56819])&&!s([55356,57332,56128,56423,56128,56418,56128,56421,56128,56430,56128,56423,56128,56447],[55356,57332,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56418,8203,56128,56421,8203,56128,56430,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56447]);case"emoji":return!s([129777,127995,8205,129778,127999],[129777,127995,8203,129778,127999])}return!1}(o[r]),t.supports.everything=t.supports.everything&&t.supports[o[r]],"flag"!==o[r]&&(t.supports.everythingExceptFlag=t.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&t.supports[o[r]]);t.supports.everythingExceptFlag=t.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!t.supports.flag,t.DOMReady=!1,t.readyCallback=function(){t.DOMReady=!0},t.supports.everything||(n=function(){t.readyCallback()},a.addEventListener?(a.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",n,!1),e.addEventListener("load",n,!1)):(e.attachEvent("onload",n),a.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",function(){"complete"===a.readyState&&t.readyCallback()})),(e=t.source||{}).concatemoji?c(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(c(e.twemoji),c(e.wpemoji)))}(window,document,window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <style type="text/css"> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <style id="osi_font_faces-inline-css" type="text/css"> /* vietnamese */ @font-face { font-family: 'Libre Franklin'; font-style: italic; font-weight: 100 900; font-display: swap; src: url(http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823im_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/themes/osi/assets/fonts/libre-franklin/libre-franklin-vietnamese-100-900-italic.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB; } /* latin-ext */ @font-face { font-family: 'Libre Franklin'; font-style: italic; font-weight: 100 900; font-display: swap; src: url(http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823im_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/themes/osi/assets/fonts/libre-franklin/libre-franklin-latin-ext-100-900-italic.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF; } /* latin */ @font-face { font-family: 'Libre Franklin'; font-style: italic; font-weight: 100 900; font-display: swap; src: url(http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823im_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/themes/osi/assets/fonts/libre-franklin/libre-franklin-100-900-italic.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD; } /* vietnamese */ @font-face { font-family: 'Libre Franklin'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 100 900; font-display: swap; src: url(http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823im_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/themes/osi/assets/fonts/libre-franklin/libre-franklin-vietnamese-100-900.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB; } /* latin-ext */ @font-face { font-family: 'Libre Franklin'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 100 900; font-display: swap; src: url(http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823im_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/themes/osi/assets/fonts/libre-franklin/libre-franklin-latin-ext-100-900.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF; } /* latin */ @font-face { font-family: 'Libre Franklin'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 100 900; font-display: swap; src: url(http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823im_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/themes/osi/assets/fonts/libre-franklin/libre-franklin-100-900.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD; }/* vietnamese */ @font-face { font-family: 'Space Mono'; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url(http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823im_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/themes/osi/assets/fonts/space-mono/space-mono-vietnamese-Regular-italic.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB; } /* latin-ext */ @font-face { font-family: 'Space Mono'; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url(http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823im_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/themes/osi/assets/fonts/space-mono/space-mono-latin-ext-Regular-italic.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF; } /* latin */ @font-face { font-family: 'Space Mono'; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url(http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823im_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/themes/osi/assets/fonts/space-mono/space-mono-Regular-italic.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD; } /* vietnamese */ @font-face { font-family: 'Space Mono'; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; font-display: swap; src: url(http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823im_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/themes/osi/assets/fonts/space-mono/space-mono-vietnamese-Bold-italic.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB; } /* latin-ext */ @font-face { font-family: 'Space Mono'; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; font-display: swap; src: url(http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823im_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/themes/osi/assets/fonts/space-mono/space-mono-latin-ext-Bold-italic.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF; } /* latin */ @font-face { font-family: 'Space Mono'; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; font-display: swap; src: url(http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823im_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/themes/osi/assets/fonts/space-mono/space-mono-Bold-italic.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD; } /* vietnamese */ @font-face { font-family: 'Space Mono'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url(http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823im_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/themes/osi/assets/fonts/space-mono/space-mono-vietnamese-Regular.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB; } /* latin-ext */ @font-face { font-family: 'Space Mono'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url(http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823im_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/themes/osi/assets/fonts/space-mono/space-mono-latin-ext-Regular.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF; } /* latin */ @font-face { font-family: 'Space Mono'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url(http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823im_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/themes/osi/assets/fonts/space-mono/space-mono-Regular.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD; } /* vietnamese */ @font-face { font-family: 'Space Mono'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; font-display: swap; src: url(http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823im_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/themes/osi/assets/fonts/space-mono/space-mono-vietnamese-Bold.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB; } /* latin-ext */ @font-face { font-family: 'Space Mono'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; font-display: swap; src: url(http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823im_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/themes/osi/assets/fonts/space-mono/space-mono-latin-ext-Bold.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF; } /* latin */ @font-face { font-family: 'Space Mono'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; font-display: swap; src: url(http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823im_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/themes/osi/assets/fonts/space-mono/space-mono-Bold.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD; } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wp-block-library-css" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823cs_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg/build/block-library/style.css?ver=15.0.1" type="text/css" media="all"/> <style id="wp-block-library-inline-css" type="text/css"> .has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;} </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="mediaelement-css" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823cs_/https://c0.wp.com/c/6.1.1/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wp-mediaelement-css" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823cs_/https://c0.wp.com/c/6.1.1/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="gctl-timeline-styles-css-css" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823cs_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/plugins/timeline-block/includes/gutenberg-block/build/blocks.style.build.css?ver=6.1.1" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="cltb_cp_timeline-cgb-style-css-css" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823cs_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/plugins/timeline-block/includes/cool-timeline-block/dist/blocks.style.build.css" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="coblocks-frontend-css" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823cs_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/plugins/coblocks/dist/style-coblocks-1.css?ver=2.25.5" type="text/css" media="all"/> <style id="global-styles-inline-css" type="text/css"> body{--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 0 .2rem .3rem 0 rgba(0,0,0, 0.3), 0 .5rem .6rem 0 rgba(0,0,0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: .5rem .5rem 0 0 rgba(0,0,0, 0.4);--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--brand-color-1: #3Ea638;--wp--preset--color--brand-color-2: #FB923c;--wp--preset--color--brand-color-3: #ebc342;--wp--preset--color--brand-color-4: #e66d4c;--wp--preset--color--brand-color-5: #1c531d;--wp--preset--color--brand-links: #23881f;--wp--preset--color--brand-alert: #a11c2e;--wp--preset--color--neutral-white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--neutral-lightest: #f2f3f2;--wp--preset--color--neutral-light: #d2d2d2;--wp--preset--color--neutral-mid: #949494;--wp--preset--color--neutral-dark: #414042;--wp--preset--color--neutral-darkest: #000000;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-1-gradient-darker: linear-gradient(135deg,#3Ea638 0%,#1f531c 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-1-gradient-lighter: linear-gradient(135deg,#3Ea638 0%,#63ff59 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-2-gradient-darker: linear-gradient(135deg,#FB923c 0%,#7d491e 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-2-gradient-lighter: linear-gradient(135deg,#FB923c 0%,#ffe960 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-3-gradient-darker: linear-gradient(135deg,#ebc342 0%,#756121 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-3-gradient-lighter: linear-gradient(135deg,#ebc342 0%,#ffff69 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-4-gradient-darker: linear-gradient(135deg,#e66d4c 0%,#733626 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-4-gradient-lighter: linear-gradient(135deg,#e66d4c 0%,#ffae79 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-5-gradient-darker: linear-gradient(135deg,#1c531d 0%,#0e290e 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-5-gradient-lighter: linear-gradient(135deg,#1c531d 0%,#2c842e 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-1-brand-color-2-gradient: linear-gradient(135deg,#3Ea638 0%,#FB923c 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-1-brand-color-3-gradient: linear-gradient(135deg,#3Ea638 0%,#ebc342 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-1-brand-color-4-gradient: linear-gradient(135deg,#3Ea638 0%,#e66d4c 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-1-brand-color-5-gradient: linear-gradient(135deg,#3Ea638 0%,#1c531d 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-2-brand-color-3-gradient: linear-gradient(135deg,#FB923c 0%,#ebc342 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-2-brand-color-4-gradient: linear-gradient(135deg,#FB923c 0%,#e66d4c 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-2-brand-color-5-gradient: linear-gradient(135deg,#FB923c 0%,#1c531d 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-3-brand-color-4-gradient: linear-gradient(135deg,#ebc342 0%,#e66d4c 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-3-brand-color-5-gradient: linear-gradient(135deg,#ebc342 0%,#1c531d 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-4-brand-color-5-gradient: linear-gradient(135deg,#e66d4c 0%,#1c531d 100%);--wp--preset--duotone--dark-grayscale: url('/web/20230315035823im_/https://opensource.org/links/#wp-duotone-dark-grayscale');--wp--preset--duotone--grayscale: url('/web/20230315035823im_/https://opensource.org/links/#wp-duotone-grayscale');--wp--preset--duotone--purple-yellow: url('/web/20230315035823im_/https://opensource.org/links/#wp-duotone-purple-yellow');--wp--preset--duotone--blue-red: url('/web/20230315035823im_/https://opensource.org/links/#wp-duotone-blue-red');--wp--preset--duotone--midnight: url('/web/20230315035823im_/https://opensource.org/links/#wp-duotone-midnight');--wp--preset--duotone--magenta-yellow: url('/web/20230315035823im_/https://opensource.org/links/#wp-duotone-magenta-yellow');--wp--preset--duotone--purple-green: url('/web/20230315035823im_/https://opensource.org/links/#wp-duotone-purple-green');--wp--preset--duotone--blue-orange: url('/web/20230315035823im_/https://opensource.org/links/#wp-duotone-blue-orange');--wp--preset--font-size--small: clamp(14px, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 7.68px) * 0.24), 16px);--wp--preset--font-size--medium: clamp(22px, 1.375rem + ((1vw - 7.68px) * 0.24), 24px);--wp--preset--font-size--large: clamp(24px, 1.5rem + ((1vw - 7.68px) * 0.481), 28px);--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: clamp(28px, 1.75rem + ((1vw - 7.68px) * 2.404), 48px);--wp--preset--font-size--x-small: clamp(12px, 0.75rem + ((1vw - 7.68px) * 1), 12px);--wp--preset--font-size--normal: clamp(16px, 1rem + ((1vw - 7.68px) * 0.481), 20px);--wp--preset--font-size--xx-large: clamp(30px, 1.875rem + ((1vw - 7.68px) * 4.087), 64px);--wp--preset--font-family--system-font: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin: 'Libre Franklin', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--space-mono: 'Space Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--custom--alignment--aligned-max-width: 50%;--wp--custom--animation--transition-duration: 0.3s;--wp--custom--animation--transition-type: all;--wp--custom--button--border--color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-color-2);--wp--custom--button--border--color-secondary: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-color-1);--wp--custom--button--border--radius: 50px;--wp--custom--button--border--style: solid;--wp--custom--button--border--width: 2px;--wp--custom--button--color--background: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-color-2);--wp--custom--button--color--background-secondary: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-color-1);--wp--custom--button--color--text: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-dark);--wp--custom--button--hover--color--text: var(--wp--custom--color--foreground);--wp--custom--button--hover--color--background: var(--wp--custom--color--background);--wp--custom--button--hover--border--color: var(--wp--custom--color--foreground);--wp--custom--button--spacing--padding--top: 1em;--wp--custom--button--spacing--padding--bottom: 1em;--wp--custom--button--spacing--padding--left: 1.75em;--wp--custom--button--spacing--padding--right: 1.75em;--wp--custom--button--typography--font-family: var(--wp--custom--typography--body--font-family);--wp--custom--button--typography--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal);--wp--custom--button--typography--font-weight: 600;--wp--custom--button--typography--line-height: 1;--wp--custom--color--foreground: var(--wp--custom--typography--body--color);--wp--custom--color--background: var(--wp--preset--color--white);--wp--custom--color--primary: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-color-1);--wp--custom--color--secondary: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-color-2);--wp--custom--color--tertiary: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-color-3);--wp--custom--form--padding: 15px;--wp--custom--form--border--color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-dark);--wp--custom--form--border--radius: 0;--wp--custom--form--border--style: solid;--wp--custom--form--border--width: 1px;--wp--custom--form--checkbox--checked--content: "\2715";--wp--custom--form--checkbox--checked--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-small);--wp--custom--form--checkbox--checked--position--left: 3px;--wp--custom--form--checkbox--checked--position--top: 3px;--wp--custom--form--checkbox--checked--sizing--height: 12px;--wp--custom--form--checkbox--checked--sizing--width: 12px;--wp--custom--form--checkbox--unchecked--content: "";--wp--custom--form--checkbox--unchecked--position--left: 0;--wp--custom--form--checkbox--unchecked--position--top: 0.2em;--wp--custom--form--checkbox--unchecked--sizing--height: 16px;--wp--custom--form--checkbox--unchecked--sizing--width: 16px;--wp--custom--form--color--active: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-alert);--wp--custom--form--color--background: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-white);--wp--custom--form--color--box-shadow: none;--wp--custom--form--label--spacing--margin--bottom: var(--wp--custom--gap--baseline);--wp--custom--form--label--typography--color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-darkest);--wp--custom--form--label--typography--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small);--wp--custom--form--label--typography--font-family: var(--wp--custom--typography--subheading--font-family);--wp--custom--form--label--typography--font-weight: normal;--wp--custom--form--label--typography--letter-spacing: normal;--wp--custom--form--label--typography--text-transform: none;--wp--custom--form--typography--color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-darkest);--wp--custom--form--typography--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal);--wp--custom--form--placeholder--color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-dark);--wp--custom--form--placeholder--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small);--wp--custom--form--placeholder--style: italic;--wp--custom--gallery--caption--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small);--wp--custom--typography--body--color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-darkest);--wp--custom--typography--body--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin);--wp--custom--typography--body--font-weight: 400;--wp--custom--typography--body--font-weight-bold: 600;--wp--custom--typography--body--letter-space: 0;--wp--custom--typography--body--line-height: 1.6;--wp--custom--typography--body--margin: 20px;--wp--custom--typography--heading--color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-dark);--wp--custom--typography--heading--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin);--wp--custom--typography--heading--font-weight: 600;--wp--custom--typography--heading--font-weight-bold: 800;--wp--custom--typography--heading--letter-space: 0;--wp--custom--typography--heading--line-height: 1.125;--wp--custom--typography--heading--margin: 20px;--wp--custom--typography--subheading--color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-darkest);--wp--custom--typography--subheading--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin);--wp--custom--typography--subheading--font-weight: 600;--wp--custom--typography--subheading--font-weight-bold: 800;--wp--custom--typography--subheading--letter-space: 0;--wp--custom--typography--subheading--line-height: 1.125;--wp--custom--latest-posts--meta--color--text: var(--wp--custom--color--primary);--wp--custom--layout--content-size: 730px;--wp--custom--layout--wide-size: 1180px;--wp--custom--layout--narrow-size: 600px;--wp--custom--layout--post-size: 920px;--wp--custom--layout--sidebar-width-small: 80%;--wp--custom--layout--sidebar-width-mid: 60%;--wp--custom--gap--baseline: var(--wp--custom--spacing--small-padding);--wp--custom--gap--horizontal: min(var(--wp--custom--spacing--small-padding), 5vw);--wp--custom--gap--vertical: min(var(--wp--custom--spacing--small-padding), 5vw);--wp--custom--gap--horizontal-sm: var(--wp--custom--spacing--small-padding);--wp--custom--gap--horizontal-md: var(--wp--custom--spacing--mid-padding);--wp--custom--gap--horizontal-lg: var(--wp--custom--spacing--max-padding);--wp--custom--gap--vertical-sm: var(--wp--custom--spacing--small-padding);--wp--custom--navigation--submenu--border--color: transparent;--wp--custom--navigation--submenu--border--radius: var(--wp--custom--form--border--radius);--wp--custom--navigation--submenu--border--style: var(--wp--custom--form--border--style);--wp--custom--navigation--submenu--border--width: var(--wp--custom--form--border--width);--wp--custom--navigation--submenu--color--background: var(--wp--custom--color--primary);--wp--custom--navigation--submenu--color--text: var(--wp--custom--color--background);--wp--custom--page--title--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large);--wp--custom--page--title--margin: 1.5em;--wp--custom--paragraph--dropcap--margin: .1em .1em 0 0;--wp--custom--paragraph--dropcap--typography--font-size: 110px;--wp--custom--paragraph--dropcap--typography--font-weight: 400;--wp--custom--paragraph--link--typography--text-decoration: underline;--wp--custom--paragraph--link--hover--typography--text-decoration: none;--wp--custom--paragraph--link--focus--typography--text-decoration: none;--wp--custom--post-author--typography--font-weight: normal;--wp--custom--post-comment--typography--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal);--wp--custom--post-comment--typography--line-height: var(--wp--custom--typography--body--line-height);--wp--custom--pullquote--citation--typography--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-small);--wp--custom--pullquote--citation--typography--font-family: inherit;--wp--custom--pullquote--citation--typography--font-style: italic;--wp--custom--pullquote--citation--spacing--margin--top: var(--wp--custom--gap--vertical);--wp--custom--pullquote--typography--text-align: left;--wp--custom--pullquote--typography--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium);--wp--custom--quote--citation--typography--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-small);--wp--custom--quote--citation--typography--font-style: italic;--wp--custom--quote--citation--typography--font-weight: 400;--wp--custom--quote--typography--text-align: left;--wp--custom--quote--typography--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium);--wp--custom--quote--typography--line-height: 1.4;--wp--custom--separator--opacity: 1;--wp--custom--separator--width: 150px;--wp--custom--spacing--small-padding: 16px;--wp--custom--spacing--mid-padding: 32px;--wp--custom--spacing--max-padding: 48px;--wp--custom--table--border--color: ;--wp--custom--table--border--width: 1px;--wp--custom--table--border--style: solid;--wp--custom--table--color--background: transparent;--wp--custom--table--header--border--color: ;--wp--custom--table--header--border--width: 2px;--wp--custom--table--header--color--background: red;--wp--custom--table--typography--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small);--wp--custom--table--typography--line-height: 1.4;--wp--custom--table--figcaption--typography--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-small);--wp--custom--table--spacing--cell-padding: .25em;--wp--custom--video--caption--text-align: center;--wp--custom--video--caption--margin: var(--wp--custom--gap--vertical) auto;}body { margin: 0;--wp--style--global--content-size: var(--wp--custom--layout--content-size);--wp--style--global--wide-size: var(--wp--custom--layout--wide-size);}.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }.wp-site-blocks > * { margin-block-start: 0; margin-block-end: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > * + * { margin-block-start: 24px; }body { --wp--style--block-gap: 24px; }body .is-layout-flow > *{margin-block-start: 0;margin-block-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > * + *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > *{margin-block-start: 0;margin-block-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > * + *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flex{gap: 24px;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration: underline;}.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link{background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-brand-color-1-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-color-1) !important;}.has-brand-color-2-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-color-2) !important;}.has-brand-color-3-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-color-3) !important;}.has-brand-color-4-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-color-4) !important;}.has-brand-color-5-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-color-5) !important;}.has-brand-links-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-links) !important;}.has-brand-alert-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-alert) !important;}.has-neutral-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-white) !important;}.has-neutral-lightest-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-lightest) !important;}.has-neutral-light-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-light) !important;}.has-neutral-mid-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-mid) !important;}.has-neutral-dark-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-dark) !important;}.has-neutral-darkest-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-darkest) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-brand-color-1-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-color-1) !important;}.has-brand-color-2-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-color-2) !important;}.has-brand-color-3-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-color-3) !important;}.has-brand-color-4-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-color-4) !important;}.has-brand-color-5-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-color-5) !important;}.has-brand-links-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-links) !important;}.has-brand-alert-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-alert) !important;}.has-neutral-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-white) !important;}.has-neutral-lightest-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-lightest) !important;}.has-neutral-light-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-light) !important;}.has-neutral-mid-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-mid) !important;}.has-neutral-dark-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-dark) !important;}.has-neutral-darkest-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-darkest) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-brand-color-1-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-color-1) !important;}.has-brand-color-2-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-color-2) !important;}.has-brand-color-3-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-color-3) !important;}.has-brand-color-4-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-color-4) !important;}.has-brand-color-5-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-color-5) !important;}.has-brand-links-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-links) !important;}.has-brand-alert-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-alert) !important;}.has-neutral-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-white) !important;}.has-neutral-lightest-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-lightest) !important;}.has-neutral-light-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-light) !important;}.has-neutral-mid-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-mid) !important;}.has-neutral-dark-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-dark) !important;}.has-neutral-darkest-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-darkest) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-brand-color-1-gradient-darker-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-1-gradient-darker) !important;}.has-brand-color-1-gradient-lighter-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-1-gradient-lighter) !important;}.has-brand-color-2-gradient-darker-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-2-gradient-darker) !important;}.has-brand-color-2-gradient-lighter-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-2-gradient-lighter) !important;}.has-brand-color-3-gradient-darker-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-3-gradient-darker) !important;}.has-brand-color-3-gradient-lighter-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-3-gradient-lighter) !important;}.has-brand-color-4-gradient-darker-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-4-gradient-darker) !important;}.has-brand-color-4-gradient-lighter-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-4-gradient-lighter) !important;}.has-brand-color-5-gradient-darker-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-5-gradient-darker) !important;}.has-brand-color-5-gradient-lighter-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-5-gradient-lighter) !important;}.has-brand-color-1-brand-color-2-gradient-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-1-brand-color-2-gradient) !important;}.has-brand-color-1-brand-color-3-gradient-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-1-brand-color-3-gradient) !important;}.has-brand-color-1-brand-color-4-gradient-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-1-brand-color-4-gradient) !important;}.has-brand-color-1-brand-color-5-gradient-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-1-brand-color-5-gradient) !important;}.has-brand-color-2-brand-color-3-gradient-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-2-brand-color-3-gradient) !important;}.has-brand-color-2-brand-color-4-gradient-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-2-brand-color-4-gradient) !important;}.has-brand-color-2-brand-color-5-gradient-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-2-brand-color-5-gradient) !important;}.has-brand-color-3-brand-color-4-gradient-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-3-brand-color-4-gradient) !important;}.has-brand-color-3-brand-color-5-gradient-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-3-brand-color-5-gradient) !important;}.has-brand-color-4-brand-color-5-gradient-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-4-brand-color-5-gradient) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-x-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-small) !important;}.has-normal-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal) !important;}.has-xx-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--xx-large) !important;}.has-system-font-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--system-font) !important;}.has-libre-franklin-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin) !important;}.has-space-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--space-mono) !important;} .wp-block-pullquote{font-size: clamp(1.125em, 1.125rem + ((1vw - 0.48em) * 0.721), 1.5em);line-height: 1.6;} .wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;} </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="classic-theme-styles-css" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823cs_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg/build/block-library/classic.css?ver=1" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="dashicons-css" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823cs_/https://c0.wp.com/c/6.1.1/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wp-components-css" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823cs_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg/build/components/style.css?ver=15.0.1" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="godaddy-styles-css" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823cs_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/plugins/coblocks/includes/Dependencies/GoDaddy/Styles/build/latest.css?ver=2.0.2" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="osi-style-css" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823cs_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/themes/osi/style.css?ver=1678118719" type="text/css" media="all"/> <style id="osi-style-inline-css" type="text/css"> :root{--wp--preset--color--brand-color-1:#3Ea638; --wp--preset--color--brand-color-1-darker:#2e7c2a; --wp--preset--color--brand-color-1-lighter:#4dcf46; --wp--preset--color--brand-color-2:#FB923c; --wp--preset--color--brand-color-2-darker:#bc6d2d; --wp--preset--color--brand-color-2-lighter:#ffb64b; --wp--preset--color--brand-color-3:#ebc342; --wp--preset--color--brand-color-3-darker:#b09231; --wp--preset--color--brand-color-3-lighter:#fff352; --wp--preset--color--brand-color-4:#e66d4c; --wp--preset--color--brand-color-4-darker:#ac5139; --wp--preset--color--brand-color-4-lighter:#ff885f; --wp--preset--color--brand-color-5:#1c531d; --wp--preset--color--brand-color-5-darker:#153e15; --wp--preset--color--brand-color-5-lighter:#236724; --wp--preset--color--brand-links:#23881f; --wp--preset--color--brand-links-darker:#1a6617; --wp--preset--color--brand-links-lighter:#2baa26; --wp--preset--color--brand-alert:#a11c2e; --wp--preset--color--brand-alert-darker:#781522; --wp--preset--color--brand-alert-lighter:#c92339; --wp--custom--color--brand-text:#000000; --wp--custom--color--brand-heading:#414042; --wp--custom--color--brand-subheading:#414042; --wp--preset--color--neutral-white:#ffffff; --wp--preset--color--neutral-lightest:#f2f3f2; --wp--preset--color--neutral-light:#d2d2d2; --wp--preset--color--neutral-mid:#949494; --wp--preset--color--neutral-dark:#414042; --wp--preset--color--neutral-darkest:#000000; } .has-brand-color-1-background-color{background-color:#3Ea638 !important;} .has-brand-color-1-color{color:#3Ea638 !important;} .has-brand-color-2-background-color{background-color:#FB923c !important;} .has-brand-color-2-color{color:#FB923c !important;} .has-brand-color-3-background-color{background-color:#ebc342 !important;} .has-brand-color-3-color{color:#ebc342 !important;} .has-brand-color-4-background-color{background-color:#e66d4c !important;} .has-brand-color-4-color{color:#e66d4c !important;} .has-brand-color-5-background-color{background-color:#1c531d !important;} .has-brand-color-5-color{color:#1c531d !important;} .has-brand-links-background-color{background-color:#23881f !important;} .has-brand-links-color{color:#23881f !important;} .has-brand-alert-background-color{background-color:#a11c2e !important;} .has-brand-alert-color{color:#a11c2e !important;} .has-brand-text-color{color:#000000 !important;} .has-brand-heading-color{color:#414042 !important;} .has-brand-subheading-color{color:#414042 !important;} .has-neutral-white-background-color{background-color:#ffffff !important;} .has-neutral-white-color{color:#ffffff !important;} .has-neutral-lightest-background-color{background-color:#f2f3f2 !important;} .has-neutral-lightest-color{color:#f2f3f2 !important;} .has-neutral-light-background-color{background-color:#d2d2d2 !important;} .has-neutral-light-color{color:#d2d2d2 !important;} .has-neutral-mid-background-color{background-color:#949494 !important;} .has-neutral-mid-color{color:#949494 !important;} .has-neutral-dark-background-color{background-color:#414042 !important;} .has-neutral-dark-color{color:#414042 !important;} .has-neutral-darkest-background-color{background-color:#000000 !important;} .has-neutral-darkest-color{color:#000000 !important;} :root{--wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-1-gradient-darker:linear-gradient(90deg,#3Ea638 0%,#1f531c 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-1-gradient-lighter:linear-gradient(90deg,#3Ea638 0%,#63ff59 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-1-brand-color-2-gradient:linear-gradient(90deg,#3Ea638 0%,#FB923c 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-1-brand-color-3-gradient:linear-gradient(90deg,#3Ea638 0%,#ebc342 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-1-brand-color-4-gradient:linear-gradient(90deg,#3Ea638 0%,#e66d4c 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-1-brand-color-5-gradient:linear-gradient(90deg,#3Ea638 0%,#1c531d 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-1-neutral-lightest-gradient:linear-gradient(90deg,#3Ea638 0%,#f4f2f4 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-1-neutral-darkest-gradient:linear-gradient(90deg,#3Ea638 0%,#1e1e1e 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-2-gradient-darker:linear-gradient(90deg,#FB923c 0%,#7d491e 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-2-gradient-lighter:linear-gradient(90deg,#FB923c 0%,#ffe960 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-2-brand-color-3-gradient:linear-gradient(90deg,#FB923c 0%,#ebc342 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-2-brand-color-4-gradient:linear-gradient(90deg,#FB923c 0%,#e66d4c 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-2-brand-color-5-gradient:linear-gradient(90deg,#FB923c 0%,#1c531d 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-2-neutral-lightest-gradient:linear-gradient(90deg,#FB923c 0%,#f4f2f4 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-2-neutral-darkest-gradient:linear-gradient(90deg,#FB923c 0%,#1e1e1e 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-3-gradient-darker:linear-gradient(90deg,#ebc342 0%,#756121 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-3-gradient-lighter:linear-gradient(90deg,#ebc342 0%,#ffff69 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-3-brand-color-4-gradient:linear-gradient(90deg,#ebc342 0%,#e66d4c 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-3-brand-color-5-gradient:linear-gradient(90deg,#ebc342 0%,#1c531d 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-3-neutral-lightest-gradient:linear-gradient(90deg,#ebc342 0%,#f4f2f4 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-3-neutral-darkest-gradient:linear-gradient(90deg,#ebc342 0%,#1e1e1e 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-4-gradient-darker:linear-gradient(90deg,#e66d4c 0%,#733626 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-4-gradient-lighter:linear-gradient(90deg,#e66d4c 0%,#ffae79 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-4-brand-color-5-gradient:linear-gradient(90deg,#e66d4c 0%,#1c531d 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-4-neutral-lightest-gradient:linear-gradient(90deg,#e66d4c 0%,#f4f2f4 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-4-neutral-darkest-gradient:linear-gradient(90deg,#e66d4c 0%,#1e1e1e 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-5-gradient-darker:linear-gradient(90deg,#1c531d 0%,#0e290e 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-5-gradient-lighter:linear-gradient(90deg,#1c531d 0%,#2c842e 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-5-neutral-lightest-gradient:linear-gradient(90deg,#1c531d 0%,#f4f2f4 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--brand-color-5-neutral-darkest-gradient:linear-gradient(90deg,#1c531d 0%,#1e1e1e 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--neutral-lightest-gradient-darker:linear-gradient(90deg,#f4f2f4 0%,#7a797a 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--neutral-lightest-gradient-lighter:linear-gradient(90deg,#f4f2f4 0%,#ffffff 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--neutral-lightest-neutral-darkest-gradient:linear-gradient(90deg,#f4f2f4 0%,#1e1e1e 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--neutral-darkest-gradient-darker:linear-gradient(90deg,#1e1e1e 0%,#0f0f0f 100%); --wp--preset--gradient--neutral-darkest-gradient-lighter:linear-gradient(90deg,#1e1e1e 0%,#303030 100%); } .has-brand-color-1-gradient-darker-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#3Ea638 0%,#1f531c 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-1-gradient-lighter-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#3Ea638 0%,#63ff59 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-1-brand-color-2-gradient-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#3Ea638 0%,#FB923c 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-1-brand-color-3-gradient-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#3Ea638 0%,#ebc342 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-1-brand-color-4-gradient-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#3Ea638 0%,#e66d4c 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-1-brand-color-5-gradient-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#3Ea638 0%,#1c531d 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-1-neutral-lightest-gradient-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#3Ea638 0%,#f4f2f4 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-1-neutral-darkest-gradient-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#3Ea638 0%,#1e1e1e 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-2-gradient-darker-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#FB923c 0%,#7d491e 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-2-gradient-lighter-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#FB923c 0%,#ffe960 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-2-brand-color-3-gradient-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#FB923c 0%,#ebc342 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-2-brand-color-4-gradient-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#FB923c 0%,#e66d4c 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-2-brand-color-5-gradient-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#FB923c 0%,#1c531d 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-2-neutral-lightest-gradient-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#FB923c 0%,#f4f2f4 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-2-neutral-darkest-gradient-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#FB923c 0%,#1e1e1e 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-3-gradient-darker-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#ebc342 0%,#756121 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-3-gradient-lighter-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#ebc342 0%,#ffff69 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-3-brand-color-4-gradient-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#ebc342 0%,#e66d4c 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-3-brand-color-5-gradient-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#ebc342 0%,#1c531d 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-3-neutral-lightest-gradient-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#ebc342 0%,#f4f2f4 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-3-neutral-darkest-gradient-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#ebc342 0%,#1e1e1e 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-4-gradient-darker-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#e66d4c 0%,#733626 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-4-gradient-lighter-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#e66d4c 0%,#ffae79 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-4-brand-color-5-gradient-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#e66d4c 0%,#1c531d 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-4-neutral-lightest-gradient-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#e66d4c 0%,#f4f2f4 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-4-neutral-darkest-gradient-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#e66d4c 0%,#1e1e1e 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-5-gradient-darker-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#1c531d 0%,#0e290e 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-5-gradient-lighter-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#1c531d 0%,#2c842e 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-5-neutral-lightest-gradient-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#1c531d 0%,#f4f2f4 100%) !important;} .has-brand-color-5-neutral-darkest-gradient-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#1c531d 0%,#1e1e1e 100%) !important;} .has-neutral-lightest-gradient-darker-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#f4f2f4 0%,#7a797a 100%) !important;} .has-neutral-lightest-gradient-lighter-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#f4f2f4 0%,#ffffff 100%) !important;} .has-neutral-lightest-neutral-darkest-gradient-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#f4f2f4 0%,#1e1e1e 100%) !important;} .has-neutral-darkest-gradient-darker-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#1e1e1e 0%,#0f0f0f 100%) !important;} .has-neutral-darkest-gradient-lighter-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#1e1e1e 0%,#303030 100%) !important;} :root{--wp--custom--color--brand-color-1-rgb:62, 166, 56; --wp--custom--color--brand-color-2-rgb:251, 146, 60; --wp--custom--color--brand-color-3-rgb:235, 195, 66; --wp--custom--color--brand-color-4-rgb:230, 109, 76; --wp--custom--color--brand-color-5-rgb:28, 83, 29; --wp--custom--color--neutral-white-rgb:255, 255, 255; --wp--custom--color--neutral-lightest-rgb:242, 243, 242; --wp--custom--color--neutral-light-rgb:210, 210, 210; --wp--custom--color--neutral-mid-rgb:148, 148, 148; --wp--custom--color--neutral-dark-rgb:65, 64, 66; --wp--custom--color--neutral-darkest-rgb:0, 0, 0; } .wp-block-cover { background-image:url(/web/20230315035823im_/https://opensource.org/links/)} </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="genericons-css" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823cs_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/genericons/genericons/genericons.css?ver=3.1" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="jetpack_css-css" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823cs_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/css/jetpack.css?ver=12.0-a.1" type="text/css" media="all"/> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823js_/https://c0.wp.com/c/6.1.1/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/regenerator-runtime.min.js" id="regenerator-runtime-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823js_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg/build/vendors/inert-polyfill.min.js?ver=6.1.1" id="wp-inert-polyfill-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823js_/https://c0.wp.com/c/6.1.1/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-block-contact-form-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var Jetpack_Block_Assets_Base_Url = {"url":"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230315035823\/https:\/\/opensource.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/jetpack\/_inc\/blocks\/"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823js_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/blocks/contact-form/view.js?minify=false&ver=12.0-a.1" id="jetpack-block-contact-form-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="media-video-jwt-bridge-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var videopressAjax = {"ajaxUrl":"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230315035823\/https:\/\/opensource.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","bridgeUrl":"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230315035823\/https:\/\/opensource.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/jetpack\/jetpack_vendor\/automattic\/jetpack-videopress\/src\/..\/build\/lib\/token-bridge.js","post_id":"337"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823js_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-videopress/build/lib/token-bridge.js?ver=0.12.0" id="media-video-jwt-bridge-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async defer data-domain="opensource.org" data-api="https://plausible.io/api/event" src="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823js_/https://plausible.io/js/plausible.outbound-links.js?ver=1.2.4" id="plausible-analytics-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="plausible-analytics-js-after"> window.plausible = window.plausible || function() { (window.plausible.q = window.plausible.q || []).push(arguments) } </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823js_/https://c0.wp.com/c/6.1.1/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823js_/https://c0.wp.com/c/6.1.1/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://opensource.org/wp-json/"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/337"/><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://opensource.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd"/> <link rel="wlwmanifest" type="application/wlwmanifest+xml" href="https://opensource.org/wp-includes/wlwmanifest.xml"/> <link rel="canonical" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/links/"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/?p=337"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fopensource.org%2Flinks%2F"/> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fopensource.org%2Flinks%2F&format=xml"/> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <style type="text/css"> .site-title, .site-description { position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); } </style>  <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Open Source Bibliography"/> <meta property="og:url" content="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/links/"/> <meta property="og:description" content="There are many resources (good and bad) on the web offering information, advice, and interpretation concerning Open Source. The following are references that we, the OSI Board, have found useful, e…"/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2006-09-19T03:53:57+00:00"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2006-09-19T03:53:57+00:00"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Open Source Initiative"/> <meta property="og:image" content="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823im_/https://i0.wp.com/opensource.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/cropped-cropped-OSI_Horizontal_Logo_0-e1674081292667.png?fit=512%2C512&ssl=1"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="512"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="512"/> <meta property="og:image:alt" content=""/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta name="twitter:text:title" content="Open Source Bibliography"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823im_/https://i0.wp.com/opensource.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/cropped-cropped-OSI_Horizontal_Logo_0-e1674081292667.png?fit=240%2C240&ssl=1"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/>  <link rel="icon" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823im_/https://i0.wp.com/opensource.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/cropped-cropped-OSI_Horizontal_Logo_0-e1674081292667.png?fit=32%2C32&ssl=1" sizes="32x32"/> <link rel="icon" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823im_/https://i0.wp.com/opensource.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/cropped-cropped-OSI_Horizontal_Logo_0-e1674081292667.png?fit=192%2C192&ssl=1" sizes="192x192"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823im_/https://i0.wp.com/opensource.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/cropped-cropped-OSI_Horizontal_Logo_0-e1674081292667.png?fit=180%2C180&ssl=1"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://i0.wp.com/opensource.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/cropped-cropped-OSI_Horizontal_Logo_0-e1674081292667.png?fit=270%2C270&ssl=1"/> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> /* Carrie's design tweaks - 11.2.22 */ .wp-block-coblocks-posts__content a { line-height: 1.3em; } .wp-block-post-title { margin-bottom: 1em; } .entry-content h2 { font-size:2rem; font-weight:700; margin-top: 2em; } .entry-content h3 { color: #414042; font-size:1.5rem; font-weight: 700; margin-top: 2em; } .wp-block-media-text__content h2, .wp-block-media-text__content h3 { margin-top:0; } p { margin-bottom: 1.5em; } li { margin-bottom:1em; } blockquote > *, .wp-block-pullquote > *, .wp-block-quote > * { font-style: italic; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 200; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 2em 0 2rem 0!important; } /*to address centering a single post if there is only one */ .wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container li { margin: 0 auto; } /* Remove when the changes to prod are live 2-13-2023 */ @media only screen and (min-width: 1200px) { .header--blog-name img { margin-top: -16px; } .nav-main--menu > li:hover > ul, .nav-main--menu > li:focus > ul, .nav-main--menu li.tab-active > ul { max-height: 800px; } } </style> </head> <body class="page page-id-337 wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive"> <div class="wrapper" role="document"> <header id="masthead" class="site-header header-main"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <div class="header--inner"> <div class="site-branding header--blog-name"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/"><img class="header-logo" src="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823im_/https://i0.wp.com/opensource.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/cropped-OSI-horizontal-large.png?fit=640%2C229&ssl=1" alt="Open Source Initiative"/></a> </div> <nav aria-label="Primary" id="site-navigation" class="nav-main" role="navigation"> <div class="menu-primary-menu-container"><ul id="menu-primary-menu" class="nav-main--menu"><li id="menu-item-2358" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-2358"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/about/">About</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-2372" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-2372"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/board/">Board</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-2551" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2551"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/about/board-of-directors/">Board of Directors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2375" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2375"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/minutes/">Minutes</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2384" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2384"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/organization/">Organization & Operations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2373" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2373"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/bylaws/">Bylaws</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2392" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2392"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/about/board-of-directors/elections/">Board Elections</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2374" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2374"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/articles-of-incorporation/">Articles of Incorporation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2390" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2390"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/conflict_of_interest_policy/">Conflict of Interest</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-2398" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2398"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/volunteersandstaff/">Volunteers & Staff</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2404" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2404"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/associations/">Associations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2399" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2399"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/affiliaterequirements/">Affiliate Criteria</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2368" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2368"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/history/">History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2402" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2402"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/authority/">International Authority & Recognition</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2396" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-2396"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/trademark/">Trademark & Logo</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-2383" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2383"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/trademark-guidelines/">Trademark Guidelines</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2382" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2382"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/logo-usage-guidelines/">Logo Guidelines</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-2535" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-2535"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/licenses/">Licenses</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-2364" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-2364"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/approval/">License Review Process</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-2365" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2365"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/proliferation/">Licence Proliferation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2366" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2366"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/proliferation-report/">LP report to the Board</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-2360" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2360"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/osd/">Open Source Definition</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2376" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-2376"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/osr-intro/">Open Standards</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-2378" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2378"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/osr/">The Open Standards Requirement</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2380" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2380"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/osr-faq/">OSR Frequently Asked Questions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2377" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2377"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/osr-rationale/">Open Standards Requirement Rationale</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2379" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2379"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/osr-compliance/">Open Standards Requirement Compliance</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-2394" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-ancestor current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-2394"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/community/">Community</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-3208" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3208"><a href="/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/affiliates">Affiliate Organizations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2388" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-2388"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/members/">Individuals</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-2403" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2403"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/benefits/">Benefits</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-2361" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-2361"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/lists/">Mailing lists</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-2389" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2389"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/codeofconduct/licensing/">Licensing Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2371" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2371"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/codeofconduct/">General Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2405" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2405"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/discussion-list-reports/">Discussion List Reports</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2362" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2362"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/?page_id=321">Membership</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2400" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2400"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/public_archives_policy-2/">Policy on Public Communications and Archives</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2401" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2401"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/public_forums_disclaimer/">Disclaimer for OSI Public Forums</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-2393" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-ancestor current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-2393"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/resources/">Resources</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-2359" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-2359"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/help/">Getting Help</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-2369" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-337 current_page_item menu-item-2369"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/links/" aria-current="page">Bibliography</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2381" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2381"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/case_for_business-php/">Open Source Case for Business</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-2386" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2386"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/faq/">FAQ</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2357" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2357"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/osi-open-source-education/">Open Source Education</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2407" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2407"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/articles-books/">Articles & Books</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-3531" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3531"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://blog.opensource.org/">Blog</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2395" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2395"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://members.opensource.org/join/">Join</a></li> </ul></div><div class="menu-primary-menu-container"><ul id="menu-primary-menu-1" class="nav-mobile--menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-2358"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/about/">About</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-2372"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/board/">Board</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2551"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/about/board-of-directors/">Board of Directors</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2375"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/minutes/">Minutes</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2384"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/organization/">Organization & Operations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2373"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/bylaws/">Bylaws</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2392"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/about/board-of-directors/elections/">Board Elections</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2374"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/articles-of-incorporation/">Articles of Incorporation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2390"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/conflict_of_interest_policy/">Conflict of Interest</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2398"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/volunteersandstaff/">Volunteers & Staff</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2404"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/associations/">Associations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2399"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/affiliaterequirements/">Affiliate Criteria</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2368"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/history/">History</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2402"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/authority/">International Authority & Recognition</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-2396"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/trademark/">Trademark & Logo</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2383"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/trademark-guidelines/">Trademark Guidelines</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2382"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/logo-usage-guidelines/">Logo Guidelines</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-2535"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/licenses/">Licenses</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-2364"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/approval/">License Review Process</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2365"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/proliferation/">Licence Proliferation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2366"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/proliferation-report/">LP report to the Board</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2360"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/osd/">Open Source Definition</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-2376"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/osr-intro/">Open Standards</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2378"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/osr/">The Open Standards Requirement</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2380"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/osr-faq/">OSR Frequently Asked Questions</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2377"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/osr-rationale/">Open Standards Requirement Rationale</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2379"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/osr-compliance/">Open Standards Requirement Compliance</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-ancestor current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-2394"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/community/">Community</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3208"><a href="/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/affiliates">Affiliate Organizations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-2388"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/members/">Individuals</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2403"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/benefits/">Benefits</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-2361"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/lists/">Mailing lists</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2389"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/codeofconduct/licensing/">Licensing Code of Conduct</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2371"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/codeofconduct/">General Code of Conduct</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2405"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/discussion-list-reports/">Discussion List Reports</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2362"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/?page_id=321">Membership</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2400"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/public_archives_policy-2/">Policy on Public Communications and Archives</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2401"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/public_forums_disclaimer/">Disclaimer for OSI Public Forums</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-ancestor current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-2393"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/resources/">Resources</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-2359"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/help/">Getting Help</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-337 current_page_item menu-item-2369"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/links/" aria-current="page">Bibliography</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2381"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/case_for_business-php/">Open Source Case for Business</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2386"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/faq/">FAQ</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2357"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/osi-open-source-education/">Open Source Education</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2407"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/articles-books/">Articles & Books</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3531"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://blog.opensource.org/">Blog</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2395"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://members.opensource.org/join/">Join</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> <section class="open-button-wrapper"> <button aria-label="Open Menu" id="openMainMenu" class="open-main-menu open-button"> <span class="menu-text">Open Main Menu</span> <span></span> <span></span> </button> </section> </div> </header> <section class="content has_no_sidebar" id="content"> <main class="content--body content-full" role="main"> <section class="content--page" id="content-page"> <div class="breadcrumb-area"> <div class="wrapper"> <nav class="entry-breadcrumbs" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><meta itemprop="position" content="1"><meta itemprop="position" content="0"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/" class="home-link" itemprop="item" rel="home"><span itemprop="name">Home</span></a></span><span class="current-page" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><meta itemprop="position" content="1"><span itemprop="name">Open Source Bibliography</span></span></nav> </div> </div> <article id="post-337" class="post-337 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <header class="entry-header cover--header no-thumbnail"> <div class="wp-block-cover alignfull has-neutral-dark-background-color has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim"> <div class="wp-block-cover__inner-container"> <h1 class="entry-title page--title">Open Source Bibliography</h1> </div> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content post--content"> <p> There are many resources (good and bad) on the web offering information, advice, and interpretation concerning Open Source. The following are references that we, the OSI Board, have found useful, either for informing ourselves or for helping others begin their education about open source. And as you explore these links, be mindful of these words attributed to the Buddha, </p> <blockquote><p> “Believe nothing, no matter where you read it, or who said it, no matter if I have said it, unless it agrees with your own reason and your own common sense…” </p></blockquote> <h3>Rich References</h3> <ul> <li>Open Source on <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source">Wikipedia</a>. Note that Wikipedia itself is implemented using <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a> software, which is covered by the <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.html#GPL">GNU GPL</a>, a popular license that is both a <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> license and also approved by the OSI as an Open Source license.</li> <li>David Wheeler’s <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://www.dwheeler.com/oss_fs_why.html">Why OSS? Just look at the numbers!</a></li> <li>David Wheeler’s <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://www.dwheeler.com/oss_fs_refs.html">References</a></li> </ul> <h3>Books</h3> <ul> <li>The Cathedral and the Bazaar (<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/">online</a> and <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/cb/">book</a>), Eric S. Raymond, 1997</li> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/">Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution</a>, Chris DiBona, Sam Ockman, and Mark Stone, 1999</li> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/">Open Sources 2.0: The Continuing Evolution</a>, Chris DiBona, Mark Stone, and Danese Cooper, 2005</li> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/WEBSUC.html">The Success of Open Source</a>, Steven Weber, 2004</li> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://producingoss.com/">Producing Open Source Software</a>, Karl Fogel, 2005</li> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://www.rosenlaw.com/oslbook.htm">Open Source Licensing</a>, Larry Rosen, 2004</li> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?tid=10459&ttype=2">Collaborative Ownership and the Digital Economy</a>, Rishab Aiyer Ghosh, 2005</li> </ul> <h3>Open Source Software</h3> <ul> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://directory.fsf.org/">The Free Software Directory</a> Lists over 5,000 packages. (Yes, Free Software is also Open Source Software)</li> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://sourceforge.net/">sourceforge.net</a> Lists over 120,000 projects in varying stages of development. Mainly for developers. The public sourceforge.net site only hosts projects <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://sourceforge.net/docs/about/02/">covered by an OSI-approved license</a>.</li> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://freshmeat.net/">freshmeat.net</a> Lists over 60,000 new releases of Open Source packages. Mainly for people who want to download the latest releases from developers. freshmeat.net strongly prefers software <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://freshmeat.net/about/">covered by an OSI-approved license</a> (but will host non-open source software in exchange for a fee).</li> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://osdir.com/">OSDir</a> OSDir’s <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://osdir.com/Downloads.phtml">list</a> of stable open source software.</li> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://whdb.com/2008/the-top-50-proprietary-programs-that-drive-you-crazy-and-their-open-source-alternatives/">50 proprietary software packages and their open source alternatives</a>. This list is <em>one</em> author’s opinion.</li> </ul> <h3>Open Source Conferences and User Groups</h3> <ul> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://conferences.oreillynet.com/oscon/">OSCON</a>. Note that O’Reilly Media put on many other conferences, most of which have strong open source components and/or constitutents.</li> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://www.foss4g2007.org/">FOSS4G</a>. Free and Open Source Geospatial Information Systems conference.</li> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://www.blender3d.com/cms/Blender_Conference.52.0.html">Blender Conference</a>. There are other regional versions of this conference that can be found at the <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://blender.org/">blender.org</a> website.</li> <li>The Ottawa <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://www.linuxsymposium.org/2006/">Linux Symposium</a>. A premier event for <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker">hackers</a> to discuss implementation experiences and chart the future of Linux.</li> <li>The <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://www.wizards-of-os.org/">Wizards of OS</a> conference in Berlin.</li> <li>The <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://fisl.softwarelivre.org/">FISL</a> conference in Porto Alegre, Brazil.</li> <li>The <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://www.foss.lk/events/">FOSSSL</a> conference (and other events) in Colombo, Sri Lanka.</li> <li>There are hundreds of conferences per year all over the world that advertise “Open Source” as a topic. Alas, these have varying degrees of quality and felicity and the OSI does not vouch for (nor recommend against) the ones not listed in this section. Check to see whether an OSI-affiliated speaker is listed as presenting if you wish to hear the OSI’s thoughts or positions.</li> <li>User groups tend to focus on software or groups of software used in a particular context: Linux users in Northern Virginia (<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://novalug.tux.org/">NOVALUG</a>), GIS developers and users who formed the <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://wiki.osgeo.org/index.php/India">Indian Chapter of OSGeo</a>, or the dozens of <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo">topic-specific users</a> of the <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://www.r-project.org/">R</a> package and its extensions. There are many thousands of user groups, and the best way to find the one that’s right for you is to search the web, find the mailing lists, and make contact.</li> </ul> <h3>Research</h3> <ul> <li>The <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/ict/policy/doc/2006-11-20-flossimpact.pdf">Economic impact of FLOSS on innovation and competitiveness of the EU ICT sector</a> study, published 20 November 2006 by UNU-Merit.</li> <li>Use of Game Theory to explain why <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://opensource.mit.edu/papers/baldwinclark.pdf">free riders do not destroy open source software projects</a>.</li> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://floss.syr.edu/publications/iee2002.pdf">Open Source Software Projects as Virtual Organizations: Competency Rallying for Software Development</a>, published 2002 in the <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://www.iee.org/Publish/Journals/Profjourn/Proc/sen/">IEE Proceedings Software</a>, Volume <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://scitation.aip.org/dbt/dbt.jsp?KEY=IPSEFU&Volume=149&Issue=1#P000001000001">149(1)</a>, pages 3-17, which uses the framework of Katzy’s <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://portal.cetim.org/file/1/67/Katzy-1998-Design-and-Implementation-of-Virtual-Organizations.pdf">Design and Implementation of Virtual Organizations</a>.</li> </ul> <p>Many more papers about open source can be found at MIT’s <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://opensource.mit.edu/">Free/Open Research Community</a>.</p> <h3>Packaged Open Source Software</h3> <p>Hundreds, if not thousands, of companies now sell commercially packaged and supported open source software. While many open source software packages do run on proprietary systems (<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://apache.org/">Apache</a> is quite popular on <i>all</i> operating systems platforms), Linux distributions provide a complete (and in some cases, exclusively) open source environment suitable for hand-held, desktop, server, and high-end enterprise/cluster/mainframe use.</p> <p>The OSI website is built with and runs exclusively open source software, including <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://apache.org/">Apache</a> (web server), <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://drupal.org/">Drupal</a> (content management and blogs), the <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://www.php.net/">PHP</a> scripting language, the <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://mysql.com/">MySQL</a> database, to name a few of the more well-known packages.</p> <h3>Open Source News</h3> <ul> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://lwn.net/">Linux Weekly News</a></li> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://osdir.com/">OSDir</a></li> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/http://lxer.com/">LXer.com</a></li> </ul> </div> </article> </section> </main> </section> <footer id="colophon" class="footer site-footer" role="contentinfo"> <section class="footer-main"> <div class="footer--inner"> <div class="widgetized-footer footer--widgets"> <div class="footer--contact"> <nav class="jetpack-social-navigation jetpack-social-navigation-genericons" aria-label="Social Links Menu"> <div class="menu-social-menu-container"><ul id="menu-social-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-2771" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2771"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://social.opensource.org/@osi"><span class="screen-reader-text">Mastodon</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-259" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-259"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://twitter.com/OpenSourceOrg"><span class="screen-reader-text">Twitter</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-260" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-260"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://www.linkedin.com/company/open-source-initiative-osi-"><span class="screen-reader-text">LinkedIn</span></a></li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> <section class="widget block-9 widget_block widget_text"><div class="widget-inner"> <p>The content on this website, of which Opensource.org is the author, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.<br>Opensource.org is not the author of any of the licenses reproduced on this site. Questions about the copyright in a license should be directed to the license steward.</p> </div></section><section class="widget block-10 widget_block widget_text"><div class="widget-inner"> <p><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://opensource.org/tos/">Terms of Service.</a> For questions regarding the OSI website and contents please contact us.</p> </div></section> </div> </div> </section> <section class="footer-credits"> <div class="footer--inner"> <p class="footer--extra-text"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://wordpress.com/wp/?partner_domain=opensource.org&utm_source=Automattic&utm_medium=colophon&utm_campaign=Concierge%20Referral&utm_term=opensource.org" class="imprint" target="_blank">Proudly powered by WordPress.</a> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://pressable.com/?utm_source=Automattic&utm_medium=rpc&utm_campaign=Concierge%20Referral&utm_term=concierge" class="imprint" target="_blank">Hosted by Pressable.</a> </p> </div> </section> </footer> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823js_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/photon/photon.min.js?ver=20191001" id="jetpack-photon-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823js_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/plugins/coblocks/dist/js/coblocks-animation.js?ver=2.25.5" id="coblocks-animation-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="osi-theme-scripts-js-before"> const OSI_LICENSE_DB = {"ajaxURL":"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230315035823\/https:\/\/opensource.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","action":"osi_license_db"} </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823js_/https://149753425.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/themes/osi/assets/js/build/theme.js?ver=1665441674" id="osi-theme-scripts-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function() { var t = document.createElement( 'script' ); t.type = 'text/javascript'; t.async = true; t.id = 'gauges-tracker'; t.setAttribute( 'data-site-id', '62509736f88e3a22d8b40b5f' ); t.src = '//web.archive.org/web/20230315035823/https://secure.gaug.es/track.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName( 'script' )[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore( t, s ); })(); </script> <script src="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823js_/https://stats.wp.com/e-202311.js" defer></script> <script> _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ 'view', {v:'ext',blog:'210318891',post:'337',tz:'0',srv:'opensource.org',hp:'atomic',ac:'3',amp:'0',j:'1:12.0-a.1'} ]); _stq.push([ 'clickTrackerInit', '210318891', '337' ]); </script> <script>(function(){var js = "window['__CF$cv$params']={r:'7a81d676faf52f21',m:'w1JeG2sL.VcErHzYL3FXqdi8aTRm6oO0Uf1WttiBFKo-1678852704-0-ASROo86VsRW3KGy7cbKqIALn0+QxrlcbsPQq0tYPb8b6u/u7GqVLdXmgt4EGqzhurgy//qduvdAfMjg5hWPatjH5zLVDjqnvu98gHd2LhGJVPFRRBM84LI7On/HFOifXqQ==',s:[0xe10cd42d4b,0x664ba409cf],u:'/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b'};var now=Date.now()/1000,offset=14400,ts=''+(Math.floor(now)-Math.floor(now%offset)),_cpo=document.createElement('script');_cpo.nonce='',_cpo.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/scripts/alpha/invisible.js?ts='+ts,document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(_cpo);";var _0xh = document.createElement('iframe');_0xh.height = 1;_0xh.width = 1;_0xh.style.position = 'absolute';_0xh.style.top = 0;_0xh.style.left = 0;_0xh.style.border = 'none';_0xh.style.visibility = 'hidden';document.body.appendChild(_0xh);function handler() {var _0xi = _0xh.contentDocument || _0xh.contentWindow.document;if (_0xi) {var _0xj = _0xi.createElement('script');_0xj.nonce = '';_0xj.innerHTML = js;_0xi.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(_0xj);}}if (document.readyState !== 'loading') {handler();} else if (window.addEventListener) {document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', handler);} else {var prev = document.onreadystatechange || function () {};document.onreadystatechange = function (e) {prev(e);if (document.readyState !== 'loading') {document.onreadystatechange = prev;handler();}};}})();</script><script defer src="http://web.archive.org/web/20230315035823js_/https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js/vaafb692b2aea4879b33c060e79fe94621666317369993" integrity="" data-cf-beacon="{"rayId":"7a81d676faf52f21","version":"2023.2.0","r":1,"token":"36722192e396422c8012b09d7db81d9c","si":100}" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> </body> </html>